Suchergebnisse

Mención Internacional en el título de doctor ; La fusión nuclear es una de las alternativas más prometedoras para hacer frente al rápido aumento en la demanda global de energía a partir de combustibles no fósiles. Los futuros reactores comerciales deberán estar diseñados para soportar condiciones extremas resultantes de la reacción de fusión y producir electricidad de manera rentable. Por lo tanto, la selección de los materiales estructurales para el diseño del reactor es un factor crucial. Dentro de las aleaciones candidatas para ser utilizadas como materiales estructurales se encuentran los aceros ferríticos de activación reducida reforzados con óxidos (aceros RAF ODS). Aunque estos aceros presentan una resistencia mecánica superior a los aceros no reforzados a elevadas temperaturas, existen algunos inconvenientes asociados a los procesos pulvimetalúrgicos de fabricación, principalmente una baja tenacidad a la fractura. Además, la falta de optimización en la ruta de procesado también puede derivar en propiedades anisotrópicas. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral ha sido investigar diferentes parámetros de producción y procesado que permitan desarrollar aceros RAF ODS con una alta resistencia a la tracción, suficiente ductilidad y resistencia a la fractura y baja anisotropía. Para ello, se han producido diferentes aceros RAF ODS de composición similar mediante rutas pulvimetalúrgicas (aleación mecánica y compactación mediante prensado isostático en caliente, HIP). Se han analizado los efectos del tipo de precursor del refuerzo y el tamaño de partícula inicial, así como de los diferentes tratamientos termo-mecánicos (tratamientos térmicos y laminación cruzada en caliente, HCR) en la microestructura y se han correlacionado con sus propiedades mecánicas. En primer lugar se ha investigado un acero RAF ODS procesado a partir un polvo atomizado de composición nominal Fe.14Cr.2W.0.3Ti aleado mecánicamente con el compuesto intermetálico Fe2Y en un molino attritor. También se ha realizado un estudio de dos aceros RAF ODS obtenidos a partir del mismo polvo atomizado de composición nominal Fe.14Cr.2W.0.4Ti pero distinto diámetro de partícula, aleados mecánicamente con el compuesto intermetálico Y2O3 en un molino planetario, y se han comparado con un acero sin refuerzo consolidado a partir del polvo atomizado. La caracterización de estos aceros se ha llevado a cabo tras la consolidación del material mediante HIP, tras el HCR y/o el tratamiento térmico. Los aceros ODS tras la consolidación presentan una microestructura bimodal compuesta de regiones de granos submicrométricos y micrométricos. Los tratamientos térmicos no provocan cambios significativos. Sin embargo, la aplicación del HCR da lugar a una microestructura más homogénea formada por granos de menor tamaño alargados en las direcciones de laminación. En todos los aceros ODS estudiados se han observado tres tipos de partículas; precipitados de Cr-W, óxidos de Ti-Cr y nano-óxidos de Y-Ti. Los precipitados de Cr-W están localizados a lo largo de los límites de grano. El HCR disminuye el tamaño de estos precipitados e incrementa la homogeneidad de su distribución. Los óxidos Ti-Cr tienen formas redondeadas y se observan principalmente cerca de los límites de grano aunque también se encuentran en el interior de los mismos. Estos óxidos no se ven alterados por los tratamientos termo-mecánicos. Por último, la disolución del precursor de Y tras la aleación mecánica, independientemente del tipo (Fe2Y o Y2O3), da lugar a la formación de nano-óxidos de Y-Ti de estructura similar, con morfología redondeada y homogéneamente distribuidos en la matriz. Los resultados indican que un mayor contenido de Ti y O favorece el refinamiento de los nano-óxidos. La presencia de estas nanopartículas aumenta la resistencia mecánica, aunque la aleación mecánica disminuye la ductilidad y la resistencia al impacto. Con la aplicación del HCR, los aceros ODS presentan mejores propiedades mecánicas en comparación con el material consolidado y el posterior tratamiento térmico. Por otro lado, la aplicación del HCR a mayor temperatura da lugar a una mayor homogeneidad del grano obteniéndose aceros con mejores propiedades de ductilidad y de impacto. Estos resultados son independientes del tamaño de partícula inicial en el polvo atomizado. El HCR en las condiciones estudiadas no hace desaparecer totalmente la anisotropía de las propiedades mecánicas en las direcciones de laminación, aunque los aceros ODS producidos en estas condiciones presentan una buena estabilidad térmica por debajo de la temperatura del HCR. ; Nuclear fusion is one of the most promising options to cope with the fast increase in global energy demand from non-fossil fuels. Future commercial reactors should be designed to withstand the extreme conditions required to carry out the fusion reactions and to produce electricity profitably. Therefore, the selection of structural materials for reactor design is a crucial factor. Among the candidate alloys to be used as structural materials are the reduced activation ferritic steels reinforced with oxides (ODS RAF steels). Although these steels have a higher mechanical strength than non-reinforced steels at high temperatures, there are some drawbacks associated with their production route, which is done by powder metallurgy, mainly their low fracture toughness. In addition, the lack of optimization in the processing route can also lead to anisotropic properties. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the different processing parameters that can help to develop ODS RAF steels with high tensile strength, adequate ductility and fracture resistance and low anisotropy. For that, different ODS RAF steels of similar composition have been produced by powder metallurgy (mechanical alloying and powder consolidation by hot isostatic pressing, HIP). The effects of the type of reinforcement precursor and the initial particle size were analyzed, as well as the changes that the different thermo-mechanical treatments (thermal treatments and hot cross rolling, HCR) induced in the microstructure, correlating them with their mechanical properties. First, an ODS RAF steel produced from atomized powder of nominal composition Fe-14Cr-2W- 0.3Ti and mechanically alloyed with the intermetallic compound Fe2Y in an attritor mill has been investigated. The characterization of these steels has been accomplished after the consolidation of the material, after the HCR and / or the thermal treatment. Also, a study of two ODS RAF steels obtained from the same atomized powder of nominal composition Fe-14Cr-2W-0.4Ti but different particle diameter, mechanically alloyed with the intermetallic compound Y2O3 in a planetary mill, has been carried out, comparing them with the non-reinforced counterpart. As consolidated ODS steels show a bimodal microstructure composed of submicron and micron sized ferritic grains regions. Thermal treatments do not cause significant changes. However, the application of HCR transforms it to a more homogeneous microstructure that consists in smaller and more elongated grains along the rolling directions. In all ODS steels studied three types of precipitates have been observed; Cr-W rich precipitates, Ti-Cr oxides and Y-Ti rich oxides. Cr-W rich precipitates are located along the grain boundaries. The HCR decreases the size of these precipitates and increases the homogeneity of their distribution. The Ti-Cr oxides have rounded shapes and are observed mainly near the grain boundaries although they are also found inside the grains. These oxides are not altered by thermo-mechanical treatments. The dissolution of the yttrium-rich compounds after the mechanical alloying, regardless of the precursor type (Fe2Y or Y2O3), gives rise to the formation of Y-Ti rich nano-oxides of similar structure, with round morphology and homogeneously distributed in the matrix. The results show that a higher content of Ti and O promotes the refinement of the nano-oxides. The nanoparticle dispersion enhances the mechanical resistance, although mechanical alloying is clearly deleterious for the ductility and the impact resistance. With the application of the HCR, the ODS steels show mechanical properties compared to the material consolidated and subsequently thermal treated. Moreover, the application of HCR at higher temperature gives rise to a greater homogeneity of the grain, obtaining steels with better ductility and impact properties. These results are independent of the initial particle size of the atomized powder. The HCR performed in this work does not completely eliminate the anisotropy of the mechanical properties along the rolling directions, although the produced ODS steels show good thermal stability up to the HCR temperature. ; La realización de esta tesis ha sido posible gracias al apoyo por parte del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (proyecto ENE2015-70300-C3-2-R), la Comunidad de Madrid a través de los programas MULTIMAT (S2013 / MIT-2862), la European Comission (EFDA) y la European Union Seventh Framework Programme en virtud del acuerdo de subvención 312483-ESTEEM2 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative-I3). Esta tesis se ha llevado a cabo en el Departamento de Física de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Plasmas y Fusión Nuclear por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Sergio Lozano Pérez.- Secretario: Begoña Savoini Cardiel.- Vocal: Nerea Ordás Mur

Introducción En las sociedades industrializadas vivimos inmersos en un mundo de ruidos. Unos inevitables inherentes a las actividades que se realizan, otros en cambio se pueden evitar modificando las conductas que están en su origen. El sonido puede convertirse en un agente contaminante cuando no aporta una información útil al receptor (produce sobreinformación), interfiere o dificulta la actividad que está realizando o pone en riesgo la salud. Tanto la Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente (AEMA) como la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) consideran que la exposición prolongada en el tiempo al ruido está asociada con problemas de aprendizaje, pérdida de memoria, incapacidad para concentrarse, estrés, así como con un incremento del riesgo de reducir la capacidad auditiva, de perjudicar la salud mental y de padecer enfermedades del corazón (AEMA, 2009; OMS, 2011). Además para la OMS, el deterioro que causa el ruido en el desarrollo durante la infancia y en la educación puede tener consecuencias de por vida sobre el rendimiento académico y la salud. El estudio La seguridad integral en los centros de Enseñanza Obligatoria en España, señala que casi un 60% de los centros educativos analizados no disponen de medidas internas para prevenir el ruido generado en su interior y que éste aumenta repentinamente durante los descansos, sobre todo en los pasillos (Gairín, 2012). Los adolescentes no son conscientes del impacto que producen los ruidos que generan en sus actividades tanto en las cotidianas como durante el ocio y lo consideran de poca importancia (Sánchez, 2001). Estas consideraciones hacen especialmente interesante el estudio del problema del ruido en los adolescentes. Analizar y conocer cómo con su comportamiento contribuyen al problema, qué repercusiones puede tener en ellos y de qué manera se pueden corregir malos hábitos y prácticas, así como creencias erróneas, para que interioricen una actitud socialmente responsable frente a la contaminación acústica, parece una interesante exploración. Para ello, es preciso explorar las características de este tipo de contaminación, los riesgos derivados de su exposición para la salud, la prevención del ruido y las conductas de los estudiantes durante sus actividades diarias, incluido su tiempo de ocio. El problema de esta investigación se sitúa en dos frentes: evaluar la actitud ante la contaminación acústica que presentan los alumnos de bachillerato de la ciudad de Zaragoza e intentar mejorar los aspectos de la actitud que no resulten favorables y fortalecer los que sí lo sean mediante un tratamiento educativo. En este trabajo se ha diseñado un instrumento válido y fiable que permitiera medir la actitud ante la contaminación acústica, se ha aplicado a una muestra significativa de estudiantes de bachillerato para conocer cómo era, y se ha administrado un tratamiento educativo diseñado para intentar influir positivamente en la actitud. Además, se ha contrastado si el género es una variable que presenta diferencias significativas en la actitud y en los resultados del tratamiento educativo. Desarrollo de la investigación En primer lugar se ha establecido el marco teórico que la sustenta la investigación, comenzando por los fundamentos de la contaminación acústica (su definición, evaluación de los efectos que produce, el comportamiento de las persona y el marco legislativo que la ampara), continuando con el tratamiento del ruido en el currículo de Bachillerato, para finalizar con las bases teóricas de las actitudes (definición, relación con las conductas y los instrumentos para medirlas). En el diseño de la investigación se define el problema, se plantean las preguntas de investigación que sirven de guía para la formulación de las hipótesis, se establecen los objetivos y se selecciona la metodología. Después, se describen las variables, el procedimiento de investigación, las diferentes muestras que intervienen en cada una de sus fases, las distintas técnicas e instrumentos empleados para la recopilación de información y, finalmente, cómo se aplica la escala, se administra el tratamiento educativo y se trata la información que de ello se obtenga. Posteriormente, se describe el proceso de diseño y validación del instrumento de medida de la actitud ante la contaminación acústica, que se ha convenido denominar Escala de Ruido. Se describen todos los pasos seguidos en la elaboración y aplicación de la escala de actitud y los resultados de los distintos análisis estadísticos (correlacional y factorial exploratorio) realizados para constatar que el cuestionario diseñado constituye un instrumento de medida válido y fiable. Para poder influir en la actitud de los alumnos es necesario diseñar un tratamiento educativo, en el que se establecen unos objetivos, se describen sus principales características, materiales y métodos empleados, se exponen las actividades diseñadas y su programación y se muestran los instrumentos utilizados para la recopilación de información cualitativa obtenida durante su administración. Tanto en la medida de la actitud como en la administración del tratamiento educativo, se obtiene información cualitativa y cuantitativa que es preciso analizar y discutir. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en los tratamientos estadísticos realizados en las diferentes muestras participantes en la investigación (estudios de medidas de distribución y de tendencia central, análisis de diferencias significativas y de correlaciones) y se analiza la variable de manera independiente. Posteriormente, se interpretan los resultados de la medida de la actitud y de la efectividad de la intervención didáctica con la ayuda de la información cualitativa obtenida y se contrastan las hipótesis planteadas en la investigación. Principales conclusiones extraídas de la investigación - El instrumento elaborado permite evaluar la actitud del alumnado de bachillerato ante el problema de la contaminación acústica, y del análisis factorial, que todos los ítems de la Escala de Ruido contribuyen a medirla. - El significado conceptual de los ítems y el análisis factorial exploratorio permiten concluir que el constructo de la actitud ante la contaminación acústica se puede desagregar en cuatro componentes, nombrados de la siguiente manera: C1 Predilección por un ambiente acústico, C2 Molestia producida por el ruido, C3 Actividades de ocio y C4 Prevención y control del ruido. - Todos los componentes de escala contribuyen significativamente en la medida de la actitud. Los relacionados con la elección de un ambiente acústico saludable y con sus actividades de ocio (los peor valorados), contribuyen con un peso algo mayor que los vinculados con la molestia al ruido y su prevención y control (los mejor valorados). El resultado es una actitud no favorable. - Las alumnas están influenciadas por el grupo de iguales de la misma manera que los alumnos respecto a la elección de lugares de ocio con elevados niveles sonoros, a sus sentimientos y conductas mientras se divierten. Ellas se muestran inicialmente más sensibilizadas hacia el ruido. - El tratamiento educativo ha repercutido positivamente en la actitud de los estudiantes de bachillerato ante el problema de la contaminación acústica, ya que ha supuesto una mejora en su concienciación sobre la prevención y el control del ruido y en su disposición a valorar la molestia que produce. Sin embargo, no ha influido significativamente en su intención de conducta y en aspectos afectivos vinculados a sus actividades de ocio o a sus preferencias por un ambiente acústico saludable. Hay que seguir trabajando estos aspectos para mejorarlos, ampliando el tratamiento educativo propuesto en esta investigación o diseñando uno nuevo. - En relación con el impacto que produce el ruido en el bienestar, al interés por informase sobre sus consecuencias, a la molestia que genera y a la toma de decisiones para reducirlo, el tratamiento educativo ha sido más efectivo en los hombres que en las mujeres, antes del cual ellas estaban más concienciadas. En las mujeres sólo se aprecia una mejora significativa en lo relativo al perjuicio que produce el ruido en la salud. - La información cualitativa aportada por los estudiantes, durante las distintas actividades realizadas en la intervención educativa y después de la aplicación de la Escala de Ruido, ha facilitado la interpretación de los resultados cuantitativos y la comprensión de su punto de vista y de su falta de interés hacia determinados asuntos (v. g., ruido del tráfico y en la diversión, resignación a determinados ruidos o incredulidad a ciertos riesgos).

340 p.; Tablas. ; Libro Electrónico ; ¿Qué es el software libre? ¿Qué es y qué implicaciones tiene la licencia de un programa libre? ¿Cómo se está desarrollando el software libre? ¿Cómo se financian los proyectos de software libre, qué modelos de negocio se están experimentando relacionados con ellos? ¿Qué motiva a los desarrolladores, especialmente a los que son voluntarios, a involucrarse en proyectos de software libre? ¿Cómo son estos desarrolladores? ¿Cómo se coordinan en sus proyectos, y cómo es el software que producen? En resumen, ¿cuál es la panorámica general del software libre? Éste es el tipo de preguntas que trataremos de responder en este texto. Porque aunque el software libre está cada vez más en los medios de comunicación, en las conversaciones de los profesionales de la informática, e incluso empieza a estar en boca de los ciudadanos en general, aún es un desconocido para muchos. Y muchas veces los que lo conocen lo hacen sólo de algunos de sus aspectos, desconociendo completamente otros. ; Prólogo 11 Materiales previos 11 Agradecimientos 13 1 Introducción al software libre 15 11 El concepto de libertad en el software 15 111 Definición 16 112 Términos relacionados 17 12 Motivaciones 19 13 Consecuencias de la libertad del software 19 131 Para el usuario final 20 132 Para la Administración pública 21 133 Para el desarrollador 22 134 Para el integrador 22 135 Para el que proporciona mantenimiento y servicios 22 14 Otros recursos libres 23 141 Documentación de programas 23 142 Otra documentación 24 143 Artículos científicos 25 144 Leyes y estándares 25 145 Enciclopedias 28 146 Cursos 28 147 Colecciones y bases de datos 29 148 Hardware 30 149 Literatura y arte 30 2 Un poco de historia 31 21 El software libre antes del software libre 32 211 Y en el principio fue libre 32 212 Años 1970 y primeros 1980 34 213 Desarrollo temprano de Unix 35 22 El comienzo: BSD, GNU 36 221 Richard Stallman, GNU, FSF: nace el movimiento del software libre 36 Software libre ANOTACIONES ã FUOC • XP03/90783/01935 222 El CSRG de Berkeley 38 223 Los comienzos de Internet 40 224 Otros proyectos 43 23 Todo en marcha 43 231 En busca de un kernel 44 232 La familia *BSD 44 233 GNU/Linux entra en escena 45 24 Tiempos excitantes 47 241 Finales de 1990 47 242 Principios de los 2000 52 25 El futuro: ¿una carrera de obstáculos? 57 26 Algunas fechas de la historia del software libre 58 3 Aspectos legales 69 31 Breve introducción a la propiedad intelectual 69 311 Derechos de autor 70 312 Secreto comercial 72 313 Patentes y modelos de utilidad 73 314 Marcas y logotipos 74 32 Licencias en el software libre 75 321 Licencias tipo BSD 76 322 La Licencia Pública General de GNU (GNU GPL) 79 323 La Licencia Pública General Menor de GNU (GNU LGPL) 81 324 Otras licencias de programas 82 325 Distribución bajo varias licencias 86 33 Licencias de otros recursos libres 87 331 Licencia de documentación libre de GNU 87 332 Licencias de Creative Commons 88 34 Resumen 89 4 El desarrollador y sus motivaciones 91 41 Introducción 91 42 ¿Quiénes son los desarrolladores? 91 43 ¿Qué hacen los desarrolladores? 93 44 Distribución geográfica 94 45 Dedicación 96 46 Motivaciones 98 47 Liderazgo 99 48 Resumen y conclusiones 102 5 Economía 103 Introducción al software libre ANOTACIONES ã FUOC • XP03/90783/01935 51 Financiación de proyectos de software libre 103 511 Financiación pública 104 512 Financiación privada sin ánimo de lucro 107 513 Financiación por quien necesita mejoras 108 514 Financiación con beneficios relacionados 109 515 Financiación como inversión interna 111 516 Otros modos de financiación 113 52 Modelos de negocio basados en software libre 116 521 Mejor conocimiento 118 522 Mejor conocimiento con limitaciones 120 523 Fuente de un producto libre 122 524 Fuente de un producto con limitaciones 124 525 Licencias especiales 126 526 Venta de marca 127 53 Otras clasificaciones de modelos de negocio 127 531 Clasificación de Hecker 128 54 Impacto sobre las situaciones de monopolio 129 541 Elementos que favorecen los productos dominantes 130 542 El mundo del software propietario 131 543 La situación con software libre 132 544 Estrategias para constituirse en monopolio con software libre 134 6 Iniciativas públicas 137 61 Impacto del software libre en las administraciones públicas 137 611 Impactos principales 138 612 Dificultades de adopción 142 62 Actuaciones de las administraciones públicas en el mundo del software 144 621 ¿Cómo satisfacer mejor las necesidades de las administraciones públicas? 145 622 Promoción de software 148 623 Fomento de la investigación 150 63 Iniciativas legislativas 151 631 Proyectos de ley en Francia 151 632 Proyecto de ley en Brasil 152 633 Proyectos de ley en Perú 153 634 Proyectos de ley en España 155 64 Textos de algunas propuestas legislativas y documentos relacionados 156 641 Proyecto de ley de Laffitte, Trégouet y Cabanel (Francia) 156 Software libre ANOTACIONES ã FUOC • XP03/90783/01935 642 Proyecto de ley de Le Déaut, Paul y Cohen (Francia) 159 643 Proyecto de ley de Villanueva y Rodrich (Perú) 164 644 Cartas de Microsoft Perú y del congresista Villanueva 177 645 Decreto de medidas de impulso de la sociedad del conocimiento en Andalucía 197 7 Ingeniería del software libre 199 71 Introducción 199 72 "La catedral y el bazar" 200 73 Liderazgo y toma de decisiones en el bazar 203 74 Procesos en el software libre 205 75 Crítica a "La catedral y el bazar" 207 76 Estudios cuantitativos 208 77 Trabajo futuro 212 78 Resumen 214 8 Entornos y tecnologías de desarrollo 217 81 Caracterización de entornos, herramientas y sistemas 217 82 Lenguajes y herramientas asociadas 218 83 Mecanismos básicos de colaboración 219 84 Gestión de fuentes 221 841 CVS 222 842 Otros sistemas de gestión de fuentes 226 85 Documentación 228 851 Docbook 230 852 Wikis 231 86 Gestión de errores 233 87 Sistemas de gestión de flujo de trabajos 234 88 Soporte para otras arquitecturas 235 89 Sitios de soporte al desarrollo 236 891 SourceForge 236 892 Herederos de SourceForge 239 893 Otros sitios y programas 239 9 Estudio de casos 241 91 Linux 243 911 Historia de Linux 243 912 El modo de trabajo de Linux 245 913 Estado actual de Linux 247 Introducción al software libre ANOTACIONES ã FUOC • XP03/90783/01935 92 FreeBSD 249 921 Historia de FreeBSD 250 922 Desarrollo en FreeBSD 250 923 Toma de decisiones en FreeBSD 251 924 Empresas alrededor de FreeBSD 252 925 Estado actual de FreeBSD 253 926 Radiografía de FreeBSD 253 927 Estudios académicos sobre FreeBSD 256 93 KDE 256 931 Historia de KDE 257 932 Desarrollo de KDE 258 933 La Liga KDE 259 934 Estado actual de KDE 261 935 Radiografía de KDE 262 94 GNOME 265 941 Historia de GNOME 265 942 La Fundación GNOME 266 943 La industria alrededor de GNOME 268 944 Estado actual de GNOME 270 945 Radiografía de GNOME 271 946 Estudios académicos sobre GNOME 274 95 Apache 274 951 Historia de Apache 274 952 Desarrollo de Apache 276 953 Radiografía de Apache 277 96 Mozilla 278 961 Historia de Mozilla 279 962 Estado actual de Mozilla 282 963 Radiografía de Mozilla 283 97 OpenOfficeorg 284 971 Historia de OpenOfficeorg 285 972 Organización de OpenOfficeorg 286 973 Radiografía de OpenOfficeorg 286 98 Red Hat Linux 288 981 Historia de Red Hat 288 982 Estado actual de Red Hat 290 983 Radiografía de Red Hat 291 99 Debian GNU/Linux 293 991 Radiografía de Debian 295 992 Comparación con otros sistemas operativos 298 Bibliografía 301 Software libre 8 ANOTACIONES ã FUOC • XP03/90783/01935 Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 317 A1 PREAMBLE 317 A2 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 318 A3 VERBATIM COPYING 320 A4 COPYING IN QUANTITY 320 A5 MODIFICATIONS 321 A6 COMBINING DOCUMENTS 324 A7 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 324 A8 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 325 A9 TRANSLATION 325 A10 TERMINATION 326 A11 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 326 A12 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents 326 Apéndice B Licencia de Documentación Libre de GNU 329 B1 PREÁMBULO 329 B2 APLICABILIDAD Y DEFINICIONES 330 B3 COPIA LITERAL 332 B4 COPIADO EN CANTIDAD 334 B5 MODIFICACIONES 336 B6 COMBINACIÓN DE DOCUMENTOS 337 B7 COLECCIONES DE DOCUMENTOS 338 B8 AGREGACIÓN CON TRABAJOS INDEPENDIENTES 338 B9 TRADUCCIÓN 338 B10 TERMINACIÓN 338 B11 REVISIONES FUTURAS DE ESTA LICENCIA 339 B12 ADENDA: Cómo usar esta Licencia en sus documentos 339

