Suchergebnisse

The cost of healthcare in the United States is on an upward trajectory towards an unsustainable level. In order to address this, Congress and the Obama Administration passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 to begin the process of controlling these costs. Within the ARRA is the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) section which creates financial incentives to invest in Health Information Technology (HIT) and to develop a means to measure the Meaningful Use of specific functions of Electronic Health Records (EHRs). This research examines the widely used Joint Commission datasets to determine their suitability as a basis of meeting the government mandated measuring of Meaningful Use. The datasets used for this study consists of hospital level performance measures with a sample size of 370 hospital samples of HIT Use Intensity and Cardiovascular Performance attained from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). An Organizational Network Theoretical approach was applied to the data in a non-experimental, sample-resample design to data collected in 2007. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was built to test for the strength of the correlation between HIT Use Intensity and Cardiovascular Performance and a Latent Growth Curve Model (LGM) was built to examine the effect of the trajectory of HIT Use Intensity on the trajectory of Cardiovascular Performance. The SEM found a weak (.18) correlation between HIT Use Intensity and Cardiovascular Performance and the model only captured 12 percent of the variance. The LGM found no convergence between the trajectories of HIT Use Intensity and Cardiovascular Performance. This may have been the result of the data being non-normally distributed and heavily skewed to the high end of the scale. The policy implications of this study indicate that while Joint Commission data capture only a small amount of the variance attributed to HIT Use it does show a weak but positive correlation between increases in HIT Use Intensity and Increases in Cardiovascular Performance at the hospital level. Future research into adjustments to Joint Commission data measures (or others) may prove to be valuable in measuring the Meaningful Use of HIT systems in order to help hospitals make educated decisions on which HIT systems to purchase and the potential benefits associated with them. ; 2011-12-01 ; Ph.D. ; Health and Public Affairs, Dean's Office COHPA ; Doctoral ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

The loss of special education teachers is a problem for all school districts. The effects of special education teacher attrition are felt in the classrooms and by all school district personnel. The impact on student achievement can be profound, especially if the teacher leaves in the middle of a school year. This study examines the organizational factors that influenced the attrition of special education teachers in one Central Florida school district.Participation in the anonymous survey was voluntary. Invitations to participate were sent directly to 385 special education instructional personnel and distributed to all district personnel using an e-mail forum. After removing participants who did not meet the inclusion criteria, 250 completed surveys were included in the analysis. In addition to quantitative items, the survey also included open(-)ended items at the end of the survey. While special education instructional personnel were the focus of the study, data from general education instructional personnel were also collected for comparison. The findings indicated that the major organizational causes of attrition among exceptional education teachers were in the areas of the human resources, political and structural frames. Human resource factors included the emotional, physical, and mental toll of daily classroom responsibilities and the perceived lack of district administration support. The main structural frame factor was the lack of compensation for the extra duties that special education teachers must perform. The main political factor was the lack of time needed by the special education staff to complete assigned duties during an average school day. In addition, the symbolic frame factors suggested a lack of perceived support from the general education staff; however, respondents did not indicate that this was major factor affecting in the attrition of special education teachers in this district. The school district has implemented strategies to support teachers to meet State certification requirements, Federal mandates of being highly qualified, and with monthly district level support visits. However, based on these data, the school district needs to recognize organizational factors affecting attrition. The district should pinpoint and alleviate the daily factors that cause undue stress on the special education staff. It should also reallocate resources and personnel to provide more frequent district and school level administrative support. Additional monetary or non-monetary compensation for the extra duties or reducing the workload on the special education teachers may also reduce attrition. ; 2015-08-01 ; Ed.D. ; Education and Human Performance, Dean's Office EDUC ; Doctoral ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

