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The article deals with the study of massif of memorial plaques that were installed in Kharkiv during the second half of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries to commemorate the events of the Second World War. Generic specificity and functional load of memorial plaques as marks of commemoration were characterized. Regulations from local government of different Ukrainian cities (Kharkiv, Khmelnytskyi, Rivne, Zhytomyr) that described installation procedure of memorial plaques were analyzed. The main problems that arise in the Ukrainian cities in the process of creation, accounting and protection of memorial plaques are elucidated. In particular, generally accepted terminological apparatus is lacked, protection status of memorial plaques is unjustified, imperfect aesthetic design is came across. Ukrainian historiography of the studied problem is briefly described. Special attention is focused on the specifics of the process of collecting and systematizing information about memorial plaques in Kharkiv. Principles of selection and analysis of investigated objects were described. There were researched Kharkiv memorial plaques that reflect the memory of the Second World War at the event and biographical levels in the present article. In particular, there were considered next aspects: preparing for war; beginning of hostilities and formation of military units; fright against the enemy in front and rear; the situation of civilians in the occupied territories; liberation of Kharkiv from Nazi invaders; reconstruction of the national economic complex. The database of memorial plaques was analyzed on the chronological, territorial, thematic principles, taking into account the authorship and decoration of small sculptural and architectural forms, was carried out. The specifics of the existence of memorial plaques in the socio-cultural environment of Kharkiv and features of the narrative that they broadcast are concluded. ; Стаття присвячена вивченню масиву меморіальних дощок, що були встановлені у Харкові протягом другої половини ХХ – початку ХХІст. у пам'ять про події Другої світової війни. Схарактеризовано видову специфіку і функціональне навантаження меморіальних дощок як знаків комеморації. Проаналізовано нормативно-правові акти, видані органами місцевого самоврядування різних міст України (Харків, Хмельницький, Рівне, Житомир), в яких описується порядок встановлення меморіальних дощок. Висвітлено основні проблеми, які виникають в українських містах у процесі створення, обліку та охорони цих об'єктів. Серед них – відсутність загальноприйнятого термінологічного апарату, невизначеність охоронного статусу меморіальних дошок, поширеність випадків недосконалого естетичного оформлення. Стисло схарактеризовано вітчизняну історіографію досліджуваної проблематики. Спеціальну увагу зосереджено на специфіці процесу збирання та систематизації інформації про наявні в Харкові меморіальні дошки. Описано принципи добору та аналізу досліджуваних об'єктів. У фокус дослідження потрапили меморіальні дошки Харкова, які відображають пам'ять про Другу світову війну на подієвому та біографічному рівнях, а саме такі аспекти, як підготовка до війни; початок бойових дій і формування військових загонів; боротьба з ворогом на фронті і в тилу; становище мирного населення на окупованих територіях; визволення Харкова від нацистських загарбників; відбудова народногосподарського комплексу. Аналіз створеної бази даних меморіальних дощок проводився за хронологічним, територіальним, тематичним принципами з урахуванням авторства та художнього оформлення малих скульптурно-архітектурних форм. Зроблено висновок щодо специфіки побутування досліджуваних об'єктів у соціокультурному середовищі Харкова і особливостей трансльованого ними наративу.

As part of a secular "extinction narrative", the historiography took for granted the disappearance of the Indians in Cuyo in the early colonial period, either because of their physical extinction or, contradictorily, due to miscegenation, acculturation or social and political restructuring. There is evidence on the contrary, that the indigenous experience in the region was much more persistent, and articulated around the defense of territories, political autonomy, and the making of a collective memory of their aboriginality and resistance in the colonial process. One of the least explored keys to this dynamic was the indigenous leadership including the reformulation and reinforcement of some chieftains. As part of a reconstruction of the indigenous political history of the Cuyo region, between the end of the Hispanic period and the consolidation of the Argentine national state, I will reconstruct the struggles sustained by the Mogna chiefs, the Alcanis, between the beginning of the 18th century and early 19th century. ; Como parte de una "narrativa de extinción" indígena secular, la etnohistoria cuyana dio por sentado la desaparición de los huarpes y por extensión de todos los indígenas en Cuyo en el período colonial, sea por su extinción física como, contradictoriamente, por mestizaje, aculturación o desestructuración social y política. Existen evidencias, por el contrario, de que la experiencia indígena en la región fue mucho más persistente y se articuló en torno a la defensa de territorios y autonomía y el sostenimiento de una memoria colectiva de su aboriginalidad en el proceso colonial. Una de las claves menos exploradas de esta dinámica fue el sostenimiento de un liderazgo indígena incluyendo la reformulación y reforzamiento de algunos cacicatos. Como parte de una reconstrucción de la historia política indígena de la región entre fines del período hispano y la consolidación del estado nacional argentino, en este artículo reconstruiremos las luchas sostenidas por los caciques Alcani de Mogna, en el corazón de San Juan, entre principios del siglo XVIII y comienzos del siglo XIX. ; Como parte de uma "narrativa de extinção" indígena secular, a etno-história cuyo deu como certo o desaparecimento dos Huarpes e por extensão de todos os povos indígenas de Cuyo no período colonial, tanto por sua extinção física quanto, contraditoriamente, por miscigenação, aculturação. ou desestruturação social e política. Há evidências, ao contrário, de que a experiência indígena na região foi muito mais persistente e se articulou em torno da defesa de territórios e da autonomia e da manutenção de uma memória coletiva de sua aboriginalidade no processo colonial. Uma das chaves menos exploradas para essa dinâmica foi a manutenção de uma liderança indígena, incluindo a reformulação e o reforço de alguns cacicatos. Como parte de uma reconstrução da história política indígena da região entre o final do período hispânico e a consolidação do Estado nacional argentino, neste artigo reconstruiremos as lutas sustentadas pelos caciques Alcani de Mogna, no coração de San Juan, entre o início do Século 18 e início do século 19.