Lernen - Wenn Sie dieses Wort lesen, was schießt Ihnen durch den Kopf? Der letzte VHS-Kurs in südostasiatischer Kampfkunst oder doch eher zähe Stunden vor dem Mathebuch? Egal welches Bild Sie jetzt gerade im Kopf haben, eines ist sicher: Wie gelernt wird, hat sich in den letzten Jahren stark verändert. Wer heute Gitarre lernen möchte, schaut sich Videos auf Youtube an und lädt sich die Noten im Internet herunter. Wer eine Sprache lernen möchte, benutzt Sprachlernapps und vernetzt sich mit anderen Menschen über das Internet. Wir lernen aber auch ungewollt: Auf Instagram weckt ein Post über den Ameisenigel unser Interesse, wir folgen dem Link und einige Artikel (und viele Stunden) später sind wir auf einmal Experten für Kloakentiere. Während sich also das Lernverhalten im Privaten stark gewandelt hat, scheint dies in Schulen in Baden-Württemberg nur langsam anzukommen. Hier lernen meist noch alle gemeinsam mit der gleichen Stelle im Englischbuch. Wen es nicht interessiert, der bekommt unter Umständen eine schlechte Note. Wer schon weiter ist, soll sich zurückhalten, und dass die Darstellung der Entdeckung Amerikas in dem Buch nicht mehr ganz zeitgemäß ist, geht neben dem Streit um das offene Fenster unter. Zugegeben, diese Schilderungen sind natürlich überspitzt, jedoch lassen sich die Vorteile des Lernens durch und mit Social Media schlecht von der Hand weisen: Stets aktuelle und an die individuellen Interessen angepasste Informationen warten dort auf die Rezipienten und laden zur Interaktion ein. Doch natürlich hat die zögernde Haltung der Schulen und des Ministeriums in Baden-Württemberg Gründe. Aufgrund datenschutzrechtlicher Bestimmungen ist die Nutzung von Social Media im schulischen Kontext nur sehr eingeschränkt zulässig (s.u.). Hieraus resultiert, dass die Beschäftigung mit Social Media im Rahmen des Unterrichts zwar möglich ist, der eigentliche Einsatz zur Unterstützung von Lernprozessen jedoch nicht. Die entsprechende 2013 veröffentlichte Handreichung wurde kontrovers diskutiert (s.u.). Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie Social Media im Kontext des Unterrichts in Baden-Württemberg bearbeitet werden kann und welche konkreten Vor- und Nachteile sich hieraus ergeben. Hierfür soll zunächst kurz auf "Social Media" bzw. "Social Network Sites" eingegangen werden, um sich dann die aktuelle rechtliche Situation für Schulen in Baden-Württemberg etwas genauer anzuschauen. Anschließend sollen Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Social Media und deren Risiken im Kontext des Unterrichts beleuchtet werden, um zu diskutieren, welche der aufgezeigten Möglichkeiten in Baden-Württemberg zulässig wären und welche Vor- und Nachteile sich hieraus ergeben. Social Media Seit einiger Zeit ist der Begriff "Social Media" populär, um Plattformen wie Facebook oder Instagram zu beschreiben. Jedoch lässt sich bei Durchsicht der Literatur feststellen, dass es keine einheitliche Definition dieses Begriffes gibt. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass einige Autor:innen auch Begriffe wie "social network" o.ä. nutzen, um solche Plattformen zu beschreiben. Die Definition von Ellison and Boyd beispielsweise lautet:"A Social network site is a networked communication plattform in witch participants have uniquely identifable profiles that consist of user-supplied content, content provided by other users, and/or system-level data; can publicly articulate connections that can be viewed and transversed by others; and can consume, produce and/or interact with streams of user generated content provided by their connections on the site." (Ellison & Boyd, 2014, S. 158)Hierbei sprechen sie bewusst von "social network sites", da der Begriff "social network" auch einen Vorgang beschreiben könne, der offline stattfindet (vgl. ebd.). In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfachheit halber und weil dieser Begriff im deutschsprachigen Raum am verbreitetsten scheint der Begriff "Social Media" synonym zu "social network sites" verwendet. Kennzeichnend für social network sites oder auch Social Media ist nach Ellison und Boyd, dass sowohl Inhalte, die von anderen Usern oder der Plattform selbst bereitgestellt werden, passiv konsumiert werden, als auch aktiv produziert und verbreitet werden können.Hierbei werden Kontakte zu anderen meist öffentlich angezeigt (z.B. in der Freundesliste), wodurch andere sich wiederum mit diesen Freunden und den von ihnen produzierten und geteilten Inhalten verbinden und interagieren können. Hierbei können diese Verbindungen auch asymmetrisch sein (z.B. wird einer Person gefolgt, diese folgt jedoch nicht "zurück"). Durch Tagging kann sich hierbei ein breites Netzwerk ergeben, bei dem Inhalte nach bestimmten Themen eingeordnet und gefunden werden können (vgl. ebd., S.153 ff.). Wichtig ist hierbei zu betonen, dass diese Definition längst nicht mehr nur auf Plattformen wie Facebook oder Instagram zutrifft, sondern auch auf Online Gaming Plattformen und Ähnliches. Insgesamt lässt sich feststellen, dass die Grenzen zwischen Social Media und "normalen" Internetseiten immer mehr verschwimmen. Die Nutzung dieser Medien ist sowohl mit Chancen als auch Risiken verbunden (s.u.). Häufig ist mit dieser Erkenntnis die Forderung verbunden, Social Media und die dahinterstehenden Mechanismen Schüler:innen in der Schule näherzubringen, um ihre Medienkompetenz zu fördern, sie vor den Risiken zu schützen oder sich zumindest der Risiken bewusst zu sein. Zudem könnte Social Media ein geeignetes Tool sein, um Kommunikationsprozesse in der Schule zu erleichtern. Um die Frage, wie die Nutzung von Social Media in der Schule aussehen sollte, spinnt sich jedoch eine Diskussion, die im Folgenden näher beleuchtet werden soll. Hierfür wird sich nun zunächst der Frage gewidmet, wie sich derzeit die rechtliche Situation in Baden-Württemberg in Bezug auf Social Media in der Schule darstellt.Einsatz von Social Media in Schulen in Baden-Württemberg - rechtliche Lage Auf Basis des Ergebnisberichtes der Innenministerkonferenz vom 4. April 2012, die unter anderem Empfehlungen für die Verwendung von Social Media durch öffentliche Stellen gab, wurde 2013 vom Ministerium für Kultus, Jugend und Sport BW die Handreichung "Der Einsatz von 'Sozialen Medien' an Schulen" veröffentlicht (vgl. Ministerium für Kultus, Jugend und Sport BW, 2013, S. 2). Hierin wird ausdrücklich darauf hingewiesen, dass die Kommunikation über Soziale Netzwerke, wie beispielsweise Facebook oder Twitter, zwischen Schüler:innen und Lehrkräften sowie zwischen Lehrkräften aus datenschutzrechtlichen Gründen nicht erlaubt sei (vgl. ebd., S. 1).Grund hierfür sei, dass die Verarbeitung von personenbezogenen Daten im Rahmen der Schule unzulässig sei, wenn der Server des Anbieters außerhalb des europäischen Wirtschaftsraumes liegt oder ein Zugriff außerhalb dieser Zone möglich ist (vgl. ebd.). Bei "Fanpages" von Schulen auf Facebook sei die rechtliche Lage noch nicht umfassend geklärt. Das Ministerium empfiehlt in dem Papier, auf herkömmliche Homepages auszuweichen, und betont, dass bei der Nutzung der Fanpages auf die Veröffentlichung personenbezogener Daten oder Bilder von Schüler:innen verzichtet werden müsse.Ebenso unzulässig sei das Installieren von "Social Plugins" wie z.B. der "Like-Button" auf Facebook (vgl. ebd., S. 2). Erlaubt hingegen sei grundsätzlich das Behandeln des Themas "soziale Medien im Unterricht" und in diesem Zuge auch eine Nutzung bereits bestehender Accounts der Schüler:innen als Anschauungsmaterial. Hierbei müsse jedoch eine Freiwilligkeit der Schüler:innen sichergestellt sein (vgl. ebd.).Nach Veröffentlichung des Papiers kam Kritik auf. So beklagten Lehrende, dass Social Media oft das unkomplizierteste Werkzeug sei, um mit Schüler:innen in Kontakt zu treten, da sie diese im Alltag verwenden würden und andere Kommunikationswege wie beispielsweise E-Mail nicht genutzt würden (vgl. Trenkamp 2013, o.S.). Auch Stimmen von Lehrpersonen aus anderen Bundesländern wurden laut, welche die Vorteile der Kommunikation über Social Media als niedrigschwelliges Kommunikationsmittel gerade für Schüler:innen in prekären Lebensverhältnissen hervorhoben (vgl. Feynberg 2013, o.S.).Der Schweizer Medienpädagoge Philippe Wampfler sieht es gar als Paradox an, Schüler:innen vor den Gefahren der Sozialen Medien beschützen zu wollen, indem man sie aus der Schule verbannt (vgl. Wampfler, 2014, S. 126f.). Jedoch gab es auch Stimmen, die Zustimmung zu dem Papier äußerten (vgl. Breining, 2013, o.S.). Im Folgenden soll nun näher beleuchtet werden, wie Social Media im Kontext des Unterrichts überhaupt genutzt werden könnte und welche Chancen und Risiken dies mit sich bringen kann.Möglichkeiten und Chancen des Einsatzes von Social Media im UnterrichtDer Schweizer Medienpädagoge Philippe Wampfler sieht grundsätzlich zwei Möglichkeiten, Social Media im Unterricht einzusetzen: "[…] einerseits als Teil einer grundlegenden Vermittlung von Medienkompetenz […], andererseits als Hilfestellung für Lernprozesse" (Wampfler, 2016, S. 109). Im Folgenden soll sich zur näheren Betrachtung an dieser Unterteilung orientiert werden, auch wenn diese zwei Bereiche sicherlich nicht ganz trennscharf voneinander abzugrenzen sind und einige didaktisch-methodische Konzepte sich beiden Kategorien zuordnen lassen würden. Auch können im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nur einige Möglichkeiten vorgestellt werden. Die folgende Aufzählung erhebt somit keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit. Weitere, teilweise sehr viel detaillierte Vorschläge für den Einsatz finden sich hier hier und in weiteren Artikeln auf diesem Blog.Hilfestellung für LernprozesseKommunikationEin recht offensichtlicher Einsatz von Social Media im Kontext des Unterrichts ist die Kommunikation zwischen Lehrer:innen und Schüler:innen über die entsprechenden Plattformen. Inhalte der Kommunikation könnten hierbei Hausaufgaben, Verspätungen o.ä. sein. Schüler:innen sind über Social Media meist schneller zu erreichen als über die herkömmliche E-Mail, da sie diese auch privat nutzen (vgl. Wampfler, 2014, S. 127). Wie oben bereits erwähnt, kann dies gerade bei Schüler:innen aus prekären Lebensverhältnissen ein gutes Hilfsmittel darstellen, da die Kommunikation so recht spontan und niedrigschwellig vonstattengehen kann (vgl. Feynberg, 2013, o.S.).WissensmanagementNeben der Kommunikation zwischen Schüler:innen und Lehrer:innen sieht Wampfler in Social Media auch ein geeignetes Werkzeug für Wissensmanagement von Lehrer:innen. Mit Wissensmanagement meint er den Prozess, wie neue Informationen gefunden, gesammelt, strukturiert und schließlich verarbeitet werden. (vgl. ebd., S. 99) So könnten bestimmte Tools genutzt werden, um relevante Artikel auf Social Media zu sammeln und zu strukturieren. Blogs und Wikis könnten dazu genutzt werden, Ideen und Unterrichtspläne zu veröffentlichen. Vorteil hierbei sei, dass die Inhalte fortlaufend aktualisiert werden könnten. Auch zur Vernetzung von Wissen seien Soziale Medien geeignet (vgl. ebd. S. 100).KollaborationEine weitere Möglichkeit, Social Media zu nutzen, besteht darin, in Teams über Social Media zu arbeiten. So kann beispielsweise über Google Docs gemeinsam an Dokumenten geschrieben werden. Auch auf Blogs und in Wikis kann Wissen vernetzt, diskutiert und gemeinsam erarbeitet werden. Ebenso stellt die Videotelefonie ein geeignetes Werkzeug da, um ohne Fahrtwege gemeinsam an einem Projekt zu arbeiten. (vgl. Wampfler, 2016, S. 100f.) Dies sind Tools (von den genannten oder anderen Anbietern), die während der Corona-Pandemie im Online-Unterricht genutzt wurden und somit auch allgemeine Verbreitung gefunden haben, sodass bei vielen Schüler:innen zumindest ein grobes Wissen über die Nutzung dieser Werkzeuge vorhanden sein dürfte.Weitere EinsatzmöglichkeitenWie schon in den vorherigen Abschnitten angeklungen, lässt sich Social Media nicht nur für einzelne Aufgaben in eigens dafür vorgesehenen Fächern nutzen. Denkbar wäre es, den Gebrauch von Social Media fächerübergreifend zu etablieren und nicht nur in einem eigens dafür eingerichteten Schulfach. (vgl. ebd. S. 109) Besonders anbieten würden sich hierfür laut Wampfler Projektlernen oder andere selbstgesteuerte Lernphasen. Geeignet seien offene Arbeitsaufträge, die die Schüler:innen dann in Form von Lernjournalen bearbeiten. Hieraus würden Lehrer:innen dann wieder Kernideen entnehmen, aus denen sie dann neue Arbeitsaufträge erstellen. Die Lernjournale könnten beispielsweise durch Blogs ersetzt werden, bei denen auch Mitschüler:innen kommentieren und verlinken könnten, sodass ein Wissensnetzwerk entstehe (vgl. ebd., S. 110).Auch der Einsatz eines Backchannels, also eine Möglichkeit für Schüler:innen, per Endgerät still Fragen zu stellen, sei eine Option, Social Media im Unterricht zu etablieren. Dies hätte den Vorteil, dass eventuell auch stillere Schüler:innen sich zu Wort melden würden (vgl. ebd., S. 111). Entscheidend bei allen Einsatzmöglichkeiten sei aber immer auch die Medienreflexion. So müsse immer gefragt werden, an welcher Stelle der Medieneinsatz sinnvoll sei und ob eventuell auch Mechanismen aus der digitalen Welt in die Offline-Welt übertragen werden könnten (soziale Netzwerke knüpfen, individuelles Lernen usw.) (vgl. ebd. S. 112).Vermittlung von MedienkompetenzWie oben erwähnt, nennt Wampfler die Vermittlung von Medienkompetenz als ein Ziel der Nutzung von Social Media im Kontext des Unterrichts. Da es den Rahmen dieser Arbeit sprengen würde, an dieser Stelle den Medienkompetenzbegriff ausführlich darzustellen (näheres hier), wird sich im Folgenden an der Definition Baackes und den dort genannten vier Aufgabenfeldern Medienkritik, Mediennutzung, Medienkunde und Mediengestaltung orientiert. Auch wenn diese Definition und Unterteilung in der Vergangenheit kritisiert und weiterentwickelt wurde (vgl. bspw. Vollbrecht 2001, S. 52ff.), bietet sie dennoch eine grobe Kategorisierung, die für die Zwecke dieser Arbeit ausreichend erscheint.MedienkritikNach Baacke umfasst Medienkritik eine analytische, eine reflexive und eine ethische Dimension. Es sollen also gesellschaftliche Prozesse und ihre Folgen im Zusammenhang mit den Medien erkannt werden, dieses Wissen auf sich selbst angewendet und sozial verantwortet werden können (vgl. Baacke, 1996, S. 120). Im Zusammenhang mit Social Media scheinen hier vor allem zwei Punkte relevant zu sein. Erstens wird es durch die Masse an Informationen, die über Social Media geteilt wird, immer schwieriger, Fakten von Unwahrheiten oder Meinungen zu unterscheiden. Gerade im Zusammenhang mit Verschwörungstheorien scheint es sinnvoll, Schüler:innen zu vermitteln, wie sie seriöse von unseriösen Quellen unterscheiden können.Wampfler schlägt hier vor, auf der einen Seite auf herkömmliche Quellenkunde zu setzen (also die Frage danach, wer Urheber:in ist, auf welcher Seite die Information veröffentlicht wurde usw.) und auf der anderen Seite im Unterricht digitale Werkzeuge näherzubringen, die bei der Überprüfung helfen können (z.B. Google Bildersuche) (vgl. Wampfler, 2014, S. 131). Denkbar ist hierbei, dies nicht nur theoretisch aufzuzeigen, sondern auch durch praktische Übungen (reicht in den Bereich der Mediennutzung und Medienkunde hinein) im Unterricht auszuprobieren.Zweitens scheint es wichtig, Interessen der Social Media-Betreiber:innen und anderer beteiligter Akteur:innen zu kennen. Nach bekanntgewordenen Fällen wie "Cambridge Analytica" und der Diskussion um den "Filterblaseneffekt" ist klar, dass Algorithmen einen großen Einfluss auf Individuen, aber auch die ganze Gesellschaft haben können. Auch hier kann im Unterricht auf der einen Seite theoretisch aufgeklärt, aber auch praktische Erfahrung gesammelt werden, die dann gemeinsam reflektiert werden sollte.MedienkundeDie Medienkunde umfasst eine informative und eine instrumentell-qualifikatorische Dimension. Die informative Dimension beinhaltet Wissen über das Medium an sich (also z.B. Was sind soziale Medien), während die instrumentell-qualifikatorische Dimension die Fähigkeit bezeichnet, ein Mediengerät bedienen zu können (vgl. Baacke 1996, S. 120). In der heutigen Zeit ist davon auszugehen, dass viele Schüler:innen ein grundlegendes Verständnis davon haben werden, wie Social Media zu bedienen sind. Einzelne Funktionen oder wichtige Einstellungen z.B. zum Datenschutz werden jedoch vermutlich nicht bekannt sein. Gerade in der Primarstufe könnten altersgerechte und praktische Anleitungen hilfreich sein, um einen sicheren Umgang zu gewährleisten.MediennutzungBei der Mediennutzung geht es sowohl um die rezeptive als auch die interaktive Nutzung des Mediums (vgl. Baacke 1996, S. 120). Neben der recht offensichtlichen Rolle des Users als Rezipient scheint hier die interaktive Nutzung in Bezug auf das Lernen interessant. Wampfler betont in diesem Zusammenhang, wie wichtig Netzwerke in der heutigen Zeit sind. Als wichtige Kompetenz nennt er das Erstellen von sogenannten "Persönlichen Lernnetzwerken" (PLN). Hiermit ist gemeint, sich ein Netzwerk an Wissensquellen und Austausch mit anderen aufzubauen.Diese Beschreibung geht zurück auf Howard Rheingold, der den Begriff "Personal Learning Network" in seinem Buch "Net Smart" popularisierte. Im Idealfall würden, laut Wampfler, Lernprozesse durch das PLN vollständig individualisiert und reflektiert (vgl. ebd., S. 102). PLN würden durch die Vernetzung zu Anderen soziales Kapital bedeuten und somit zu eigenen Lernprozessen außerhalb der Institution Schule befähigen und seien somit eine Schlüsselkompetenz für das weitere Leben (vgl. ebd. f.).Diese speziell auf das Lernen ausgerichtete Mediennutzung ist vermutlich eine Art der Nutzung Sozialer Medien, die viele Schüler:innen nicht kennen, daher kann es sinnvoll sein, die Erstellung eines PLN bereits im Unterricht einzuüben. Hierfür wäre es hilfreich, die Nutzung von Social Media regelmäßig im Unterricht zu implementieren und so im Lauf der Zeit Schüler:innen die Möglichkeit zu geben, Netzwerke zu erstellen.MediengestaltungHier unterteilt Baacke in die innovative (Veränderung und Weiterentwicklung des Mediensystems) und die kreative (ästhetische Weiterentwicklung) Dimension. In Bezug auf Social Media würde dies bedeuten, im Unterricht auch darauf einzugehen, wie Social Media Sites erstellt und gestaltet werden können. Dies könnte beispielsweise geschehen, indem eigene Blogs erstellt und so grundlegende Funktionen nähergebracht werden. Hierbei könnte beispielsweise auch auf Gestaltungsregeln von Blogbeiträgen o.ä. hingewiesen werden. Diese Grundlagen würden Schüler:innen dazu befähigen, von diesem Punkt aus eigenständig zu experimentieren und neue Ideen zu entwickeln. Sicherlich ist auch denkbar, im Rahmen des Informatikunterrichts tiefer in das Programmieren einzusteigen und somit das Verständnis für das Programmieren z.B. einer App oder Website zu erhöhen.Risiken und beachtenswerte Punkte beim Einsatz von Social Media im UnterrichtNeben den Möglichkeiten, Social Media im Unterricht einzusetzen, und den damit einhergehenden Chancen bestehen jedoch auch Risiken, auf die nachfolgend näher eingegangen werden soll. Auch hier stellt diese Arbeit keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit. Es werden lediglich einige Punkte exemplarisch herausgegriffen.Lehrpersonen auf Social MediaDie Kommunikation mit Schüler:innen über Social Media kann, wie oben bereits erläutert, einige Vorteile mit sich bringen. Jedoch gilt es hierbei einiges zu beachten. Zunächst einmal stellt sich die Frage, ob Lehrpersonen in ihrer beruflichen Rolle überhaupt auf Social Media vertreten und mit Schüler:innen "befreundet" (oder je nach Plattform auch "abonniert") sein sollten. Die hier lauernde Problematik ist die der Vermischung von Privatem und Beruflichen.Dies kann einerseits für Lehrer:innen unangenehm sein, wenn Schüler:innen private Inhalte einsehen können, die Lehrer:innen lieber unter Verschluss gehalten hätten, oder es sogar zu Mobbing von Seiten der Schüler:innen kommt (vgl. z.B. o. A. 2021, o.S.). Eine größere Gefahr besteht hierbei jedoch für die Schüler:innen selbst. Zum einen kann von Seiten der Lehrpersonen in ihre Privatsphäre eingedrungen werden, wenn unbeabsichtigt Inhalte einsehbar sind, die sie nicht mit der Lehrperson teilen möchten, zum anderen besteht durch die Vermischung von Privatem und Beruflichem die Gefahr des Missbrauchs.Beim sogenannten "Cybergrooming" werden Kinder und Jugendliche über Soziale Plattformen manipuliert mit dem Ziel einer sexuell motivierten Straftat. Im privaten Chat auf Social Media können Grenzen verschwimmen. Die Kommunikation zwischen Lehrer:in und Schüler:in gestaltet sich wie ein Gespräch unter Freund:innen. Gepostete Bilder können Anlass zu übergriffigen Kommentaren sein. Auch wenn Missbrauch auch in der Offline-Welt stattfindet, scheint Social Media eine erhöhte Gefahr oder zumindest eine zusätzliche Gelegenheit für Täter:innen darzustellen.Philippe Wampfler empfiehlt trotz der Risiken eine Social Media-Präsenz für Lehrpersonen ausdrücklich, mit der Begründung, dass eine gute Aufklärung seitens der Lehrkräfte über Social Media nur stattfinden könne, wenn diese sich selbst mit dem Medium auskennen würden (vgl. Wampfler 2016, S. 92). Wie diese Präsenz auf Social Media aussähe und ob diese auch zur Kommunikation mit Schüler:innen genutzt werde, bleibe der Lehrkraft selbst überlassen. Jedoch sei es wichtig, diese Entscheidung bewusst zu treffen und je nach gewählter Variante bestimmte Regeln einzuhalten.So sollte die Präsenz auf Sozialen Netzwerken grundsätzlich zurückhaltend gestaltet sein. Zudem sollte von Anfang an ein Ziel formuliert werden, vor dessen Hintergrund das Profil angelegt wird (vgl. ebd., S. 93). Gründe für Lehrer:innen, auf Social Media präsent zu sein, könnten beispielsweise die bereits oben genannte Aneignung von Kompetenzen, Wissensmanagement, Vernetzung, Begleitung des Unterrichts oder auch Publikation von Unterrichtsmaterialen sein (ebd.).In jedem Fall stelle sich für Lehrkräfte die Frage, inwiefern sie ihre private und berufliche Internetpräsenz vermischen sollten. Hierbei stellt Wampfler vier Möglichkeiten zur Auswahl. Einerseits könnten Lehrer:innen ihr privates und berufliches Profil komplett miteinander verbinden. Hier müsse darauf geachtet werden, dass das private Profil immer auch kompatibel mit dem beruflichen Kontext bleibe und erfordere daher ein starkes Bewusstsein. Vorteil hierbei sei, dass der Auftritt bei guter Ausführung besonders authentisch wirke.Eine weitere Möglichkeit sei, zwei Profile anzulegen: Eines für den beruflichen und ein anderes für den privaten Kontext. Dies sei zwar mit etwas Mehrarbeit verbunden, jedoch sei eine klare Abgrenzung einfacher möglich. Auch die Trennung von Netzwerken sei denkbar, sodass für den schulischen Kontext beispielsweise nur Facebook und für die private Nutzung nur Twitter verwendet würde. Eine vierte Möglichkeit sei die vollkommene Abstinenz von Social Media. Diese empfiehlt Wampfler aus den oben genannten Gründen nicht (vgl. ebd. S. 95f.).Eine Möglichkeit, die er an dieser Stelle außen vor lässt, ist die der ausschließlich privaten Nutzung von Social Media, die jedoch ebenso legitim erscheint vor dem Hintergrund, dass Lehrkräfte damit dem Problem der Vermischung von Privatem und Öffentlichem aus dem Weg gehen und trotzdem Kompetenzen in dem Bereich Social Media sammeln könnten. Falls sich dafür entschieden wurde, über Social Media mit Schüler:innen zu kommunizieren, sollten in Absprache mit allen Beteiligten vorher festgelegte Regeln eingehalten werden, die sowohl für die Schulleitung und Lehrer:innen als auch die Schüler:innen und Eltern transparent gemacht werden sollten (vgl. ebd. S. 96).DatenschutzEin weiteres Risiko des Einsatzes von Social Media im Kontext des Unterrichts stellt die Verletzung des Datenschutzes dar. Wenn Social Media selbstverständlich im Unterricht genutzt würde, wären Schüler:innen gezwungen, sich auf den entsprechenden Plattformen anzumelden. Die Server der meisten gebräuchlichen Anbieter sind jedoch in den USA verortet. Die dort geltenden Datenschutzstandards sind nicht mit europäischen Recht vereinbar. Auch die AGBs stehen nicht mit dem deutschen Datenschutzrecht im Einklang.Zudem lässt sich die Frage stellen, wie ein kritisches Hinterfragen der Datenschutzregelungen möglich ist, wenn Social Media in der Schule zum alltäglichen Gebrauch gehört. Denkbar wäre jedoch hier, Plattformen wie Moodle o.ä. zu nutzen, deren Server in Deutschland liegen und die mit dem deutschen und europäischen Datenschutz vereinbar sind. Ebenfalls können Schüler:innen über die Datenschutzproblematik aufgeklärt werden, der heute fast niemand mehr entgehen kann. Jugendliche brauchen hierfür, wie Wampfler es ausdrückt: "(…) nicht nur Anleitungen, sondern Visionen" (Wampfler 2014, S. 107).Neurowissenschaftliche KomponenteAn dieser Stelle sollen kurz Bedenken aufgeführt werden, die sich eher grundsätzlich gegen den Einsatz von digitalen Medien im Unterricht richten, die jedoch auch im Umgang mit Social Media als beachtenswert erscheinen. Es gibt Stimmen, die sich entschieden gegen den Einsatz digitaler Medien im Unterricht aussprechen. Ein prominenter Vertreter ist hier der Neurowissenschaftler und Psychiater Manfred Spitzer.Er führt viele Gründe gegen das digitale Lernen an, die an dieser Stelle nicht alle diskutiert werden können. In Bezug auf Social Media scheint vor allem die verkürzte Aufmerksamkeitsspanne durch die regelmäßige Nutzung digitaler Medien relevant (vgl. Spitzer 2019, S. 117). Durch die Fülle an Reizen und Informationen und den hohen Aufforderungscharakter Sozialer Medien fällt es häufig schwer, sich auf eine Aufgabe zu konzentrieren. Spitzer argumentiert, der Einsatz von digitalen Medien im Unterricht sei daher kontraproduktiv. Er vertritt die These, dass das regelmäßige Multitasking, welches durch digitale Medien provoziert werde, zu dauerhaften Störungen der gerichteten Aufmerksamkeit führe (vgl. ebd., S. 115).Dadurch, dass Soziale Medien häufig so gestaltet sind, dass sie die Aufmerksamkeit der User:innen möglichst lange auf sich ziehen, besteht womöglich zudem die Gefahr einer "Sucht". Dies ist bisher nur in Bezug auf Online-Gaming eine offizielle Diagnose und wird in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert (vgl. Winkler, Dörsing, Rief, Shen, & Glombiewski 2013, S. 326f.).Nachdem hier ein kurzer Einblick in die Möglichkeiten und Risiken der Nutzung von Social Media im Kontext des Unterrichts gegeben wurde, soll sich im Folgenden der Frage gewidmet werden, welche dieser Einsatzmöglichkeiten in Baden-Württemberg zulässig wären und welche Vor- und Nachteile sich hieraus ergeben.Was ist in Baden-Württemberg möglich? – Vor- und NachteileOben wurden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten nach "Hilfestellung für Lernprozesse" und "Vermittlung von Medienkompetenz" unterteilt. Social Media als Hilfestellung für Lernprozesse sind in Baden-Württemberg nur begrenzt nutzbar. Als Kommunikationsmittel ist Social Media in diesem Bundesland auszuschließen. Hiermit geht einerseits die Chance verloren, gerade Kindern und Jugendlichen aus prekären Lebensverhältnissen ein niedrigschwelliges Kommunikationsangebot zu bieten. Als Vorteil ergibt sich hier, dass weder Schüler:innen noch Lehrer:innen dazu gezwungen sind, Social Media zu nutzen und sich somit der problematischen Datenschutzlage auszusetzen.Als privates Wissensmanagementsystem können Lehrer:innen Social Media in Baden-Württemberg durchaus nutzen, solang hierbei keine personenbezogenen Daten von Kolleg:innen oder Schüler:innen preisgegeben werden müssen. Im Unterricht können Schüler:innen auf diese Möglichkeit der Social Media-Nutzung auch hingewiesen werden, ein aktives Einüben dieser Praxis, scheint jedoch nicht praktikabel, da dies eine intensive Social Media-Nutzung im Unterricht voraussetzen würde. Ähnliches gilt für das Erstellen eines Persönlichen Lernnetzwerkes, welches aktiv in den Unterricht miteingebunden werden müsste.Die Möglichkeit der Kollaboration über gängige Social Media-Plattformen gibt es in Baden-Württemberg zwar nicht (außer Schüler:innen entscheiden sich privat, dies zu tun), jedoch können hierfür datenschutzrechtlich unbedenkliche Plattformen wie z.B. "Moodle" oder "Big Blue Button" genutzt werden. Der Vorteil hierbei ist selbstredend die Einhaltung des Datenschutzes und dass Schüler:innen in sicherem Rahmen Funktionen wie Videotelefonie oder geteilte Dokumente im Kontext des gemeinsamen Arbeitens kennenlernen können. Nachteilig könnte sein, dass die Tools und Programme zunächst neu installiert und kennengelernt werden müssen.Hierbei stellen diese "sicheren" Plattformen nach der oben genannten Definition von Ellison und Boyd streng genommen keine bzw. nur eingeschränkt "social media sites" im herkömmlichen Sinne dar, da die Vernetzungsmöglichkeiten nur sehr begrenzt bestehen. Dies betrifft auch ein "fächerübergreifendes Social Media Konzept". Dies ist aufgrund des Datenschutzes nur mit bestimmten Programmen möglich und bietet somit einen sicheren, aber nicht annähernd so komplexen Rahmen, wie die gängigen Social Media Netzwerke.Im Bereich der Medienkompetenz lässt sich feststellen, dass Medienkritik im Unterricht in Baden-Württemberg sicherlich über Gespräche über Social Media und einzelne Profile als Anschauungsmaterial vermittelt werden kann. Hierbei kann vor allem die analytische und ethische Komponente berücksichtigt werden. Das Reflektieren über die eigene Nutzung muss ohnehin von Schüler:innen selbst vollzogen werden. Bei einer direkteren Begleitung auf Social Media wäre es jedoch der Lehrperson eventuell möglich, gezieltere Reflexionsanregungen zu geben.Die Medienkunde scheint von der rechtlichen Situation in Baden-Württemberg nur wenig beeinträchtigt zu sein. Viele Schüler:innen wissen bereits, wie sie die Endgeräte bedienen und was Social Media ist. Im Zweifel könnte dies jedoch auch im Unterricht vermittelt werden, ohne dass der Datenschutz verletzt würde. Die Mediennutzung kann im Unterricht in Baden-Württemberg zwar theoretisch besprochen und an Beispielen auch aufgezeigt werden, jedoch scheint ein intensives Einüben einer gezielten Nutzung von Social Media für das Lernen schwierig, da die gängigen Plattformen nur begrenzt zur Verfügung stehen.Bei dem Vermitteln der Social Media-Gestaltung ergeben sich durch die Gesetzgebung in Baden-Württemberg eingeschränkte Möglichkeiten. Hier ist es denkbar, datenschutzkonforme Blogs zu Hilfe zu nehmen, um die Möglichkeiten und Regeln der Gestaltung zu vermitteln. Natürlich ist auch das Erlernen von Programmierung im Rahmen des Unterrichts möglich.Durch die eingeschränkte Nutzung von Social Media im Kontext des Unterrichts wird einigen Risiken vorgebeugt. Auf der Hand liegt der Schutz der personenbezogenen Daten, aber auch die Gefahr des Verschwimmens von Grenzen und des Missbrauchs von Schüler:innen über Social Media sinkt, wenn es Lehrer:innen verboten ist, über diesen Weg mit Schüler:innen zu kommunizieren. Was die Störung der gerichteten Aufmerksamkeit durch Social Media angeht, kann noch nicht sicher gesagt werden, ob eine Vermeidung von Social Media in der Schule oder das intensive Einüben der Nutzung dieser Plattformen in der Schule unter Anleitung eine geeignete Maßnahme darstellt.FazitDiese Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Frage, welche Möglichkeiten des Umgangs mit und Einsatzes von Social Media im Kontext des Unterrichts bestehen, inwiefern sie in Baden-Württemberg rechtlich umgesetzt werden dürfen und welche Vor- und Nachteile sich hieraus ergeben. Hierfür wurde zunächst kurz der Begriff "Social Media" näher beleuchtet. Im anschließenden Kapitel wurde die rechtliche Situation in Bezug auf den Einsatz von Social Media in Baden-Württemberg erläutert und dann auf die grundsätzlichen Möglichkeiten und Risiken des Einsatzes von und der Beschäftigung mit Social Media eingegangen. Schließlich wurde aufgrund der gesammelten Informationen analysiert, welche der genannten Möglichkeiten in Baden-Württemberg zulässig erscheinen und welche Vor- und Nachteile sich hieraus ergeben.Die Analyse ergab, dass an Schulen in Baden-Württemberg Social Media eingeschränkt sowohl als Hilfsmittel für Lernprozesse als auch mit dem Ziel der Förderung der Medienkompetenz eingesetzt werden kann. Die größte Einschränkung, die sich hierbei ergibt, ist, dass die herkömmlichen und weit verbreiteten Social Media-Netzwerke nicht aktiv und als alltägliches "Arbeitswerkzeug" in den Unterricht eingebunden werden können.Überraschend war jedoch zu sehen, dass die Möglichkeit besteht, dass Schüler:innen und Lehrer:innen bestehende Social Media-Profile freiwillig zu Lernzwecken nutzen und somit der "Einsatz" von Social Media nicht grundsätzlich ausgeschlossen ist. Die Begründung für die Beschränkungen ist die Einhaltung des Datenschutzes, hieraus ergeben sich weitere Vorteile. So sinkt die Gefahr des Missbrauchs von Schüler:innen durch Lehrpersonen über Social Media und es besteht möglicherweise ein geringeres Ablenkungspotenzial durch Soziale Medien im Unterricht.Eine Frage, die sich im Verlauf dieser Arbeit immer wieder aufdrängte, ist, ob zur Vermittlung von Medienkompetenz ein intensiver und alltäglicher Gebrauch der herkömmlichen Social Media-Netzwerke notwendig ist. Letztendlich kann diese Arbeit diese Frage nicht klären. Hier finden sich in der Literatur stark widersprüchliche Stimmen und es bedarf sicherlich weiterer Forschung auf diesem Gebiet.Bei Durchsicht der Literatur war zudem auffällig, dass sich nur wenige Konzepte finden, wie Social Media überhaupt sinnvoll in den Unterricht integriert werden könnte. Auch hier besteht weiterhin Forschungsbedarf bzw. eventuell eine höhere Sensibilisierung für das Thema "Lernen und Social Media", welches in Zukunft sicherlich weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen wird.LiteraturBaacke, D. (1996). Medienkompetenz: Begrifflichkeit und sozialer Wandel. In A. Rein (Ed.), Theorie und Praxis der Erwachsenenbildung. Medienkompetenz als Schlüsselbegriff (pp. 112–124). Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt-Verlag.Breining, T. (2013, July 24). Lehrer loben das Facebook Verbot. Stuttgarter Zeitung, o.S. Retrieved September 15, 2022, from https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.schulen-in-baden-wuerttemberg-lehrer-loben-das-facebook-verbot.e757ac6b-83d1-46b5-8dc6-34315930083a.html.Ellison, N. B., & Boyd, D. M. (2014). Socially through social network sites. In W. H. Dutton (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of internet studies (pp. 151–172). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Pr.Feynberg, L. (2013, October 24). Facebook lohnt sich. die Zeit, o.S. Retrieved September 04, 2022, from https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/schule/2013-10/lehrer-schueler-facebook/komplettansicht.Ministerium für Kultus, Jugend und Sport BW (2013). Der Einsatz von "Sozialen Netzwerken" an Schulen. Retrieved August 25, 2022, from https://www.lmz-bw.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Handouts/kultusministerium-socialmedia.pdf.o. A. (2021, February 01). Nichts was man ertragen muss: Wenn Lehrer Schüler wegen Cybermobbing anzeigen. RND, o.S. Retrieved September 14, 2022, from https://www.rnd.de/panorama/cybermobbing-wenn-lehrer-schuler-anzeigen-JOB2A7RHJQJINZWLMAJOUX4EZQ.html#:~:text=Cybermobbing%20gegen%20Lehrer%20an%20einem%20Drittel%20der%20Schulen&text=Als%20die%20Sch%C3%BCler%20verunstaltete%20Fotos,alt%20und%20damit%20nicht%20strafm%C3%BCndig.Spitzer, M. (2019). Die Smartphone-Epidemie: Gefahren für Gesundheit, Bildung und Gesellschaft (Vierte Auflage). Stuttgart, Pößneck: Klett-Cotta; GGP Media GmbH.Trenkamp, O. (2013, July 22). Baden-Württemberg verbietet Lehrern Facebook-Nutzung. Spiegel, o.S. Retrieved September 01, 2022, from https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/schule/baden-wuerttemberg-untersagt-lehrern-soziale-medien-a-912438.html.Vollbrecht, R. (2001). Einführung in die Medienpädagogik. (Hurrelmann, K., & Oelkers, J., Eds.). Weinheim: Beltz.Wampfler, P. (2014). Generation "Social Media": Wie digitale Kommunikation Leben, Beziehungen und Lernen Jugendlicher verändert (1. Auflage). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Wampfler, P. (2016). Facebook, Blogs und Wikis in der Schule: Ein Social-Media-Leitfaden (2., unveränderte Auflage). Göttingen, Bristol: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Winkler, A., Dörsing, B., Rief, W., Shen, Y., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2013). Treatment of internet addiction: a meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 33(2), 317–329. Retrieved September 21, 2022.

