Suchergebnisse

The definition of an emissions tax, according to the tradition of Pigouvian, is even more difficult in agriculture than in other sectors because of the diffuse nature of pollution in this sector. This is not at odds with the polluter pays principle, but there are simply different arrangements leading to the best possible second-tier optimisation. The first part of this report gives a general view of the question rather from a theoretical point of view. The second part proposes a more specific analysis of the French situation, based in particular on the design and implementation of the Programme for the Management of Pollutions of Agricultural Origin (PMPOA). This makes it possible, from a coasian perspective, to see the foundations of agricultural environmental policy and to discuss the de facto distribution of property rights. ; La définition d'une taxe sur les émissions, selon la tradition pigouvienne, se heurte à plus de difficultés encore dans l'agriculture que dans les autres secteurs en raison du caractère diffus des pollutions de ce secteur. Ceci n'est pas contradictoire, néanmoins avec le principe pollueur-payeur, on a simplement des modalités différentes conduisant au mieux à des optima de second rang. La première partie de ce rapport donne une vue générale de la question plutôt sous l'angle théorique. La seconde partie propose une analyse plus concrète de la situation française en se fondant plus particulièrement sur la conception et la mise en oeuvre du Programme de Maîtrise des Pollutions d'Origine Agricole (PMPOA). Cela permet dans une perspective coasienne de voir les fondements de la politique environnementale agricole et de discuter de la répartition de fait des droits de propriété.

AbstractThe overuse of fertilizers in agriculture and their entry into freshwater has many negative impacts on biodiversity and poses problems for drinking water resources in Germany. In response to exceeding levels of nitrate concentrations in groundwater in parts of the country, an intense public dispute evolved and a significant policy change in fertilizer regulation occurred in 2020. Based on the German case of agricultural water pollution, this study demonstrates in an innovative way how discourse network analysis is a fruitful method for the integrated study of actor coalitions and their use of narrative strategies in public debate. Theoretically, the study draws on the narrative policy framework (NPF) to explain how actor coalitions use narrative strategies to attempt to influence policymaking on water pollution by agricultural activities. The empirical analysis builds on newspaper articles and press releases disseminated between 2010 and 2020. The results demonstrate how two opposing actor coalitions with congruent policy beliefs formed in the struggle over fertilizer regulation. These not only diverged in their policy beliefs but also differed in their use of narrative strategies to try to expand or contain the policy issue. More precisely, the coalitions adapted their narratives over time in response to changes in the likelihood to win or lose. Furthermore, the results suggest the coalition in favor of stricter fertilizer regulation was more sophisticated in its effort to mobilize specific target groups. Overall, the article provides a valuable contribution to the literature on the NPF by combining research on coalition formation and policy narratives.

Agriculture Pollutes: pesticides can destroy wildlife and some are toxic to humans; some fungicides and herbicides cause cancer. Nitrates result in the contamination of drinking water and produce the risk of the �blue-baby� syndrome in infants and of stomach cancer in adults. Agriculture produces methane, ammonia, nitrous oxide and the products of burning off, all of which add to the world's problems of acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer and global warming. This book, which focuses on the UK, the USA and Third World countries, is the first comprehensive review of agriculture and pollution: it examines the facts and assesses the relative dangers of each pollution problem. It also considers the effects of pollution on agriculture itself � crop yields are depressed and livestock damaged by various forms of pollution from all sources. The authors offer solutions to these apparently overwhelming problems, and describe existing technology which would allow us to deal with them. Originally published in 1991.

Voluntary programs' effectiveness in reducing agricultural pollution is under debate in the professional literature, within government regulatory agencies, and among legislators. In general, non‐farm business owners bear little or none of the costs of environmental degradation that their business activities cause. However, farmers who reside on the farm may bear some of the costs associated with using chemicals. As a result, voluntary programs encouraging adoption of management practices that simultaneously improve on farm and off‐farm environmental quality may not require subsidizing farmers for their full loss in profits. However, farmers likely will not adopt regulatory agencies' recommended management practices that do not positively affect on farm environmental quality unless subsidies exceed full adoption costs.