The major development of modern sci & technology in India took place under colonialism. The role of sci'ts in India is studied in detail. The signif given to sci & its expected soc role Is a result of pol'al decision & not of the level of sci'fic development & the size of the community. Historical factors in the sci'fic tradition are discussed. By virtue of its association with the rulers, & by becoming an instrument of their policies, sci became suspect in the eyes of the nat'lists, & instead of using sci as a weapon in their fight for emancipation, they shunned it & relied heavily on the soc outlooks, philosophies & values of the earlier period. Sci since independence is then evaluated, in terms of gov financial support, relations of R&D with industry, pattern of employment & age structure of sci'ts, salaries, mobility, reaction to working conditions. Patterns of activity in res & learned society activities are examined, as is the org'al pattern & its effects. Foreign assistance to sci & some of its consequences are reviewed. Commitment to sci & the sci'fic attitude reveals that most of the sci'ts in India do seem fully to appreciate the unity of sci & its deep soc involvement. It is concluded that because of their isolation & preoccupation with problems of individual careers, & the lack of cohesiveness among them, sci'ts in India have tended to succumb to soc & pol'al pressures as shown by their philosophical att's to sci, its role in society & its org. Secondly, the emergence of sci'ts from the colonial period, with its over-emphasis on administration & the heroic concept of sci, also imposes constraints. Also, for historical & soc reasons, sci in India has leaned heavily on the gov for support. Consequently admin'ive & committee work has been given greater emphasis than purely sci'fic work, with due repercussions on facilities for & recognition given to strictly sci'fic activities. In view of the near-total dependence of sci on the gov which is the major employer of sci'ts, the latter have limited freedom to express themselves on org'al & policy matters & have thus developed personal instead of policy orientations. The application of a hierarchical system to res administration effectively prevents the promotion of initiative & expressions of opinion on matters of org & policy. Respect for authority not only limits free COMM among sci'ts & the expression of opinion on wider problems & matters of org & policy, but also discourages a questioning attitude & healthy skepticism. In the absence of avenues for debating policies & org'al decisions, the decision-making machinery remains personalized & the necessary instit'ization of modern sci has not developed. E. Weiman.

A summary review of current developments in the sociol'al analysis of soc stratification is presented. Approximately 200 books & articles which are considered representative of general developments in the field are scanned. In theory-development, the 'synthesis theory' of Gerhard E. Lenski (POWER AND PRIVILEGE: A THEORY OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 1966), is found to deserve special attention. Theoretical statements by Arnold Rose, T. Parsons, Lewis A. Coser, R. Dahrendorf, T. B. Bottomore, S. N. Eisenstadt, Edward Shils, & Edward Laumann are also mentioned. In the area of definition of terms & concepts, the contributions of Bernard Barber, Peter M. Blau, S. M. Lipset, Richard Kurtz, Joel I. Nelson & others are discussed. The term SC is used in at least 2 diff meanings-Marxian & as referring to an aggregation of persons who stand in a similar position re some forms of power, privilege or prestige. The terms SES & elite continue to be used frequently. The term Me is changing its popular denotation & disagreement on the term Lc continues. Re methods & observation, 2 trends in developing a logical-positive theory of SC are noted: (a) theories based on ordered occup'al categories; (b) a description of SC based on a sufficient number of operationally described components. The work of John A. Colman, R. Murray Thomas, Mark Abrams, Edward O. Laumann & others is noted. A growing awareness of the problems in methods of observation among sociol'ts interested in soc stratification is taken as a healthy sign. Work towards sound solutions is progressing rapidly. The following major study trends are noted: SC's as associational categories; SC's as microcultures or styles of life; diff's in language-usage between microcultures; cultural diff's in preferences in art; class diff's in child-rearing; SC diff's in patterns of fam-org; SC diff's in educ'al aspirations & achievement; class diff's in religious behavior; class diff's in sexual behavior; class diff's in DEL behavior; a Me style of life; a Le style of life; SC's as influence, power, prestige, or deference categories; influence strata; power strata; & prestige strata; the elite; SC's as a perceptual phenomena; SD; reference groups; class consciousness; the stability of SC's & the class system; mobility as a macrosoc process; the socpsychol'al effects of mobility; mobility & career aspirations; status-consistency; status-integration; life-chances; the process of class-crystallization; & comparative & non-US studies. It is concluded that SC & soc stratification are accepted as principles of soc org, although in the far future the concept of SC may ultimately he discarded from sociol'al terminology. M. Maxfield.

