Suchergebnisse

SMS-Alarm im Provinz-Kloster. Pater Bert, wie immer bekleidet mit Bade ­ latschen, Boxershorts und T-Shirt, liest die Nachricht eines Reisbauern. Sofort simst er weiter an einen Mitarbeiter. Der muss sich umgehend mit einem Komitee aus Vertretern des Militärs und der Rebellen treffen. Gemeinsam sollen sie einen nahe gelegenen Sumpf hier auf den Philippinen inspizieren; denn dort sind Bomben hoch gegangen - in der Nähe einer Friedenszone. Da hört für Pater Bert jede Toleranz auf. Denn solche Peace Zones sind für ihn der Königsweg zum Frieden auf den Philippinen.

The battle cry of Philippine land reform, dating back to American colonial times, has al¬ways been "land for the landless". 4,542,968 hectares of land have been distributed to 2,653,254 farmers. But, poverty has only decreased by 2% and poverty incidence among farmers in the country at 44% as of 2006. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program in the Philippines has good intentions but is short on productive policies. The program is riddled with numerous problems and its focus has been on the distribution of land rather than the alleviation of pov¬erty. The Philippines, however, can learn from neighboring countries like Malaysia where land reform programs there have reduced rural poverty incidence from 58.6% in the 1970s to only 11.4% in 2002. Mindanao, with its favorable climatic conditions and vast tracks of land, can be a platform for the revival of Philippine Agriculture. Corporate farms, like the ones found in there, are an example of productive models of Philippine agriculture. In order to put life back into the agricultural industry, the quality of life of farmers must be improved, investments must flow back to agriculture and land reform policies must be rewritten. Philippine land reform must now change its focus from "land to the landless" to one similar in Malaysia: "No one should be poor". While identifying the many weaknesses of the Philippine Government policies on Land Reform this thesis moved on to propose new goals and measures that would shift the program from just a distribution of land to farmers to provide for fresh policies of government that would allow more resources in investment and loans as well as remove the barriers to growth to revi¬talize agricultural production and alleviate poverty in that industry.

Mindanao – die große Südinsel der Philippinen, »Land of Promise« genannt. Meist von jenen, die nicht von dort stammen, von den Kolonisatoren aus dem Norden des Landes. Aber das ist eine Phantasie, eine Illusion, die eine Leerstelle füllen soll. Was ist Mindanao? Selbst viele Filipinos wissen darauf keine schlüssige Antwort. Auch für sie ist die politisch und gesellschaftlich zerrissene Insel, wenn es sich nicht gerade um die Zentren Davao und Cagayan de Oro handelt, meist Synonym für Unruhe, Instabilität, Krieg, Terror, muslimischen Separationismus, besonders in den südwestlichen Gebieten der Region, zu der man auch den Sulu-Archipel zählt. Im seit 1971 schwelenden Bürgerkrieg sind bislang mehr als 150.000 Menschen umgekommen. Während der 400-jährigen Kolonialgeschichte gelang es weder Spaniern noch Amerikanern je, diese Region voll zu kontrollieren.

Each administration, at one time or another, promised to give Mindanao either a long-overdue helping hand or a fair shake. So far the Filipinos down south are more inclined to bite hands, or shoot them off, if the seccessionists were to have their way. The fall of the Marcos regime ended two decades of extreme neglect but gave way to two administrations' worth of relative neglect. To his credit, President Ramos took the concept a step further. His office even gave it a name: Mindanao 2000. Targeting sustainable development by the year 2010 consultations were held and opinions were heard from all political and social sectors during the 1992-1996 "summits." In an era of renewed participation from marginalized sectors, loudest voice came from the least marginalized source. It was loud enough to negate that of non-government (NGOs), peoples organizations (POs), cooperatives and the Mindanao population as a whole. The corporate lobby eased out Civil Society even before Mindanao 2000 could be finalized on paper.

The contemporary conflict situation embedded in the social fabric of Mindanao in the southern part of the Philippines is rooted in the historical, systematic, and collective marginalisation and minoritisation of the indigenous Filipino Muslims or Moros and native Lumad peoples. This paper argues that the minoritisation of the erstwhile indigenous and majority Moros as well as the non-Christian and non-Muslim Lumads of Mindanao was the result of a series of deliberate programs to voluntarily resettle or repopulate the area with predominantly Christian migrants from Luzon and the Visayas (i.e., the northern and central parts of the country, respectively). This numerical domination of the indigenous Moro (and Lumad) minorities by nonindigenous (and predominantly Christian) settlers was exacerbated by (and may have in fact produced the conditions for) economic deprivation of the indigenous Moro and Lumad peoples.


The paper also argues that the armed and violent conflict in Mindanao has led to large-scale and involuntary out-migration (particularly from the areas of direct and heavy conflict) mainly in the form of human displacements and movements (primarily involving Moros and Lumads who are non-combatants) out of the conflict zones. This paper illustrates the dynamics of how conflict situations interface with human migratory flows. More specifically, it makes the observation that the conflict in Mindanao is rooted in the voluntary inmigration to the area which eventually led to the minoritisation of the indigenous Moro and Lumad peoples. Moreover, as a consequence of the conflict, there has been a large-scale and involuntary movement outward or away from the conflict areas.

Ilustración para: Describiendo la medalla creada por real decreto de esta fecha para conmemorar las campañas de Mindanao en los años 1890-1891 y 1894-1895 (Real orden circular de 7 de octubre de 1895) ; Relacionado con láminas de la misma orden circular ; Anverso y reverso ; Tamaño natural

Ilustración para: Describiendo la medalla creada por real decreto de esta fecha para conmemorar las campañas de Mindanao en los años 1890-1891 y 1894-1895 (Real orden circular de 7 de octubre de 1895) ; Relacionado con láminas de la misma orden circular ; Anverso ; Tamaño natural

Ilustración para: Describiendo la medalla creada por real decreto de esta fecha para conmemorar las campañas de Mindanao en los años 1890-1891 y 1894-1895 (Real orden circular de 7 de octubre de 1895) ; Relacionado con láminas de la misma orden circular ; Reverso ; Tamaño natural