Covid-19 is highly relevant in 2020; among other things, it is attracting new global socio-communicative and linguistic research. Scholars are addressing the linguistic response to the social and psychological situation in different countries in the era of coronavirus. Thus, the Editorial Board has created a forum for specialists to communicate (in writing), one which makes it possible to provide information about their sources on Covid-19 and illustrate theoretical materials. The participants chose to analyse different aspects of language during the pandemic; medical terminology and its relevant vocabulary were the same for all countries. The conversation goes beyond the scope of linguistics, as it is important for the researchers to characterise measures taken by governments to combat Covid-19 and the public's reaction to them as reflected through language. Additionally, the authors focus on spontaneous linguistic responses to the pandemic in the form of language games, metaphors, and references to historical memory of combatting disasters. The pandemic has also caused long-standing forms of speech communication to change. Researchers from different European countries have taken part: Arto Mustajoki (University of Helsinki, Finland; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia), Nadezjda Zorikhina Nilsson (Stockholm University, Sweden), Rafael Guzmán Tirado (University of Granada, Spain), Anna Tous-Rovirosa and Daria Dergacheva (Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain). The conversation was moderated by Irina Vepreva and Tatiana Itskovich (Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg, Russia). ; Тема Covid‑19, актуальная для этого года, обретает новые грани как исследовательская проблема мирового масштаба в социокоммуникативном и лингвистическом аспектах. Исследователи обращаются к проблеме языкового реагирования на социально-психологическую обстановку, сложившуюся в разных странах в эпоху коронавируса. Объективные обстоятельства современного общения заставляют научное сообщество искать новый формат обсуждения насущных проблем. Предложенная редколлегией журнала форма письменного диалога позволяет как привести информацию об источниках высказываний о коронавирусе, так и подкрепить теоретические положения ссылками на научные изыскания. Участники дискуссии выбрали различные аспекты анализа языкового существования в период пандемии. В поле наблюдений были включены вопросы, связанные с лексиконом дискурса пандемии, который носит глобальный характер: медицинская терминология и актуальная лексика оказались общими для всех стран. Разговор выходит за рамки лингвистического обзора, поскольку важно было охарактеризовать действия правительства по борьбе с коронавирусом и общественную реакцию на эти действия, отраженную в языковых явлениях. В стороне не осталось обсуждение стихийно складывающейся языковой реакции на пандемию, выраженной в фактах языковой игры и метафорики, а также обращения к исторической памяти народа о противостоянии бедствиям. Пандемия оказала влияние и на устоявшиеся формы речевой коммуникации. В обсуждении приняли участие исследователи из разных стран Европы: Арто Мустайоки (А. М.; Хельсинкский университет, Финляндия; Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», Москва, Россия), Надежда Зорихина-Нильссон (Н. З.-Н.; Стокгольмский университет, Швеция), Рафаэль Гусман Тирадо (Р. Г.-Т.; Гранадский университет, Испания), Анна Тоус-Ровироса, Дарья Дергачева (А. Т.-Р., Д. Д.; Свободный университет Барселоны, Испания). Модераторами обсуждения стали Ирина Вепрева и Татьяна Ицкович (И. В., Т. И.; Уральский федеральный университет, Екатеринбург, Россия). ; Artikelns språk är ryska och engelska. Engelsk titel: Covid-19 : A Disaster in the Linguistic Dimension of Different Countries Transkriberad titel: Covid-19 : katastrofa v jazykovom izmerenii raznych stran

Зазначається, що одним із напрямів оптимізації діяльності бібліотек є біб-ліометрія. Бібліометричний аналіз не лише формує важливий інформаційний ресурс для контролю та управління бібліотечними процесами, але й впливає на авторитет бібліотеки в зовнішньому середовищі. Бібліотеки в останні десятиліття переходять від традиційних функцій обслуговування та інформаційного забезпечення вчених до контролю й оцінки, здійснення статистики їх продуктивності та впливу через дослідження публікацій і вивчення цитування. ; The aim of this article is to consider the history and current prospects of bibliometrics in the library as a tool for optimizing activities.Research methodology. The author has used systemic and comparative approaches as well as a problem and analytical analysis to examine the principles, areas of focus and the research trends at the bibliometric analysis in the library activities.Results. The current status in which the libraries of Ukraine now find themselves requires significant changes both in the areas of library activities and in the methods and forms of its organization. Libraries in the form of the usual accumulation of knowledge have become obsolete; they nowadays need to prove their feasibility and usefulness to the society in general, and to the relevant government and commercial institutions in particular. Without this, it is impossible to have the right attitude and funding. This situation is not exceptional and is complicated by well-known economic difficulties in Ukraine. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the increasing competition from extremely dynamic new information structures.Bibliometric analysis, proving the experience of individual libraries, forms an important information resource for control and management of library processes, which becomes especially effective in terms of its automation. The latter is especially important for Ukrainian libraries under the modern conditions, when the implementation of the function of documentary memory by Ukrainian scientific libraries due to existing financial and logistical constraints is much more difficult, which gives special importance to the need to supplement the initial parameters of library acquisition models. Thus, the citation analysis can be used as a method of selecting documents in the initial fund of the library.Novelty. The possibilities of bibliometric analysis increase significantly when used in the conjunction with other methods. For example, solving one of the most painful problems of Ukrainian libraries today, but like the world libraries in general, is to ensure high-quality acquisition of library holdings without the involvement of a marketing approach to the acquisition process, monitoring the flow of documents. In addition, bibliometric research can be conducted not only to solve internal problems of libraries. Bibliometrics is a necessary component of many information products and services created by libraries. Bibliometric research can be the basis for the formation of knowledge bases in the scientific library.The practical significance. Bibliometric studies can help to solve the problems of acquisition of the library collections, to become a basis for definition of strategy of acquisition in general. In addition, bibliometric indicators of citations, the influence of a particular author, scientific journal, direction, etc., and is one of the criteria for current and retrospective replenishment of library holdings, determining the scientific value of publications.