A major cause of congestion in queuing situations, that is of immoderate waits and lengthening queues, is often the assumed independence of the arrival and service mechanisms. This dissertation is concerned with single server "correlated" models, defined to be such that either the service mechanism is somehow tailored to the arrival pattern, or vice versa. The greatest attention is given to a particular model in which the service time allotted to the nth arrival is Tn , where is a non-time dependent constant and numerically has the value of congestion index, and Tn is the interval between the (n-l)th and the nth arrivals which, it is important to note, could be observed by the server before service is initiated. It is shown that the effect of the correlation mechanism is to reduce congestion under a given level of traffic intensity, as compared with single server systems in which arrivals and service are independent. This result is achieved without inflicting on the service facility the penalty of increased periods of idleness. The particular model is a queuing interpretation of a stochastic-kinematic situation studied by B. W. Conolly in connection with a military tactical analysis. The dissertation is divided into two parts. Part I develops the theory of the main model with particular reference to state probabilities, waiting time, busy period, and output. Some consideration is also give to a related model where service depends on the arrival pattern, and to what is referred to as the "dual" problem in which the arrival mechanism is geared to service capability. Further, the state probabilities at arrival epochs for a conventional M/M/l queue are obtained by employing a simple probabilistic argument. This is needed for Part II. Part II applies the theory to give a practical comparison of the correlation mechanism with the elementary "independent" single server queues M/M/I, M/D/l and D/M/l; and it is shown in detail that the practical result referred to above is achieved. The superiority of the correlation mechanism increases with traffic intensity. State probability, busy period and output comparisons are made only with the M/M/l system. The main conclusions are found to extend also to these processes. It is concluded that, where its application is practicable, a mechanism of correlation can achieve important gains in efficiency. ; Ph. D.

Although more than one hundred and fifty years old, the case vivifying the concept of sovereign immunity, The Schooner Exchange v. M cFaddon, is still repeatedly referred to in judicial opinions. Significantly, it is cited not for purposes of distinction or historical perspective, but rather, is employed as a present underpinning for sovereign immunity, even though the political and social circumstances of today differ considerably from those existing in 1812. Subsequent cases, however, while often justifying the conclusions reached by references to Marshall's discussion in The Schooner Exchange, have intertwined into the concept of sovereign immunity notions distinct from Chief Justice Marshall's rationale. Hence the present status of the doctrine of sovereign immunity is not the end product of, or even a stage in, the development of a freely evolving legal concept. Instead it is an amalgam of several distinct notions. As a prelude to a discussion of the concept of sovereign immunity it will be helpful to initially sketch certain distinctions so that the concept's historical development may be better understood. Two basic theories of sovereign immunity have struggled for ascendency in the cases and in the discourse of commentators. Traditionally, sovereign immunity has been regarded as either absolute or restrictive. The former notion is the simpler of the two. Under the absolute theory the sole inquiry is whether or not the entity being sued is a foreign sovereign. If so, the court will dismiss the action. The restrictive theory is a refinement of the absolute theory. Not only must the defendant be a foreign sovereign, but the sovereign must also be acting in its public capacity and not its private capacity. These two formulations represent the basic approaches to delineating the substantive content of the doctrine. It is also appropriate to note the fact that an entirely distinct question may arise. In what situations will a court be ousted of its jurisdiction to try a claim of sovereign immunity? The resolution of this question lies in a consideration of the constitutional ramifications of the interrelationship of the judiciary and the executive's control of foreign affairs. This Comment will trace the historical development of the two substantive theories of sovereign immunity, and analyze the case law that has developed. The second point of departure will be the interrelationship between the judiciary and the executive, with special emphasis on whether the executive can have any effect on the judicial formulation of the substantive doctrine of sovereign immunity.