This essay discusses the relation between urban spaces and street festival as an example of a creative industry. To begin with, several terms are presented as part of a theoretical approach to fully understand the concept of street festivals, then two cases studies of street festivals will be presented and analysed: The Iberoamerican Theatre Festival of Bogotá and Rock al Parque Festival both from Bogotá, Colombia. The essay has a chapter dedicated to the relationship between festivals and economic development. ; Cultura y desarrollo; Esfera pública; Festival Iberoamericano de Teatro; Festivales callejeros; Habermas; Rock al Parque ; 1 An Act of Faith: Two Cases Studies Of Street Festivals As Examples Of Development. ANDRÉS GUILLERMO CHAUR1 Course Title: Theories of the Culture Industry: work, creativity and precariousness Course Code: CU71015A Date: 13 January 2014 1 Beneficiario COLFUTURO 2013 2 3 «Culture is the be all and end all of development» L.S. Senghor, poet (Senegal, 1906-2001) Introduction This essay discusses the relation between urban spaces and street festival as an example of a creative industry. To begin with, several terms are presented as part of a theoretical approach to fully understand the concept of street festivals, then two cases studies of street festivals will be presented and analysed: The Iberoamerican Theatre Festival of Bogotá and Rock al Parque Festival both from Bogotá, Colombia. The essay has a chapter dedicated to the relationship between festivals and economic development. It is important to mention that the starter point of this essay was precisely to give an introductory background of the importance that has have those two case studies in the development of the city. It is not a secret that Colombia has suffered a period of violence and instability since the second part of the XX century so at first glance it is curious to study and research about an almost contradictory topic such as Culture in a "war country". But at the same time, the "beauty" of this study relies precisely in its contradictory nature: How a country with those characteristics can hold two of the most important and respected free theatre festivals and music festivals in all Latin America? This essay will try to explain that culture when it's conceived with some specific characteristics will bring democracy and peace. A series of deep and abstract concepts will be discussed. This essay was thought just as an introduction and approximation to the topic of public and private, public sphere, culture and development just to mention some examples. Same with authors and thinkers used to elaborate the structure of this study. Once again it should be taken as an approximation rather than a full and elaborated research. The aim is to structure a series of ideas and concepts around one thesis: Those festivals have helped to make Bogotá a better city thus that is the main point of the relation between urban spaces and creativity: It fosters a better understanding of a society overall. At the end of the essay, in the appendix section, some photos are presented to visually recreate the two festivals, its dimensions and its importance. Although, like every 4 transcendental event, in order to understand the magnitude of The Iberoamerican Theatre Festival and the Rock al Parque Festival one have to experience in person. Cities as spaces for the public To fully understand the concept of "Public Realm" and "Public Sphere", one has to address the theory of the city and its relation with the concept of public and private. The concept of "city" has had many meanings through time. There are different ways to approach the concept; however, for the nature of this essay an urban sociological perspective will be approached. Mumford (1937) states the city as a space undoubtedly bonded with the development of human potential: "a city is an expression of the human spirits, and they exist to nurture human personality"2. Weber (1921), one of the founders of modern sociology sees a city in terms of connectivity and settlement between commuters, in that way, the concept of a city, according to Weber, is about the networking, the political and economic participation and the organization among communities. Landry (2013) defines the city as "a complex organism and in constant movement with perspectives, opinions and priorities about what is right often clashing"3. Simmel (1950) explained the correlation of man and the scenarios created by the capitalism and modern society called "The Metropolis". There is always a struggle between the man (individual) and his society (public): "The deepest problem of modern life arises out of the attempt by the individual to preserve his autonomy and individuality in the face of the overwhelming social forces of a historical heritage, external culture and technique of life"4. Simmel's concept of a city as a place where modern man struggle to find his individuality within "overwhelming social forces" is key to understand the theory of the city, specifically one attached with the words: Public -Private. Sennett (1996) in his book "The Fall of the 2 Mumford, L., 1937. What is a city?. In: Scoutt, S and Stoutt, F. ed. 2011. The city reader. Taylor and Francis. pp.91-96. 3 Landry,C. 2013. Civic Urbanity: Looking at the city afresh (PDF). Hangzhou International Congress, "Culture: Key to Sustainable Development", 15-17 May 2013, Hangzhou, China. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/images/Charles_Landry_Hangzhou_Congress.pdf (Accessed 12 January 2013). 4 Simmel,G. 1950. The Metropolis and Mental Life. In Miles, M; Hall, T and Borden, I. The City Cultures Reader. Ed. 2000. pp. 12-19. 5 public man" gives an account of the city as the scenario where those 2 concepts are correlated. He starts explaining the meaning of public and private. Although its historical background, coming from the Greeks and the idea of Oikos and Polis as the Private and Public respectively, Sennett comments that "the public" in modern times, started to develop in the eighteen century that is as a direct consequence of the industrial revolution and the liberalism ideas coming from The Enlightenment. "Public came to mean a life passed outside the life of family and close friends. In the public region diverse, complex social groups were to be brought into ineluctable contact the focus of this public life was the city"5 The public life is also the ground to understand modern democracy and public political institution. Sennett, citing Hanna Arendt's book The Human Condition shows how the public life in cities can be a scenario where ideas and opinions are discussed and debated. "Private circumstances have no place in the public realm". 6 Arendt even manifests that cities are "democracy's homes"7 This notion of public started to be more evident when places to meet strangers (people from outside the private sphere) within the city started to grow up. Examples of those "places" are the coffee houses and salons (Habermas will mention those examples to explain his theory of public sphere). Those spaces are called "Public Realm" by Sennett. Public Realm, in other words, are spaces where strangers meet. This encounter is characterized by "anonymity". In "The Conscience of The Eye" Sennett (1992) also says that anonymity is the power of modern cities: "The power of the city lies in its diversity; in the presence of difference people have at least the possibility to step outside themselves (.) The city can give them experiences of otherness"8 The concept of Teatro Mundi is an interesting way to look at the public sphere. According to Sennett, "Teatro Mundi" are spaces full of vitality, differences and disorder. Places where the differences connect and all citizens participate: "Society is a theatre and people are actors". This essay will discuss Teatro Mundi in detail in the chapter related to street festivals. . 5 Sennett, R. 2003. The Fall of Public Man. Penguin, New Edition. 6 Sennett, R. 2008. Reflections on the Public Realm in Bridge, G and Watson, S. A companion of the City. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 380-387. 7 Sennett, R. 2008. The Public Realm. (online) Richard Sennet Website. Available at: http://www.richardsennett.com/site/SENN/Templates/General2.aspx?pageid=16 (Accessed 13 January 2014) 8 Sennett, R. 1992. The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities. W.W Norton & Company. 6 In the next chapter, this essay will discuss in-depth different theories about the public realm specially the ideas of Habermas about the public sphere and his theory of action communicative. Habermas and the Public Sphere Even though the previous chapter gave an account of the concepts of private-public, it is important to highlight them according to the theory of Habermas. Recognized as one of the most influential sociologist and philosopher of our times, Habermas theories of the public sphere (phrase from the German Öffentlichkeit), and modern democracy as well as his theory of action communicative have been enormously influential for modern sociology9. Firstly Habermas' thought is marked in the tradition of the Frankfurt School. His first mayor publication "The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere" argues that instrumental rationality is implicit in the Public Sphere. However, Habermas took distance from the classical notion of the critical theory when argues that participation in the public sphere (he exemplified the coffee shops and the salons in Paris and London in the XVIII century) is free and autonomous in order to shape a common good: "The public sphere consisted in voluntary associations of private citizens united in a common aim, to make use of their own reason in unconstrained discussion between equals"10(Later on, Habermas is going to present how mass media eroded individuality and declined the public sphere). It is important to mention the dichotomy of the words public-private for Habermas. Although different, both are dependents to each other. In that way the private sphere and the public sphere instead of being exclusive are inclusive. Susen (2011) defines the public sphere, taking into account Habermas' theory, as: "The socialized expression of individuals' reciprocally constituted autonomy: individuals are autonomous not in isolation from but in relation to one another, that is, in relation to a public of autonomous beings".11 9Finlayson, J .2005. "Habermas, a very short introduction". Oxford University Press. 10 Habermas,J. 1991. The Structural Transformation Of The Public Sphere. MIT Press. 11 Susen, S. 2001. Critical Notes on Habermas's theory of the public sphere. (online). City University of London. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/lhy4j4z. (Accessed 13 January 2014). 7 Several questions came to mind: How this socialization is constructed? What does an autonomous individual mean? And how can individual reach autonomy? For Habermas, the answer relies on a rational communicative action. The aim of the public sphere is to create a consensus through the active participation of all individuals involved. This consensus is created by a rational approach of the language: "The public sphere is a collective realm in which individuals' cognitive ability to take on the role of critical and responsible actors is indicative of society's coordinative capacity to transform itself into an emancipatory project shaped by the normative force of communicative rationality"12. Rationality in terms of Habermas does not consist in knowledge per se but "how speaking and acting subjects acquire and use knowledge"13. This type of rationality is different from the instrumental rationality from the Enlightenment, widely criticized by the Frankfurt School, since it is "practical, epistemological and more important, intersubjective"14. The public sphere, considering the above, not only describes the space where the encounter occurs but moreover, the public sphere has within itself an emancipator and a transformative component. Some critics find Habermas ideas "too utopian and idealistic"15. The next chapter the link between Habermas and Sennett notion of Public Realm in the city will be tracked. The Open City Sennett takes Habermas as a mayor inspiration for constructing his idea of the Public Realm in the city. According to Sennett (2008), Habermas does not tie the public sphere to any particular place, such as a town centre for instance. Even new technological media as the 12 Ibid. 13 Hahn, L. 2000. Perspective On Habermas. Open Court Publishing. 14 Susen, S. 2001. Critical Notes on Habermas's theory of the public sphere. (online). City University of London. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/lhy4j4z. (Accessed 13 January 2014). 15 Ibid. 8 Internet could be seen as an example of public sphere: "In today's cities, an internet cafe would be more likely to excite him than Trafalgar Square" 16 The place where strangers meet, as Sennett defines Public Realm, could be anywhere: An event, a medium, etc. that encourages communication between strangers. Eventually, Sennett argues, cities that promote those types of encounters are called cities with open systems and on the contrary, cities that lack a real public realm or just promote the privatization of spaces are called cities with closed systems. Based on sociologist Jane Jacobs(1961) and her book "The death and life of great American cities"17, Sennett(2006) imagines a city with a closed system with two attributes: Equilibrium and Integration18. Equilibrium is related with balance, with harmony and with a static idea of conceiving a city. Public Spaces as spaces full of differences, dissents and disorders are not part or are reduced in a closed system. By integration, Sennett means that everything is connected and is part of a greater and unique vision. Thus, everything that is not part of that unique vision is expelled and rejected: "The logic of integration is to diminish in value things that don't fit in (.) Closed system cities refuse to evolve and has paralysed urbanism", concludes Sennett. Opposing a closed system, the open system is all about diversity and finding a place for differences, dissents and disorders. It is about complexity, about how a place adapts itself to the always changing community and its processes. Sennett lists three elements of an open city: Passage territories, incomplete form and development narratives. Passages territories means to diffuse boundaries and different territories within the cities; incomplete form is regarding "empty spaces" so the public can interact in it. Development narratives means to allow dissident voices to express and to fully participate. Wirth (1938) summarize the above by saying: "The juxtaposition of divergent personalities and modes of life tends to produce a relativistic perspective and a sense of toleration of differences"19 Taking into consideration the above characteristics of an open city, one can say that an open city is a place for democracy, "not in the legal sense but in the physical experience" says 16 Sennett, R. 2008. Reflections on the Public Realm in Bridge, G and Watson, S. A companion of the City. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 380-387. 17 Jacobs, J .1961. The death and life of great American cities. Random House, New York. 18 Sennett, R 2006. The Open City. (online). Urban Age- LSE. Available at: http://esteticartografias07.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/berlin_richard_sennett_2006-the_open_city1.pdf. (Accessed 13 January 2014) 19 Wirth, L .1938. Urbanism as a Way of Life. (online) Chicago Journals. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2768119 (Accessed 13 January 2014). 9 Sennett 20. This thesis is important to understand the importance of public spaces in construction of a fully democratic society and thus is connected to the idea of development and equality. ¿What are examples of an open system? Can one give an account of a public sphere? The next chapter will give an account of the relationship between the street festivals and the public sphere, understanding them as a significance example of public realm. Street Festivals and the Public Sphere To begin with, Street Festivals or Urban Festivals as any other cultural event placed in the public sphere are related of what Durkheim called "collective effervescence". As Durkheim pointed out when a group gathers to perform a "religious ritual" experiences a sense of encounter and unity, "leading participants to a high degree of collective emotional excitement or delirium"21. However as Sassatelli(2011) adds, although Festivals are also part of a collective delirium, taking all participant apart from the everyday life, they are also places where the social encounter is made of "polyvalent performances, rather than unified signifiers of a consensual collective conscience"22 Sassatelli complements that street festivals contrasted with museums: By its living dimension as well as its unrestrained sensory experience. Sennett (1992) also talks about spaces "full of live" as narrative spaces where every dweller constructs a disorder and kaleidoscope meaning of the public. This could lead to the erosion of the boundaries of high and low culture in the sense of the Frankfurt School understood the "cultural industries". namely they turn into instances of communication and instances of production of collective meanings and desires. 20 Sennett, R 2006. The Open City. (online). Urban Age- LSE. Available at: http://esteticartografias07.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/berlin_richard_sennett_2006-the_open_city1.pdf. (Accessed 13 January 2014) 21 Durkheim, E .2008. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Oxford Paperbacks. 22 Sassatelli, M. 2011. Urban Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere: Cosmopolitanism between Ethics and Aesthetics in Delanty, G; Giorgi L and Sassatelli, M. Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere. Routledge. Pp 12-19 10 If Habermas, the notion of the "Public Sphere" is related as the area where rational individuals communicate to each other to discuss their social problems; nowadays as McGuian(2011) argues, there are different ways to look at the public sphere, not only inside a rational communicative system as Habermas states, but from other types of communication that also create a sense of public sphere. One of those "public spheres" is the cultural public sphere, namely a sphere within the public where different modes of communications, for instance "affective-aesthetics and emotional are articulated with the public and the private"23 "The public sphere nowadays operates though various channels and circuits of mass popular culture and entertainment facilitated the routinely mediated aesthetic and emotional reflections on how we live and imagine the good life (.) festivals are the aestheticization of politics as the ground for festivals is the democratization of an independent thought by the spectators transformed into active actors". . Although McGuian theorized the cultural public sphere for the mass media and populism culture, undoubtedly street festivals share that conception in an emotional and aesthetic way of "come together as a public" and to transcend the private sphere into a societal integration as Habermas explained. Fabiani (2011) explained as well: 24 Street Festivals are also part of the Sennett's idea of "Teatro Mundi". Spaces operated in an open system, where strangers meet through a "rhetorical way, acting in order to be 23Mc Guian, J. 2011. The Cultural Public Sphere- a critical measure of public culture? in Delanty, G; Giorgi L and Sassatelli, M. Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere. Routledge. Pp 79-92. 24 Fabiani, J. 2011. Festivals, local and global: Critical interventions and the cultural public sphere. in Delanty, G; Giorgi L and Sassatelli, M. Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere. Routledge. Pp 92-108 Involvement rather than contemplation Instances of communication and community building Erosion of the boundaries between high and low culture Construction of Identity Produce meanings and desires Box 1. Characteristics of Street Festivals according to Sassatelli(2011). 11 credible" 25 In the next chapter, this essay will discuss the implications of street festivals in the sustainable development of a city. Different approaches coming from the research of the UNESCO on the relationship between culture and development as well as the studies of the creative class by Michael Florida and the Creative cities by Michael Landry. . People act as in they were in a "role playing" to create a sense of "equality", even if they do not share their same social class, race, sexual orientation, etc. Street Festivals have this "communicative power" of involve everyone together. Street Festivals as mechanism for sustainable development How could we connect street festivals as examples of the cultural public sphere with the idea of development? In other words, is there any connection between street festivals, understood as a cultural manifestation, and sustainable development? This chapter will introduce the concept of "Culture for Development"26 In the last few decades, UNESCO programs have been focused in how culture should be at the centre of economic development in developed and especially in developing countries. One of the last attempts to foster that was the Hangzou Congress in 2013 in China. The final conclusion was: "Placing Culture at the Heart of Sustainable Development Policies"; a term coined by UNESCO in a variety of its programs wide world specially for developing nations and will give an account of the link between that term and street festivals as examples of a cultural industry. 27 25 Sennett, R. 2008. Reflections on the Public Realm in Bridge, G and Watson, S. A companion of the City. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 380-387. and described 9 main ideas to do so: Integrate culture within all development policies and Programmes; Mobilize culture and mutual understanding to foster peace and reconciliation; Ensure cultural rights for all to promote inclusive social development; Leverage culture for poverty reduction and inclusive economic development; Build on culture to promote environmental sustainability; Strengthen resilience to disasters and combat climate change through culture value; safeguard and transmit culture to future generations; Harness culture 26 Culture and Development. 2013. UNESCO- Culture. (Online) Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/culture-and-development (Accessed 13 January 2014) 27 UNESCO. 2013. The Hangzhou Declaration. UNESCO- Culture. (Online). Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/culture-and-development/hangzhou-congress/ (Accessed 13 January 2014). 12 as a resource for achieving sustainable urban development and management; Capitalize on culture to foster innovative and sustainable models of cooperation. 28 Landry (2008) also talks about the benefits of cultural industries in a city and how the creativity of those industries will foster economic development and social cohesion: "Culture can also strengthen social cohesion, increase personal confidence and improve life skills, improve people's mental and physical well-being, strengthen people's ability to act as democratic citizens and develop new training and employment routes".29 Florida (2003) shows the relationship between creativeness and development. His theory of human capital, called creative capital theory, shows how by fostering tolerance, high education levels and social adaptation to changes, a social class can help to develop their communities. This creative class and its idea of create "new forms of meanings"30 The bond between the cultural public sphere with democracy and the idea of an Open City, explained before, is also a seminal part of how through cultural manifestations, a society can develop and tackle social problems. are attached to the idea of UNESCO's Culture for development program. Case Studies: The Iberoamerican Theatre Festival of Bogotá and the "Rock al Parque" Festival This essay will present two cases studies of street festivals and its relation with the city and its sustainable development: The Iberoamerican Theatre Festival of Bogota (Festival Iberoamericano de Teatro de Bogotá) and The Rock al Parque Festival. Both represent two major fields in the cultural industries in Bogotá such as the performative arts and the music. 28 Ibid 29 Landry, C. 2008. The Creative City: A toolkit for Urban Innovators. Earthscan Editions. 30 Florida, M (2003). Cities and the creative class. (Online). Available at: http://uv.vuchorsens.dk/r/KAZ/Undervisning%202012-2013/GEOLOGI/B%C3%A6redygtighed/Befolkning%20og%20b%C3%A6redygtighed/GetFile.pdf (Accessed 13 January 2014). 13 Firstly the chapter will introduce a context of each festival and then discuss around 5 main axes how the two festivals help to development in specific ways. Iberoamerican Theatre Festival of Bogotá Declared in December 2013 as "cultural heritage of Colombia"31, The Ibero-American Theatre Festival of Bogotá is a biannual cultural event held in Bogotá and organized by the Fundación Teatro Nacional (National Theatre Foundation) an NGO dedicated to theatre with private and public funding. It is considered as one of the most important theatre festival in Latin America and the most significant cultural event in Colombia32 The history of the festival is in every sense "quixotic": Launched in 1988 when the country was immersed in drug-related violence and when the public institutions and the general idea of democracy were at crisis, Ramiro Osorio, a renowned cultural entrepreneur and Fanny Mikey, considered one of the icons of theatre and culture in Colombia, created the theatre Festival as a "Act of Faith" in order to promote culture as an answer to defeat the prevailing violence of those years. . It is important to mention somehow the significant role of the National Theatre Foundation in the conformation and development of the theatre in Colombia. Founded in 1981 by Fanny Mikey, an Argentinean émigré, with the play "El Rehén" nowadays has three major venues with a wide programme throughout the year as well as an art college a social programme for deprived communities and an international tours of their plays33 The first Ibero-American theatre festival, held from 25th march to 3th of April 1988, gathered 59 theatres companies from 21 countries with an estimated of no more than 100.000 spectators. In 2012, 26 years later, the festival had more than 3 million spectators and 200 theatres companies from 32 countries and 5 continents. 34 31El Espectador. 2013. Festival de Teatro de Bogotá, declarado patrimonio cultural de la Nación. El Espectador, (Online) (Last updated 11December 2013). Available at: . http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/bogota/festival-de-teatro-de-bogota-declarado-patrimonio-cultu-articulo-463508. (Accessed: 13 January 2014). 32 Cepeda, A .2010. FESTIVAL IBEROAMERICANO DE TEATRO DE BOGOTÁ- IMPACTO Y SUPERVIVENCIA. Instituto Complutense de CC Musicales. 33 Ibid 34 Ibid 14 The conception of the festival as a "carnival of the city" relies on the stress in the use of the public space: There are plays presented in the streets, plazas and parks from all over the city: From slums to rich areas covering all significance area of the city. In 2012, the festival presents 218 street plays in 4 major parks (Simón Bolívar, Tunal, Nacional y Plaza de Bolívar) 7 public spaces for street plays, 4 community centres, 2 big parades starting from the north of Bogota (Calle 80) until the Bolivar's Square, the biggest plaza in Bogotá. The Festival was in 11 out of the 21 districts of Bogota. In average, around 2, 5 millions of spectators participate in the festival. 35 "Rock al Parque" Festival In March 2012, Bogotá was chosen by the UNESCO as Creative City of Music along with European cities such as Bologna (Italy), Ghent (Belgium), Sevilla (Spain) and Glasgow (Scotland).36 This recognition is part of the strategy of the secretary of culture of Bogotá of positioning the city as a major culture hub in Latin-American especially in the music field. In recent years and after the creation of the central roadmaps namely the "Políticas Culturales Distritales 2004-2016"37 The link between urban public spaces and public festivals as cultural policies is more visible in the "Festivales al Parque" (Park Festivals) which consists in five annual free music festivals held in different times of the year and performed in important free venues and public parks. They are managed and executed by the Institute for arts in Bogotá (A sub division of the Secretary of Culture of Bogotá) "IDARTES". and the "Plan Decenal de Cultura 2011-2021" the music field and their relation with public spaces have being an important core of the cultural policies in Bogotá. There are 5 "festivales al parque" dedicated to the 5 most popular rhythms that conformed the music scene in the city: Hip Hop, Jazz, Colombia (traditional music) and Rock. Created in different years, the "Festivales al Parque" conforms a local identity and a cultural highlight of the city. 35 Ibid 36 Cultura y Entretenimiento. 2012. Bogotá fue declarada capital mundial de la música. EL TIEMPO. (Online). Available at: http://www.eltiempo.com/entretenimiento/musica/ARTICULO-WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-11842506.html (Accessed 13 January 2014) 37 IDARTES. 2004. Políticas Culturales Distritales (Online) Available at: http://www.culturarecreacionydeporte.gov.co/sites/default/files/politicas_culturales_distritales_2004-2016.pdf (Accessed 13 January 2014). 15 The pioneer and the biggest in terms of audience of the "Festivales al Parque" is "Rock al Parque" a 3 days rock festival created in 1995 and hosted in the biggest public park of the city, Parque Simón Bolivar; it was organized by musicians Mario Duarte and Julio Correal as a strategy to create a bond between citizens of different socio economic background with the public space during the Antanas Mockus' mayor. The XVIII edition of the festival in 2012 congregated more than 70.000 people per day, making the Festival, the biggest public rock festival in Latin America in terms of audience38. Places for sustainable development: conclusions studies. Although each festival has its own characteristics a study conducted by Obgregón (2007) shows 5 main conclusions that "Rock al Parque" festival has brought to the city. In a similar study done for the Iberoamerican Theatre Festival, Cepeda (2010) also concluded that the festival helped the city in similar ways of the five elements of Obregon. Those five elements also share the same roots of the elements of Culture for Development by the UNESCO. This is an interesting discovery that shows how festivals if they are organized inside the language of Open City -Teatro Mundi (Sennett) and in the Cultural Public Sphere all share similar benefits: 38 Obregon, J. 2007. Desconfianza, civilidad y estética. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Improve the image of the city Create a sense of identity Help to build an audience Visibilization of a minority group Tolerance and social cohesion. Box 2. Five mains benefit of the Iberoamerican Theatre Festival and Rock al Parque Festival to Bogotá. 16 1. Improve the image of the city Both festivals improve the image of the city, for both its inhabitants and foreigners audiences. Leguizamón, Moreno and Tibazisco(2013) have argued the relation between the festivals and the local economy especially in the touristic field: "Bogotá is a touristic destiny who takes advantage of its public festivals as an important opportunity to retain tourists interested in performing arts because they visit the city only one time. This advantage depends on quality improvements which tourist perceived around touristic products and services offered like: security, hospitality, environmental practices, mobility and connectivity."39 UNESCO (2001) has also states how cultural tourism has increased in recent years: In 2010, international tourism generated 919 billion dollars in export earnings. Emerging and developing countries accounted for 47 per cent of world international tourism arrivals and 36.9 per cent of world international tourism receipts in 2010. Cultural tourism presently accounts for 40 per cent of world tourism revenues. Taking into account the statistics of the monitoring centre for culture of IDARTES conducted in 2011 the percentage of tourist that visited the city exclusively to assist to "Rock al Parque" Festival were 16,16% compared to 6,03% in 199740. 2. Create a sense of identity Wyss (2012) states that for 17 days, "the Iberoamerican Theatre Festival transformed a chaotic metropolis like Bogotá (more than 8 million inhabitants) into a cultural Mecca", The general director of the Festival, Ana Marta de Pizarro also argues than the festival is "the carnival of the city, crime rates are significantly reduced and the general atmosphere of the dwellers is of great joy and party"41 39 Leguizamon, M; Moreno, E and Tobavizco N. 2013. Impacto turístico del Festival Iberoamericano de Teatro de Bogotá. (online) Available: . http://www.pasosonline.org/Publicados/11113/PS0113_06.pdf (Accessed 13 January 2014) 40 IDARTES. 2011. Observatorio de Culturas. (online) Available at: http://www.culturarecreacionydeporte.gov.co/observatorio/medAlparque.html. (Accessed 13 January 2014). 41 Wyss, J. 2010. Bogota theater festival: a bright mask for a once grim city. (Online) Available at: http://carpetbagbrigade.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/miami-herald-dios-callings-english1.pdf. (Accessed 13 January 2014) 17 Similar to Wyss, Obregon citing Cante(2007), says that the idea of Rock al Parque has brought a sense of "social cohesion through the construction of an identity of tolerance and coexistence. It creates a civil culture in the city"42. 3. Help to build an audience Obregon (2007) and Cepeda (2010) states that one of the most important benefits of Rock al Parque and the Iberoamerican Theatre Festival is that those events have helped to build an audience in music and performative arts respectively. In the case of Rock al Parque, the event helped to massify a genre that wasn't part of the mainstream in Colombia as Rock. According to IDARTES (2011), almost 60% of the audience that assisted to the Festival in 2011 has been to a different free rock concert. Almost 80% has already assisted to more than two versions of Rock Al Parque. Cepeda (2010) concludes that the Iberoamerican Theatre Festival has collaborate to "enrich the theatre market in the city and to put it in one of the top in Latin America". 65% of the public, who assisted to the Festival in 2010, has seen a play regularly outside the Festival, according to the study. 4. Visibilization of a minority group This point is connected to the last conclusion. By building an audience, the festivals helped to make visible an audience. In Rock al Parque an "underground culture" as the rock scene, stigmatized before as "antisocial, started to have a better image in the community. IDARTES (2011) indicates that 60% of the audience of Rock al Parque has been to a Rock Concert without any kind of stigmatization43. 5. Tolerance and social cohesion Another important point about the two festivals is regarding the social cohesion and zero violence culture that promotes. Cepeda (2010) is very emphatic describing the impact of the Iberoamerican Theatre Festival with the violence and crime rates in the city: 42 Obregon, J.2007. Desconfianza, civilidad y estética. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 43 IDARTES. 2011. Observatorio de Culturas. (online) Available at: http://www.culturarecreacionydeporte.gov.co/observatorio/medAlparque.html. (Accessed 13 January 2014). 18 "The festival has contributed since its beginning to the peace process in Colombia. This festival dared to make public performatives acts in the streets when the crimes rates were really high. Those events had an amazing and significative success. One could say that in the 17 days of the festival, crimes and violence stops. Police informs that the crime rates during those two weeks are the lowest of the year."44 93,48% of the spectators of the 2011 "Rock al Parque" felt that the event help to promote a non-violence culture. Still, both festivals shares the unique values of the "Teatro Mundi": Every spectator is equal, no matter his race, gender, social class, etc. The rates of zero violent deaths in the history of both festivals are also an example of how those events are truly places for democracy and peace. Conclusion As it has been seen through the different chapters that conform this essay, the benefits of creating public cultural events in urban spaces bring, undoubtedly a notion of democracy and development. Although Habermas did not specifically discuss street festivals and public festivals in urban spaces as examples of his theory of both public sphere and the theory of communicative action, the essay helped to shape a theoretical background to such events according to Habermas's notions. In the end, the link between Cultural Public Spaces and the UNESCO definition of Culture for Development was an interesting discovery that is worthwhile to keep researching. As mentioned in the introduction, the aim of the essay was to create a structure to understand the Iberoamerican Theatre Festival and the Rock al Parque Festival as examples of cultural public sphere and based on that give an account of the relationship between those spaces and the idea of development. Culture and Cultural manifestations are always moving and changing as society itself. Street Festivals are manifestations that definitely have to be fully addressed. All the rich variety of characteristics that those kinds of events possesses as the essay presented, make them a unique type of cultural products. Could culture transform a society? Definitely. Not only culture transformed society but improves it. Bogota is a better city, with more possibilities with events like the ones studied. In the future, and as part of a cultural policies plan, More events such those, should be created. This is the only recommendation of this essay toward the future, taking into account 44 Cepeda, A .2010. FESTIVAL IBEROAMERICANO DE TEATRO DE BOGOTÁ- IMPACTO Y SUPERVIVENCIA. Instituto Complutense de CC Musicales. 19 that the existing legislation "protect" the two festivals, that in the end, are part of the cultural heritage of the city and the nation. 20 Appendix Photos a. Iberoamerican Theatre Festival45 45 All photos: Humar, Z., 2012. En fotos, Bogotá y su fiesta de las mil caras. [electronic print] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/video_fotos/2012/04/120405_fotos_galeria_festival_teatro_bogota_aw.shtml [Accessed 12 January 2013]. 21 22 b. Rock al Parque Festival46 46 All photos: Lopez, J., 2013. Bogotá Rock al Parque. [electronic print] Available at: http://tinyurl.com/oabvlmt [Accessed 12 January 2013]. 23 24 Bibliography • Cepeda, A. 2010. FESTIVAL IBEROAMERICANO DE TEATRO DE BOGOTÁ- IMPACTO Y SUPERVIVENCIA. Instituto Complutense de CC Musicales. • Cultura y Entretenimiento. 2012. Bogotá fue declarada capital mundial de la música. EL TIEMPO. (Online). Available at: http://www.eltiempo.com/entretenimiento/musica/ARTICULO-WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-11842506.html (Accessed 13 January 2014) • Culture and Development. 2013. UNESCO- Culture. (Online) Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/culture-and-development (Accessed 13 January 2014) • Durkheim, E .2008. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Oxford Paperbacks. • El Espectador. 2013. Festival de Teatro de Bogotá, declarado patrimonio cultural de la Nación. El Espectador, (Online) (Last updated 11December 2013). Available at: http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/bogota/festival-de-teatro-de-bogota-declarado-patrimonio-cultu-articulo-463508. (Accessed: 13 January 2014). • Fabiani, J. 2011. Festivals, local and global: Critical interventions and the cultural public sphere. in Delanty, G; Giorgi L and Sassatelli, M. Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere. Routledge. Pp 92-108 • Finlayson, J .2005. Habermas, a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. • Florida, M .2003. Cities And The Creative Class. (Online). Available at: http://uv.vuchorsens.dk/r/KAZ/Undervisning%202012-2013/GEOLOGI/B%C3%A6redygtighed/Befolkning%20og%20b%C3%A6redygtighed/GetFile.pdf (Accessed 13 January 2014). • Habermas,J. 1991. The Structural Transformation Of The Public Sphere. MIT Press. • Hahn, L. 2000. Perspective On Habermas. Open Court Publishing. 25 • IDARTES. 2004. Políticas Culturales Distritales (Online) Available at: http://www.culturarecreacionydeporte.gov.co/sites/default/files/politicas_culturales_distritales_2004-2016.pdf (Accessed 13 January 2014). • IDARTES. 2011. Observatorio de Culturas. (online) Available at: http://www.culturarecreacionydeporte.gov.co/observatorio/medAlparque.html. (Accessed 13 January 2014). • Jacobs, J .1961. The Death And Life Of Great American Cities. Random House, New York. • Landry, C. 2008. The Creative City: A toolkit for Urban Innovators. Earthscan Editions. • Landry,C. 2013. Civic Urbanity: Looking at the city afresh (PDF). Hangzhou International Congress, "Culture: Key to Sustainable Development", 15-17 May 2013, Hangzhou, China. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/images/Charles_Landry_Hangzhou_Congress.pdf (Accessed 12 January 2013). • Leguizamon, M; Moreno, E and Tobavizco N. 2013. Impacto turístico del Festival Iberoamericano de Teatro de Bogotá. (online) Available: http://www.pasosonline.org/Publicados/11113/PS0113_06.pdf (Accessed 13 January 2014) • Mc Guian, J. 2011. The Cultural Public Sphere- a critical measure of public culture? in Delanty, G; Giorgi L and Sassatelli, M. Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere. Routledge. Pp 79-92. • Mumford, L., 1937. What is a city?. In: Scoutt, S and Stoutt, F. ed. 2011. The city reader. Taylor and Francis. pp.91-96. • Obregon, J .2007. Desconfianza, civilidad y estética. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. • Sassatelli, M. 2011. Urban Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere: Cosmopolitanism between Ethics and Aesthetics in Delanty, G; Giorgi L and Sassatelli, M. Festivals and the Cultural Public Sphere. Routledge. Pp 12-19 • Sennett, R 2006. The Open City. (online). Urban Age- LSE. Available at: http://esteticartografias07.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/berlin_richard_sennett_2006-the_open_city1.pdf. (Accessed 13 January 2014)26 • Sennett, R. 1992. The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities. W.W Norton & Company. • Sennett, R. 2003. The Fall of Public Man. Penguin, New Edition. • Sennett, R. 2008. Reflections on the Public Realm in Bridge, G and Watson, S. A. Companion of the City. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 380-387. • Sennett, R. 2008. The Public Realm. (online) Richard Sennet Website. Available at: http://www.richardsennett.com/site/SENN/Templates/General2.aspx?pageid=16 (Accessed 13 January 2014) . • Simmel, G. 1950. The Metropolis and Mental Life. In Miles, M; Hall, T and Borden, I. The City Cultures Reader. Ed. 2000. pp. 12-19. • Susen, S. 2001. Critical Notes on Habermas's theory of the public sphere. (online). City University of London. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/lhy4j4z. (Accessed 13 January 2014). • UNESCO. 2013. The Hangzhou Declaration. UNESCO- Culture. (Online). Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/culture-and-development/hangzhou-congress/ (Accessed 13 January 2014). • Weber,M. 1966. The City. Free Press. • Wirth, L .1938. Urbanism as a Way of Life. (online) Chicago Journals. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2768119 (Accessed 13 January 2014). • Wyss, J. 2010. Bogota theatre festival: a bright mask for a once grim city. (Online) Available at: http://carpetbagbrigade.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/miami-herald-dios-callings-english1.pdf. (Accessed 13 January 2014)

