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The paper focuses on the strategies and approaches of the main international financial institutions (IFIs) –the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank –towards reforms in the Eastern Partnership(EaP)countries, namely, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine. It assesses the main principles, goals, policy instruments, conditionalities and the target groups of these IFIs in their interaction with the authorities of the threecountries and the implementation of country support programs. The two core questions that guide the analysis are, first, the role of IFIs in supporting economic and institutional reforms, which aim at transforminglimited access orders into open access orders, and, second, these IFIs'interaction with other external actors,such as the European Union,that are present in the EaP countries. In addition to the traditional advice on fiscal consolidation and structural reforms, the IFIs have been focused on banking and energy reforms,asrent-seeking and corruptionwere especially wide-spread in thesesectors. Increasing focus on policies aimed at reducing corruption, in particular in the case of Ukraine, isamong the most notable features of theIFIs'operation in those countries. However, such measures often risked being implemented only 'on paper', especially after the financial pressure on the ruling elitein recipient countries decreased. The attempts to broaden the political and societal support for agreed policy reforms have become another exceptional element of the support strategy practiced by the IFIs in the EaP countries, in particular in Ukraine. In the latter case, the negotiated arrangements were discussed not only with key figures from the ruling eliteand responsible institutions but also with the opposition, societal activists and other important stakeholders. Despite attempts at broadening reform ownership and coordination with other external donors, the actual effects of the IFIs'strategies on transition reforms have been limited, as evidenced by a history of half-implemented and sometimes ...

Le développement socio-économique soutenu ne peut être réalisé sans le cadrage du droit qui offre d'abord un positionnement juridique. Le système juridique de chaque Etat comporte un ordonnancement des normes qui détermine ce positionnement. Celui-ci donne un encrage ayant des effets sur le long terme. La spécificité des systèmes juridiques nationaux est à relever. Il est donc une question fondamentale qui est celle du rôle du droit pour orienter les politiques publiques et ce afin de servir la volonté collective de développement économique et social, facteur de paix sociale et d'amélioration des conditions de vie. ; El desarrollo socio-económico sostenible no puede lograrse sin la elaboración de un marco regulatorio de derecho que proporciona un posicionamiento jurídico. El sistema jurídico de cada Estado contiene un ordenamiento de normas que determina este posicionamiento. Esto ofrece un entintado con efectos a largo plazo. La especificidad de los sistemas jurídicos nacionales es a destacar. Por lo tanto, el papel del derecho para orientar las políticas públicas es fundamental, que sirve la voluntad colectiva para lograr el desarrollo económico y social; factor de la paz social y la mejora de las condiciones de vida. ; The socio-economic development support cannot be achieved without a legal framework which first provides a legal position. The legal system of each state has an ordering of rules that determines this position. This gives an inking with longterm effects. The specificity of national legal systems is to be considered. It is therefore a fundamental issue that is the role of law to guide public policy in order to serve the collective economic and social development will, factor of social peace and living conditions improvement.

Als direkte Folge der Krise ist das Thema Wirtschaft in aller Munde. Im Laufe der Wahlkämpfe oder im Zuge der Verhandlungen zwischen den europäischen Ländern, zum Beispiel über die Hilfe für Griechenland oder die Organisation der Bankenunion, ist immer wieder von Staatsschulden, Strukturreformen und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit die Rede. So haben sich die Bürger an eine Sprache gewöhnt, mit der Dinge bezeichnet werden, die für die meisten Menschen bislang jenseits der eigenen Lebenswelt lagen. Die Meinungen der Politiker, Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Intellektuellen sind hinlänglich bekannt und die nationalen Unterschiede in ökonomischen Fragen ausführlich diskutiert. Weitgehend unbekannt sind hingegen die Erwartungen der Unternehmer und Manager - obwohl sie es doch sind, die beim Thema "Wirtschaft" mit am direktesten betroffen sind. Diese Erkenntnis stellt den Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie dar. Ihr Sinn und Zweck besteht darin, zu untersuchen, welche Herausforderungen, Chancen und Risiken wirtschaftliche Akteure für ihr eigenes Land und für Europa identifizieren.