A day-by-day account is given of the events of May & Jun, 1968, in France. The student uprisings at Nanterre & at the Sorbonne are discussed, & the role of the 3 major student leaders is analyzed: G. Cohn-Bendit, student at Nanterre; Sauvageot, Vice-President of the Nat'l Union of French Students (UNEF); & A. Geisman, Secretary of the Nat'l Syndicate of Higher Educ (SNES-SUP). The effects of police action at the Sorbonne brought French labor unions to join a general strike on May 13. On May 24, C. de Gaulle announced that a referendum would be held on Jun 13 to establish gov'al participation with the U's & with industry. Negotiations with Grenell, the Minister of Labor, were set up & held on May 27. An agreement was reached with the labor unions. After this meeting, a rally was called at Charlety Stadium by the student activists to create a new revolutionary force between workers & students. The workers' groups, however, organized demonstrations elsewhere to keep their members from the student rally. A rivalry began to develop between the 2 groups. On May 30, de Gaulle returned to the scene. He announced that he would not resign, that he had dissolved the Nat'l Assembly, that the referendum had been called off, & he pledged to maintain order in any way necessary. A large demonstration followed his speech. Labor unions began to settle with the gov, & public services began to function again. The leaders of the UNEF attempted to force the workers to continue the strike, to overthrow the leadership of the CGT, & to fight the French Communist Party. 'Action Committees' were started in several places in Paris, uniting students, workers, & teachers. 'Action Committees for a Popular Government' were begun by the CGT & the PC in reaction to the student committees. At the election of the new Nat'l Assembly, the Gaullists were returned to power with a larger majority than they had enjoyed before. An analysis of the strength & weakness of the French labor movement is made, & comparisons are drawn with the strikes of 1936. The weakness is seen as a result of the pluralistic nature of French unionism, & as a result of the close alliance with the French Communist Party which acted inconsistently in this struggle. It is also seen as a result of the structure of the labor union movement itself. The problem of COMM between workers & intellectuals must be solved & an alliance formed on the basis of unionism. C. Zeitz.

The reasons are explored why the empirical study of the process of negotiation may not always help to resolve soc conflict. The theory of games (as in J. von Neumann & O. Morgenstern, THEORY OF GAMES AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR, Princeton, NJ: Princeton U Press, 1947) provides one kind of framework for giving advice to a practicing negotiator. It is shown that: (1) negotiations can be readily conceptualized as games having optimal strategies only if the behavior of the opponent is predictable, & (2) the behavior of the opponent in such games cannot be predicted. Negotiating behavior, under some circumstances, is quite unstable. On the basis of some theories of conflict resolution & soc-psychol'al res, exp's were conducted with 2 groups, 1 of which was a control group identical with the exp'al group except that it did not receive certain instructions. Each group consisted of 40 teams. Some negotiators of the exp'al group were told that their opponents were tough, others that they were soft, & still others were given no information at all. Toughness was the dependent variable of the analysis. The objective was to predict variation in toughness from the negotiator's background, ie, his age, sex, race, & personality. It was hyp'ed that a team which was told that its opponents were tough would become soft & vice versa. This hyp was not confirmed by the results of the exp's; there were even indications that the relationship might be the reverse. The introduction of information did, however, strongly affect the negotiating behavior. It completely reversed the relationship between a negotiator's sex, race, & personality in r with his toughness. Being Caucasian, well-adjusted & M led to softness under normal (control) conditions & to toughness under exp'al conditions (when information on the opponent was given). It is argued that diff's in negotiating behavior tend to be associated with cultural diff's. Well-adjusted M Caucasians who generally tend to be cooperative, it is suggested, became tough when given instruction because the latter in effect destroyed the moral superiority of cooperativeness, creating a morally neutral climate, & in this new climate new guide-lines were needed. It is concluded that simple exp's with non-professional negotiators are of little help in arriving at generalizations about professional negotiators, because the most important ingredient, the professional code, is missing from the exp's. What can be studied is the process of professionalization, ie, the development of norms & beliefs about the negotiation itself. M. Maxfield.