Gegenstand der Studie ist die wirtschaftliche Beurteilung des Zollvereins sowie die statistische Erfassung der wirtschaftlichen Schlüssengrößen.

Nach einer Darlegung der Stärken und Schwächen der Handelsstatistik folgt eine kritische Zusammenstellung älterer Bewertungsversuche der Handelsstatistik, dem eine Berechnung eines Handelsvolumens zu festen Preisen und die Aufstellung eines Preisindexes für den Außenhandel folgen.

Untersuchungszeitraum:
Erst ab dem Jahr 1836 kann auf eine zuverlässige Quellenlage zurückgegriffen werden. Da für die Analyse des strukturellen Wandels mindestens ein Zeitraum von 20 Jahren benötigt wird, bietet sich das Jahr 1856 als Schlussjahr an.

Untersuchungsgebiet
In die Untersuchung werden neben dem Zollverein auch die Nordseeküste bzw. der Anteil der norddeutschen Zollgebiete am deutschen Handel mit einbezogen. Auf diese Weise erreicht der Autor eine Vergleichbarkeit der Zahlenreihen mit dem späteren Deutschen Reich.
Unter Gesamtdeutschland versteht der Autor das Territorium des Deutschen Reiches von 1870 ohne Elsaß-Lothringen und mit Luxemburg ab 1842. Zum Zollverein treten vor allem die drei Hansestädte Hamburg, Bremen und Lübeck. Von den norddeutschen Flächenstaaten werden Hannover, Oldenburg und Schaumburg-Lippe, die bis 1853 den Steuerverein bilden, hinzugezählt.
Die sechs wichtigen Zollgebiete Norddeutschlands werden jeweils für sich hinsichtlich des Handelswachstums, des Saldos, der strukturellen Zusammensetzung sowie Herkunft und Bestimmung des Handels analysiert.
Um den gesamtdeutschen Außenhandel zu erhalten, wird der direkte Auslandshandel der Einzelstaaten addiert, der binnendeutsche Handel wird ausgelassen. Das Ergebnis wird anschließend mit den ausländischen Handelsstatistiken verglichen. Anschließend wird die Entwicklung des Aussenhandels im weiteren wirtschaftlichen Zusammenhang eingeordnet, um Wechselwirkungen zwischen Aussenhandel und Industrialisierung zu erkennen. Einbezogene Aspekte sind die Produktion, das Nettosozialprodukt sowie die konjunkturelle Entwicklung.

Der Autor verweist auf die Tatsache, dass die Arbeiten von Walter G. Hoffmann zum Außenhandel (1967: Strukturwandlungen im Außenhandel der deutschen Volkswirtschaft seit Mitte des 19. Jh; 1965: Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit Mitte des 19. Jh.) eine andere Fragestellung betrachten als der Autor in seiner Analyse verfolgt. Hoffmann untersucht ausschließlich die Strukturwandlungen des Handelsvolumens während einer sehr langen Zeitreihe von 1836 bis 1955 ohne Rücksicht auf den Wert. Deshalb beschränkt er sich ganz auf das Handelsvolumen des Zollvereins nach Preisen von 1913. Im Unterschied dazu analysiert Borries im Rahmen der Studie die ersten 20 Jahre, womit die Betrachtung des Volumens auf der Basis von 1913 ausgeschlossen ist (Borries 1970, S. 6).

Die Quellen, auf die sich der Autor hauptsächlich stützt, sind in erster Linie die veröffentlichten amtlichen Statistiken der deutschen Zollgebiete. Weiterhin werden wissenschaftliche Arbeiten mit einbezogen.

Handels- und Zollstatistik
Die zeitgenössischen Statistiken erfassen den Handel nach Mengen und Werten. Bei der Wertangabe wechseln die Münzeinheiten, hinsichtlich der Mengenangaben kommen unterschiedliche Gewichts-, Hohl- und Stückmaße zur Anwendung. Um die Handelsstatistiken zu verwenden, wurde vom Autor festgelegt, nach welchen einheitlichen Mengen- und Wertangaben die unterschiedlichen Statistiken umgerechnet werden sollen. Weiterhin muß die Erfassungsmethodik der Handelsstatistik des jeweiligen Staates geklärt werden. Zwei Arten des Vollzugs (der Verzollung) sind von den Ländern umgesetzt worden und sind damit in der Handelsstatistiken zu unterscheiden: der Mengenzoll und die damit einhergehende Mengenstatistik und der Wertzoll sowie die damit zusammenhängende Wertstatistik.
- Mengenzoll und –statistik
Die Zolllisten des Mengenzolls erfassen die zu verzollende Ware unter einem bestimmten Posten des Zolltarifs nach Zentner oder nach Stück. Dabei wird die Warengattung, das Gewicht und bei zollpflichtigen Waren der Zollbetrag eingetragen. Aus diesen Zolllisten ist es möglich, eine reine Mengenstatistik zu erstellen, die jedoch keinerlei Auskunft über den Wert des Handels gibt. Ein weiteres Problem der Mengenstatistik ist die unterschiedlich angewendete Gliederung: je weniger Warensorten der Zolltarif unterscheidet, desto mehr verschiedene Waren müssen unter einer Position zusammengefasst werden.
- Wertzoll und –statistik ('reine Wertstatistik')
Der Wertzoll ist die andere Methode der Zollerhebung. Für jede Ware ist ein bestimmter Prozentsatz ihres Wertes als Zoll zu zahlen. Da der zu zahlende Anteil bei verschiedenen Waren unterschiedlich sein kann, wird auch hier ein Warenverzeichnis geführt. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Wertlisten hängt von der Zollhöhe, des jeweiligen Strafmaßes und der Ausbildung der Händler und Zöllner ab. Die Wertstatistik sellt jedoch gegenüber der Mengenstatistik einen erheblichen Fortschritt dar, da hier die Kontrollen und die Genauigkeit höher sind.
- geschätzte Wertstatistik ('uneigentliche Wertstatistik')
Eine zu dieser Zeit häufige Methode der Werteerhebung war die Schätzung. Hierbei geht man von der Mengenstatistik aus und multipliziert für jede Position die Menge mit einem geschätzten Druchschnittswert. Die statistischen Büros ließen die Preise meist durch Sachverständige schätzen, die sich an den Großhandels- und Börsenpreisen anlehnten, wobei entweder für einen langen Zeitraum (= permanente Werte) oder für jedes Jahr neu (laufende Werte) geschätzt wurde. Die Bildung von Jahresdurchschnittswerten ist problematisch, weil die Preise und Mengen vieler Waren im Verlauf des Jahres stark schwanken. Weiterhin ist für die Preisschätzung der Ort (Absendeort, Grenzort, Bestimmungsort) von besonderer Bedeutung, damit Fracht, Versicherung, Gewinn und Zoll einheitlich behandelt werden. Hierbei wurden überwiegend die Preise am Grenzort ohne Zoll (Einfuhr = cif Preise; Ausfuhr = fob Preise) für die Schätzung herangezogen. Das hat zur Folge, dass sich die Preise für eine Ware bei zwei Partnerländern ohne gemeinsame Grenze unterscheiden (z.B. durch die Seefracht) (Borries 1970, S. 8). Das Problem einer durch Schätzung aus der Mengenstatistik erstellten sogenannten Wertstatistik ist, dass die Exaktheit dieser Statistik von der Untergliederung der Warenliste und von der Sorgfalt der Preiserhebung abhängt. In der Praxis wurden Fertigwaren häufig überschätzt und Frankreich setzte seine Ausfuhr ca. um 20% zu hoch an.

Weitere statistische Besonderheiten

Partnerland
Überwiegend sind die Wert- und/oder Mengenangaben der Statistiken nach den Partnerländern gegliedert. Hierbei muß der Begriff von 'Partnerland', sowie die Untergliederung der Länder in der jeweiligen Statistik genau beachtet werden.
- eine mögliche Gliederung ist die Auflistung nach den Ländern des Grenzübertritts. Der Zollverein hat diese Auflistung nach Grenzländern erst 1845 begonnen, während der Steuerverein diese Art der Auflistung nicht angewendet hat.
- die Auflistung des Herkunfts- oder Bestimmungslandes der Waren ist ein komplizierteres Vorhaben, das Herkunfts- und Bestimmungsland nicht immer identisch ist mit Einkaufs- und Verkaufsland. Die Güte einer solchen Erfassung hängt von der Genauigkeit der jeweiligen Deklaration in den Ländern ab.
- weiterhin ist eine Auflistung nach Herstellungs- oder Verbrauchsland von Interesse.

Warengruppen
Es können folgende Systeme der Wareneinteilung in Gruppen unterschieden werden. Alle diese Schemata geben auf verschiedene Fragen eine Antwort und richten sich entweder nach den Kategorien der volkswirtschaftlichen Aufbringungs- und Verwendungsrechnung oder orientieren sich an dem Grad der Veredelung der Handelsgüter.
- Einteilung der Waren nach dem Produktionssektor in solche der Landwirtschaft und in solche des Gewerbes. Hier bildet die Einordnung der Waren des Bergbaus ein Problem.
- Eine weitere Möglichkeit ist die Einteilung der Waren nach ihrer Bestimmung: Waren zum Verzehr sowie sonstigen privaten Verbrauch auf der einen Seite und Waren des öffentlichen Verbrauchs (z.B. Waffen) auf der anderen Seite.
- Einteilung der Investitionsgüter in denen der Lagerhaltung und der weiteren Verarbeitung, von denen die Gruppe der eigentlichen Investitionen in Produktionsmitteln (z.B. Maschinen, Dünger) getrennt wird.
- Gliederung in Waren, die für das Ausland bzw. für das Inland ein Monopol besitzten und solche, die im Inland und Ausland produziert werden. Während für die Nahrungsmittel diese Einteilung gebräuchlich ist, wird sie in den Statistiken nicht auf die Rohstoffe angewendet.
- Einteilung der Waren nach der Art der Verarbeitung (Rohprodukte und Fertigwaren), üblich für Waren, die nicht für die Nahrung dienen.
In der Praxis überschneiden sich oft die Einteilungskriterien.

Handelsbegriffe
Spezialhandel umfaßt die zwischen dem freien Verkehr eines Landes und dem Ausland wirklich ausgetauschten Waren.
Generalhandel bezeichnet den Gesamteingang und Gesamtausgang einschließlich der Durchfuhr (in der heutigen Statistik wird die Durchfuhr nicht mit hinzugezählt).
Durchfuhrhandel
Durchfuhr bezeichnet den Warentransport aus fremden Gebieten durch das analysierte Wirtschaftsgebiet des Zollvereins, ohne dass die Ware im Wirtschaftsgebiet des Zollvereins in den freien Warenverkehr gebracht wird. Neben der direkten Durchfuhr sowie der unverzollten Wiederausfuhr existiert noch ein unkontrollierbarer Teil der Durchfuhr, z.B. wenn bei zollfreien Gütern die Durchgangsabgabe gespart werden soll.
"Dazu kommt noch ein umfangreicher Zwischenhandel. Zwischenhandel und Durchfuhr lassen sich aus dem Spezialhandel nicht ausgliedern. In den Hansestädten ist fast aller Handel Durchfuhr oder Zwischenhandel, da die eigene Produktion und der eigene Verbrauch gegenüber dem Gesamtumsatz kaum eine Rolle spielen. Die nicht in der Stadt umgesetzten Waren, die man als 'Transit' bezeichnet, sind wirtschaftlich den übrigen Waren gleichzuachten" (Borries 1970, S. 11).

Der Autor geht folgendermassen vor:
"In den folgenden Untersuchungen wird die Durchfuhr getrennt gehalten, allerdings mit Ausnahme der Hansestädte. Wenn man aus dem Handel der einzelnen Zollgebiete den gesamtdeutschen Handel zusammensetzen will, muß man die Durchfuhr zu Einfuhr und Ausfuhr addieren. Oft ist die Durchfuhr eines deutschen Zollgebietes in einem anderen Spezialhandel, das gilt vor allem für die Hansestädte. Für Gesamtdeutschland lassen sich nur für den Generalhandel einigermaßen exakte Angaben machen. Erst von diesem läßt sich auf den Spezialhandel zurückschließen. (Borries 1970, S. 11)"

Für die statistische Darstellung des deutschen Aussenhandels greift der Autor nur in eingeschränktem Ausmaß auch auf ausländischen Quellen zurück. Auch von den deutschen Quellen hat der Autor nur die gedruckten Quellen für seine Datenerhebung herangezogen (also keine handschriftlichen Quellen in den Archiven). Handschriftliche Quellen enthalten keine Informationen über den gesamten Handel, sondern eher über einzelne Bereiche und Wirtschaftszweige.

Die wichtigste Frage der Studie ist die nach dem Wert des Handels. Daher müssen alle Angaben der Handelsstatistik in Werte umgerechnet werden, was jedoch auf Grund der Angaben in den Quellen nur eingeschränkt durchführbar ist.

Ein weiteres Problem stellt die Zusammensetzung des gesamtdeutschen Außenhandels aus dem Außenhandel der einzelnen Zollgebiete dar. "Solange Deutschland noch kein einheitliches Zollgebiet war, war die Freiheit des inneren Marktes nicht ganz hergestellt. Der deutsche Binnenhandel konnte, soweit er eine Zollgrenze überschritt, noch als Außenhandel aufgefaßt werden. Die Handelsstatistiken spiegeln diesen Zustand wider. Die Tatsache der Trennung durch Zollgrenzen hat den Handel sicher beeinflußt, der Binnenhandel blieb kleiner, der Außenhandel wurde größer, als dies bei einem einheitlichen Zollgebiet der Fall gewesen wäre. Die Handelsverbindungen waren durch die faktischen Zustände der Zeit bestimmt, solche Verzerrungen gegenüber dem Modell eines geschlossenen Handelsgebietes lassenn sich nachhträglich nicht korrigieren.
Die Gesamtbilanz trägt also einen gewissermaßen fiktiven Charakter, da sie von den besonderen Bedingungen des Binnenhandels, den verschiedenen Zöllen in einzelnen Teilgebieten usw. abstrahiert. Insofern (…) läßt sie sich vor allem nur bedingt mit späteren Angaben für das Deutsche Reich vergleichen. Sie ist aber berechtigt, weil Deutschland gegenüber dem Ausland doch schon eine relative wirtschaftliche Einheit bildete (…). Die faktischen Einzelbilanzen sind neben der Gesamtbilanz nötig, um diese überhaupt zu errechnen, darüber hinaus geben sie auf einzelne Fragen viel genauere Antworten." (Borries 1970, S. 13). Somit stellen die Einzelbilanzen einen gewissen Schutz gegen falsche Schlüsse aus der Gesamtbilanz dar.

Vor diesem Hintergrund weist der Autor ausdrücklich darauf hin, dass die Zuverlässigkeit des Zahlenmaterials nicht überschätzt werden darf.
"Für die Abschätzung der Fehlerquellen muß man systematische und zufällige Fehler unterscheiden. Bei systematischen Fehlern ergibt sich eine Fehlerneigung, so läßt der Schmuggel den Handel zu gering, die Einrechnung des Zolles die Einfuhr zu hoch, die Auslassung der Durchfuhrfracht die Generalausfuhr zu niedrig erscheinen. Zufällige Fehler heben sich im statistischen Mittel heraus, das gilt etwa für das Auf- und Abrunden oder für Berechnungs- und Druckfehler. Als zufällig können auch die Fehler angesehen werden, die durch Auslassung der Lagerbewegung usw. entstehen.
Systematische Fehler setzen keineswegs immer die Zuverlässigkeit herunter. Das gilt besonders beim Vergleich mehrerer Größen mit gleichem systematischem Fehler. Zeitreihen, die auf gleicher Berechnungsmethode beruhen, sind das beste Beispiel. Selbst wenn sie mit einem erheblichen Fehler belastet sind, ist ihr Index sehr zuverlässig. Zufällige Fehler können umgekehrt im ungünstigsten Falle schwer ins Gewicht fallen (…)."
Auf das Saldo können sich systematische Fehler empfindlich auswirken. Der Saldo stellt die Differenz der Aktiva und Passiva dar. "Wenn sich in Einfuhr und Ausfuhr geringe systematische Fehler eingeschlichen haben, (…), kann der Saldo schon völlig verfälscht sein. Die Entwicklung der Saldi im Vergleich mehererer Jahre ist dagegen weit zuverlässiger, falls die Preisannahmen der Jahre auf gleichartigen Quellen beruhen.
Systematische Fehler können trotz aller Sorgfalt nicht sicher ausgeschlossen werden und senken die mutmaßliche Zuverlässigkeit der Ergebnisse. Man kann den Verfälschungen jedoch durch den Vergleich möglichst vielseitigen Materials und mehrerer unabhängiger Methoden entgegenwirken." (…) Aus diesem Grund ist besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf den Anmerkungsteil in den Tabellen und in der Studienbeschreibung zu geben, in denen die Werte der Tabellen erläutert werden.