The objective of this article is to review the existing historiography on the Escuelas de Barriada (Rural Schools of Bizkaia Province, Basque Country), created and promoted by the Provincial Council of Bizkaia between 1920-1937, giving nuance to certain issues and providing new data on four aspects. The first of these is the question of instructional language. The use of Basque in the classroom was progressively reduced in favor of Spanish almost from the first moment and did not provoke opposition from teachers, even though many of them were Basque nationalists. Secondly, we provide an analysis of the initial curriculum, which presented a more pedagogical rather than ideological approach, oriented towards a teaching style that was more comprehensive than memory-based. This was especially appreciable in the areas of mathematics and geometry, where exclusionary political indoctrination was avoided, with content referring to both Basque and Spanish identity. Thirdly, we analyse the alleged use of books containing Basque nationalist political content in these schools, of which we have found no evidence. And finally, we offer an overview of the type of teachers that worked in these schools, including an analysis of their ideological profile: more than 90% of the faculty was composed of women, generally young, single, Basque-speaking, Catholic and ideologically sympathetic to Basque nationalism . The research focuses on the 1920-1930 period, when the Provincial Council of Bizkaia was governed by Monarchists and when the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera began. This was the period when the original pro-Basque project of these schools was transformed. Some data and questions about the later era are also presented. ; El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la historiografía existente sobre las Escuelas de Barriada, creadas y promocionadas por la Diputación de Bizkaia entre los años 1920-1937, para matizar algunas cuestiones y aportar nuevos datos en torno a cuatro aspectos. En primer lugar, la cuestión de la lengua de instrucción. El uso del euskera en el aula, se vio progresivamente reducido en favor del castellano casi desde el primer momento y no suscitó la oposición del profesorado, a pesar de que gran parte de las maestras eran nacionalistas vascas. En segundo lugar, se ofrece un análisis del plan de estudios inicial, que presentaba un enfoque más pedagógico que ideológico, orientado hacia un aprendizaje más comprensivo que memorístico, hecho apreciable en las áreas de matemáticas y geometría, y que huía del adoctrinamiento político excluyente, con contenidos referidos tanto a la identidad vasca como a la española. En tercer lugar, se analiza el supuesto uso de libros de contenido político nacionalista vasco en estas escuelas, del que no hemos hallado evidencia. Y, por último, se ofrece una aproximación al tipo de profesorado que ejerció en ellas y se describe su perfil ideológico. Más del 90 % del cuerpo docente estaba compuesto por mujeres, en general jóvenes, solteras, euskaldunes, católicas e ideológicamente nacionalistas vascas o simpatizantes. La investigación se centra en el análisis del periodo monárquico y primorriverista, en el que se transformó el proyecto vasquista original de estas escuelas, aunque también se presentan algunos datos y apuntes sobre la época posterior.

Bevacizumab; Durvalumab; Càncer de mama HER2 negatiu ; Bevacizumab; Durvalumab; Cáncer de mama HER2 negativo ; Bevacizumab; Durvalumab; HER2-negative breast cancer ; Background Preclinical research suggests that the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer can be enhanced by combining them with antiangiogenics, particularly in a sequential fashion. We sought to explore the efficacy and biomarkers of combining the anti-PD-L1 durvalumab plus the antiangiogenic bevacizumab after bevacizumab monotherapy for advanced HER2-negative breast cancer. Methods Patients had advanced HER2-negative disease that progressed while receiving single-agent bevacizumab maintenance as a part of a previous chemotherapy plus bevacizumab regimen. Treatment consisted of bi-weekly durvalumab plus bevacizumab (10 mg/kg each i.v.). Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained before the first durvalumab dose and every 4 weeks and immunophenotyped by flow-cytometry. A fresh pre-durvalumab tumor biopsy was obtained; gene-expression studies and immunohistochemical staining to assess vascular normalization and characterize the immune infiltrate were conducted. Patients were classified as "non-progressors" if they had clinical benefit (SD/PR/CR) at 4 months. The co-primary endpoints were the changes in the percentage T cell subpopulations in PBMCs in progressors versus non-progressors, and PFS/OS time. Results Twenty-six patients were accrued. Median PFS and OS were 3.5 and 11 months; a trend for a longer OS was detected for the hormone-positive subset (19.8 versus 7.4 months in triple-negatives; P = 0.11). Clinical benefit rate at 2 and 4 months was 60% and 44%, respectively, without significant differences between hormone-positive and triple-negative (P = 0.73). Non-progressors' tumors displayed vascular normalization features as a result of previous bevacizumab, compared with generally abnormal patterns observed in progressors. Non-progressors also showed increased T-effector and T-memory signatures and decreased TREG signatures in gene expression studies in baseline—post-bevacizumab—tumors compared with progressors. Notably, analysis of PBMC populations before durvalumab treatment was concordant with the findings in tumor samples and showed a decreased percentage of circulating TREGs in non-progressors. Conclusions This study reporting on sequential bevacizumab+durvalumab in breast cancer showed encouraging activity in a heavily pre-treated cohort. The correlative studies agree with the preclinical rationale supporting an immunopriming effect exerted by antiangiogenic treatment, probably by reducing TREGs cells both systemically and in tumor tissue. The magnitude of this benefit should be addressed in a randomized setting. ; MQF is a recipient of the following grants: AES - PI16/00354 funded by the ISCIII and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and B2017/BMD3733 (Immunothercan-CM) - Call for Coordinated Research Groups from Madrid Region - Madrid Regional Government - ERDF funds. SM is a recipient of the following grants: Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) (SAF2017-83732-R; AEI/FEDER, EU) and co-funded by Comunidad de Madrid (B2017/BMD3733; Immunothercan-CM). RC is a recipient RC is a recipient of the ISCIII grants PIE15/00068 and PI17/01865. The study was also funded by CRIS Contra el Cancer Foundation and Astra Zeneca Spain. Astra Zeneca Spain provided durvalumab.