The work presented in this thesis had two purposes : to identify the key determinants to regulate the nitrogen pollution, and to test the ability of applied models to assess the impacts of the regulation policies. We first define a framework for understanding the role of land-use in the optimal management of nitrogen pollution. Regulation design based on an input taxation coupled to a subsidy for perennial crops seems appropriate. This policy is then evaluated and we show that it could be cost-effective in the case of nitrate pollution. We also developed the study of aquifer pollution from nitrates. This pollution problem leads to develop taking into account of the high inertia of the physical environment considered in reason of the delay between the application of fertilizer and pollution of the aquifer. This delay has a significant impact on optimal policy. Besides the pollution stock optimal long-term increases over time, a path of stronger tax is necessary to achieve the steady-state. The marginal damage value is then estimated for an aquifer associated to the Seine river basin. ; Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont eu pour double objectif de d´définir lesprincipaux d´déterminants permettant une politique optimale de régulation despollutions azotées, puis, à l'aide de modèles appliqués, de quantifier et d'évaluerles impacts de ces politiques. Nous avons d'abord défini un cadre permettant demieux comprendre comment la réallocation des terres induite par une politiqueinflue sur le niveau des pollutions azotées. Une solution fondée sur une taxationdes intrants couplée à une subvention en faveur des cultures pérennes paraîtalors appropriée. L'évaluation de cette politique permet de d´démontrer qu'ellepourrait être coût-efficace pour les pollutions dues aux nitrates. Nous avonségalement approfondi l'étude de la régulation de la pollution des aquifèresdue aux nitrates. Ce type de pollution suggère des traitements spécifiques auproblème posé par la forte inertie du milieu physique considéré en raison dutemps ...

The work presented in this thesis had two purposes : to identify the key determinants to regulate the nitrogen pollution, and to test the ability of applied models to assess the impacts of the regulation policies. We first define a framework for understanding the role of land-use in the optimal management of nitrogen pollution. Regulation design based on an input taxation coupled to a subsidy for perennial crops seems appropriate. This policy is then evaluated and we show that it could be cost-effective in the case of nitrate pollution. We also developed the study of aquifer pollution from nitrates. This pollution problem leads to develop taking into account of the high inertia of the physical environment considered in reason of the delay between the application of fertilizer and pollution of the aquifer. This delay has a significant impact on optimal policy. Besides the pollution stock optimal long-term increases over time, a path of stronger tax is necessary to achieve the steady-state. The marginal damage value is then estimated for an aquifer associated to the Seine river basin. ; Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont eu pour double objectif de d´définir lesprincipaux d´déterminants permettant une politique optimale de régulation despollutions azotées, puis, à l'aide de modèles appliqués, de quantifier et d'évaluerles impacts de ces politiques. Nous avons d'abord défini un cadre permettant demieux comprendre comment la réallocation des terres induite par une politiqueinflue sur le niveau des pollutions azotées. Une solution fondée sur une taxationdes intrants couplée à une subvention en faveur des cultures pérennes paraîtalors appropriée. L'évaluation de cette politique permet de d´démontrer qu'ellepourrait être coût-efficace pour les pollutions dues aux nitrates. Nous avonségalement approfondi l'étude de la régulation de la pollution des aquifèresdue aux nitrates. Ce type de pollution suggère des traitements spécifiques auproblème posé par la forte inertie du milieu physique considéré en raison dutemps de latence entre l'application d'engrais et la pollution de l'aquifère. Cedélai a un impact important sur la caractérisation d'une politique optimale.Outre le stock de pollution optimale de long terme qui augmente avec le délai,au cours du temps un sentier de taxe plus ´élevée est n´nécessaire pour atteindrece stock. La valeur du dommage marginale est ensuite estimée dans le cas d'un aquifère du bassin de la seine.