Borries' Ergebnisse im Vergleich zu anderen Studien (vrgl. Borries, S. 240 f.):
Die älteren Schätzungen versuchen anhand der reinen Mengenstatistik des Zollvereins, den Wert des Handels anzugeben. Da sie mit unterschiedlichen Methoden arbeiten, können sie vom Autor für seine Studie nicht herangezogen werden. Borries berechnet das Handelsvolumen neu. Seine Ergebnisse weichen von denen Hoffmanns und Junghanns' erheblich ab. Der parallele Gesamtverlauf in allen drei Berechnungen bestätigt jedoch die relative Zuverlässigkeit der Werte.
Über einen Preisindex wird aus dem Volumen der laufende Wert für den Durchschnitt von je drei Jahren errechnet. Die Ergebnisse des Autors weichen stark von den Ergebnissen Bondis ab. Der Autor stellt fest, dass Gerhard Bondi vor allem die Gesamtentwicklung ganz anders darstellt, weil seine Werte in den ersten Jahren über den Werten des Autors liegen, und in den letzten Jahren die Werte des Autors unterschreiten.
Für die Analyse der Warenstruktur bildet Borries sieben unterschiedliche Warengruppen. Die Nahrungsmittel werden nach ihrer Herkunft in koloniale und europäische eingeteilt, die Halbwaren von den eigentlichen Rohstoffen abgetrennt. Aus den Fertigwaren kann man die Textilien im egneren Sinne ausgliedern. Dazu kommt noch ein Restposten (Sonstiges), der als untypisch nicht naher betrachtet wird. Die Quellenlage erlaubt nicht die tiefergehende Analyse nach einelnen Handelspartnern, ermöglicht aber die Einbeziehung der Durchfuhr Hoffmann hat in seinem Werk 'Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft …" die Durchfuhr nicht berücksichtigt. Ebenso hat Bondi in "Deuschlands Aussenhandel 1815-1870" die Durchfuhr ausgelassen.

Die Quellenlage der Hansestädte ist im Vergleich zum Zollgebiet Norddeutschlands weit günstiger. Die Hansestädte beginnen erst während des Untersuchungszeitraums, eine umfassende Handelsstatistik zu führen, verfügen aber schon für die Zeit davor über detaillierte Aufzeichnungen.

Zu folgenden Themen sind Zeitreihendaten und zeitreihenfähige Daten zusammengetragen worden:

A. Der Zollverein:
Volumen, Werte und Indizes nach Warengruppen und nach Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Durchfuhr

B. Norddeutschland:
Aussenhandel Hamburgs, Bremens und Schleswig-Holsteins; Volumen, Werte, Indizes nach Warengruppen und Handelspartnern

C. Gesamtdeutschland:
Ein- und Ausfuhr; Generalhandel, Zwischenhandel, Spezialhandel, Handelswerte



Themen

Datentabellen im Recherche- und Downloadsystem HISTAT (Historische Statistik) (Thema: Außenhandel)


A. Der Zollverein

A1 Zollverein: Bruttozolleinnahmen und Bevölkerung (nach Hübner und Hoffmann) (1834-1856)
A2 Zollverein: Zeitgenössische Schätzungen des Handels für die Einfuhr, die Ausfuhr und die Durchfuhr in Talern nach Junghanns und Hübner (1834-1861)
A3 Zollverein: Volumen nach Hoffmann und Junghanns, laufende Handelswerte nach Hübner und Bondi (in 1000 Talern) (1836-1856)
A4 Zollverein: Korrigiertes Volumen nach v.Borries (1836-1856)
A5 Zollverein: Index des Volumens zur Basis 1836 (1836-1856)

A6 Zollverein: Preisindizes
A.6.1. Preisindex nach Jacobs-Richter (1834-1856)
A.6.2. Zollverein: Preisindex der Warengruppen zur Basis 1836/38;
Gewichte und Indizes nach Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Durchfuhr (1836-1856)
A.6.3. Zollverein: Preisindex und Volumen der Warengruppen zur Basis 1836/41
nach v.Borries, Werte des Handels nach Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Durchfuhr (1836-1856)

A7 Zollverein: Handelswerte
A.7.1. Zollverein: Werte in Dreijahresdurchschnitten (in 1000 Talern);
Vergleich v. Borries und Bondi (1936-1856)
A.7.2. Zollverein: Wert des Handels pro Kopf in Dreijahresdurchschnitten nach
Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Durchfuhr (in Talern) (1836-1856)

A.8 Zollverein: Indizes der Volumina und Werte nach Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Durchfuhr
nach v. Borries (1836/38=100) (1836-1856)


B. Norddeutschland

B1 Hamburg
B1.1 Hamburg: Wert des Handels (in MkBco) auf Basis von 1848/50 nach Soetbeer
B1.2 Hamburg: Einfuhr und Ausfuhr nach deutschen und ausländischen Handelspartnern nach Soetbeer (in MkBco, exkl. Contanten)
B1.3 Hamburg: direkter Seehandel nach Partnerländern nach Soetbeer (in MkBco, exkl. Contanten und Altona)
B1.4 Hamburg: direkter Seehandel nach Warengruppen nach Soetbeer (in MkBco, Exkl. Contanten)
B1.5 Hamburg: Edelmetallverkehr (in MkBco) nach Soetbeer

B2 Bremen
B2.1 Bremen: Wert des Handels (in Talern Gold) auf Basis von 1848/50 nach Rauers (Index: 1848/50 = 100)
B2.2 Bremen: Ein- und Ausfuhr nach Deutschland und in das Ausland, Saldi und Wiederausfuhr nach Deutschland in Talern Gold nach Soetbeer
B2.3 Bremen: Seehandel nach Partnerländern in Talern Gold nach Soetbeer

B3 Lübeck und Schleswig-Holstein
B3.1 Lübeck: Wert des Handels (in MkCrt, exkl. Contanten)
B3.2 Schleswig-Holstein: Offizielle Werte des Handels 1834-1856 in Rbtalern nach den Jahresbänden des Statistischen Tabellenwerkes


C. Gesamtdeutschland

C1 Gesamtdeutschland: Einfuhr und Ausfuhr der Zollgebiete (in Mio Talern) nach Berechnungen von v. Borries.
C2 Gesamtdeutschland: Direkter Aussenhandel der Zollgebiete (in Mio Talern) nach v. Borries
C3 Gesamtdeutschland: Generalhandel, Zwischenhandel, Spezialhandel ohne Zwischenhandel (in Mio Talern); Schätzungen von v. Borries
C4 Gesamtdeutschland: Handelsumsatz im Vergleich der Handelsnationen in Mio. Talern
C5 Zollverein und Deutsches Reich: Werte des Handels in Mio Talern
C6 Zollverein und Deutsches Reich: Anteile der Warengruppen am Handel
C7 Preußen: Ausprägung der Münsstätten (Nennwert in Talern)


Schlagwörter
[Außenhandel, Warenströme, Warengruppen, Einfuhr, Ausfuhr, Import, Export, Warenstruktur, Handelsbeziehungen, deutsche Handelsstatistik, Außenhandelsstatistik, Deutscher Zollverein, deutsches Zollgebiet, Norddeutschland, Hamburg, Bremen, Deutsches Reich, deutsches Wirtschaftsgebiet, Frühindustrialisierung, Zeitreihendaten, historische Statistik ]

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of similar to 1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg(2) at a luminosity distance of 40(-8)(+8) Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 M-circle dot. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at similar to 40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over similar to 10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position similar to 9 and similar to 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta. ; Kavli Foundation; Danish National Research Foundation; Niels Bohr International Academy; DARK Cosmology Centre; NSF [AST-1518052, AST-141242, AST-1411763, AST-1714498, AST-1517649, PHY-1607291, AST-1412421, AST-1313484]; Gordon AMP; Betty Moore Foundation; Heising-Simons Foundation; Alfred P. 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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Regional Ile-de-France; Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) within Investissements d'Avenir Programme [LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63, ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02]; Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); Mexico-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) [167733]; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; Netherlands - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM); Poland-National Centre for Research and Development [ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11, ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11]; National Science Centre [2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2013/08/M/ST9/00728, HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198]; Portugal-Portuguese national funds; FEDER within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS; CNDI-UEFISCDI [20/2012, 194/2012, PN 16 42 01 02]; Slovenia-Slovenian Research Agency; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program [FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826]; USA-Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, DE-SC0011689]; National Science Foundation [0450696]; Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program [PIRSES-2009-GA-246806]; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme [646623]; UNESCO; Australian Research Council [FT150100099, FL15010014]; Australian Research Council; Australian Government; Australian Government (NCRIS); Western Australian and Australian Governments; National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics in 3D (ASTRO 3D) [CE170100013]; Spanish Ministry [AYA 2015-71718-R]; Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia [TIC-2839]; National Research Foundation [NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870, DGE-1144469]; Korea Basic Science Research Program [NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484, NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961]; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico); Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain); Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) [CE110001020]; ARC LIEF from Australian Research Council [LE130100104]; NASA; ASI; JAXA; MEXT KAKENHI [JP 17H06362, JP26220708, JP17H02901, JP17H06363, JP15H00788, JP24103003, JP10147214, JP10147207]; Chandra X-ray Observatory Center [GO7-18033X]; National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) [NAS8-03060]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT); UKSA; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); Indian Space Research Organisation; European Unions Horizon research and innovation programme [653477]; ESO [199.D-0143, 099.D-0376]; DFG [HA 1850/28-1, Kl 766/16-3]; EU/FP7-ERC [291222, 615929, 647208, 725161]; STFC [ST/P000312/1]; ERF [ST/M005348/1, ST/P000495/1]; Marie Sklodowska-Curie [702538]; Polish NCN [OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; California Institute of Technology; Alexander von Humboldt Sofja Kovalevskaja Award; FONDECYT [3160504]; US NSF [AST-1311862]; Quantum Universe I-Core program; Kimmel award; IRC [GOIPG/2017/1525]; Australian Research Council CAASTRO [CE110001020, FT160100028]; Millennium Science Initiative [IC120009]; NASA through Fermi-GBM; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) [50 QV 0301]; Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR [50 OG 1101]; Science Foundation Ireland [12/IP/1288]; NASA (United States); DOE (United States); CEA/Irfu (France); IN2P3/CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); INFN (Italy); MEXT (Japan); KEK (Japan); JAXA (Japan); K.A. Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Research Council; National Space Board (Sweden); INAF (Italy); CNES (France); DOE [DE-AC02-76SF00515]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-07-C0147]; National Science Foundation under University Radio Observatory [AST-1139963, AST-1139974]; ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory [099.D-0382, 099.D-0622, 099.D-0191, 099.D-0116]; REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory [35020]; Department of University and Research (MIUR); Italian Space Agency (ASI); Autonomous Region of Sardinia (RAS); National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF); BIC [114332KYSB20160007]; Hundred Talent Program; Chinese Academy of Sciences [KJZD-EW-M06]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [11673062]; Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province; STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council); Slovenian Research Agency [P1-0188]; Sorbonne Paris Cite [ANR-10-LABX-0023, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02]; JSPS [15H05437]; JST Consortia; GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) - National Science Foundation under PIRE [1545949]; California Institute of Technology (USA); University of Maryland College Park (USA); University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA); Texas Tech University (USA); San Diego State University (USA); Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA); Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan); National Central University (Taiwan); Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India); Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India); Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel); Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden); Humboldt University (Germany); Liverpool John Moores University (UK); Planning and Budgeting Committee; Israel Science Foundation; Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation; National Science Foundation CAREER [1455090]; ERC grant TReX; Naval Research Laboratory (NRL); NRL; Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys; Hintze Family Charitable Foundation; Swedish Research Council (V.R.); Israel Science Foundation, Minerva, Israeli ministry of Science; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation; I-CORE of the Planning and Budgeting Committee; Swedish Research Council (VR) [2016 03657 3]; Swedish National Space Board [Dnr. 107/16]; Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Astrophysical Transients (GREAT) - Swedish Research council (V.R.) [Dnr. 2016-06012]; Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India; Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation; US National Science Foundation (NSF); US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Mexico [271051, 232656, 167281, 260378, 179588, 239762, 254964, 271737, 258865, 243290]; Red HAWC, Mexico; DGAPA-UNAM [RG100414, IN111315, IN111716-3, IA102715, 109916]; VIEP-BUAP; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre [DEC-2014/13/B/ST9/945]; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF); Max Planck Society; German Research Foundation (DFG); Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; French Ministry for Research; CNRS-IN2P3; Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS; U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); IPNP of the Charles University; Czech Science Foundation; Polish National Science Centre; South African Department of Science and Technology; National Research Foundation; University of Namibia; National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST); Innsbruck University; Austrian Science Fund (FWF); Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy; University of Adelaide; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; University of Amsterdam; EGI Federation; China National Space Administration (CNSA); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [XDB23040400]; Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST) [2016YFA0400800]; U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs; U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division; Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure; U.S. Department of Energy; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada; Swedish Research Council, Sweden; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Germany; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO); FWO Odysseus programme; Flanders Institute; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Villum Fonden, Denmark; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Russian Science Foundation [15-1230015, 14-22-00271]; Science and Education Ministry of Kazakhstan [0075/GF4]; RUSTAVELI [FR/379/6-300/14]; ESA Denmark; ESA France; ESA Germany; ESA Italy; ESA Switzerland; ESA Spain; ESA Russia; ESA USA; CEA; CNES; DLR; ESA; INTA; OSTC; ASI/INAF [2013-025-R.1]; German INTEGRAL through DLR [50 OG 1101]; Spanish MINECO/FEDER [ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R]; RFBR [16-29-13009-ofi-m]; JSPS KAKENHI [JP16H02183, JP15H02075, JP15H02069, JP26800103, JP25800103]; Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT; NINS program; Toyota Foundation [D11-R-0830]; Mitsubishi Foundation; Yamada Science Foundation; Inoue Foundation for Science; National Research Foundation of South Africa; NRF [2017R1A3A3001362]; KASI [2017-1-830-03]; Israel Science Foundation [541/17]; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India; Department of Science and Technology, India; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India; Ministry of Human Resource Development, India; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana; National Science Centre of Poland; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Russian Science Foundation; European Commission; European Regional Development Funds (ERDF); Royal Society; Scottish Funding Council; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA); Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO); National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI); National Research Foundation of Korea; Industry Canada and Province of Ontario through Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation; Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR); Council of Hong Kong; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST); Leverhulme Trust; Research Corporation; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan; RIKEN; MEXT; KAKENHI [JP 17H06362]; EVN [RP029]; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [653477]; ERC [647208]; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through NWO VIDI [639.042.612-Nissanke]; NWO TOP [62002444-Nissanke]; VISIR [60.A-9392]; [MOST104-2923-M-008-004-MY5]; [MOST106-2112-M-008-007] ; (1M2H) We thank J. McIver for alerting us to the LVC circular. We thank J. Mulchaey (Carnegie Observatories director), L. Infante (Las Campanas Observatory director), and the entire Las Campanas staff for their extreme dedication, professionalism, and excitement, all of which were critical in the discovery of the first gravitational-wave optical counterpart and its host galaxy as well as the observations used in this study. We thank I. Thompson and the Carnegie Observatory Time Allocation Committee for approving the Swope Supernova Survey and scheduling our program. We thank the University of Copenhagen, DARK Cosmology Centre, and the Niels Bohr International Academy for hosting D.A.C., R.J.F., A.M.B., E.R., and M.R.S. during the discovery of GW170817/SSS17a. R.J.F., A.M.B., and E.R. were participating in the Kavli Summer Program in Astrophysics, "Astrophysics with gravitational wave detections." This program was supported by the the Kavli Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, the Niels Bohr International Academy, and the DARK Cosmology Centre. The UCSC group is supported in part by NSF grant AST-1518052, the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, generous donations from many individuals through a UCSC Giving Day grant, and from fellowships from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (R.J.F.), the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (R.J.F. and E.R.) and the Niels Bohr Professorship from the DNRF (E.R.). AMB acknowledges support from a UCMEXUS-CONACYT Doctoral Fellowship. Support for this work was provided by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grants HST-HF-51348.001 (B.J.S.) and HST-HF-51373.001 (M.R.D.) awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. This paper includes data gathered with the 1 meter Swope and 6.5 meter Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.r (AGILE) The AGILE Team thanks the ASI management, the technical staff at the ASI Malindi ground station, the technical support team at the ASI Space Science Data Center, and the Fucino AGILE Mission Operation Center. AGILE is an ASI space mission developed with programmatic support by INAF and INFN. We acknowledge partial support through the ASI grant No. I/028/12/2. We also thank INAF, Italian Institute of Astrophysics, and ASI, Italian Space Agency.r (ANTARES) The ANTARES Collaboration acknowledges the financial support of: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), IdEx program and UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), Labex OCEVU (ANR-11-LABX-0060) and the A*MIDEX project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-Alpes-Cite d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (refs.; r r FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P, -2-P and -3-P; MINECO/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), and Prometeo and Grisolia programs (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities.r (AST3) The AST3 project is supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (Grant Nos. 2013CB834901, 2013CB834900, 2013CB834903), and the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Program (grant No. CHINARE2016-02-03-05). The construction of the AST3 telescopes has received fundings from Tsinghua University, Nanjing University, Beijing Normal University, University of New South Wales, and Texas A&M University, the Australian Antarctic Division, and the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) of Australia. It has also received funding from Chinese Academy of Sciences through the Center for Astronomical Mega-Science and National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC).r (Auger) The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargue. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargue; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia-the Australian Research Council; Brazil-Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant Nos. 2010/07359-6 and 1999/05404-3; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC); Czech Republic-grant Nos. MSMT CR LG15014, LO1305, LM2015038 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Regional Ile-de-France; Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); Mexico-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) No.; r r 167733; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM); Poland-National Centre for Research and Development, grant Nos. ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 and ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11; National Science Centre, grant Nos. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2013/08/M/ST9/00728, and HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198; Portugal-Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS; CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects grant Nos. 20/2012 and 194/2012 and PN 16 42 01 02; Slovenia-Slovenian Research Agency; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program grant No. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826; USA-Department of Energy, Contract Nos. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, and DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, grant No.r 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program, grant No. PIRSES-2009-GA-246806; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant No. 646623); and UNESCO.r (Australian Radio) T.M. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through grant FT150100099. S.O. acknowledges the Australian Research Council grant Laureate Fellowship FL15010014. D.L.K. and I.S.B. are additionally supported by NSF grant AST-141242. P.A.B. and the DFN team acknowledge the Australian Research Council for support under their Australian Laureate Fellowship scheme. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility, which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. This scientific work makes use of the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory, operated by CSIRO. We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji people as the traditional owners of the Observatory site. Support for the operation of the MWA is provided by the Australian Government (NCRIS), under a contract to Curtin University administered by Astronomy Australia Limited. We acknowledge the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre, which is supported by the Western Australian and Australian Governments. The Australian SKA Pathfinder is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility, which is managed by CSIRO. Operation of ASKAP is funded by the Australian Government with support from the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. ASKAP uses the resources of the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre. Establishment of ASKAP, the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory and the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre are initiatives of the Australian Government, with support from the Government of Western Australia and the Science and Industry Endowment Fund. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics in 3D (ASTRO 3D) through project number CE170100013.r (Berger Time-Domain Group) The Berger Time-Domain Group at Harvard is supported in part by the NSF through grants AST-1411763 and AST-1714498, and by NASA through grants NNX15AE50G and NNX16AC22G.r (Bootes) A.J.C.T.; r r acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry Project AYA 2015-71718-R (including FEDER funds) and Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia TIC-2839. I.H.P. acknowledges the support of the National Research Foundation (NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870). S.J. acknowledges the support of Korea Basic Science Research Program (NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484 and NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961). The BOOTES-5/JGT observations were carried out at Observatorio Astronomico Nacional in San Pedro Martir (OAN-SPM, Mexico), operated by Instituto de Astronomia, UNAM and with support from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through the Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain) and Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea). We also thank the staff of OAN-SPM for their support in carrying out the observations.r (CAASTRO) Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. The national facility capability for SkyMapper has been funded through ARC LIEF grant LE130100104 from the Australian Research Council, awarded to the University of Sydney, the Australian National University, Swinburne University of Technology, the University of Queensland, the University of Western Australia, the University of Melbourne, Curtin University of Technology, Monash University, and the Australian Astronomical Observatory. SkyMapper is owned and operated by The Australian National University's Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.r (CALET) The CALET team gratefully acknowledges support from NASA, ASI, JAXA, and MEXT KAKENHI grant numbers JP 17H06362, JP26220708, and JP17H02901.r (Chandra/McGill) This work was supported in part by Chandra Award Number GO7-18033X, issued by the Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for and on behalf of the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) under contract NAS8-03060. D.H., M.N., and J.J.R. acknowledge support from a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant and a Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) Nouveaux Chercheurs Grant. P.A.E. acknowledges UKSA support. J.A.K. acknowledges the support of NASA grant NAS5-00136. D.H. also acknowledges support from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).r (CZTI/AstroSat) CZTI is built by a TIFR-led consortium of institutes across India, including VSSC, ISAC, IUCAA, SAC, and PRL. The Indian Space Research Organisation funded, managed, and facilitated the project.r (DLT40) D.J.S. acknowledges support for the DLT40 program from NSF grant AST-1517649.r (EuroVLBI) The European VLBI Network is a joint facility of independent European, African, Asian, and North American radio astronomy institutes. Scientific results from data presented in this publication are derived from the following EVN project code: RP029. e-MERLIN is a National Facility operated by the University of Manchester at Jodrell Bank Observatory on behalf of STFC. The collaboration between LIGO/Virgo and EVN/e-MERLIN is part of a project that has received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 653477.r (ePESSTO) We acknowledge ESO programs 199.D-0143 and 099.D-0376. PS1 and ATLAS are supported by NASA grants NNX08AR22G, NNX12AR65G, NNX14AM74G, and NNX12AR55G. We acknowledge the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G.; r r Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1), EU/FP7-ERC grants 291222, 615929, 647208, 725161, STFC grants ST/P000312/1 and ERF ST/M005348/1, ST/P000495/1. Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant No 702538. Polish NCN grant OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. PRIN-INAF 2014. David and Ellen Lee Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology. Alexander von Humboldt Sofja Kovalevskaja Award. Royal Society-Science Foundation Ireland Vilho, Yrjo and Kalle Vaisala Foundation. FONDECYT grant number 3160504. US NSF grant AST-1311862. Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Space Board. The Quantum Universe I-Core program, the ISF, BSF, and Kimmel award. IRC grant GOIPG/2017/1525. Australian Research Council CAASTRO CE110001020 and grant FT160100028. We acknowledge Millennium Science Initiative grant IC120009.r (Fermi-GBM) B.C., V.C., A.G., and W.S.P. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through contract NNM13AA43C. M.S.B., R.H., P.J., C.A.M., S.P., R.D.P., M.S., and P.V. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding from cooperative agreement NNM11AA01A. E.B. is supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. D.K., C.A.W.H., C.M.H., and J.R. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through the Fermi-GBM project. Support for the German contribution to GBM was provided by the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) under contract number 50 QV 0301. A.v.K. was supported by the Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR grant 50 OG 1101. S.M.B. acknowledges support from Science Foundation Ireland under grant 12/IP/1288.r (Fermi-LAT) The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges support for LAT development, operation, and data analysis from NASA and DOE (United States), CEA/Irfu and IN2P3/CNRS (France), ASI and INFN (Italy), MEXT, KEK, and JAXA (Japan), and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the National Space Board (Sweden). Science analysis support in the operations phase from INAF (Italy) and CNES (France) is also gratefully acknowledged. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.r (FRBSG) S.L.L. is supported by NSF grant PHY-1607291 (LIU). Construction of the LWA has been supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-07-C0147. Support for operations and continuing development of the LWA1 is provided by the National Science Foundation under grants AST-1139963 and AST-1139974 of the University Radio Observatory program.r (GRAWITA) We acknowledge INAF for supporting the project "Gravitational Wave Astronomy with the first detections of adLIGO and adVIRGO experiments-GRAWITA" PI: E. Brocato. Observations are made with ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory under programmes ID 099.D-0382 (PI: E. Pian), 099.D-0622 (PI: P. D'Avanzo), 099.D-0191 (PI: A. Grado), 099.D-0116 (PI: S. Covino) and with the REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory under program ID 35020 (PI: S. Campana). We thank the ESO operation staff for excellent support of this program. The Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) is funded by the Department of University and Research (MIUR), the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (RAS) and is operated as National Facility by the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). Z.J. is supported by the External Cooperation Program of BIC (number 114332KYSB20160007). J.M.; r r is supported by the Hundred Talent Program, the Major Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD-EW-M06), the National Natural Science Foundation of China 11673062, and the Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province. R.L.C. Starling, K.W., A.B.H., N.R.T., and C.G.M. are supported by the STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council). D.K., acknowledges the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (P1-0188). S.K. and A.N.G. acknowledge support by grant DFG Kl 766/16-3. D.G. acknowledges the financial support of the UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02). K.T. was supported by JSPS grant 15H05437 and by a JST Consortia grant.r (GROND) Part of the funding for GROND was generously granted from the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). "We acknowledge the excellent help in obtaining GROND data from Angela Hempel, Markus Rabus and Regis Lachaume on La Silla."r (GROWTH, JAGWAR, Caltech-NRAO, TTU-NRAO, and NuSTAR) This work was supported by the GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) project funded by the National Science Foundation under PIRE grant No. 1545949. GROWTH is a collaborative project among California Institute of Technology (USA), University of Maryland College Park (USA), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA), Texas Tech University (USA), San Diego State University (USA), Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA), Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan), National Central University (Taiwan), Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India), Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India), Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel), The Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden), Humboldt University (Germany), Liverpool John Moores University (UK). A.H. acknowledges support by the I-Core Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and the Israel Science Foundation. T.M. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through grant FT150100099. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. D.L.K. is additionally supported by NSF grant AST-1412421. A.A.M. is funded by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation in support of the Data Science Fellowship Program. P.C.Y., C.C.N., and W.H.I. thank the support from grants MOST104-2923-M-008-004-MY5 and MOST106-2112-M-008-007. A.C. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation CAREER award 1455090, "CAREER: Radio and gravitational-wave emission from the largest explosions since the Big Bang." T.P. acknowledges the support of Advanced ERC grant TReX. B.E.C. thanks SMARTS 1.3 m Queue Manager Bryndis Cruz for prompt scheduling of the SMARTS observations. Basic research in radio astronomy at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is funded by 6.1 Base funding. Construction and installation of VLITE was supported by NRL Sustainment Restoration and Maintenance funding. K.P.M.'s research is supported by the Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys, which is funded through the Hintze Family Charitable Foundation. J.S. and A.G. are grateful for support from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. GREAT is funded by the Swedish Research Council (V.R.). E.O.O.; r r is grateful for the support by grants from the Israel Science Foundation, Minerva, Israeli ministry of Science, the US-Israel Binational Science Foundation, and the I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and The Israel Science Foundation. We thank the staff of the GMRT that made these observations possible. The GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. AYQH was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1144469. S.R. has been supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR) under grant number 2016 03657 3, by the Swedish National Space Board under grant number Dnr. 107/16 and by the research environment grant "Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Astrophysical Transients (GREAT)" funded by the Swedish Research council (V.R.) under Dnr. 2016-06012.r We acknowledge the support of the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India and the Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation for the GROWTH-India project.r (HAWC) We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Mexico (grants 271051, 232656, 167281, 260378, 179588, 239762, 254964, 271737, 258865, 243290); Red HAWC, Mexico; DGAPA-UNAM (grants RG100414, IN111315, IN111716-3, IA102715, 109916); VIEP-BUAP; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant DEC-2014/13/B/ST9/945. We acknowledge the support of the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India and the Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation for the GROWTH-India project.r (H.E.S.S.) The support of the Namibian authorities and of the University of Namibia in facilitating the construction and operation of H.E.S.S. is gratefully acknowledged, as is the support by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the Max Planck Society, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the French Ministry for Research, the CNRS-IN2P3 and the Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS, the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the IPNP of the Charles University, the Czech Science Foundation, the Polish National Science Centre, the South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, the University of Namibia, the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST), the Innsbruck University, the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy, the University of Adelaide and the Australian Research Council, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the University of Amsterdam. We appreciate the excellent work of the technical support staff in Berlin, Durham, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Palaiseau, Paris, Saclay, and in Namibia in the construction and operation of the equipment. This work benefited from services provided by the H.E.S.S. Virtual Organisation, supported by the national resource providers of the EGI Federation.; r r r (Insight-HXMT) The Insight-HXMT team acknowledges the support from the China National Space Administration (CNSA), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; grant No. XDB23040400), and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST; grant No. 2016YFA0400800).r (IceCube) We acknowledge the support from the following agencies: U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, the Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure; U.S. Department of Energy, and National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, the Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada; Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO), FWO Odysseus programme, Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT), Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Australian Research Council; Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS); the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Villum Fonden, Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark.r (IKI-GW) A.S.P., A.A.V., E.D.M., and P.Y.u.M. acknowledge the support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant 15-1230015). V.A.K., A.V.K., and I.V.R. acknowledge the Science and Education Ministry of Kazakhstan (grant No. 0075/GF4). R.I. is grateful to the grant RUSTAVELI FR/379/6-300/14 for partial support. We acknowledge the excellent help in obtaining Chilescope data from Sergei Pogrebsskiy and Ivan Rubzov.r (INTEGRAL) This work is based on observations with INTEGRAL, an ESA project with instruments and science data center funded by ESA member states (especially the PI countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain), and with the participation of Russia and the USA. The INTEGRAL SPI project has been completed under the responsibility and leadership of CNES. The SPI-ACS detector system has been provided by MPE Garching/Germany. The SPI team is grateful to ASI, CEA, CNES, DLR, ESA, INTA, NASA, and OSTC for their support. The Italian INTEGRAL team acknowledges the support of ASI/INAF agreement No. 2013-025-R.1. R.D. and A.v.K. acknowledge the German INTEGRAL support through DLR grant 50 OG 1101. A.L. and R.S. acknowledge the support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant 14-22-00271). A.D. is funded by Spanish MINECO/FEDER grant ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R.r (IPN) K.H. is grateful for support under NASA grant NNX15AE60G. R.L.A. and D.D.F. are grateful for support under RFBR grant 16-29-13009-ofi-m.; r r r (J-GEM) MEXT KAKENHI (JP17H06363, JP15H00788, JP24103003, JP10147214, JP10147207), JSPS KAKENHI (JP16H02183, JP15H02075, JP15H02069, JP26800103, JP25800103), Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT, the NINS program for cross-disciplinary science study, the Toyota Foundation (D11-R-0830), the Mitsubishi Foundation, the Yamada Science Foundation, Inoue Foundation for Science, the National Research Foundation of South Africa.r (KU) The Korea-Uzbekistan Consortium team acknowledges the support from the NRF grant No. 2017R1A3A3001362, and the KASI grant 2017-1-830-03. This research has made use of the KMTNet system operated by KASI.r (Las Cumbres) Support for I. A. and J.B. was provided by NASA through the Einstein Fellowship Program, grants PF6-170148 and PF7-180162, respectively. D.A.H., C.M., and G.H. are supported by NSF grant AST-1313484. D.P. and D.M acknowledge support by Israel Science Foundation grant 541/17. This work makes use of observations from the LCO network.r (LIGO and Virgo) The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck- Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium.; r r The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, the Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme and the Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, the National Science Centre of Poland, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI), the National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada and the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, MPS, INFN, CNRS, and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for provision of computational resources. The MAXI team acknowledges the support by JAXA, RIKEN, and MEXT KAKENHI grant number JP 17H06362. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The European VLBI Network is a joint facility of independent European, African, Asian, and North American radio astronomy institutes. Scientific results from data presented in this publication are derived from the following EVN project code: RP029.r e-MERLIN is a National Facility operated by the University of Manchester at Jodrell Bank Observatory on behalf of STFC. The collaboration between LIGO/Virgo and EVN/eMERLIN is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 653477. We thank Britt Griswold (NASA/GSFC) for graphic arts. P.G.J. acknowledges ERC-Consolidator grant No. 647208. We thank the GMRT staff for prompt scheduling of these observations. The GMRT is run by the National Center for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. INAF, Italian Institute of Astrophysics ASI, Italian Space Agency. This work is part of the research program Innovational Research Incentives Scheme (Vernieuwingsimpuls), which is financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through the NWO VIDI grant No. 639.042.612-Nissanke and NWO TOP grant No. 62002444-Nissanke.; r r We thank ESO for granting full access to all the LVC MoU partners of the observations of GW170817 obtained with NACO and VISIR under the Observatory program 60.A-9392.