QUESTIONS: 1. WHY DO WE NEED education for a culture of peace and non-violence? 2. WHAT NEW KNOWLEDGE do we gain? 3. Is a culture of peace possible in a violent (unjust) world? 4. WHAT DOES the term "culture of remembrance" MEAN, which is a controversial phrase based on a vague mixing of individual and collective memory? 5. WHY ARE culture, multiculturalism, cultural policy, identity policy, preservation of national, ethnic, religious or cultural identity IMPORTANT? EXPLANATION OF THE TOPIC: Building of peace in today's conflicts requires a long-term commitment to establishing connections and relationships across all social levels: relationships that strengthen the resources of reconciliation within society and make effective use of contributions outside it. Peacebuilding is not just work to prevent a return to the conflict of once conflicting parties, but it focuses on the real causes not only of the just-ended war, but of all potential conflicts. In this sense, we can distinguish between a negative peace, that is, the absence of armed conflict and a positive peace that includes justice, equality and other fundamental social and political goods. In a narrower sense, peacebuilding is a process that facilitates the establishment of long-term peace and that seeks to prevent a recurrence of violence by focusing on the causes and consequences of conflict through reconciliation, institution building, political and economic transformation. (Catherine Morris; John Paul Lederach; Barnett et al., 2007; Maiese, 2003; HKO "Kruh sv. Ante"- Trauma centar) ; PITANJA: 1. ZAŠTO NAM JE NEOPHODNO obrazovanje za kulturu mira i nenasilja? 2. KOJA NOVA ZNANJA dobijamo? 3. Da li je moguća kultura mira u nasilnom (nepravednom) svijetu? 4. ŠTA ZNAČI izraz "kultura sjećanja" koji predstavlja spornu sintagmu koja se zasniva na nejasnom miješanju individualne i kolektivne memorije? 5. ZAŠTO SU ZA VAŽNI kultura, multikulturalizam, kulturna politika, politika identiteta, očuvanje nacionalnog, etničkog, religijskog ili kulturnog identiteta? OBRAZLOŽENJE TEME: Izgradnja mira u današnjim sukobima traži dugotrajnu predanost uspostavljanja veza i odnosa peko svih društvenih razina: odnosa koji osnažuju resurse pomirenja unutar društva i učinkovito iskorištavaju doprinose izvan njega. Izgradnja mira nije samo rad na sprečavanju povratka u sukob nekad sukobljenih strana, već se usmjerava na prave uzroke ne samo netom završenog rata, već svih potencijalnih sukoba. U tom smislu, možemo razlikovati negativan mir, odnosno, izostanak oružanog sukoba te pozitivan mir koji uključuje pravdu, jednakosti i ostala temeljna socijalna i politička dobra. U užem značenju, izgradnja mira je proces koji olakšava uspostavu dugoročnog mira te koji pokušava prevenirati ponavljanje nasilja time što se usmjerava na uzroke i posljedice sukoba kroz pomirenje, izgradnju institucija, političku te ekonomsku transformaciju. (Catherine Morris; John Paul Lederach; Barnett et al., 2007; Maiese, 2003; HKO "Kruh sv. Ante"- Trauma centar) ; The third International Victimology Conference in Bosnia and Herzegovina "Education for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence", Institute for Development of Victimology, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Foundation "Help Victims of Power and the Authority Abuse in Bosnia and Herzegovina"; University of Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina. "Education for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence" ("Obrazovanje za kulturu mira i nenasilja"). ; War anomie

The article explores the concept of electronic evidence in various aspects, investigates the process of emergenceand formation of such evidence as a type of evidence in civil proceedings. The main points of the legal regime and their admissibility in civil proceedings are revealed. The main advantages and disadvantages of electronic evidence in the proofing process are identified. The importance of electronic evidence in the legislation of foreign countries is studied and analyzed.With the rapid development of the Internet and scientific and technological development, modern electronic media can contain any information, not only in the form of text, but also text documents, graphic images, plans, photos, videos and sound recordings, websites (pages), etc. Electronic means of proof are relatively new, sophisticated and complex means of proof in civil proceedings. They are individual, based on their specific characteristics. That is, electronic in its essence is the very source (carrier) of information that has probative value, and the information itself remains in the form of written characters. The legislation of Ukraine contains a broad regulatory list for determining electronic evidence. For example, under Part 1 of Art. 