Problem : The purpose of this creative production thesis in Speech was to test the understanding and knowledge of the graduate student who is specializing in acting and directing. It gave him the opportunity to utilize his training in regard to play production by actually designing and directing a full-length period play for public performance. Procedures: Two months before the Summer Session 1960 had begun, the director began to study translations of The Trojan Women by Gilbert Murray and Richard Lattimore. Both translations were found in The Complete Greek Drama by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. However, Mr. Murray's selection was found in the third printing and Mr. Lattimore's selection was found in the fourteenth printing. Upon careful consideration of the magnitude of the play and the probable inexperience of the actors, the director selected the later translation by Richard Lattimore of Bryn Mawr College and The University of Chicago. During the first week of summer school the director obtained a cast by open tryouts and personal interview. Several letters had been previously sent to prospective cast members in the hope of obtaining the most experienced people possible. On June 10, 1960, open tryouts and interviews were concluded and the cast was announced. Prior to the actual production of the play the director wrote a bibliographical essay entitled Production and Direction of Classical Greek Play: A Survey of Literature. This essay was invaluable to the director as a basis for devising plans and ideas for The Trojan Women. Concluding the bibliographical essay, the director proceeded to study the life and accomplishments of the playwright, Euripides. This study revealed that Euripides was the free-thinker of his time and that he constantly criticized social customs and military practices. It is his criticism of the military that helps make The Trojan Women a powerful production. All of the background work was now accomplished and the director turned to the actual blocking of the play, analysis of the characters, the designing and lighting of the setting, the costuming of the actors, and the forming of the critical evaluations. Following the critical evaluations were photographs of the play and posters, photostatIc copies of stories and reviews, and the program. Results: On July 15, 1960, the public performance of The Trojan Women was presented at Hays High Auditorium. It was felt that the spirit and purpose of the playwright was faithfully portrayed. The cast worked in close harmony with each other, and the lighting and sound effects were well integrated with the setting and mood of the play.

The basic problem of developing countries or backward countries always lies in poverty. To improve the standard of living in the developing countries, we need to eliminate poverty. Since the western colonization period in Malaysia, the poverty problem has been rooted in the society. The disintegration of traditional villages, the uneven distribution of income, monopoly system, neglected rural development, etc. are among the main problems of poverty. What are the causes of poverty? Without lacking cheap labours and land resources, the productivity in the agriculture sector is relatively low. Better seeds for crops plantation, tools, fertilizers and education for farm techniques are very much in need to improve the productivity. However, all these need working capital. Besides, farmers are being exploited in every possible way. Heavy rents, high-interest rates on debts, monopoly and monopsony system, all the terms of trade tend to be unfavorable to the farmers. No matter public facilities or educational system, the government tends to focus on urban development, rather than the rural area. The training and textbooks in the universities tend to focus more on the developed countries rather than tropical climate and plantations. There are many factors of low productivity in production and rural development. The rural labour is underemployed and works on a seasonal basis. Since western colonization, a majority of the labours have been racially specialized in different fields. This hindered them from moving from industries to industries. They are only exposed to very basic education and in an indigenous language. Besides labour, the farmers also being threatened by the effect of subdivision, fragmentation, extensive tenancy and preference for land as a form of investment. The agglomerator owners are only interested in high rent and tea money rather than the efficiency of the land. Hence the agrarian reforms are needed to solve the problem. And the main factor is the capital. This is the basic tool for exploitation. Farmers hesitated to get the loan or mobile money in order not to get trapped in the high-interest rate from the local money lender. Government's support and assistance are very much in need to overcome this problem. We must realize that agriculture is the major occupation of the country. Other industries are practically non-existent. Government plays an important role in the backward country development. The economic development cannot be separated from agrarian reform and from revolutionary changes. The government must prioritize the phasing of the industries development and budget allocation of each industry in her national development plan.

Res on the Negro in the US began before the Civil War as a consequence of the debates on slavery. After emancipation,& continuing until after WWI,innate capabilities of the Negro became the center of res interest. Interest gradually shifted to studies of att's. The new role of world leadership forced on the US resulted in a deepened concern for res on the strategy of soc action related to the diminution of discrimination. Since 1947 action-res has investigated segregation-integration in the armed forces, in industry, & in the public Sch's of the South. As a consequence of its experience with soc sci res during WWII, the US gov in 1951 contracted for a study to investigate the effects of desegregation in the armed forces. The outcome was the carrying out to completion of such a policy. Since WWII various groups including the gov, labor unions, & U's, have sponsored res integration in industry & commerce. One of the most signif publications in this regard is the book by Eli Ginsburg, THE NEGRO POTENTIAL (Columbia U, 1956). The trend in res in housing has been away from questions of the origins of ghettoes & toward studies of residential desegregation. Among signif recent studies are those carried out at New York U & the U of Chicago. There has been little material published outside the South on the overshadowing issue of Sch desegregation. An interest has developed in redefining the issue to aid in the development of a general soc sci theory. Another tendency has been that of dealing with the Negro-white relations as that of a special instance of a more general problem of intergroup relations. There has been much res on how educ'al, religious, & other agencies can originate & support changes in the structure of intergroup relations. Various agencies of this type have begun to use the 'self-survey' as a technique for fact finding in this area. Of 307 PhD dissertations in sociol in 1955 & 1957, 17 dealt with the Negro or general race relations. About 33% of these dealt with the status system of the Negro community. Of the 63 journal articles published between 1952 & 1956, the greatest number was devoted to studies of racial att's & studies with a soc action orientation. There were only 2 important articles attempting to reappraise concepts, methodology, & the general theory of race relations. Americans are beginning to view the Negro as a person rather than a `problem'. B. J. Keeley.