This article was co-published with the Guardian.Nine of the 12 members of a high-level congressional committee charged with advising on the U.S.'s nuclear weapons strategy have direct financial ties to contractors that would benefit from the report's recommendations or are employed at think tanks that receive considerable funding from weapons manufacturers, the Guardian and Responsible Statecraft can reveal.While the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States (CCSPUS) purports to recommend steps to avoid nuclear conflict, it does nothing to disclose its own potential conflicts of interest with the weapons industry in its final report or at rollout events at think tanks in Washington.The United States will soon face "a world where two nations [China and Russia] possess nuclear arsenals on par with our own," warned the commission's final report, released in mid-October. "In addition," the report charged, "the risk of conflict with these two nuclear peers is increasing. It is an existential challenge for which the United States is ill-prepared."According to the CCSPUS, this potential doomsday scenario requires the U.S. to make "necessary adjustments to the posture of US nuclear capabilities – in size and/or composition," a policy shift that would steer billions of taxpayer dollars to the Pentagon and nuclear weapons contractors."What we've consistently seen is the nuclear weapons industry buying influence and that means we cannot make serious decisions about our security when the industry is buying influence through think tanks and commissioners they are skewing the debate," said Susi Snyder, program coordinator at the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons."Instead of having a debate about the tools and materials we need to make ourselves safe," she added, "we're having a debate about which company should get the contracts. And that doesn't make the American people safe or anyone else in the world."The CCSPUS was established two years ago via the annual defense policy bill, and conflicts of interest on the commission were apparent from the beginning. But an analysis by the Guardian and Responsible Statecraft found deep ties between the commission and the weapons industry.The most recognizable member of the CCSPUS is its vice-chair, Jon Kyl, who served as a senator from Arizona from 1995 to 2013 and again in 2018, after the death of John McCain. While this, and more, is included in his biography in the commission's report, what's left out is his more recent employment as a senior adviser with the law firm Covington & Burling, whose lobbying client list includes multiple Pentagon contractors that would benefit from the commission's recommendations.In 2017 Kyl, personally, was registered to lobby for Northrop Grumman, which manufactures the B-21 nuclear bomber that the commission recommends increasing the number the U.S. plans to buy, at a cost to taxpayers of nearly $700 million each.Kyl did not respond to questions about his employment status with Covington & Burling, but the former senator was listed as a "senior adviser" on the firm's website until at least December 1, 2022, nearly 10 months after the commissioner selections for the CCSPUS were announced in March 2022.Another commissioner, Franklin Miller, is a principal at the Scowcroft Group, a business advisory firm that describes Miller as having expertise in "nuclear deterrence," and acknowledges its work in the weapons sector."The Scowcroft Group successfully advised a European defense leader on a strategic acquisition opportunity," says the consulting firm in the "Defense/Aerospace" section of its website. "We have also assisted a major defense firm in pursuing global partnerships and co-production opportunities."Miller did not respond to a request for comment about the identity of the Scowcroft Group's clients.Kyl and Miller are joined on the CCSPUS by retired general John E Hyten, who previously served as the vice-chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, the second-highest-ranking member of the U.S. military.While Hyten's biography in the commission's report lauds his extensive military service, in retirement he has worked closely with a number of firms that could benefit immensely from the commission's recommendations.This March he was appointed as special adviser to the CEO of C3 AI, an artificial intelligence company that boasts of working with numerous agencies at the Department of Defense. In June 2022, Hyten was named executive director of the Blue Origins foundation, called the Club for the Future, and as a strategic adviser to Blue Origin's senior leadership. Blue Origin is wholly owned by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, and works directly with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the air force and the space force on space launch-related capabilities.Hyten's ties to these firms are notable given the CCSPUS report's repeated overtures for improving and investing in space and artificial intelligence capabilities. Specifically, the report recommends the United States "urgently deploy a more resilient space architecture" and take steps to ensure it is "at the cutting edge of emerging technologies – such as big data analytics, quantum computing, and artificial intelligence (AI)."Hyten did not respond to a request for comment.The CCSPUS also included think tank scholars whose employers receive significant funding from the arms industry. Two commission members work at the Hudson Institute, which, according to its most recent annual report, received in excess of $500,000 from Pentagon contractors in 2022. This includes six-figure donations from some of the Pentagon's top contractors, including Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems.On Monday, October 23, the Hudson Institute held an event to highlight the CCSPUS's report that included the two Hudson Institute employees who also served as commissioners. The event unabashedly promoted recommendations from the report that would be a financial windfall for Hudson's funders. The landing page for the event features a photo of a B-21 stealth bomber, the same photo used in the commission report that also recommended that the U.S. strategic nuclear posture be modified to "increase the planned number of B-21 bombers and tankers an expanded force would require."Neither at the event nor in the report is it noted that the plane's manufacturer, Northrop Grumman, is in the Hudson Institute's highest donor tier, contributing in excess of $100,000 in 2022.The Hudson Institute staff who served as commissioners did not respond to requests for comment.Another commissioner, Matthew Kroenig, is a vice-president at the Atlantic Council, a prominent DC think tank which, according to the organization's most recent annual report, is funded by several top Pentagon contractors, including Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon (now RTX), General Atomics, Saab and GM Defense. The Atlantic Council also receives more than $1 million a year directly from the Department of Defense and between $250,000 and $499,999 from the Department of Energy, which helps manage the nation's nuclear arsenal.These seeming conflicts of interest were not mentioned at any point in the CCSPUS's report or at an Atlantic Council event promoting the report and featuring the same photo of the B-21 used by the Hudson Institute and the commission.Kroenig did not respond to a request for comment.Even commissioners whose careers had included positions that were notably critical of nuclear weapons had recently established ties with firms that profit from the nuclear and conventional weapons industry.Commissioner Lisa Gordon-Hagerty worked for years at the pinnacle of nuclear weapons policy in the U.S., including positions on the national security council, the U.S. House of Representatives and the Department of Energy. She was also the director of the Federation of American Scientists, a non-profit organization known for advocating for reductions in nuclear weapons globally. Her last government position prior to joining the commission was serving as the head of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), which is responsible for military applications of nuclear science. She resigned from the post in 2020, allegedly after heated disagreements with the secretary of energy, who tried to cut NNSA funding.While much of her career is mentioned in the commission report, what's left out is that Gordon-Hagerty has also been cashing in on her nuclear expertise. After leaving the NNSA, in 2021 she joined the board and became director of strategic programs at Westinghouse Government Services, a nuclear weapons contractor that has been paid hundreds of millions of dollars for work with the Department of Defense and Department of Energy.Gordon-Hagerty did not respond to a request for comment.Like Gordon-Hagerty, fellow commissioner Leonor Tomero had a distinguished career at the highest levels of nuclear weapons policy. According to her bio in the commission report, she was the deputy assistant secretary of defense for nuclear and missile defense policy and served for over a decade on the House Armed Services Committee as counsel and strategic forces subcommittee staff lead, where her portfolio included the establishment of the U.S. space force, nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear cleanup, arms control and missile defense.Outside government, Tomero was Director of Nuclear non-proliferation at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, an organization that has repeatedly called for reductions in the U.S. nuclear weapons arsenal. Tomero is also on the board of the Council for a Livable World, which explicitly states that its goal is to eliminate nuclear weapons.Yet, in September, Tomero became a vice president of government Relations at JA Green & Company, a lobbying firm whose client list includes a host of military contractors that could see revenues soar if the CCSPUS's recommendations are adopted. Space X, for example — which pays $50,000 every three months to JA Green for lobbying related to "issues related to national security space launch" — would probably benefit mightily from the commission recommendation that "the United States urgently deploy a more resilient space architecture and adopt a strategy that includes both offensive and defensive elements to ensure US access to and operations in space.""No clients of JA Green & Company sought to influence the work of the Commission or the Commission's recommendations in any way," said Jeffrey A Green, president of JA Green, in an email. "We follow all applicable ethics rules and there are no conflicts of interest."None of the potential conflicts of interest between commissioners' financial interests and the policy proposals laid out in their final report were disclosed by the CCSPUS itself within its final report or at any public event highlighting its findings.While many commissioners did not respond to requests for comment, the commission's executive director, William A Chambers, provided a statement on behalf of the CCSPUS and its members."Members of [the commission] were chosen and appointed by Members of Congress based on their national recognition and significant depth of experience in such professions as governmental service, law enforcement, the Armed Forces, law, public administration, intelligence gathering, commerce, or foreign affairs," wrote Chambers. "Before they began performing their role as Commissioners, they were instructed on the ethics rules that govern congressional entities and were required to comply with rules set forth by the Select Committee on Ethics of the Senate and the Committee on Ethics of the House of Representatives."Chambers did not respond to a request for a copy of the ethics rules.But the opacity about potential conflicts of interest leaves some experts questioning the CCSPUS's recommendations."There's a huge argument raging over what is security, how much does it rely on transparency and, especially when it comes to nuclear weapons, there is a call for greater transparency," said Snyder of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. "That light they're asking to shine on China, North Korea and Iran is a light they also need to shine on their own decision-making."

Størstedelen af komplekse ingeniørprojekter møder uventede begivenheder i løbet af deres livscyklus. Politisk modtand, økonomisk turbulens, tekniske problemer, partner-exit, lovændringer, nye krav og tidlig forældelse er typiske 'plan knusere'. Ud over disse ses en række usandsynlige begivenheder, uheld, arkæologiske opdagelser, sjældne naturfænomener og til tider ondsindet sabotage. Sådanne begivenheder er gængse årsager til, at projekter underperformer eller helt fejler. Reelt indfrier de fleste komplekse ingeniørprojekter ikke de forventer, der indledningsvist motiverede dem. Den traditionelle løsning på det problem er stadig mere sofistikeret forudgående analyse og planlægning i forsøget på at minimere projekters risiko såvel som beslutningstageres bias. Der er dog intet der tyder på, at disse tiltag har elimineret uventede begivenheder eller deres indflydelse på projekters performance. Selvom uventede begivenheder er individuelt usandsynlige, forekommer de, set under ét, med bemærkelsesværdig pålidelighed. Det placerer projektledelse af komplekse projekter i et dilemma. På den ene side er kravet om at beslutningstagere skal 'have ret i', hvordan fremtiden bliver uopnåeligt i lyset af vedblivende uventede begivenheder. På den anden side er blind tillid til held uacceptabelt, i lyset af de ofte høje indsatser. Fra et resiliensperspektiv udforsker afhandlingen et alternativ til fremsyn og held. Afhandlingen handler om de egenskaber, der tillader komplekse ingeniørprojekter at modstå eller overkomme uventede begivenheder, uden nødvendigheden af at forudse dem. Emnet for afhandlingen er således 'succesfulde fejltagelser', dvs. projekter der 'tager fejl, men uden at fejle'. Målet for afhandlingen er at udvide resiliensteori til komplekse ingeniørprojekter, og herigennem at udforske ikke-prædiktive løsninger på projektplanlægning, prioritering og implementering. Afhandlingen er fokuseret på tre gennemgående forskningsspørgsmål: FS1: Hvad adskiller resiliente fra skrøbelige systemer, og hvilke implikationer har det for ledelsen af komplekse ingeniørprojekter? FS2: Hvorfor fejler nogle komplekse ingeniørprojekter, mens andre lykkedes, på trods, eller endog på grund af, uventede begivenheder? FS3: Hvordan kan komplekse ingeniørprojekter opbygge resiliens overfor uventede begivenheder? De tre spørgsmål er udforsket via forskningslitteraturen, gennem historiske og løbende case studier af komplekse projekter samt interviews med erfarne projektledere. Som svar på de første forskningsspørgsmål (FS1), udvider afhandlingen resiliens-teori til projektledelse af komplekse ingeniørprojekter. Dermed udfordrer afhandlingen en central antagelse i traditionel projektledelse; at information går forud for handling. Den antagelse holder ikke I størstedelen af komplekse ingeniørprojekter. Modsat fremkommer de vigtigste informationer typisk gennem implementering og drift, snarere end gennem forudgående analyse og planlægning. I realiteten går handling således ofte forud for information, hvormed implementering og drift bliver den primære informations-producerende proces i komplekse projekter. Paradoksalt nok er minimumskravet for at kende udfaldet af de fleste komplekse ingeniørprojekter derfor, at de implementeres i praksis. Fra et resiliensperspektiv skifter problemet således karakter; fra utilstrækkeligt fremsyn til uerkendt uvidenhed. Også løsningen skifter karakter fra bedre fremsyn til generel forberedelse. Som alternativ til fremsyn og held indkredser en udvidet resiliensteori således et ikke-prædiktivt projektledelses-paradigme, og foreslår, at nogle projekter har egenskaber, der tillader dem at modstå og overkomme uventede begivenheder, uden behov for at forudse dem. Den indsigt skifter vægten af projektledelsesforskningen fra projekter, der enten 'fik ret og var succesfulde' og 'tog fejl og fejlede', mod projekter der 'tog fejl, men uden at fejle'. Som svar på det andet forskningsspørgsmål (FS2) udforsker afhandlingen forholdet mellem uventede begivenheder og projekters performance gennem studier af en bred vifte af projekter. Afhandlingen konkluderer, at uventede begivenheder er årsag til, at projekter fejler, når interessenter ikke længere foretrækkes frem for fravalgte alternativer. Omvendt lykkedes projekter på trods, eller på grund af, uventede beginheder, når de beholder eller genvinder deres overlegenhed, over fravalgte alternativer, i interessenternes øjne. Derned udvikler afhandlingen et offeromkostningsperspektiv på projektperformance. På den baggrund identificerer afhandlingen en række egenskaber for 'resiliente projekter', der er i stand til at lykkedes på trods-, eller endog på grund, af uventede begivenheder. Omvendt identificeres egenskaber for 'skrøbelige projekter', der er afhængige af, at planlæggere 'har ret i' hvad fremtiden bringer, eller blot heldige. Ulig traditionel projektledelse, hvor vægten lægges på planer og planlæggere, placerer afhandlingen hovedvægten på komplekse projekters egenskaber. Som svar på det tredje forskningsspørgsmål (FS3) foreskriver afhandlingen sokratisk ydmyghed over for fremtiden kombineret med 'forsigtig handling'. Fra et resiliensperspektiv lægges vægten således på handling snarere end på information, og dermed på hvad vi gør snarere end på hvad vi ved. I det lys ses skrøbelige projekters egenskaber som diagnostiske markører; varselstegn på succesafhængighed af fremsyn og held. Omvendt udgør resiliente projekters egenskaber en menu af muligheder for at opbygge projektresiliens. På den baggrund udvikler afhandlingen en række praktiske forslag til at opbygge projektresiliens, og diskuterer konsekvenser for projektplanlægning, udvælgelse og implementering. Afhandlingen udvikler seks primære videnbidrag (B) til projektledelse af komplekse ingeniørprojekter; to svarende til hvert forskningsspørgsmål. Som svar på FS1 udvikler afhandlingen en model for at analysere resiliens og skrøbelighed (B1) samt en typologi over resiliente systemer på tværs af discipliner og anvendelsesområder (B2). Som svar på FS2 udvikler afhandlingen et offeromkostningsperspektiv på projektperformance (B3), og identificerer egenskaber for projekter, der kan lykkedes på trods, eller på grund af, uventede begivenheder (B4). Endelig, som svar på FS3 identificerer afhandlingen en menu af tilgange til ledelse af komplekse projekter (B5), og foreslår egenskaber for mål, midler og omstændigheder som et samlende mulighedsrum for at opbygge projektresiliens mod uventede begivenheder (B6). I sin helhed bidrager afhandlingen med et alternativt perspektiv på både problemet og løsningen på komplekse ingeniørprojekters lave succesrate, og rejser nye spørgsmål til projektplanlægning, udvælgelse og implementering. Afhandlingen lægger vægt på forberedelse frem for forudsigelse og på handling frem for information. Det centrale budskab i afhandlingen er, at vi ikke behøver at kende fremtiden for at handle klogt, men at foregive at kende fremtiden uden at gøre det, får os til at handle uklogt. ; Most complex engineering projects encounter unexpected events sometime in their life cycle. Effective opposition, economic turbulence, technical problems, partner pull-out, legislative change, new requirements, and early obsolescence are typical 'plan breakers'. Adding to these are a plethora of oddball happenings, freak accidents, archaeological discoveries, rare natural phenomena, and sometimes malicious sabotage. Such events are common causes of underperformance or failure. Indeed, most complex engineering projects fail to meet the expectations that motivated them. The traditional solution to this problem has been increasingly sophisticated up-front analysis and planning aimed at 'de-risking' projects and 'de-biasing' planners. There is little evidence, however, that these efforts have eliminated unexpected events, nor their impact on project performance. While individually unlikely, collectively, unexpected events occur with surprising regularity. This places project management at the horns of a dilemma. On the one hand, the requirement that planners must 'be right' about the future for projects succeed seems unattainable, in light of persistent unexpected events. On the other, relying on blind luck seems unacceptable in light of the high stakes involved. Through the lens of resilient systems theory, this thesis explores an alternative to foresight and luck. This thesis is about the properties allowing some complex engineering projects to resist and recover from unexpected events, without the need to foresee them. Thus, the subject of this thesis is 'successful failures', i.e. projects that are 'wrong, but not failed'. The aim of the thesis is to extend resilient systems theory to complex engineering projects, and, through this lens, explore non-anticipatory solutions to the problem of project planning, selection, and implementation. The investigation is guided by three overarching research questions: RQ1: What distinguishes resilient from brittle systems, and what are the implications for complex engineering project management? RQ2: Why do some complex engineering projects fail, while others succeed, despite, or even because of, unexpected events? RQ3: How can complex engineering projects build resilience to unexpected events? The three questions are investigated through the literature, retrospective and longitudinal case studies of complex projects, and interviews with experienced project managers. In answer to the first question (RQ1), the thesis extends resilient systems theory to complex engineering project management. In doing so, the thesis challenges a paradigmatic assumption of traditional project management; that information precedes action. In most complex systems, this assumption does not hold. Rather, the most critical information typically surfaces through implementation and operation – not up-front analysis and planning. In actuality, action often precedes information. Indeed, action is often a prerequisite for dislodging information. This makes implementation and operation the primary information-producing processes. Paradoxically, the minimum requirement for learning the outcome of most complex engineering projects, is to implement them. Through the lens of resilience theory, the problem of unexpected events is thus reframed from one of inaccurate foresight to one of unrecognised ignorance, and the solution from one of improved foresight to one of general preparedness. Offering an alternative to foresight and luck, extended resilience theory delineates a 'non-anticipatory' paradigm of project management. It suggests that some projects have shared properties allowing them to resist and recover from unexpected events, without the need to foresee them. This shifts the emphasis of project management research from projects that are 'right and successful' or 'wrong and failed' to project that are 'wrong, but not failed'. In answer to the second question (RQ2), the thesis investigates the relationship between unexpected events and project performance in a range of real-world projects. The thesis finds that unexpected events cause projects to fail when projects lose superiority over competing alternatives foregone by their implementation, in the eyes of their stakeholders. Conversely, projects succeed despite or because of such events when they retain or regain such superiority. Thus, the thesis develops an essentially 'opportunity cost' view of project performance, finding formal performance criteria neither necessary nor sufficient for project success. On this basis, the thesis identifies a set of shared properties of 'resilient projects' able to succeed despite, or because of, unexpected events. Conversely, the thesis identifies properties of 'brittle projects', dependent on planners 'being right' about the future, or simply lucky. Departing from the traditional emphasis on the quality of plans and planners, these findings emphasise key characteristics of projects themselves. In answer to the third question (RQ3), the thesis prescribes a combination of Socratic humility about the future and an ethos of 'prudent action'. Through the lens of resilience theory, the emphasis of project management falls on action rather than information, i.e. on what we do rather than what we know. In this light, the properties of brittle projects function as diagnostic markers – warning signs of success-dependence on foresight or luck. Conversely, the properties of resilient projects offers a menu of possibilities for building resilience. Based on these, the thesis sets out practical prescriptions for building project resilience and discusses their implications for project planning, selection, and implementation. The thesis makes six main contributes to the knowledge base on complex engineering project management – two corresponding to each research question: In answer to RQ1, the thesis develops a framework for analysing resilience and brittleness (C1), and develops a typology of resilient systems across disciplines and application domains (C2). In answer to RQ2, the thesis develops an opportunity cost view of project performance (C3), and identifies properties distinguishing projects able to succeed despite, or because of, unexpected events from projects which cannot (C4). In answer to RQ3, the thesis identifies a repertoire of approaches to managing uncertain projects across a range of industries and project types (C5), and outlines adaptation, acceptance and positioning as a principal solution space for building resilience to unexpected events (C6). Overall, the thesis provides an alternative perspective on both the problem and the solution consistently poor performance of complex engineering projects, and raises a new set of questions for project planning, selection, and implementation. Prescriptively, the thesis emphasises preparedness over prediction, and prudent action over accurate information. Fundamentally, the message of the thesis is that we do not need to know the future to act wisely, but pretending to know the future when we do not, causes us to act foolishly.