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure of Ukraine (hereinafter – the CPC of Ukraine) include electronic evidence, including electronic documents (including text documents, graphic images, plans, photos, videos and sound recordings, etc.), websites (pages), textual documents, multimedia and voice messages, metadata, databases and other electronic data that may be stored, including on portable devices (memory cards, mobile phones, etc.), servers, backup systems, other electronic data storage sites (including the Internet). The use of electronic documents has really influenced the Institute of Evidence and Evidence in procedural law, this type of evidence is widely used, and until now, most in the civil process. In general, the changes are made in the light of the practice of European and global trends in the field of independent justice in civil proceedings. In addition, it should be noted that in our view, electronic (digital) evidence is the latest type of evidence used in the civil process relatively recently and in its internal content is shared and can exist in the form of electronic document, audio, video,digital photography, therefore, their copies should be equated with the original. Electronic evidence as innovations must be tested in practice. The result should be the development of sustainable, sophisticated approaches to their application in civil procedural law with a view to a fair resolution of judicial rights. ; В статье исследовано понятие электронных доказательств в различных аспектах, исследован процесс возникновения и становления таких доказательств как одного из видов доказывания в гражданском судопроизводстве. Выявлены основные моменты правового режима и их допустимости в гражданском судопроизводстве. Определены основные преимущества и недостатки электронных доказательств в процессе доказывания. Изучено и проанализировано значение электронных доказательств в законодательстве зарубежных стран. ; У статті досліджено поняття електронних доказів у різних аспектах, досліджено процес виникнення і становлення таких доказів як одного з видів доказування в цивільному судочинстві. Виявлено основні моменти правовогорежиму та їх допустимості в цивільному судочинстві. Визначено основні переваги й недоліки електронних доказів у процесі доказування. Вивчено та проаналізовано значення електронних доказів у законодавстві зарубіжних країн.

This research arose from the interest in recovering the work carried out by a group of ladies of the local society from the memory of the citizens of Riobamba-Ecuador. These ladies were part of the General Center of Social Culture who were determined to provide generous support to the unprotected children of their city. The exposed chronicle aimed to relate the way in which this volunteer project was undertaken, which brought together women of economically solvent families who were determined to contribute money and work for a vulnerable group in society. The strategies adopted between 1928 and 1943 for the budgetary collection that solved the enormous expenses that the implementation of a health service based on the recommendations of medical science at that time were analyzed including the obstacles they faced in the exercise of their work. Their achievements included the creation of a school breakfast program called Gota de Leche, a medical clinic, and the opening of the city's first children's hospital. Their enthusiasm for generating greater social work was favored by the social and economic influence of the ladies and their families in the high spheres of local and national political power consolidated their work in the national health context. It was concluded that the implementation of its social work project reduced the marked gaps in access to pediatric health services existing at that time in the city and proved to be sustainable according to the analysis of the results achieved. ; Este trabajo surgió del interés por recuperar de la memoria de los riobambeños la labor que ejercieron un grupo de damas de la sociedad local, que agrupadas bajo el Centro General de Cultura Social se empeñaron por brindar un generoso apoyo a la niñez desprotegida de su ciudad. La crónica expuesta pretendió relatar la manera como se emprendió este proyecto de voluntariado, el cual reunió a mujeres de familias económicamente solventes, decididas a contribuir con dinero y trabajo a un grupo vulnerable de la sociedad. Se analizaron las estrategias adoptadas entre 1928 y 1943 para la recaudación presupuestaria que solventó los ingentes gastos que conllevó la implementación de un servicio de salud basado en las recomendaciones de la ciencia médica de entonces; además de los obstáculos que afrontaron en el ejercicio de su labor. Entre sus logros se destacaron la creación un programa de desayuno escolar llamado Gota de Leche, un dispensario médico, y la apertura del primer hospital de niños de la ciudad. Su entusiasmo por generar mayor obra social, favorecido por la influencia social y económica de las damas y sus familias en las altas esferas del poder político local y nacional consolidó su obra en el contexto sanitario nacional. Se concluyó que la implementación de su proyecto de labor social disminuyó las marcadas brechas de acceso a los servicios de salud pediátricos existentes en aquella época en la ciudad, además que demostró ser sostenible de acuerdo con el análisis de los resultados alcanzados.