The paper identifies the quality and integrity of residential environment [RE] in Slovenia that changed according to socio-economic circumstances when the new socialist society in the Yugoslav era (1945-1990) was formed and was substantially changed in the post-independence era of the liberal market society. The research of RE from different periods was conducted in the city of Maribor. The results indicate differences in quality in the period of the Scandinavian influence, engineering economy parameters after the housing reform, and of the market economy after independency. ; U članku se analiziraju stambena naselja [RE] u Sloveniji s obzirom na njihovu kvalitetu i integritet koje su se mijenjale ovisno o socio-ekonomskim okolnostima: najprije u kontekstu socijalističkog društvenog poretka u vrijeme Jugoslavije (1945.-1990.), a zatim nakon stjecanja državne neovisnosti u okolnostima slobodnog tržišta. Rad donosi istraživanje stambenih naselja u Mariboru u različitim vremenskim razdobljima. Rezultati ukazuju na kvalitativne razlike u razdoblju skandinavskog utjecaja, kao i parametre inženjerske ekonomije nakon stambene reforme i tržišne ekonomije nakon stjecanja nezavisnosti.

The issues and challenges in taxation in the digital economy stem from the complex and multifaceted nature of digital economy. Reaching a common understanding and measurement of the size and impact of digital economy is critical in devising a tax regime for the digital economy. In APEC Secretariat (2019), the Philippines identified the major barriers and challenges (i.e., scoping and measurement of the digital economy, the regulatory and legal framework, i.e., including sandboxes, and digital infrastructure gap) to implementing structural reforms relating to the digital economy. It also identified the major policy gaps with regard to regulatory and legal framework, competition policy, and internet infrastructure improvements and consumer education on digital economy. The opportunities and challenges that the digital economy brings are particularly important for developing countries, including the Philippines. Thus, it is deemed critical for the Philippine government to eliminate the barriers and challenges and also, address the identified policy gaps to fully reap the benefits from the digital economy. The need for development strategies for the digital economy cannot be overemphasized. This paper argues that development strategies should first focus on developing domestic digital capacities.

Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto del ajuste estructural sobre los indicadores de salud en América Latina y el Caribe durante el período de 1980–2000. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio ecológico. Los datos del gasto público y del producto interno bruto per cápita (PIBpc) se tomaron del Banco Mundial y los de la esperanza de vida (EV) y mortalidad infantil (MI), de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El ajuste estructural (adelgazamiento del Estado) se evaluó mediante el cambio en el consumo de gobierno (la reducción del gasto público) en los países de América Latina y el Caribe en la década de 1980–1990. El cambio en los indicadores de salud se midió por la variación porcentual de la EV y la MI. Se compararon estas variaciones en América Latina y el Caribe con las observadas en diferentes grupos de países de otras regiones del mundo durante el período de 1980–2000. Se determinaron las asociaciones entre la reducción del gasto público y los indicadores de salud mediante la prueba de Pearson. Para estimar el efecto de los cambios sobre la salud se construyó un modelo de regresión lineal multifactorial ajustado según el PIBpc. Resultados. Se observó una ralentización del incremento de la EV y del descenso de la MI en América Latina y el Caribe, especialmente en la década de 1980–1990. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre la variación de los indicadores de salud y el cambio del gasto público en todos los grupos de países analizados. Al ajustar el modelo de regresión múltiple, las asociaciones solo se mantuvieron en América Latina y el Caribe. Conclusiones. En la década de 1980, el ajuste de las políticas acroeconómicas tuvo un efecto negativo sobre los indicadores sociales, específicamente sobre los relacionados con la situación de salud en América Latina y el Caribe. Estos efectos se siguieron observando durante la década siguiente. ; Objective. To assess the impact of structural adjustment on health indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean during 1980–2000. Methods. This was an ecological study. Public spending and per capita gross domestic product (pcGDP) figures were obtained from the World Bank, and life expectancy (LE) and infant mortality (IM) figures were obtained from the World Health Organization. Structural adjustment (government downsizing) was assessed by looking at the change in the amount of spending taken up by the government (or the reduction in public spending) in Latin American and Caribbean countries during 1980–1990. Changes in health indicators were measured in terms of the percentage variation in LE and IM. The variations found in Latin America and the Caribbean were compared to those seen in different groups of countries in other parts of the world during 1980–2000. Pearson's chi squared test was used to explore the associations between the decrease in public spending and health indicators. In order to estimate the health effects of such changes, a multivariate linear regression model was created, with adjustments for pcGDP. Results. A deceleration in the rise of LE and in the decline of IM in Latin America and the Caribbean was noted, especially over the period from 1980 through 1990. Significant associations were observed between health indicators and the change in public spending in all groups of countries included in the study. When adjustments were introduced into the multiple regression model, the only associations that remained were seen in Latin America and the Caribbean. Conclusions. In the decade of 1980, adjustments in macroeconomic policies had a negative effect on social indicators, specifically those that had to do with health conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Such an effect lasted throughout the following decade.