Full list of authors: Acharyya, A.; Adam, R.; Adams, C.; Agudo, I.; Aguirre-Santaella, A.; Alfaro, R.; Alfaro, J.; Alispach, C.; Aloisio, R.; Alves Batista, R.; Amati, L.; Ambrosi, G.; Angüner, E. O.; Antonelli, L. A.; Aramo, C.; Araudo, A.; Armstrong, T.; Arqueros, F.; Asano, K.; Ascasíbar, Y. Ashley, M.; Balazs, C.; Ballester, O.; Baquero Larriva, A.; Barbosa Martins, V.; Barkov, M.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Bastieri, D.; Becerra, J.; Beck, G.; Becker Tjus, J.; Benbow, W.; Benito, M.; Berge, D.; Bernardini, E.; Bernlöhr, K.; Berti, A.; Bertucci, B.; Beshley, V.; Biasuzzi, B.; Biland, A.; Bissaldi, E.; Biteau, J.; Blanch, O.; Blazek, J.; Bocchino, F.; Boisson, C.; Bonneau Arbeletche, L.; Bordas, P.; Bosnjak, Z.; Bottacini, E.; Bozhilov, V.; Bregeon, J.; Brill, A.; Bringmann, T.; Brown, A. M.; Brun, P.; Brun, F.; Bruno, P.; Bulgarelli, A.; Burton, M.; Burtovoi, A.; Buscemi, M.; Cameron, R.; Capasso, M.; Caproni, A.; Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R.; Caraveo, P.; Carosi, R.; Carosi, A.; Casanova, S.; Cascone, E.; Cassol, F.; Catalani, F.; Cauz, D.; Cerruti, M.; Chadwick, P.; Chaty, S.; Chen, A.; Chernyakova, M.; Chiaro, G.; Chiavassa, A.; Chikawa, M.; Chudoba, J.; Çolak, M.; Conforti, V.; Coniglione, R.; Conte, F.; Contreras, J. L.; Coronado-Blazquez, J.; Costa, A.; Costantini, H.; Cotter, G.; Cristofari, P.; D'Aimath, A.; D'Ammando, F.; Damone, L. A.; Daniel, M. K.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Caprio, V.; de Cássia dos Anjos, R.; de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M.; De Lotto, B.; De Martino, D.; de Oña Wilhelmi, E.; De Palma, F.; de Souza, V.; Delgado, C.; Delgado Giler, A. G.; della Volpe, D.; Depaoli, D.; Di Girolamo, T.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Venere, L.; Diebold, S.; Dmytriiev, A.; Domínguez, A.; Donini, A.; Doro, M.; Ebr, J.; Eckner, C.; Edwards, T. D. P.; Ekoume, T. R. N.; Elsässer, D.; Evoli, C.; Falceta-Goncalves, D.; Fedorova, E.; Fegan, S.; Feng, Q.; Ferrand, G.; Ferrara, G.; Fiandrini, E.; Fiasson, A.; Filipovic, M.; Fioretti, V.; Fiori, M.; Foffano, L.; Fontaine, G.; Fornieri, O.; Franco, F. J.; Fukami, S.; Fukui, Y.; Gaggero, D.; Galaz, G.; Gammaldi, V.; Garcia, E.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gascon, D.; Gent, A.; Ghalumyan, A.; Gianotti, F.; Giarrusso, M.; Giavitto, G.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Giuliani, A.; Glicenstein, J.; Gnatyk, R.; Goldoni, P.; González, M. M.; Gourgouliatos, K.; Granot, J.; Grasso, D.; Green, J.; Grillo, A.; Gueta, O.; Gunji, S.; Halim, A.; Hassan, T.; Heller, M.; Hernández Cadena, S.; Hiroshima, N.; Hnatyk, B.; Hofmann, W.; Holder, J.; Horan, D.; Hörandel, J.; Horvath, P.; Hovatta, T.; Hrabovsky, M.; Hrupec, D.; Hughes, G.; Humensky, T. B.; Hütten, M.; Iarlori, M.; Inada, T.; Inoue, S.; Iocco, F.; Iori, M.; Jamrozy, M.; Janecek, P.; Jin, W.; Jouvin, L.; Jurysek, J.; Karukes, E.; Katarzyński, K.; Kazanas, D.; Kerszberg, D.; Kherlakian, M. C.; Kissmann, R.; Knödlseder, J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kohri, K.; Komin, N.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lamanna, G.; Lapington, J.; Laporte, P.; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.; Lenain, J.; Leone, F.; Leto, G.; Lindfors, E.; Lohse, T.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; Lopez, A.; López, M.; López-Coto, R.; Loporchio, S.; Luque-Escamilla, P. L.; Mach, E.; Maggio, C.; Maier, G.; Mallamaci, M.; Malta Nunes de Almeida, R.; Mandat, D.; Manganaro, M.; Mangano, S.; Manicò, G.; Marculewicz, M.; Mariotti, M.; Markoff, S.; Marquez, P.; Martí, J.; Martinez, O.; Martínez, M.; Martínez, G.; Martínez-Huerta, H.; Maurin, G.; Mazin, D.; Mbarubucyeye, J. D.; Medina Miranda, D.; Meyer, M.; Miceli, M.; Miener, T.; Minev, M.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Mizuno, T.; Mode, B.; Moderski, R.; Mohrmann, L.; Molina, E.; Montaruli, T.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende-Parrilla, D.; Morselli, A.; Mukherjee, R.; Mundell, C.; Nagai, A.; Nakamori, T.; Nemmen, R.; Niemiec, J.; Nieto, D.; Nikołajuk, M.; Ninci, D.; Noda, K.; Nosek, D.; Nozaki, S.; Ohira, Y.; Ohishi, M.; Ohtani, Y.; Oka, T.; Okumura, A.; Ong, R. A.; Orienti, M.; Orito, R.; Orlandini, M.; Orlando, S.; Orlando, E.; Ostrowski, M.; Oya, I.; Pagano, I.; Pagliaro, A.; Palatiello, M.; Pantaleo, F. R.; Paredes, J. M.; Pareschi, G.; Parmiggiani, N.; Patricelli, B.; Pavletić, L.; Pe'er, A.; Pecimotika, M.; Pérez-Romero, J.; Persic, M.; Petruk, O.; Pfrang, K.; Piano, G.; Piatteli, P.; Pietropaolo, E.; Pillera, R.; Pilszyk, B.; Pintore, F.; Pohl, M.; Poireau, V.; Prado, R. R.; Prandini, E.; Prast, J.; Principe, G.; Prokoph, H.; Prouza, M.; Przybilski, H.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pumo, M. L.; Queiroz, F.; Quirrenbach, A.; Rainò, S.; Rando, R.; Razzaque, S.; Recchia, S.; Reimer, O.; Reisenegger, A.; Renier, Y.; Rhode, W.; Ribeiro, D.; Ribó, M.; Richtler, T.; Rico, J.; Rieger, F.; Rinchiuso, L.; Rizi, V.; Rodriguez, J.; Rodriguez Fernandez, G.; Rodriguez Ramirez, J. C.; Rojas, G.; Romano, P.; Romeo, G.; Rosado, J.; Rowell, G.; Rudak, B.; Russo, F.; Sadeh, I.; Sæther Hatlen, E.; Safi-Harb, S.; Salesa Greus, F.; Salina, G.; Sanchez, D.; Sánchez-Conde, M.; Sangiorgi, P.; Sano, H.; Santander, M.; Santos, E. M.; Santos-Lima, R.; Sanuy, A.; Sarkar, S.; Saturni, F. G.; Sawangwit, U.; Schussler, F.; Schwanke, U.; Sciacca, E.; Scuderi, S.; Seglar-Arroyo, M.; Sergijenko, O.; Servillat, M.; Seweryn, K.; Shalchi, A.; Sharma, P.; Shellard, R. C.; Siejkowski, H.; Silk, J.; Siqueira, C.; Sliusar, V.; Słowikowska, A.; Sokolenko, A.; Sol, H.; Spencer, S.; Stamerra, A.; Stanič, S.; Starling, R.; Stolarczyk, T.; Straumann, U.; Strišković, J.; Suda, Y.; Suomijarvi, T.; Świerk, P.; Tavecchio, F.; Taylor, L.; Tejedor, L. A.; Teshima, M.; Testa, V.; Tibaldo, L.; Todero Peixoto, C. J.; Tokanai, F.; Tonev, D.; Tosti, G.; Tosti, L.; Tothill, N.; Truzzi, S.; Travnicek, P.; Vagelli, V.; Vallage, B.; Vallania, P.; van Eldik, C.; Vandenbroucke, J.; Varner, G. S.; Vassiliev, V.; Vázquez Acosta, M.; Vecchi, M.; Ventura, S.; Vercellone, S.; Vergani, S.; Verna, G.; Viana, A.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vink, J.; Vitale, V.; Vorobiov, S.; Vovk, I.; Vuillaume, T.; Wagner, S. J.; Walter, R.; Watson, J.; Weniger, C.; White, R.; White, M.; Wiemann, R.; Wierzcholska, A.; Will, M.; Williams, D. A.; Wischnewski, R.; Yanagita, S.; Yang, L.; Yoshikoshi, T.; Zacharias, M.; Zaharijas, G.; Zakaria, A. A.; Zampieri, L.; Zanin, R.; Zaric, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zdziarski, A. A.; Zech, A.; Zechlin, H.; Zhdanov, V. I.; Živec, M.--Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Sissa Medialab. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. ; We provide an updated assessment of the power of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to search for thermally produced dark matter at the TeV scale, via the associated gamma-ray signal from pair-annihilating dark matter particles in the region around the Galactic centre. We find that CTA will open a new window of discovery potential, significantly extending the range of robustly testable models given a standard cuspy profile of the dark matter density distribution. Importantly, even for a cored profile, the projected sensitivity of CTA will be sufficient to probe various well-motivated models of thermally produced dark matter at the TeV scale. This is due to CTA's unprecedented sensitivity, angular and energy resolutions, and the planned observational strategy. The survey of the inner Galaxy will cover a much larger region than corresponding previous observational campaigns with imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. CTA will map with unprecedented precision the large-scale diffuse emission in high-energy gamma rays, constituting a background for dark matter searches for which we adopt state-of-the-art models based on current data. Throughout our analysis, we use up-to-date event reconstruction Monte Carlo tools developed by the CTA consortium, and pay special attention to quantifying the level of instrumental systematic uncertainties, as well as background template systematic errors, required to probe thermally produced dark matter at these energies. © 2021 The Author(s). ; We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following agencies and organisations: State Committee of Science of Armenia, Armenia; The Australian Research Council, Astronomy Australia Ltd, The University of Adelaide, Australian National University, Monash University, The University of New South Wales, The University of Sydney, Western Sydney University, Australia; Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research, and Innsbruck University, Austria; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC), and Instituto Serrapilheira, Brasil; Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, Bulgaria; The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency, Canada; CONICYT-Chile grants CATA AFB 170002, ANID PIA/APOYO AFB 180002, ACT 1406, FONDECYT-Chile grants, 1161463, 1170171, 1190886, 1171421, 1170345, 1201582, Gemini-ANID 32180007, Chile; Croatian Science Foundation, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Osijek, University of Rijeka, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, MEYS LM2015046, LM2018105, LTT17006, EU/MEYS CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001403, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016007 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754, Czech Republic; Academy of Finland (grant nr.317636, 320045, 317383 and 320085), Finland; Ministry of Higher Education and Research, CNRS-INSU and CNRS-IN2P3, CEA-Irfu, ANR, Regional Council Ile de France, Labex ENIGMASS, OSUG2020, P2IO and OCEVU, France; Max Planck Society, BMBF, DESY, Helmholtz Association, Germany; Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Science and Technology, India; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), MIUR, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF-OABRERA) Grant Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia ID 2014-1980/RST_ERC, Italy; ICRR, University of Tokyo, JSPS, MEXT, Japan; Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands; University of Oslo, Norway; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, DIR/WK/2017/12, the National Centre for Research and Development and the National Science Centre, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00583, Poland; Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, J1-9146, J1-1700, N1-0111, and the Young Researcher program, Slovenia; South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation through the South African Gamma-Ray Astronomy Programme, South Africa; The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Research State Agency (AEI) through grants AYA2016-79724-C4-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, BES-2016-076342, ESP2017-87055-C2-1-P, FPA2017-82729-C6-1-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-2-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-3-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-4-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-6-R, PGC2018-095161-B-I00, PGC2018-095512-B-I00; the \Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa"program through grants no. SEV-2015-0548, SEV-2016-0597, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2017-0709; the "Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu" program through grant no. MDM-2015-0509; the "Ramon y Cajal" programme through grants RYC-2013-14511, RyC-2013-14660, RYC-2017-22665; and the MultiDark Consolider Network FPA2017-90566-REDC. Atraccion de Talento contract no. 2016-T1/TIC-1542 granted by the Comunidad de Madrid; the "Postdoctoral Junior Leader Fellowship" programme from La Caixa Banking Foundation, grants no. LCF/BQ/LI18/11630014 and LCF/BQ/PI18/11630012; the "Programa Operativo" FEDER2014-2020, Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento de la Junta de Andalucia (ref. 1257737), PAIDI 2020 (ref. P18-FR-1580), and Universidad de Jaen; the Spanish AEI EQC2018-005094-P FEDER 2014-2020; the European Union's "Horizon 2020" research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 665919; and the ESCAPE project with grant no. GA:824064, Spain; Swedish Research Council, Royal Physiographic Society of Lund, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Lunarc (Lund), Sweden; State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) and Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; Durham University, Leverhulme Trust, Liverpool University, University of Leicester, University of Oxford, Royal Society, Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K.; U.S. National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Barnard College, University of California, University of Chicago, Columbia University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics (INPAC-MRPI program), Iowa State University, the Smithsonian Institution, Washington University McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, The University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, U.S.A. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements No 262053 and No 317446. This project is receiving funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under agreement No 676134. ; Peer reviewed

NOTICIAS / NEWS ("Transfer", 2016) 1) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES: 1. Languages & the Media – Agile Mediascapes: Personalising the Future, Hotel Radisson Blu, Berlín, 2-4 Nov. 2016 www.languages-media.com 2. Third Chinese Drama Translation Colloquium Newcastle University, UK, 28-19 Junio 2016. www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/about/events/item/drama-translation-colloquium 3. 16th Annual Portsmouth Translation Conference – Translation & Interpreting: Learning beyond the Comfort Zone, University of Portsmouth, UK, 5 Nov. 2016. www.port.ac.uk/translation/events/conference 4. 3rd International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting & Translation (NPIT3) Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Suiza
5-7 Mayo 2016. www.zhaw.ch/linguistics/npit3 5. 3rd Postgraduate Symposium – Cultural Translation: In Theory and as Practice. University of Nottingham, UK, 18 Mayo 2016. Contact: uontranslation2016@gmail.com 6. 3rd Taboo Conference – Taboo Humo(u)r: Language, Culture, Society, and the Media, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona) 20-21 Sep. 2016.
https://portal.upf.edu/web/taco 7. Postgraduate Conference on Translation and Multilingualism Lancaster University, UK, 22 Abril 2016. Contacto: c.baker@lancaster.ac.uk 8. Translation and Minority University of Ottawa (Canadá), 11-12 Nov. 2016. Contacto: rtana014@uottawa.ca 9. Translation as Communication, (Re-)narration and (Trans-)creation Università di Palermo (Italia), 10 Mayo 2016 www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/dipartimentoscienzeumanistiche/convegni/translation 10. From Legal Translation to Jurilinguistics: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Language and Law, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla,
27-28 Oct. 2016. www.tinyurl.com/jurilinguistics 11. Third International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 7-8 Julio 2016 http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/second-circular-1 12. EST Congress – Expanding the Boundaries or Strengthening the Bases: Should Translation Studies Explore Visual Representation? Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/18-expanding-the-boundaries-or-strengthening-the-bases-should-translation-studies-explore-visual-representation/ 13. Tourism across Cultures: Accessibility in Tourist Communication Università di Salento, Lecce (Italia). 25-27 Feb. 2016 http://unisalento.wix.com/tourism 14. Translation and Interpreting Studies at the Crossroad: A Dialogue between Process-oriented and Sociological Approaches – The Fourth Durham Postgraduate Colloquium on Translation Studies Durham University, UK. 30 Abril – 1 Mayo 2016. www.dur.ac.uk/cim 15. Translation and Interpreting: Convergence, Contact, Interaction Università di Trieste (Italia), 26-28 Mayo 2016 http://transint2016.weebly.com 16. 7th International Symposium for Young Researchers in Translation, Interpreting, Intercultural Studies and East Asian Studies. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1 Julio 2016. http://pagines.uab.cat/simposi/en 17. Translation Education in a New Age The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China 15-16 Abril 2016. Contact: Claire Zhou (clairezhou@cuhk.edu.cn) 18. Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing and Subtitling in the Central European Context, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra (Eslovaquia). 15-17 Junio 2016. https://avtnitraconference.wordpress.com 19. Cervantes, Shakespeare, and the Golden Age of Drama Madrid, 17-21 Oct. 2016 http://aedean.org/wp-content/uploads/Call-for-papers.pdf 20. 3rd International Conference Languaging Diversity – Language/s and Power. Università di Macerata (Italia), 3-5 Marzo 2016 http://studiumanistici.unimc.it/en/research/conferences/languaging-diversity 21. Congreso Internacional de Traducción Especializada (EnTRetextos) Universidad de Valencia, 27-29 Abril 2016 http://congresos.adeituv.es/entretextos 22. Translation & Quality 2016: Corpora & Quality Université Charles de Gaulle Lille 3 (Francia), 5 Feb. 2016 http://traduction2016.sciencesconf.org/?lang=en 23. New forms of feedback and assessment in translation and interpreting training and industry. 8th EST Congress – Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries, Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016. www.bcom.au.dk/est2016 24. Intermedia 2016 – Conference on Audiovisual Translation University of Lodz (Polonia), 14-16 Abril 2016 http://intermedia.uni.lodz.pl 25. New Technologies and Translation Université d'Algiers (Argelia). 23-24 Feb. 2016 Contacto: newtech.trans.algiers@gmail.com 26. Circulation of Academic Thought - Rethinking Methods in the Study of Scientific Translation. 11 - 12 Dec. 2015, University of Graz (Austria).https://translationswissenschaft.uni-graz.at/de/itat/veranstaltungen/circulation-of-academic-thought 27. The 7th Asian Translation Traditions Conference Monash University, Malaysia Campus, 26-30 Sep. 2016. http://future.arts.monash.edu/asiantranslation7 28. "Translation policy: connecting concepts and writing history" 8th EST Congress – Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/13-translation-policy-connecting-concepts-and-writing-history 29. International Conference – Sound / Writing: On Homophonic Translation. Université de Paris (Francia), 17-19 Nov. 2016 www.fabula.org/actualites/sound-writing-on-homophonic-translationinternational-conference-paris-november-17-19-2016_71295.php 30. Third Hermeneutics and Translation Studies Symposium – Translational Hermeneutics as a Research Paradigm Technische Hochschule, Colonia (Alemania), 30 Junio-1 Julio 2016 www.phenhermcommresearch.de/index.php/conferences 31. II International Conference on Economic Financial and Institutional Translation. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (Canadá), 17-18 Agosto 2016. www.uqtr.ca/ICEBFIT 32. International Congress - liLETRAd 2016-Cátedra LILETRAD. Literature Languages Translation, Universidad de Sevilla, 6-8 Julio 2016. https://congresoliletrad.wordpress.com 33. Transmediations! Communication across Media Borders Linnæus University, Växjö (Suecia), 13–15 Oct. 2016 http://lnu.se/lnuc/linnaeus-university-centre-for-intermedial-and-multimodal-studies-/events/conferences/transmediations?l=en 34. Translation Education in a New Age, 15-16 Abril 2016. School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen. Contacto: chansinwai@cuhk.edu.cn 35. Translation and Time: Exploring the Temporal Dimension of Cross-cultural Transfer, 8-10 Diciembre 2016. Departamento de Traducción, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Contacto: translation-and-time@cuhk.edu.hk. 36. Du jeu dans la langue. Traduire les jeux de mots / Loose in Translation. Translating Wordplay, 23-24 Marzo 2017, Université de Lille (France) https://www.univ-lille3.fr/recherche/actualites/agenda-de-la-recherche/?type=1&id=1271. Contacto: traduirejdm@univ-lille3.fr, julie.charles@univ-lille3.fr 37. Translation and Translanguaging across Disciplines. EST Congress 2016 "Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries", European Society for Translation Studies, Aarhus (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/12-translation-and-translanguaging-across-disciplines/ Contacto: nune.ayvazyan@urv.cat; mariagd@blanquerna.url.edu; sara.laviosa@uniba.it http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/submission/ 38. Beyond linguistic plurality: The trajectories of multilingualism in Translation. An international conference organized jointly by Bogaziçi University, Department of Translation and Interpreting Studies, and Research Group on Translation and Transcultural Contact, York University, Bogaziçi University, 1-12 Mayo 2016. Contacto: sehnaz.tahir@boun.edu.tr, MGuzman@glendon.yorku.ca 39. "Professional and Academic Discourse: an interdisciplinary perspective". XXXIV IConferencia Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Lingüística Aplicada (AESLA), 14-16 Abril 2016. Interuniversity Institute for Applied Modern Languages (IULMA) / Universidad de Alicante. http://web.ua.es/aesla2016. Contacto: antonia.montes@ua.es. 2) CURSOS, SEMINARIOS, POSGRADOS / COURSES, SEMINARS, MASTERS: 1. Seminario: Breaking News for French>English and English>French Translators King's College Cambridge, UK, 8-10 Agosto 2016 Contacto: translateincambridge@iti.org.uk 2. Curso on-line: Setting Up as a Freelance Translator Enero – Marzo 2016. Institute of Translation & Interpreting, UK https://gallery.mailchimp.com/58e5d23248ce9f10c161ba86d/files/Application_Form_SUFT_2016.pdf?utm_source=SUFT+December+Emailer&utm_campaign=11fdfe0453-Setting_Up_as_a_Freelance_Translator12_7_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ef4829e50-11fdfe0453-25128325 3. Curso: Using Interpreters for Intercultural Communication and Other Purposes (COM397CE) http://darkallyredesign.com/what-we-do/using-interpreters-for-intercultural-communication 4. Workshop: How to Write and Publish Your Scholarly Paper In cooperation with the European Association of Science Editors (EASE) New Bulgarian University, Sofia (Bulgaria), 21-23 Marzo 2016 www.facebook.com/events/1511610889167645 http://esnbu.org/data/files/resources/ease-nbu-seminar-march-2016-fees.pdf 5. Posgrado: II Postgraduate Course on Spanish Law Taught in English "Global study". Universidad Internacional de Andalucía / Colegio de Abogados de Málaga. www.unia.es/cursos/guias/4431_english.pdf 3) CURSOS DE VERANO / SUMMER COURSES: 1. STRIDON – Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, Piran (Eslovenia), 27 Junio – 8 Julio 2016 www.prevajalstvo.net/doctoral-summer-school 2. Training in Translation Pedagogy Program School of Translation and Interpretation, University of Ottawa (Canadá), 4-29 Julio 2016. https://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs 3. 2016 Nida School of Translation Studies. Translation, Ecology and Entanglement, San Pellegrino University Foundation, Misano Adriatico, Rimini (Italia), 30 Mayo – 10 Junio 2016. http://nsts.fusp.it/Nida-Schools/NSTS-2016 4. TTPP - Intensive Summer Program in Translation Pedagogy University of Ottawa (Canadá), 4-29 Julio 2016. http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs-2016/ttpp 5. CETRA Summer School 2016. 28th Research Summer School University of Leuven, campus Antwerp (Bélgica), 22 Agosto – 2 Sep. 2016. Contacto: cetra@kuleuven.be. http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/cetra 4) LIBROS / BOOKS: 1. Varela Salinas, María-José & Bernd Meyer (eds.) 2016. Translating and Interpreting Healthcare Discourses / Traducir e interpretar en el ámbito sanitario. Berlín : Frank & Timme. www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-79-maria-jose-varela-salinasbernd-meyer-eds-translating-and-interpreting-healthcare-disc/backPID/transued-arbeiten-zur-theorie-und-praxis-des-uebersetzens-und-dolmetschens-1.html 2. Ordóñez López, Pilar and José Antonio Sabio Pinilla (ed.) 2015. Historiografía de la traducción en el espacio ibérico. Textos contemporáneos. Madrid: Ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. www.unebook.es/libro/historiografia-de-latraduccion-en-el-espacio-iberico_50162 3. Bartoll, Eduard. 2015. Introducción a la traducción audiovisual. Barcelona: Editorial UOC. www.editorialuoc.cat/introduccion-a-la-traduccion-audiovisual 4. Rica Peromingo, Juan Pedro & Jorge Braga Riera. 2015. Herramientas y técnicas para la traducción inglés-español. Madrid: Babélica. www.escolarymayo.com/libro.php?libro=7004107&menu=7001002&submenu=7002029 5. Le Disez, Jean-Yves. 2015. F.A.C.T. Une méthode pour traduire de l'anglais au français. París: Ellipses. www.editions-ellipses.fr/product_info.php?cPath=386&products_id=10601 6. Baker, Mona (ed.) 2015. Translating Dissent: Voices from and with the Egyptian Revolution. Londres: Routledge. www.tandf.net/books/details/9781138929876 7. Gallego Hernández, Daniel (ed.) 2015. Current Approaches to Business and Institutional Translation / Enfoques actuales en traducción económica e institucional. Berna: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/86140/datasheet_431656.pdf 8. Vasilakakos, Mary. 2015. A Training Handbook for Health and Medical Interpreters in Australia. www.interpreterrevalidationtraining.com/books-and-resources.html 9. Jankowska, Anna & Agnieszka Szarkowska (eds) 2015. New Points of View on Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility. Oxford: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=83114 10. Baer, Brian James (2015). Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature, Londres: Bloomsbury. Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature is the inaugural book in a new Translation Studies series: Bloomsbury's "Literatures, Cultures, Translation." 11. Camps, Assumpta. 2016. La traducción en la creación del canon poético (Recepción de la poesía italiana en el ámbito hispánico en la primera mitad del siglo XX). Berna: Peter Lang. 5) REVISTAS / JOURNALS: 1. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, nº especial sobre Translation & the Profession, Vol. 25, Enero 2016. www.jostrans.org 2. Translation and Interpreting – Nº especial sobre Community Interpreting: Mapping the Present for the Future www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint. 3. inTRAlinea – Nº especial sobre New Insights into Specialised Translation. www.intralinea.org/specials/new_insights 4. Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies, 2015 issue, Towards a Genetics of Translation. https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/issue/view/16 5. Quaderns de Filologia, Nº especial sobre Traducción y Censura: Nuevas Perspectivas, Vol. 20, 2015. https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/qdfed/issue/view/577 6. The Translator – Nº especial sobre Food and Translation, Translation and Food, 2015, 21(3). www.tandfonline.com/eprint/ryqJewJUDKZ6m2YM4IaR/full 7. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E, 2015, 2 www.cttl.org/cttl-e-2015.html 8. Dragoman Journal of Translation Studies. www.dragoman-journal.org 9. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E. Edición especial sobre Translation Studies Curricula Across Countries and Cultures. www.cttl.org 10. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Nº especial sobre Translation Policies and Minority Languages: Theory, Methods and Case Studies http://fouces.webs.uvigo.es/CallForPapersIJSLTranslationPolicies.pdf 11. Nº especial de The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 11(2) – Employability and the Translation Curriculum www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1103092 12. InTRAlinea. Nº especial sobre Building Bridges between Film Studies and Translation Studies www.intralinea.org/news/item/cfp_building_bridges_between_film_studies_and_translation_studies 13. Nº especial de TranscUlturAl: Comics, BD & Manga in translation/en traduction https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/TC/announcement/view/290 14. The Journal of Translation Studies 2015, 16(4) Nº especial sobre Translator and Interpreter Training in East Asia Contacto: Won Jun Nam: wjnam@hufs.ac.kr, wonjun_nam@daum.net 15. TRANS Revista de Traductología, 19(2), 2015. www.trans.uma.es/trans_19.2.html 16. Between, 9, 2015 – Censura e auto-censura http://ojs.unica.it/index.php/between/index 17. Translation Studies, Nº especial sobre Translingualism & Transculturality in Russian Contexts of Translation http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/rtrs-cfp3 18. Translation & Interpreting, 7:3, 2016 www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/issue/view/38 19. "The translation profession: Centres and peripheries" The Journal of Specialised Translation (Jostrans), Nº. 25, Enero 2016. The Journal of Translation Studies is a joint publication of the Department of Translation of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University Press. Contact: jts.tra@cuhk.edu.hk, james@arts.cuhk.edu.hk 19. Nuevo artículo: "The Invisibility of the African Interpreter" por Jeanne Garane, Translation: a transdisciplinary journal http://translation.fusp.it/. Contact: siri.nergaard@gmail.com.