The state of studying the problem is analyzed. It is revealed that the bulk of the research considers it in the all-Ukrainian context. Because of this, the tragic events in the ethno-national plane remain poorly trained. In the works on the history of national minorities, this problem is subordinate. There is an extremely limited range of works devoted to the state policy during the period of collectivization and in 1932-1933 among national minorities at the regional level, the role of local leaders in its implementation, the peculiarities of its implementation in the national regions, the consequences of those tragic events for their population. This also applies to Dnipropetrovsk region, where from the ХVІІІ century. Five ethnic minorities lived compactly: Bulgarians, Greeks, Jews, Germans and Russians, at the beginning. 1930s concentrated in 9 national districts. It is noted that within the framework of the policy of collectivization proclaimed at the end of the 1920's, similar measures began to be implemented in all the national districts of the Dnipropetrovsk region. The system of forms and methods of coercion of peasants, used by local managers to stimulate peasants to accelerate the arrival of peasants to collective farms, is shown. It was found that they were more intense and brutal in national regions compared with other regions of the region. It is noted that this precisely led to the completion of collectivization in the scheduled Union Center term. Different ways of resistance of peasants are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the kind of resistance, such as emigration, that is unusual for other national categories of the population of the village of the republic. It is shown with an indication of a significant list of names of specific settlements of the national districts of the oblast, in the form of withdrawing from the state the bread, forms of coercion to do so. Details are described such as bringing to the «black boards» the prosecution of heads and boards of collective farms. It is shown that such methods have led to famine and death from it in the winter of 1932-1933 in all the national districts of the region. However, the regional and district leadership ignored this situation. Such behavior of the leaders led to the use of various sorts of surrogates, meat of dogs, cats, reptiles, dead animals, and cannibalism by peasants. Some members of national minorities, mostly of German nationality, received food aid from their historical homeland. It began to arrive as early as December 1932. It is noted that the Soviet authorities were opposed to such aid by the leadership of the German national districts, because peasants are writing about the famine. It is shown that the campaign to рр.син against «Hitler's help» has grown into a campaign to find «fascist organizations». It is showed results of this campaign in the area. In the ethno-demographic context, the materials «Books of memory of the victims of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine are used. Dnipropetrovsk region», where they are based on the percentage of the dead from national minorities in rural areas and in the cities of the oblast.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply the concept of "Interconnected Geoscience" to a disaster and risk reduction (DRR) case study at SECMOL College, near Leh, Ladakh, N. India. Interconnected geoscience is a model that advocates holistic approaches to geoscience for development. This paper reports research/practical work with Ladakhi students/staff, undertaking community-oriented DRR exercises in hazard awareness, DRR themed village/college mapping, vulnerability assessments and DRR management scenario development. The geoscientific hazard analysis work is published within a separate sister paper, with results feeding into this work. This work addresses aspects of, and contributes to, the DRR research(science)-policy-interface conversation.Design/methodology/approachInterconnected geoscience methodologies for DRR here are: the application of geoscience for hazard causality, spatial distribution, frequency and impact assessment, for earthquakes, floods and landslides, within the SECMOL area; the generation of community-developed DRR products and services of use to a range of end-users; the development of a contextual geoscience approach, informed by social-developmental-issues; and the active participation of SECMOL students/teachers and consequent integration of local world-views and wisdom within DRR research. Initial DRR awareness levels of students were assessed with respect to earthquakes/floods/landslides/droughts. Following hazard teaching sessions, students engaged in a range of DRR exercises, and produced DRR themed maps, data, tables and documented conversations of relevance to DRR management.FindingsStudents levels of hazard awareness were variable, generally low for low-frequency hazards (e.g. earthquakes) and higher for hazards such as floods/landslides which either are within recent memory, or have higher frequencies. The 2010 Ladakhi flood disaster has elevated aspects of flood-hazard knowledge. Landslides and drought hazards were moderately well understood. Spatial awareness was identified as a strength. The application of an interconnected geoscience approach immersed within a student+staff college community, proved to be effective, and can rapidly assess/build upon awareness levels and develop analytical tools for the further understanding of DRR management. This approach can assist Ladakhi regional DRR management in increasing the use of regional capability/resources, and reducing the need for external inputs.Practical implicationsA series of recommendations for the DRR geoscience/research-policy-practice area include: adopting an "interconnected geoscience" approach to DRR research, involving scientific inputs to DRR; using and developing local capability and resources for Ladakhi DRR policy and practice; using/further-developing DRR exercises presented in this paper, to integrate science with communities, and further-empower communities; taking account of the findings that hazard awareness is variable, and weak, for potentially catastrophic hazards, such as earthquakes, when designing policy and practice for raising DRR community awareness; ensuring that local values/world views/wisdom inform all DRR research, and encouraging external "experts" to carefully consider these aspects within Ladakh-based DRR work; and further-developing DRR networks across Ladakh that include pockets of expertise such as SECMOL.Originality/valueThe term "interconnected geoscience" is highly novel, further developing thinking within the research/science-policy-practice interface. This is the first time an exercise such as this has been undertaken in the Ladakh Himalaya.