AbstractThe divergent responses of three CEECs ‐ Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia ‐ to the common evolution of problems of agriculturally induced water pollution into matters of international concern is analysed from the end of their communist regimes to accession to the European Union (EU) in 2004. The early years of transition were characterised by an emerging international socialisation of domestic elites with Western academics and policy networks. These networks presented opportunities for norm entrepreneurs, who sought to draw attention to the problem of agriculturally induced water pollution and realign domestic policy. The success of these norm entrepreneurs depended on the positions they held in elite networks, their state's geo‐political concerns and desires for international legitimacy, and the degree to which productionist interests were entrenched in agricultural ministries. In contrast, the late 1990s and early 2000s were dominated by preparations for EU membership, particularly adoption of the acquis communautaire. While the CEECs had no option but to transpose EU directives into domestic legislation, the nature of directives has meant that they have had considerable leeway in terms of the administrative solutions chosen. This is illustrated by the Nitrates Directive; the three countries studied have adopted markedly different responses and sought expertise from established Member States that closely matched their own outlook. Arguments that the CEECs are en masse environmental laggards or merely passive players in the process of Europeanisation are rejected.

International audience ; The RIVAGE project aims to promote the adoption of alternative practices to manage the impacts of diffuse pollution in the Pérou River watershed in Guadeloupe. The objective is to produce and share knowledge on processes, impacts and innovative practices with the actors of the territory. To facilitate results uptake, the project has created a "learning partners school". The learning partners school is a space for exchanges, a forum, developed around themes related to agricultural diffuse pollution. The concept of learning partners school is built on the theories of popular education and collective learning. The article recalls these theoretical references and uses them in a self-evaluation process of the first results obtained by the learning partners school. The authors draw up lessons and orientations for the future. ; Le projet RIVAGE veut favoriser l'adoption de pratiques alternatives pour gérer les impacts de la pollution diffuse dans le bassin versant de la rivière Pérou en Guadeloupe. Son objectif est de produire et partager les connaissances sur les processus, les impacts et les pratiques innovantes avec les acteurs du territoire. Pour faciliter la prise en compte des résultats, le projet a créé une « école-acteurs ». L'école-acteurs est un espace d'échanges autour des thématiques liées à la pollution diffuse agricole. Le concept d'école-acteurs fait référence aux théories d'éducation populaire et d'apprentissage collectif. L'article rappelle ces références théoriques et les utilise dans un processus d'auto-évaluation des premiers résultats obtenus par l'école-acteurs. Les auteurs dressent quelques enseignements et orientations pour le futur.

International audience ; The RIVAGE project aims to promote the adoption of alternative practices to manage the impacts of diffuse pollution in the Pérou River watershed in Guadeloupe. The objective is to produce and share knowledge on processes, impacts and innovative practices with the actors of the territory. To facilitate results uptake, the project has created a "learning partners school". The learning partners school is a space for exchanges, a forum, developed around themes related to agricultural diffuse pollution. The concept of learning partners school is built on the theories of popular education and collective learning. The article recalls these theoretical references and uses them in a self-evaluation process of the first results obtained by the learning partners school. The authors draw up lessons and orientations for the future. ; Le projet RIVAGE veut favoriser l'adoption de pratiques alternatives pour gérer les impacts de la pollution diffuse dans le bassin versant de la rivière Pérou en Guadeloupe. Son objectif est de produire et partager les connaissances sur les processus, les impacts et les pratiques innovantes avec les acteurs du territoire. Pour faciliter la prise en compte des résultats, le projet a créé une « école-acteurs ». L'école-acteurs est un espace d'échanges autour des thématiques liées à la pollution diffuse agricole. Le concept d'école-acteurs fait référence aux théories d'éducation populaire et d'apprentissage collectif. L'article rappelle ces références théoriques et les utilise dans un processus d'auto-évaluation des premiers résultats obtenus par l'école-acteurs. Les auteurs dressent quelques enseignements et orientations pour le futur.