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Reflective of a wider, global trend of changing civil society space and anti-gender backlash against women's rights, research is increasingly interested in exploring the dynamics and implications of hybrid and authoritarian regimes strategies toward civil society, and women's organizations in particular. Nevertheless, few have focused on studying the role of governmental women's organizations – so-called women-GONGOs - as mechanisms of regime strategies, such as in the case of competitive-authoritarian Turkey where women-GONGOs aim to constrain civil society space and feminist, gender equality-oriented discourse and practice. In this study, the aim is to explore how feminist, oppositional women's organizations, despite their "outsider" positions in Turkey's civil society, use and reshape feminist strategies to adapt, renegotiate or resist women-GONGOs as mechanisms of control, co-optation and regime interference.Based on in-depth interviews with 21 women's organizations in Turkey, the study finds that "outsider", feminist women's organizations in competitive-authoritarian Turkey perceive the influence of women-GONGOs as central to possibilities and limitations in civil society and women's organizing. Consequently, interviews show that "outsiders" employ a variety of feminist strategies, mostly in combination, to create or maintain their activism and operations within the Turkish de-democratization context, for example turning to grassroots in combination with finding new alliances, or connected to sustaining activities within broader democratization movements. However, the study suggests that the changing space of civil society in Turkey affects these "outsiders" in different ways; for example service-oriented women's organizations are less constrained in their feminist strategies compared to claims-making "outsiders". Lastly, the study illustrates how the dominant role of women-GONGOs in Turkey impacts feminist discourse and practice of "outsiders", thereby providing empirical insights and theoretical ...

Reflective of a wider, global trend of changing civil society space and anti-gender backlash against women's rights, research is increasingly interested in exploring the dynamics and implications of hybrid and authoritarian regimes strategies toward civil society, and women's organizations in particular. Nevertheless, few have focused on studying the role of governmental women's organizations – so-called women-GONGOs - as mechanisms of regime strategies, such as in the case of competitive-authoritarian Turkey where women-GONGOs aim to constrain civil society space and feminist, gender equality-oriented discourse and practice. In this study, the aim is to explore how feminist, oppositional women's organizations, despite their "outsider" positions in Turkey's civil society, use and reshape feminist strategies to adapt, renegotiate or resist women-GONGOs as mechanisms of control, co-optation and regime interference.Based on in-depth interviews with 21 women's organizations in Turkey, the study finds that "outsider", feminist women's organizations in competitive-authoritarian Turkey perceive the influence of women-GONGOs as central to possibilities and limitations in civil society and women's organizing. Consequently, interviews show that "outsiders" employ a variety of feminist strategies, mostly in combination, to create or maintain their activism and operations within the Turkish de-democratization context, for example turning to grassroots in combination with finding new alliances, or connected to sustaining activities within broader democratization movements. However, the study suggests that the changing space of civil society in Turkey affects these "outsiders" in different ways; for example service-oriented women's organizations are less constrained in their feminist strategies compared to claims-making "outsiders". Lastly, the study illustrates how the dominant role of women-GONGOs in Turkey impacts feminist discourse and practice of "outsiders", thereby providing empirical insights and theoretical ...

The article examines the cultural origins of postmodernism in order to establish the true meaning and purpose of the post-law developed on its basis. According to the results of the study, there is no evidence that postmodernism belongs to the general cultural phenomena of modernity, the argument about which is often used as a strong argument for the development of post-law and its introduction into scientific and practical circulation. The attitude of postmodernism to the subculture of protest is revealed. The analysis of the prerequisites that form postmodernism convinced him that he does not have a positive agenda for society, and the post-right has something new and anti-crisis.
Postmodernity and the post-law derived from it are forms of nihilism and can only be used terminologically to emphasize the nature of the gap between certain groups of society and the meanings and traditions operating in it. The study of the consequences of the adaptation of postclassical ideas in jurisprudence has revealed that they affirm in the legal consciousness the ideas of the classical antipodes of law as its newest values, and law enforcement returns to the times when objective imputation prevailed in justice.

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- The Chronology of Genocide -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 The Legacy of War -- Preamble -- The War -- The Targets -- The People -- The Environment -- The Desolation -- 2 The Chronology of Sanctions -- Preamble -- The Chronology of Sanctions -- The Disarmament Issue -- The 706/712/986 Ploy -- 3 Targeting the Powerless -- Preamble -- The Ravaged Environment -- The Sanctions System -- Suffer the Children -- Suffer the Women -- The Food Weapon -- The Health Weapon -- Epilogue -- 4 The Face of Genocide -- The Sanctions Option -- The League and the United Nations -- The US and Sanctions -- Law and the Gulf -- The Face of Genocide -- Epilogue -- 5 The New Holocaust -- Preamble -- Slow Extermination -- Propaganda and 986 -- 1990s Genocide -- Superpower Isolation -- Epilogue -- Appendices -- 1 Security Council Resolutions 660 and 661 -- 2 EEC Declaration concerning the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait -- and Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2340/90 -- 3 Security Council Resolution 687 -- 4 Security Council Resolutions 707 and 715 -- 5 Security Council Resolutions 706, 712 and 986 -- 6 Rights of the Child, Note Verbale (16 January 1995) from Iraq to UN Centre for Human Rights, Geneva -- 7 The Impact of the Blockade on Iraq, Note Verbale (16 January 1995) from Iraq to UN Centre for Human Rights, Geneva - Extract -- 8 Malaysian Conference Resolution (May 1994) against Economic Sanctions on Iraq -- 9 Protocol 1, Addition to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - Extract -- 10 Criminal Complaint against the United States by Ramsey Clark (14 November 1996), former Attorney- General of the United States -- 11 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.