Pemerintahannya, Bunisora Suradipati cenderung sebagai raja yang berkarakteristik religius. Kepiawaian Bunisora Suradipati dalam mengolah kerajaan sangat bagus dan sangat bijaksana. Beliau memegang penuh kestabilan aturan dan norma-norma kenegaraan. Konsep kepemimpinan di Sunda pada waktu pemerintahan Bunisora Suradipati tidak bisa lepas dari dua hal. Pertama, kitab Watang Ageung (satu kitab yang selalu digunakan oleh orang Sunda yang mengadopsi atau meyakini ageman atau kepercayaan Sunda Wiwitan. Yang kedua yaitu dari Siksakandang Karesian. Salah satunya konsep kepemimpinannya ialah dengan menggunakan konsep Tri Tangtu (tiga kunci atau tiga titik pemerintahan). Ketiga kunci tersebut yaitu Resi, Ratu, dan Rama. Tipe kepemimpinan Bunisora Suradipati adalah tipe kepemimpinan demokratis. Pada tahun 1371 Masehi, Bunisora Suradipati menyerahkan tahtanya kepada Niskala Wastu Kancana. Hal itu terjadi karena keluhuran budi Bunisora Suradipati, khususnya kejujurannya, sehingga Bunisora Suradipati menganggap bahwa tahta tersebut merupakan sebuah titipan, sebagai amanat sambil menunggu pewaris tahta yang sebenarnya dewasa, yaitu Niskala Wastu Kancana. Budaya Sunda berdampak besar terhadap kepemimpinan dan tatanan pemerintahan, serta berdampak juga terhadap kehidupan masyarakatnya. Salah satu dampak besar yang terjadi di Kerajaan Sunda setelah terjadinya tragedi Perang Bubat, yaitu "Dilarangnya keluarga Keraton atau kerabat keraton Kerajaan Sunda menikah dengan keluarga atau kerabat keraton Majapahit". Hebatnya lagi dalam hal pemerintahan, keluhuran Budi Bunisora suradipati itu ditiru dan diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari Niskala Wastu Kancana sebagai anak asuhnya. Sewaktu Niskala Wastu Kancana memegang tahta kerajaan, itu tidak terlepas dari ingatannya yaitu dari amanat-amanat sang paman, Bunisora Suradipati.Kata Kunci: Budaya Sunda, Kepemimpinan dan Perang BubatABSTRACTGovernment, Bunisora Suradipati tend to be characterized by religious king. Bunisora Suradipati's skill into manage the kingdom was very good and so wise. He was kept the stability of arrangment and the norm of state. The Concept of the leadership in sundanic even Bunisora suradipati government was never be apart from two items. First, is kitab Watang Ageung (one kitab which always used by sundanese who adopt or be sure about certainty or believing Sunda Wiwitan). Second, Siksakandang Karesian. One of them leadership concept is used Tri Tangtu (the three key or the three drip government). And the three key was Resi, Ratu, dan Rama. Bunisora Suradipati type of leadership is the type of democratic leadership. In the year 1371 AD, Bunisora Suradipati gives his throne to Niskala Wastu Kancana. That's was happened because of Bunisora Suradipati's kindness, especially his honesty, so Bunisora Suradipati consider that the trone it was a deposit, as a mandate while waiting trone hairs, is Niskala Wastu Kancana. Sundanese culture have a major impact on the leadership and governance structure, and also have an impact on the lives of its people. One of the major impacts that occurred in the Kingdom of Sunda after tragedy Bubat War, namely "prohibiting family or relatives Kraton Kraton Kingdom of Sunda married with families or relatives Majapahit palace". Remarkably again in terms of governance, the kindness of Bunisora suradipati was applied on Niskala Wastu Kancana as his foster care. While Niskala Wastu Kancana hold the kingdom throne, it was never be apart from his memory about hid uncle's mandate, Bunisora Suradipati.Keywords: Sundanese culture, Leadership and War of Bubat

En el presente artículo mostramos una experiencia práctica llevada a cabo con 83 estudiantes de la Facultad de Educación de Segovia, nacida del Proyecto de Innovación Docente Memoria de la escuela contemporánea: fuentes orales, iconográficas y otros recursos pedagógicos para la formación docente de la Universidad de Valladolid. El objetivo de esta experiencia es superar la visión de la historia de la educación entendida como una disciplina del pasado, para pasar a establecer un diálogo entre la educación pretérita y la actual. Para ello, formamos a nuestros estudiantes de Magisterio en el uso de fuentes orales, desde las que tratamos de recuperar la experiencia de personas de la provincia de Segovia que vivieron su infancia durante el periodo de la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939). El proyecto, titulado Vivir la infancia en tiempos de guerra, trata de ofrecer a los docentes en formación una visión de lo que significó este periodo de nuestra historia reciente para los menores que sufrieron el hambre, la muerte y la escasez de recursos personales y materiales. Asimismo, les invita a conocer el papel que jugaron la familia y la escuela como agentes educativos de primer orden en aquellos años; y a construir una mirada crítica sobre los usos y abusos políticos de la historia. Los resultados de la experiencia muestran cómo el uso de estas fuentes es una herramienta imprescindible para despertar la mirada crítica de los estudiantes hacia nuestro pasado y mejorar su conocimiento sobre la historia de la educación española del siglo XX. ; In the present article we show a practical experience carried out with 83 students of the Faculty of Education of Segovia. The experience is part of the project of Teaching Innovation Memory of the contemporary school: oral sources, iconographic and other pedagogical resources for the teacher training of the University of Valladolid. The objective of this experience is to overcome the vision of the history of education, understood as a discipline of the past, in order to establish a dialogue between past and current education. To do this, we train our trainee teachers in the use of oral sources, from which we try to recover the experience of people from the province of Segovia who lived their childhood during the period of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The title of the project is «To live childhood in times of war», tries to offer teachers in formation a vision of what this period of our recent history meant for children who suffered hunger, death and lack of personal and material resources. Likewise, it invites them to know the role played by the family and the school as first-class educational agents in those years; and to build a critical view of the political uses and abuses of history. The results of the experience show how the use of these sources is an essential tool to awaken the critical look of students towards our past and improve their knowledge about the history of Spanish education of the 20th century.