With decentralization and urbanization, the debts of state and local governments and of quasi-public agencies have grown in importance. Rapid urbanization in developing countries requires large-scale infrastructure financing to help absorb influxes of rural populations. Borrowing enables state and local governments to capture the benefits of major capital investments immediately and to finance infrastructure more equitably across multiple generations of service users.With debt comes the risk of insolvency. Subnational debt crises have reoccurred in both developed and developing countries. Restructuring debt and ensuring its sustainability confront moral hazard and fiscal incentives in a multilevel government system; individual subnational governments might free-ride common resources, and public officials at all levels might shift the cost of excessive borrowing to future generations. This book brings together the reform experiences of emerging economies and developed countries. Written by leading practitioners and experts in public finance in the context of multilevel government systems, the book examines the interaction of markets, regulators, subnational borrowers, creditors, national governments, taxpayers, ex-ante rules, and ex-post insolvency systems in the quest for subnational fiscal discipline. Such a quest is intertwined with a country's historical, political, and economic context. The formal legal framework interacts with political reality to influence the dynamics of and incentives for reform. Often, the resolution of a subnational debt crisis unfolds in the context of macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms. The book includes reforms that have not been covered by previous literature, such as those of China, Colombia, France, Hungary, Mexico, and South Africa. The book also presents a comprehensive review of how the United

Since the 1990s, governments around the world have emphasized the core concepts of globalization. Many governments initiated a series of political policies regarding liberalization and privatization in response to the inevitable phenomenon. In Southeast Asia, Thailand participated in the development as well by reconstructing its financial system to allow greater foreign capital for investments. Unfortunately, the importance of prudential regulations was underestimated, and the neglect thereafter caused the Asian Financial Crisis which initially occurred in Thailand on the second of June, 1997. The Thai government received 17.2 billion US dollars from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to stabilize its domestic situation and implemented structural reform to minimize losses from the crisis. Meanwhile, different voices regarding the policies for globalization were expressed. These opinions mainly referred to regionalization/ regionalism and localization/ localism. This study discusses how the Thai state transformed under globalization from three industries: the Telecommunication industry, the Automobile industry, and the Cultural Creative industry. This article observes that Thailand turned to take regionalization and localization into consideration, which in turn demanded the state to increase domestic autonomy and capacity. The findings also suggest that cooperation with other governments in the region to accelerate economic recovery from the crisis was inevitable. However, political instability and close state-business relations continue to make the future of Thailand uncertain.