SUMMARY Lines of Development of Modern Economic Theory. The economic happenings in human society are so complicated and manifold that it is not possible to establish a comprehensive theory. Theorists in economics have always been obliged, in the first place, to deduce simple processes from a few fundamental phenomena. They have to take progressively more and more phenomena into consideration in their models, if they want to provide practitioners—whether economic policy‐makers or enterprisers—with a set of instruments serving to explain the causal nexus underlying the economic phenomena of society. It is dangerous to set up a theoretical model—say, the traditional model of a market with perfect competition—as a goal for economic policy, if the said model is not accessible to genuine value judgements. Furthermore, a large group of models will not, without reservation, lend themselves to the drawing of inferences for economic policy, because, owing to the axioms upon which they are based, they are not able to show those connections in the development of the economic processus of society which are brought about by technical improvements, growth of population, changes in consumer habits, etc.While in the twenties and thirties a growing accumulation of factual material without any theoretical interpretation confronted an abundance of theoretical models without empirical substance, developments in economic theory—especially in macro‐economics—during the last fifteen years or so, and developments in practical research, as practised in, say, the U. S. A., the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries, have been characterised by an effort to bridge this gap. Thus, modern theorists are trying to construct statistically testable models which will enable policy‐makers to gauge the effect of their measures with greater accuracy. National accounting and the models for analysing the interdependence of the processes of production and the connections between income, savings, consumption and investment represent attempts to fill up this gap which have, in some respects, scored a considerable success. We are by no means in sight of the end of developments in this branch of theory, especially as regards dynamic theory.The second important characteristic of the newer economic theory is the further development of market theory. Here, promising attempts are being made, through a conception of a systematic theory of economic behaviour with the aid of the theory of games, to lift economic subjects out of the state of quasi‐isolation which in traditional market theory exists, and to make it possible for morphology to be incorporated in economic theory.

The lead article directing attention to the images of US held by foreign nationals. 'Any discussion of this problem leads eventually to the use of the phrase 'stereotype of Americans'.' The stereotype concept is examined in its development in modern times. US researchers have leaned in the direction of considering stereotypes as both false & dangerous. But a leap to the conclusion that all images of Americans held abroad are foolish, fanciful, & unjustified by our own behavior might do us a real disservice. Stereotypes of another people have 2 components: (1) Preconception - based on second-hand material lying about in the literature & folk culture, & would exist regardless of whether two nationals ever saw each other; & (2) Perception - 'introduced as the individual tries to organize the incomprehensible, unpredictable behavior of foreigners ...into a comprehensive, predictable whole.' The image of America revealed in the 1948 UNESCO study is generally favorable. Most Europeans saw Americans as `practical' & `progressive'. Australians & British saw Americans as 'conceited', & the French viewed us as `domineering'. Russians were generally considered 'domineering', `cruel', 'hard-working' & `backward'. Netherlands Institute of PO study in 1954, repeated in UNESCO's study of 1948, showed the Dutch image of America has changed very little in the intervening 5 yrs, & Americans are somewhat less likely to be regarded as `generous' but more likely to be considered 'progressive'. Recent surveys by other Gallup affiliates show the stereotype of Americans in France & Italy to be about the same as in 1948, with France believing us more peace-loving now. The Italian image of US is more favorable than the public estimate of US diplomacy. Generally, the images of the US in Europe, at least, while not improving substantially since the end of WWII, have not deteriorated a great deal. We can change unfavorable stereotypes of the US by: (1) remembering that stereotypes of US will continue to exist because they are foreign, & hence unpredictable; (2) bending our actions toward altering unfavorable stereotypes through changes in our own behavior; (3) spending more effort in research on determining foreign images of the US, how widespread they are, what effect they have on international affairs. (4) Increasing personal contact between nationals to make stereotypes not necessarily more favorable but realistic. (5) Trying to keep channels of second-hand communication open for millions here & abroad who cannot participate in personal interaction; & (6) conducting US foreign policy in a straightforward, consistent & predictable manner. (See SA 2685, 2734, 2735, 2737, 2738, 2739, 2740, 2742, 2744, 2745, 2746, 2748) P. Widem.