El patrimonio cultural y con él la imagen que se nos ofrece de sus elementos, suele actuar alegóricamente como marca de un destino turístico o como símbolo de una etapa histórica. La sensibilización de la sociedad opera mediante apropiaciones de elementos claves, que constituyen iconos en el imaginario colectivo. Los poderes públicos suelen adueñarse de edificios y lugares emblemáticos para construir con ellos unos referentes, sobre los que se subrayan los valores que interesan a su ideología. La capacidad de instrumentar políticamente el patrimonio se agrava a partir del siglo XX, cuando la manipulación icónica de las masas y la anestesia de la colectividad hace asumir como propias identidades (re) creadas bajo el paraguas del engaño. Como en todo proceso de construcción intelectual, estas apropiaciones dependen de los intereses y las proyecciones del intérprete. Por eso, es necesario despertar la mirada crítica de la ciudadanía hacia su memoria, y reflexionar sobre las restricciones ideológicas presentes en la identificación del patrimonio cultural. Esto se aprecia durante la etapa del franquismo, cuando se impone una idea de nación con mayor violencia simbólica. En ese esfuerzo de nacionalización se emplea el patrimonio como elemento de identidad. Y en lugares como Santiago de Compostela, cuya catedral se utiliza como santuario de la nueva cruzada, su intención legitimadora permite reflexionar sobre la relación entre patrimonio e ideología desde el punto de vista de los espacios patrimoniales y bajo el enfoque de la educación patrimonial. ; Cultural heritage and with it the image we are given by its elements, it tends to operate allegorically, as a tourist destination or as a symbol of a historical stage. As we know, the sensitization of the society operates by means of appropriations of key elements, which constitute icons in the collective imagination. Public authorities tend to take over buildings and landmarks to build with them some references on which, the values that are of interest to their ideology, outline. The ability to implement heritage politically worsens from the 20th century, when the iconic manipulation of the masses and the collectivity anesthesia make asume as their own, identities (re)created under the umbrella of the deception. As in any process of intelectual construction, these appropriations depend on the interests and the projections of the interpreter. Because of it, it is necessary to wake up the critical look of the citizenship towards his memory, and to think about the ideological present restrictions in the identification of the cultural heritage. This is estimated during the stage of the Franco's regime, when an idea of nation is imposed by a more symbolic violence. In this effort of nationalization, the heritage is used as element of identity. And in places like Santiago de Compostela, whose Cathedral is in use as shrine of the new crusade, his intention to legitimize, allows to think about the relationship, between heritage and ideology, from the point of view of the heritage spaces and under the approach of the heritage education.

Ukrainian society has experienced three overarching structural crises over the past hundred years: the Revolution of 1917 – 1920, the restructuring of the late 1980s – early 1990s, and the events of 2013–2014. All these developments led to the destruction of the foundations for the formation of liberal democracy and further deepened the tendencies towards authoritarianism.European crises of liberal democracy in the twentieth century were called so by external factors, and the current crisis is directly related to the internal development of liberal democracy. The crisis of liberal democracy is deepening and acquiring the character of J. Baudrillard's simulacrum. The simulacrum of liberal democracy is further eroding and weakening the socio-political reality and the social and historical memory is gradually being destroyed. Liberal democracy as a «simulacrum» renders impossible reality and exists in hyperreality.In general, we can mark the following crisis discourses of liberal democracy: simulative, existential, axiological. The crisis of liberal democracy is indeed becoming existential because of its unambiguous and unconditional social status. Society here only «closes the trap», on the one hand, giving the citizen a sense of importance to the state, and on the other hand – nullifying the possibility for the person of objective meaning and particular definition at the level of civic existence.The crisis of liberalism leads to the need of criticism and transformation of methodology, so today there is a need to actively introduce a culture of critical thinking. Having a critical mindset by the most members of society can help produce a kind of «anti-crisis vaccine» and prevent both the crisis of liberal democracy and others. All this can help transform even the values of society. Thus, the crisis of liberal democracy, on the one hand, confirms a deformation of the values of human and society's landmarks, and on the other hand, it enablesthe transformation of value vectors in order to overcome the crisis. ; Выделены кризисные дискурсы либеральной демократии: симулятивный, экзистенциальный, аксиологический. Симулякр либеральной демократии еще больше размывает и ослабляет социально-политическую реальность и постепенно происходит деструкция социальной и исторической памяти. Кризис либеральной демократии приобретает экзистенциальную окраску из-за ее однозначного социального статуса. Общество здесь только «захлопывает ловушку», с одной стороны, предоставляя гражданину ощущение важности для государства, а с другой – сводя на нет возможность для человека объективного смысла и конкретного определения на уровне гражданского существования. Кризис либеральной демократии с одной стороны конституирует деформацию ценностных ориентиров человека и общества, а с другой – предоставляет возможность трансформации ценностных векторов для преодоления кризиса. ; Виокремлено кризові дискурси ліберальної демократії: симулятивний, екзистенційний, аксіологічний. Симулякр ліберальної демократії ще більше розмиває та знесилює соціально-політичну реальність та поступово відбувається деструкція соціальної та історичної пам'яті. Криза ліберальної демократії набуває екзистенційного забарвлення через її однозначний та безумовний соціальний статус. Суспільство тут лише «зачиняє пастку», з одного боку, надаючи громадянину відчуття важливості для держави, а з іншого – зводячи нанівець можливість для людини об'єктивного сенсу та конкретного визначення на рівні громадянського існування. Криза ліберальної демократії з одного боку конституює деформацію ціннісних орієнтирів людини та суспільства, а з іншого – надає можливість трансформації ціннісних векторів задля подолання кризи.