This open access book brings together varying perspectives for transformational change needed in India's agriculture and allied sectors. Stressing the need of thinking for a post-Green Revolution future, the book promotes approaching this change through eight broad areas, indicating the policy shifts needed to meet the challenges for the coming decade (2021-2030). The book comprises of ten contributions. Apart from the overview chapter on transformational change and the concluding chapter on pathways for 2030, there are eight thematic chapters on topics such as transforming Indian agriculture, dietary diversity for nutritive and safe food; climate crisis and risk management; water in agriculture; pests, pandemics, preparedness and biosecurity natural farming; agroecology and biodiverse futures; science, technology and innovation in agriculture; and structural reforms and governance. The writing style of these papers written by technical experts is forward-looking—not merely an analysis of what has been and why it was so, but what ought to be. This is an essential reading for those interested in agriculture, food and nutrition sectors of India, and more so their interconnectedness.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- 1 The Forces of Globalization -- Conceptualizing Globalization -- Approaches to Understanding Globalization -- Russia and Globalization -- A Note on Research -- Book Overview -- References -- 2 Russia at Crossroads -- Global Stratification -- "Sender" and "Receiver" Societies -- Russia in the Balance -- European Influence: The Struggles of Existential Ambivalence -- American Influence: "Catch Up and Surpass" -- Russia's Place in the World and Its Identity Struggles -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Political Reaction and Global Pressures -- Russia's Historical Peculiarities -- The Fate of the State -- Democracy and Democratization -- New Configurations of Power -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Economic Engagement and Transformation -- An Economic Portrait of Russia -- Historical Foundation: Punctuated Path Dependence -- Availability of Natural Recourses: A Resource Curse? -- Economic Institutions and Structural Reforms -- Capacity for Innovation -- Societal Choices and Concerns -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 Cultural Impact and Societal Responses -- Russia's Cultural Reaction to Globalization -- Socio-Cultural Establishment -- Official and Academic Discourses -- Official Discourse -- Views from Academia and Expert Community -- Generational Differences -- Patriotism, Nationalism, and Identity -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 Russia's Response to Globalization -- Political Changes -- Economic Challenges -- Socio-Cultural Resilience and Adaptation -- Prospects for the Future -- References -- Index.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Fiscal Policy: Rebuilding Space and Enhancing Growth Prospects -- B. Structural Reforms: The Lever of a More Dynamic State -- C. Anchoring Stability Through Monetary and Financial Sector Policies -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Labor Market Taxation: Considerations -- 2. Governance Practices and Bank Intermediation Costs -- FIGURES -- 1. Market Sentiment and Ratings -- 2. Selected Real Sector Indicators -- 3. Banking Sector Developments -- 4. Corporate Debt and Agrokor's New Ownership Structure -- 5. Vulnerability Indicators -- 6. Fiscal Developments and Projections -- 7. Medium-Term Fiscal Consolidation Scenarios -- 8. Number of Subnational Governments and Population, 2014 -- 9. Real Estate Prices and Bank Claims on Households -- 10. Insolvency Costs and Operating Costs of EU Banks -- 11. Labor Market Outcomes -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators -- 2. Medium-Term Baseline Scenario -- 3. Statement of Operations of General Government -- 4. Monetary Accounts -- 5. Financial Soundness Indicators -- 6. Balance of Payments -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of IMF Recommendations -- II. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- III. External Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. External Sector Assessment -- V. Risk Assessment Matrix -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- WORLD BANK RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: STRONG PERFORMANCE IN A MORE UNCERTAIN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: STRONG CYCLICAL PERFORMANCE WITHOUT PRE-CRISIS IMBALANCES -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS: HIGH WAGE GROWTH WITH HEIGHTENED EXTERNAL RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS: SUSTAINED PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH TO INCREASE LIVING STANDARDS -- A. Preserve Macroeconomic Stability and Avoid Imbalances -- B. Increasing Living Standards with Sustained Wage and Productivity Growth -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Bank Competition -- 2. External Assessment -- 3. Risk Assessment Matrix -- 4. Fiscal Transparency -- 5. Structural Reforms: Diagnostic, Recommendations and Actions -- FIGURES -- 1. Macroeconomic Sector Developments -- 2. Labor Market and Competitiveness Developments -- 3. Banking Sector Developments -- 4. Fiscal Developments -- 5. Adverse Demographic Trends -- 6. Stock and Flow Adjustment -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2015-24 -- 2. General Government Operations, 2015-24 -- 3. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 -- 4. Summary of Monetary Accounts, 2011-18 -- 5. Financial Soundness Indicators, Banking System Data, 2012-18 -- 6. Public Sector Balance Sheet Overview, 2016 -- ANNEXES -- I. Public Sector Debt and External Sustainability Analysis -- II. A Stock-Flow Analysis of the Boom, Bust, and Recovery -- III. Fintech in Lithuania -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.