Transfer, when it is necessary and realistic, need not be traumatic for the client, but in most instances can even be helpful. The focus in treatment is always on understanding the dynamics of the client's disturbance. The treatment relationship must be understood in its twofold significance—its reality aspect and its transference aspect—if transfer is to be accomplished successfully. With the next worker, the transference factors in operation may be different and thus may initiate a different phase in treatment. The caseworker remains the therapist, in distinction to the "friend," in all his dealings with the client. Usually, focusing on understanding the dynamics of the client will help the worker to handle his own feelings about the change so that he can make the transfer a constructive experience for the client. It is understandable that a worker may have feelings about transferring a case, or of taking on a case in which his work can be compared with that of the previous worker. Usually the supervisor can help the worker to carry through the transfer constructively. The supervisor can accelerate the understanding of the less experienced worker by reviewing with him the diagnosis and the treatment plan. Together, worker and supervisor can identify the specific trauma that is being re-enacted, can anticipate on the basis of the recorded material what the transference reactions may be, and can plan how to handle these reactions. Open discussion of a worker's feelings about leaving a client or taking on a client should be encouraged. The worker who is negatively critical of the previous worker's handling of a case, the worker who is convinced that no worker but he can really help the client, and the worker who is painfully self-conscious about his lack of casework skill, can usually learn to handle their feelings about transferring a case through exploring with true professional zeal what this change means to the client. In conclusion, it was the conviction of this group of supervisors that the majority of workers will need, at one point or another, supervisory help to effect the transfer of cases in a constructive manner. We believe, too, that there is sufficient similarity in workers' typical reactions to transfer of cases to warrant the use of group teaching as an effective technique for giving supervisory help to workers when transfer is necessary.

Every day, the national heuristic, scattered in archives, libraries and individuals, providing new light on the activities of our proto doctors. This we publish now and has the date 1840, when Heredia planned reorganization of medical studies indicates Heredia efforts to secure income to support the decadent School of Independence. Needed to shore up their "short rents" and poach others to give the range that would be, of higher education. College entries were considerably reduced by the little attention he had borrowed from the government, as he was careful to maintain public order, disrupted by various revolutions, and that income was not sufficient to meet the expenses of urgency. So suggest a package to the government, that the branch of Census and temporalities, whose products were intended for public instruction, a party to the College in order to cover part of the 3,300 pesos to be paid annually by the national treasure is taken. With a beneficial resolution to this effect could make some progress in improving the teaching of the various chairs and so do good work nationally, promoting "public health, national honor and decorum of the medical sciences." ; Día a día, la eurística nacional, desparramada en Archivos, Bibliotecas y particulares, proporciona nueva luz sobre las actividades de nuestros protomédicos. Esta que publicamos ahora y que tiene la fecha de 1840, cuando Heredia proyectaba la reorganización de los estudios de medicina, indica los esfuerzos de Heredia por conseguir rentas para sostener al decadente Colegio de la Independencia. Necesitaba apuntalar sus "cortas rentas" y agenciarse otras para darle el rango que debía tener, de centro de enseñanza superior. Las entradas del Colegio se habían reducido considerablemente por la poca atención que le había prestado el gobierno, atento como estaba a mantener el orden público, alterado por diversas revoluciones, y no bastaba esa renta para atender los gastos de mayor urgencia. Por eso, suguiere al gobierno, que del ramo de Censos y temporalidades, cuyos productos eran destinados a la instrucción pública, se tome una parte para el Colegio a fin de poder cubrir una parte de los 3,300 pesos que debía pagar anualmente el tesoro nacional. Con una benéfica resolución en este sentido se podría avanzar algo en mejorar la enseñanza de las diversas Cátedras y así hacer obra de bien nacional, favoreciendo "la salud pública, el honor nacional y el decoro de las ciencias médicas".