Full list of authors: Abdalla, H.; Abe, H.; Acero, F.; Acharyya, A.; Adam, R.; Agudo, I; Aguirre-Santaella, A.; Alfaro, R.; Alfaro, J.; Alispach, C.; Aloisio, R.; Batista, R. Alves; Amati, L.; Amato, E.; Ambrosi, G.; Anguner, E. O.; Araudo, A.; Armstrong, T.; Arqueros, F.; Arrabito, L.; Asano, K.; Ascasibar, Y.; Ashley, M.; Backes, M.; Balazs, C.; Balbo, M.; Balmaverde, B.; Baquero Larriva, A.; Martins, V. Barbosa; Barkov, M.; Baroncelli, L.; de Almeida, U. Barres; Barrio, J. A.; Batista, P-, I; Becerra Gonzalez, J.; Becherini, Y.; Beck, G.; Tjus, J. Becker; Belmont, R.; Benbow, W.; Bernardini, E.; Berti, A.; Berton, M.; Bertucci, B.; Beshley, V; Bi, B.; Biasuzzi, B.; Biland, A.; Bissaldi, E.; Biteau, J.; Blanch, O.; Bocchino, F.; Boisson, C.; Bolmont, J.; Bonanno, G.; Arbeletche, L. Bonneau; Bonnoli, G.; Bordas, P.; Bottacini, E.; Bottcher, M.; Bozhilov, V; Bregeon, J.; Brill, A.; Brown, A. M.; Bruno, P.; Bruno, A.; Bulgarelli, A.; Burton, M.; Buscemi, M.; Caccianiga, A.; Cameron, R.; Capasso, M.; Caprai, M.; Caproni, A.; Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R.; Caraveo, P.; Carosi, R.; Carosi, A.; Casanova, S.; Cascone, E.; Cauz, D.; Cerny, K.; Cerruti, M.; Chadwick, P.; Chaty, S.; Chen, A.; Chernyakova, M.; Chiaro, G.; Chiavassa, A.; Chytka, L.; Conforti, V; Conte, F.; Contreras, J. L.; Coronado-Blazquez, J.; Cortina, J.; Costa, A.; Costantini, H.; Covino, S.; Cristofari, P.; Cuevas, O.; D'Ammando, F.; Daniel, M. K.; Davies, J.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; de Lavergne, M. de Bony; De Caprio, V; dos Anjos, R. de Cassia; Dal Pino, E. M. de Gouveia; De Lotto, B.; De Martino, D.; de Naurois, M.; Wilhelmi, E. de Ona; De Palma, F.; de Souza, V; Delgado, C.; Della Ceca, R.; della Volpe, D.; Depaoli, D.; Di Girolamo, T.; Di Pierro, F.; Diaz, C.; Diaz-Bahamondes, C.; Diebold, S.; Djannati-Atai, A.; Dmytriiev, A.; Dominguez, A.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Dournaux, J.; Dwarkadas, V. V.; Ebr, J.; Eckner, C.; Einecke, S.; Ekoume, T. R. N.; Elsaesser, D.; Emery, G.; Evoli, C.; Fairbairn, M.; Falceta-Goncalves, D.; Fegan, S.; Feng, Q.; Ferrand, G.; Fiandrini, E.; Fiasson, A.; Fioretti, V; Foffano, L.; Fonseca, M., V; Font, L.; Fontaine, G.; Franco, F. J.; Freixas Coromina, L.; Fukami, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; Fukui, Y.; Gaggero, D.; Galanti, G.; Gammaldi, V; Garcia, E.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gascon, D.; Gaug, M.; Gent, A.; Ghalumyan, A.; Ghirlanda, G.; Gianotti, F.; Giarrusso, M.; Giavitto, G.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Glicenstein, J.; Goldoni, P.; Gonzalez, J. M.; Gourgouliatos, K.; Grabarczyk, T.; Grandi, P.; Granot, J.; Grasso, D.; Green, J.; Grube, J.; Gueta, O.; Gunji, S.; Halim, A.; Harvey, M.; Collado, T. Hassan; Hayashi, K.; Heller, M.; Cadena, S. Hernandez; Hervet, O.; Hinton, J.; Hiroshima, N.; Hnatyk, B.; Hnatyk, R.; Hoffmann, D.; Hofmann, W.; Holder, J.; Horan, D.; Horandel, J.; Horvath, P.; Hovatta, T.; Hrabovsky, M.; Hrupec, D.; Hughes, G.; Hutten, M.; Iarlori, M.; Inada, T.; Inoue, S.; Insolia, A.; Ionica, M.; Iori, M.; Jacquemont, M.; Jamrozy, M.; Janecek, P.; Jimenez Martinez, I; Jin, W.; Jung-Richardt, I; Jurysek, J.; Kaaret, P.; Karas, V; Karkar, S.; Kawanaka, N.; Kerszberg, D.; Khelifi, B.; Kissmann, R.; Knodlseder, J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kohri, K.; Komin, N.; Kong, A.; Kosack, K.; Kubo, H.; La Palombara, N.; Lamanna, G.; Lang, R. G.; Lapington, J.; Laporte, P.; Lefaucheur, J.; Lemoine-Goumard, M.; Lenain, J.; Leone, F.; Leto, G.; Leuschner, F.; Lindfors, E.; Lloyd, S.; Lohse, T.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; Lopez, A.; Lopez, M.; Lopez-Coto, R.; Loporchio, S.; Lucarelli, F.; Luque-Escamilla, P. L.; Lyard, E.; Maggio, C.; Majczyna, A.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Mandat, D.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Manico, G.; Marcowith, A.; Marculewicz, M.; Markoff, S.; Marquez, P.; Marti, J.; Martinez, O.; Martinez, M.; Martinez, G.; Martinez-Huerta, H.; Maurin, G.; Mazin, D.; Mbarubucyeye, J. D.; Miranda, D. Medina; Meyer, M.; Micanovic, S.; Miener, T.; Minev, M.; Miranda, J. M.; Mitchell, A.; Mizuno, T.; Mode, B.; Moderski, R.; Mohrmann, L.; Molina, E.; Montaruli, T.; Moralejo, A.; Morales Merino, J.; Morcuende-Parrilla, D.; Morselli, A.; Mukherjee, R.; Mundell, C.; Murach, T.; Muraishi, H.; Nagai, A.; Nakamori, T.; Nemmen, R.; Niemiec, J.; Nieto, D.; Nievas, M.; Nikolajuk, M.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nosek, D.; Nozaki, S.; Ohira, Y.; Ohishi, M.; Oka, T.; Ong, R. A.; Orienti, M.; Orito, R.; Orlandini, M.; Orlando, E.; Osborne, J. P.; Ostrowski, M.; Oya, I; Pagliaro, A.; Palatka, M.; Paneque, D.; Pantaleo, F. R.; Paredes, J. M.; Parmiggiani, N.; Patricelli, B.; Pavletic, L.; Pe'er, A.; Pech, M.; Pecimotika, M.; Peresano, M.; Persic, M.; Petruk, O.; Pfrang, K.; Piatteli, P.; Pietropaolo, E.; Pillera, R.; Pilszyk, B.; Pimentel, D.; Pintore, F.; Pita, S.; Pohl, M.; Poireau, V; Polo, M.; Prado, R. R.; Prast, J.; Principe, G.; Produit, N.; Prokoph, H.; Prouza, M.; Przybilski, H.; Pueschel, E.; Puehlhofer, G.; Pumo, M. L.; Punch, M.; Queiroz, F.; Quirrenbach, A.; Rando, R.; Razzaque, S.; Rebert, E.; Recchia, S.; Reichherzer, P.; Reimer, O.; Reimer, A.; Renier, Y.; Reposeur, T.; Rhode, W.; Ribeiro, D.; Ribo, M.; Richtler, T.; Rico, J.; Rieger, F.; Rizi, V; Rodriguez, J.; Fernandez, G. Rodriguez; Ramirez, J. C. Rodriguez; Rodriguez Vazquez, J. J.; Romano, P.; Romeo, G.; Roncadelli, M.; Rosado, J.; de Leon, A. Rosales; Rowell, G.; Rudak, B.; Rujopakarn, W.; Russo, F.; Sadeh, I; Saha, L.; Saito, T.; Greus, F. Salesa; Sanchez, D.; Sanchez-Conde, M.; Sangiorgi, P.; Sano, H.; Santander, M.; Santos, E. M.; Sanuy, A.; Sarkar, S.; Saturni, F. G.; Sawangwit, U.; Scherer, A.; Schleicher, B.; Schovanek, P.; Schussler, F.; Schwanke, U.; Sciacca, E.; Scuderi, S.; Arroyo, M. Seglar; Sergijenko, O.; Servillat, M.; Seweryn, K.; Shalchi, A.; Sharma, P.; Shellard, R. C.; Siejkowski, H.; Sinha, A.; Sliusar, V; Slowikowska, A.; Sokolenko, A.; Sol, H.; Specovius, A.; Spencer, S.; Spiga, D.; Stamerra, A.; Starling, R.; Stolarczyk, T.; Straumann, U.; Striskovic, J.; Suda, Y.; Tagliaferri, G.; Takahashi, H.; Takahashi, M.; Tavecchio, F.; Taylor, L.; Tejedor, L. A.; Temnikov, P.; Terrier, R.; Terzic, T.; Testa, V; Tian, W.; Tibaldo, L.; Tonev, D.; Torres, D. F.; Torresi, E.; Tosti, L.; Tothill, N.; Tovmassian, G.; Travnicek, P.; Truzzi, S.; Tuossenel, F.; Umana, G.; Vacula, M.; Vagelli, V.; Valentino, M.; Vallage, B.; Vallania, P.; van Eldik, C.; Varner, G. S.; Vassiliev, V.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Vecchi, M.; Veh, J.; Vercellone, S.; Vergani, S.; Verguilov, V.; Vettolani, G. P.; Viana, A.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vitale, V.; Vorobiov, S.; Vovk, I; Vuillaume, T.; Wagner, S. J.; Walter, R.; Watson, J.; White, M.; White, R.; Wiemann, R.; Wierzcholska, A.; Will, M.; Williams, D. A.; Wischnewski, R.; Wolter, A.; Yamazaki, R.; Yanagita, S.; Yang, L.; Yoshikoshi, T.; Zacharias, M.; Zaharijas, G.; Zaric, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zdziarski, A. A.; Zech, A.; Zechlin, H.; Zhdanov, V., I; Zivec, M. ; The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), the new-generation ground-based observatory for γ astronomy, provides unique capabilities to address significant open questions in astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. We study some of the salient areas of γ cosmology that can be explored as part of the Key Science Projects of CTA, through simulated observations of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and of their relativistic jets. Observations of AGN with CTA will enable a measurement of γ absorption on the extragalactic background light with a statistical uncertainty below 15% up to a redshift z=2 and to constrain or detect γ halos up to intergalactic-magnetic-field strengths of at least 0.3 pG . Extragalactic observations with CTA also show promising potential to probe physics beyond the Standard Model. The best limits on Lorentz invariance violation from γ astronomy will be improved by a factor of at least two to three. CTA will also probe the parameter space in which axion-like particles could constitute a significant fraction, if not all, of dark matter. We conclude on the synergies between CTA and other upcoming facilities that will foster the growth of γ cosmology. © 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab. ; We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the following agencies and organizations: State Committee of Science of Armenia, Armenia; The Australian Research Council, Astronomy Australia Ltd, The University of Adelaide, Australian National University, Monash University, The University of New South Wales, The University of Sydney, Western Sydney University, Australia; Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research, and Innsbruck University, Austria; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications (MCTIC), Brasil; Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, Bulgaria; The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency, Canada; CONICYT-Chile grants CATA AFB 170002, ANID PIA/APOYO AFB 180002, ACT 1406, FONDECYT-Chile grants, 1161463, 1170171, 1190886, 1171421, 1170345, 1201582, Gemini-ANID 32180007, Chile; Croatian Science Foundation, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, University of Osijek, University of Rijeka, University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Croa tia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, MEYS M2015046, LM2018105, LTT17006, EU/MEYS CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001403, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016007 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754, Czech Republic; Academy of Finland (grant nr.317636 and 320045), Finland; Ministry of Higher Education and Research, CNRS-INSU and CNRS-IN2P3, CEA-Irfu, ANR, Regional Council Ile de France, Labex ENIGMASS, OCEVU, OSUG2020 and P2IO, France; Max Planck Society, BMBF, DESY, Helmholtz Association, Germany; Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Science and Technology, India; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), MIUR, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF-OABRERA) Grant Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia ID 2014-1980/RST_ERC, Italy; ICRR, University of Tokyo, JSPS, MEXT, Japan; Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands; University of Oslo, Norway; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, DIR/WK/2017/12, the National Centre for Research and Development and the National Science Centre, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00583, Poland; Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, J1-9146, J1-1700, N1-0111, and the Young Researcher program, Slovenia; South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation through the South African Gamma-Ray Astronomy Programme, South Africa; The Spanish groups acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Research State Agency (AEI) through grants AYA2016-79724-C4-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, BES-2016-076342, FPA2017-82729-C6-1-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-2-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-3-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-4-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-5-R, FPA2017-82729-C6-6-R, PGC2018-095161-B-I00, PGC2018-095512-B-I00, PID2019-107988GB-C22; the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa" program through grants no. SEV-2016-0597, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2017-0709, CEX2019-000920-S; the "Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu" program through grant no. MDM-2015-0509; the "Ramón y Cajal" programme through grants RYC-2013-14511, RYC-2017-22665; and the MultiDark Consolider Network FPA2017-90566-REDC. They also acknowledge the Atracción de Talento contract no. 2016-T1/TIC-1542 granted by the Comunidad de Madrid; the "Postdoctoral Junior Leader Fellowship" programme from La Caixa Bank ing Foundation, grants no. LCF/BQ/LI18/11630014 and LCF/BQ/PI18/11630012; the "Programa Operativo" FEDER 2014-2020, Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento de la Junta de Andalucía (Ref. 1257737), PAIDI 2020 (Ref. P18-FR-1580) and Universidad de Jaén; "Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente" FEDER 2014-2020 (Ref. ESFRI-2017-IAC-12), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, 15% co-financed by Consejería de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento del Gobierno de Canarias; the Spanish AEI EQC2018-005094-P FEDER 2014-2020; the European Union's "Horizon 2020" research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 665919; and the ESCAPE project with grant no. GA:824064; Swedish Research Council, Royal Physiographic Society of Lund, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, The Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Lunarc (Lund), Sweden; State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) and Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; Durham University, Leverhulme Trust, Liverpool University, University of Leicester, University of Oxford, Royal Soci ety, Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; U.S. National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Barnard College, University of California, University of Chicago, Columbia University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics (INPAC-MRPI program), Iowa State University, the Smithsonian Institution, Washington University McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, The University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, USA. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements No 262053 and No 317446. This project is receiving funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programs under agreement No 676134. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement GammaRayCascades No 843800. The Fermi LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique / Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'Études Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. ; Peer reviewed

En el Capítulo 1 se provee el marco teórico y los objetivos planteados en este estudio. En elCapítulo 2 se presentan las grillas de precipitación y temperatura hechas a partir de unarecopilación de datos mensuales en la región. Se compilaron 218 y 114 registros deprecipitaciónytemperaturarespectivamente,provenientesdeinstitucionesgubernamentales y privadas de la región. Estos datos fueron interpolados mediante latécnica de co-kriging para obtener grillas de precipitación y temperatura de 20 km x 20 kmcubriendo el norte de la Patagonia desde 63° a 75° longitud Oeste y 35° a 45° latitud Sur.Estas nuevas grillas (Grillado Climático para Patagonia Norte, o GCPN) representan lasvariaciones de los rasgos espaciales en los campos medios de temperatura y precipitaciónde una manera más realista que las grillas climáticas globales disponibles en la actualidad.También se comparó el desempeño de estas grillas con otras grillas climáticas globales deuso común en la región. A partir del trabajo realizado en este capítulo se ha publicado unartículo científico en una revista indexada (DOI:10.1007/s13351-015-5058-y).En el capítulo 3 se analizó la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la precipitación y latemperatura (utilizando las grillas presentadas en el capítulo 2) y su relación con fenómenosclimáticos de gran escala. La variabilidad espacio-temporal de los campos de precipitacióny temperatura a escala regional fue establecida aplicando un Análisis de ComponentesPrincipales (ACP) a los datos grillados. Una vez determinados los patrones dominantes, seexploraron los forzantes del sistema climático a escala hemisférica y global asociados a lavariabilidad en la temperatura y precipitación en el norte de la Patagonia. A grandes rasgos,el análisis de componentes principales aplicado a las series de precipitación y temperaturaidentificó cuatro grandes patrones de variabilidad temporal en la región. El patrón asociadoal sector noroeste de la región presenta un clima tipo mediterráneo. El patrón asociado alsector Este y Noreste coincide con el clima frio semiárido. El patrón asociado al sector Sury Sudeste coincide con el clima árido frio, mientras que el patrón asociado a la región Sur ySudoeste coincide con la región de clima oceánico. La comparación de estos patrones dominantes de variabilidad en la temperatura y laprecipitación sobre el norte de la Patagonia con índices de circulación océano/atmosferaarrojó algunas relaciones de interés. Por ejemplo, existe una relación negativa entre laprecipitación en el Oeste de la región de estudio (clima tipo Mediterráneo) durante laprimavera, el verano y el otoño y la Oscilación Antártica (AAO). El fenómeno El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) está relacionado, en su fase cálida, a un aumento deprecipitación sobre la Cordillera de los Andes, particularmente al Oeste de esta durante laprimavera. En el invierno, los eventos cálidos ENOS están asociados a mayoresprecipitaciones en el sector Este de la región. Los índices del Océano Atlántico (SAODI yTSA) solo muestran una relación negativa con la precipitación en el Este de la regióndurante el invierno. La AAO resulta ser el principal forzante de las variaciones en latemperatura en el norte de la Patagonia. Muestra relaciones positivas con esta variable en elSur de la región durante el verano, el otoño y la primavera; y en el Este de la región duranteel invierno.En el capítulo 4 se analiza la variabilidad espacial y temporal del Índice de VegetaciónNormalizado (IVN) mediante el análisis de componentes principales, y se comparan lasregiones que resultan de este análisis con clasificaciones previas de la vegetación en laregión que tienen en cuenta atributos estructurales o funcionales de la misma. Lavariabilidad espacio-temporal del IVN derivado de sensores remotos fue analizada tanto anivel de Región Ecológica Homogénea o Tipo Forestal , como a escala regional aplicandoel Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). La variabilidad temporal se analizó a nivelintra-anual e interanual, filtrando el ciclo anual mediante el cálculo de los desvíosestandarizados. Se pudieron reconocer, a grandes rasgos, cuatro regiones donde lavariabilidad temporal del IVN se comporta de manera relativamente homogénea: 1) Regiónde Clima Mediterráneo, que se corresponde con los Tipos Forestales Araucaria, Coihue ?Raulí ? Roble, las Regiones Ecológicas de Pastizales Subandinos y de Sierras y Mesetas(en transición con el clima Frio Semiárido), y el Tipo Forestal Lenga, en transición con elclima Templado Oceánico; 2) Región de clima Semiárido Frío y Árido Frío, quecomprende a las Regiones Ecológicas de Sierras y Mesetas, Distrito central de Chubut yDistrito del Golfo (que a su vez conforman la Provincia Fitogeográfica Patagónica); 3) Región de climas Templado Oceánico y Subpolar Oceánico, que comprende a los TiposForestales Alerce, Siempreverde Valdiviano y Lenga adyacentes; 4) Región de Clima Friosemiárido, representada principalmente por la Provincia Fitogeográfica del Monte (MonteAustral y Monte Oriental). A grandes rasgos, se puede observar que el ciclo anual es elrasgo predominante de la variabilidad del IVN hacia el Noroeste de la región (zona declima mediterráneo). El ciclo anual pierde su amplitud hacia el Sur y hacia el Este, amedida que adquieren mayor importancia los ciclos intra- e inter-anuales.En el capítulo 5 se analiza la relación entre la variabilidad en el IVN y las variaciones en lasprecipitaciones y la temperatura, considerando diferentes escalas temporales en las que sepueden manifestar estas relaciones. La temperatura, particularmente al comienzo de laestación de crecimiento, parece ser el factor climático determinante del crecimiento de losBosques Templados y de algunas regiones ecológicas pertenecientes a la ProvinciaFitogeográfica de la Patagonia (Distritos del Golfo y Central de Chubut). Para la regiónecológica del Monte Oriental, la precipitación de verano es el factor determinante de ladinámica del IVN a escala intra-anual. Este acoplamiento entre la precipitación y el IVN enesta región no ha sido reportado en trabajos anteriores. Esta relación pareciera estarasociada a la mayor abundancia relativa de especies C4 en esta región. Las especies C4 sonparticularmente eficientes para aprovechar los eventos esporádicos de lluvia durante elverano. Este acoplamiento entre el IVN y la precipitación es evidente a diferentesfrecuencias temporales, particularmente en la escala interanual.En el capítulo 6 se abordó el estudio de la relación entre la variabilidad del IVN y lasvariaciones climáticas de gran escala. Los índices muestran diferentes asociaciones con lospatrones de IVN según la región y la época del año. En líneas generales, la AAO influenciatodos los patrones de IVN. Esto probablemente se deba a que su influencia en laprecipitación y la temperatura abarcan casi la totalidad de la región estudiada. El fenómenoEl Niño-Oscilación del Sur también muestra asociaciones con tres patrones, pero surelación más notoria con el IVN se observa en los Bosques Siempreverde y de Alercedurante la primavera y el verano. Por su parte, tanto los índices asociados a la circulacióndel Océano Atlántico, así como las TSM del Atlántico tropical, influyen las variaciones en los patrones que corresponden a las Regiones Ecológicas del Monte Austral y MonteOriental y la Provincia Fitogeográfica de la Patagonia. ; This doctoral dissertation is organized in seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides the theoretical framework and the main goals of this thesis. In Chapter 2, 218 and 114 precipitation and temperature records, respectively, were compiled from different governmental and private institutions to develop a gridded climatic data base across northern Patagonia. Based on a co-kriging methodology, these precipitation and temperature records were interpolated into 20 x 20 km-resolution grids covering northern Patagonia from 63º to 75º W longitude (from Atlantic to Pacific coast) and from 35º to 45º S latitude. These new grids (Northern Patagonia Climate Grids, NPCG) represent spatial variations of both temperature and precipitation fields in a more realistic manner than other global climate grids currently available for the region. The performance of NPCG was contrasted with other global climate grids commonly used in northern Patagonia. This work has already been published in an international, indexed journal (DOI:10.1007/s13351-015-5058-y). In Chapter 3, spatial and temporal variations in temperature and precipitation, based on NPCG (chapter 2) were analyzed, along with their relationships with large-scale climate forcings. The dominant modes of spatial and temporal variability in temperature and precipitation were determined by applying a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the gridded data sets. Once that the main patterns of temperature and precipitation variability were identified, they were compared with large-scale (continental, hemispheric to global) climatic drivers. Overall, the PCA analyses of the temperature and precipitation grids identified four different patterns of spatio-temporal variability in northern Patagonia. The northwestern Patagonia pattern shows the classical features related to the Mediterranean climate across Central Chile and the adjacent Cordillera de los Andes. The pattern associated with the cold semiarid climate prevails in the eastern and northeastern sectors of northern Patagonia. The spatial pattern related to the south-southeastern region in northern Patagonia encompass the dominant cold arid climate, whereas the southern and southwestern sectors in the study region coincides with the Pacific oceanic climate. The dominant patterns of variability in temperature and precipitation showed interesting links with several atmosphere/ocean circulation indexes. For example, negative relationships were recorded between precipitation in the Mediterranean sector during spring, summer and fall and the Antarctic Oscillation index (AAO). In contrast, the warm events of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are associated with positive rainfall anomalies west of the Andes range during spring. In winter, warm ENSO events are related to above-mean rainfalls anomalies in the Eastern sector of the study area. The indices associated with the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean (SAODI and TSA) are negatively related to precipitation in the Eastern sector during winter. The AAO seems to be the main driver of temperature variability in northern Patagonia. The AAO shows positive relationships with temperature in the southern sector of northern Patagonia during summer, autumn and spring, and in the eastern sector during winter. The establishment of the spatio-temporal variations in the Normalized-Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), based on Principal Component Analysis, was the main goal of Chapter 4. The NDVI-based regions identified were compared with vegetation classifications based on structural or functional features of vegetation across northern Patagonia. The spatio-temporal variability in NDVI was estimated based on previously established ecosystems (from forests to dry steppe) and similarities in NDVI according to PCA analysis). Temporal variations were analyzed in both intra and inter-annual scales. The annual cycle in NDVI was removed from the original time series by computing the standard deviations in relations to the period 2001-2010. Four regions with relativehomogeneous temporal behaviors were identified: 1) The Mediterranean climate region, which shows similarities with the Coihue – Rauli – Roble, Lenga and Araucaria forest types, and the Pastizales Subandinos and Sierras y Mesetas grassland-upper steppe types; 2) The region with cold semiarid and arid climate, which spatially overlaps with the Sierras y Mesetas, Distrito Central de Chubut and Distrito del Golfo steppe regions; 3) The region of temperate and subantartic oceanic climates, which is associated with the Alerce, Siempreverde Valdiviano and Lenga forest types; and 4) The region of cold semiarid climate related to the Monte Austral and Monte Oriental ecological regions. Overall, a dominant annual cycle is the main feature of the temporal evolution of the NDVI in the Mediterranean climate zone. The amplitude of the annual cycle diminishes towards the south and the east where intra- and inter-annual cycles gain importance. In Chapter 5, the relationships between the variability of NDVI and temperature and precipitation are documented, taking into consideration the different temporal scales in which interactions between these variables occur. Temperature, mainly at the beginning of the growing season, seems to be the determinant factor for the growth of the temperate forests and the Distritos del Golfo and Central de Chubut grassland-steppe regions. For the Monte Oriental ecological region, summer rainfall is the most important factor related to the inter-annual dynamic in the NDVI. This strong temporal coupling between summer rainfall and NDVI in the Monte oriental has not been previously reported. This relationship seems to be associated with the abundance of C4 species in this ecological region. C4 species take advantages of the sporadic summer rainfalls more efficiently than C3 plants. This coupling between rainfall and NDVI is present at different timescales, particularly at the inter-annual scale. Relationships between NDVI variability and large-scale climate forcings were documented in Chapter 6. Linkages between NDVI and large-scale atmospheric circulation indices vary according to the seasons and different vegetation regions across northern Patagonia. Overall, the AAO influences most patterns of NDVI variability, in response to the pervasive influences of the AAO on temperature and precipitation regimens over most northern Patagonia. ENSO shows linkages with the Siempreverde Valdiviano and Alerce forest types during spring and summer. Finally, the indices associated with variations in the circulation of the Atlantic Ocean and Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) across the tropical Atlantic Ocean are related to NDVI patterns in the Monte Austral and Monte Oriental ecological regions. Finally, Chapter 7 discuss the results and provides directions for further research. ; Fil: Bianchi, Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina

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Spivak, A12 Ultrasound diagnosis for diabetic neuropathy - comparative study, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Tetyana V. Ostapenko, A13 Ultrasound for stratification patients with diabetic foot ulcers for prevention and personalized treatment - pilot results, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Nazarii M. Kobyliak, Nadiya M. Zholobak, Mykola Ya. Spivak, A14 Project ImaGenX – designing and executing a questionnaire on environment and lifestyle risk of breast cancer, John Paul Cauchi, A15 Genomics – a new structural brand of predictive, preventive and personalized medicine or the new driver as well?, Dmitrii Cherepakhin, Marina Bakay, Artem Borovikov, Sergey Suchkov, A16 Survey of questionnaires for evaluation of the quality of life in various medical fields, Barbara Cieślik, Agnieszka Migasiewicz, Maria-Luiza Podbielska, Markus Pelleter, Agnieszka Giemza, Halina Podbielska, A17 Personalized molecular treatment for muscular dystrophies, Sebahattin Cirak, A18 Secondary mutations in circulating tumour DNA for acquired drug resistance in patients with advanced ALK + NSCLC, Marzia Del Re, Paola Bordi, Valentina Citi, Marta Palombi, Carmine Pinto, Marcello Tiseo, Romano Danesi, A19 Recombinant species-specific FcεRI alpha proteins for diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergies in dogs, cats and horses, Lukas Einhorn, Judit Fazekas, Martina Muhr, Alexandra Schoos, Lucia Panakova, Ina Herrmann, Krisztina Manzano-Szalai, Kumiko Oida, Edda Fiebiger, Josef Singer, Erika Jensen-Jarolim, A20 Global methodology for developmental neurotoxicity testing in humans and animals early and chronically exposed to chemical contaminants, Arpiné A. Elnar, Nadia Ouamara, Nadiya Boyko, Xavier Coumoul, Jean-Philippe Antignac, Bruno Le Bizec, Gauthier Eppe, Jenny Renaut, Torsten Bonn, Cédric Guignard, Margherita Ferrante, Maria Liusa Chiusano, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, Gerard O'Keeffe, John Cryan, Michelle Bisson, Amina Barakat, Ihsane Hmamouchi, Nasser Zawia, Anumantha Kanthasamy, Glen E. Kisby, Rui Alves, Oscar Villacañas Pérez, Kim Burgard, Peter Spencer, Norbert Bomba, Martin Haranta, Nina Zaitseva, Irina May, Stéphanie Grojean, Mathilde Body-Malapel, Florencia Harari, Raul Harari, Kristina Yeghiazaryan, Olga Golubnitschaja, Vittorio Calabrese, Christophe Nemos, Rachid Soulimani, A21 Mental indicators at young people with attributes hypertension and pre-hypertension, Maria E. Evsevyeva, Elena A. Mishenko, Zurida V. Kumukova, Evgeniy V. Chudnovsky, Tatyana A. Smirnova, A22 On the approaches to the early diagnosis of stress-induced hypertension in young employees of State law enforcement agencies, Maria E. Evsevyeva, Ludmila V. Ivanova, Michail V. Eremin, Maria V. Rostovtseva, A23 Сentral aortic pressure and indexes of augmentation in young persons in view of risk factors, Maria E. Evsevyeva, Michail V. Eremin, Vladimir I. Koshel, Oksana V. Sergeeva, Nadesgda M. Konovalova, A24 Breast cancer prediction and prevention: Are reliable biomarkers in horizon?, Shantanu Girotra, Olga Golubnitschaja, A25 Flammer Syndrome and potential formation of pre-metastatic niches: A multi-centred study on phenotyping, patient stratification, prediction and potential prevention of aggressive breast cancer and metastatic disease, Olga Golubnitschaja, Manuel Debald, Walther Kuhn, Kristina Yeghiazaryan, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Vadym M. Goncharenko, Ulyana Lushchyk, Godfrey Grech, Katarzyna Konieczka, A26 Innovative tools for prenatal diagnostics and monitoring: improving individual pregnancy outcomes and health-economy in EU, Olga Golubnitschaja, Jan Jaap Erwich, Vincenzo Costigliola, Kristina Yeghiazaryan, Ulrich Gembruch, A27 Immunohistochemical assessment of APUD cells in endometriosis, Vadym M. Goncharenko, Vasyl O. Beniuk, Olga V. Kalenska, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, A28 Updating personalized management algorithm of endometrial hyperplasia in pre-menopause women, Vadym M. Goncharenko, Vasyl O. Beniuk, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Olga Melnychuk, A29 The personified treatment approach of polimorbid patients with periodontal inflammatory diseases, Irina A. Gorbacheva, Lyudmila Y. Orekhova, Vadim V. Tachalov, A30 Ukrainian experience in hybrid war – the challenge to update algorithms for personalized care and early prevention of different military injuries, Olena I. Grechanyk, Rizvan Ya. Abdullaiev, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, A31 Tear fluid biomarkers: a comparison of tear fluid sampling and storage protocols, Suzanne Hagan, Eilidh Martin, Ian Pearce, Katherine Oliver, A32 The correlation of dietary habits with gingival problems during menstruation, Cenk Haytac, Fariz Salimov, Servin Yoksul, Anatoly A. Kunin, Natalia S. Moiseeva, A33 Genomic medicine in a contemporary Spanish population of prostate cancer: our experience, Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda, Sergio del Río-González, Maria Fernanda Lara, Antonia Angulo, Francisco Javier Machuca Santa-Cruz, A34 Challenges, opportunities and collaborations for personalized medicine applicability in uro-oncological disease, Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda, Sergio del Río-González, Maria Fernanda Lara, A35 Metabolic hallmarks of cancer as targets for a personalized therapy, John Ionescu, A36 Influence of genetic polymorphism as a predictor of the development of periodontal disease in patients with gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer, Alfiya Z. Isamulaeva, Anatoly A. Kunin, Shamil Sh. Magomedov, Aida I. Isamulaeva, A37 Challenges in diabetic macular edema, Tatjana Josifova, A38 Overview of the EPMA strategies in laboratory medicine relevant for PPPM, Marko Kapalla, Juraj Kubáň, Olga Golubnitschaja, Vincenzo Costigliola, A39 EPMA initiative for effective organization of medical travel: European concepts and criteria, Vincenzo Costigliola, Marko Kapalla, Juraj Kubáň, Olga Golubnitschaja, A40 Design and innovation in e-textiles: implications for PPPM, Anthony Kent, Tom Fisher, Tilak Dias, A41 Biobank in Pilsen as a member of national node BBMRI_CZ, Judita Kinkorová, Ondřej Topolčan, A42 Big data in personalized medicine: hype and hope, Matthias Kohl, A43 The 3P approach as the platform of the European Dentistry Department (DPPPD), Anatoly A. Kunin, Natalia S. Moiseeva, A44 The endometrium cytokine patterns for predictive diagnosis of proliferation severity and cancer prevention, Andrii I. Kurchenko, Vasyl A. Beniuk, Vadym M. Goncharenko, Rostyslav V. Bubnov, Nadiya V. Boyko, Andriy M. Strokan, A45 A monocyte-based in-vitro system for testing individual responses to the implanted material: future for personalized implant construction, Julia Kzhyshkowska, Alexandru Gudima, Ksenia S. Stankevich, Victor D. Filimonov4, Harald Klüter, Evgeniya M. Mamontova, Sergei I. Tverdokhlebov, A46 Prediction and prevention of adverse health effects by meteorological factors: Biomarker patterns and creation of a device for self-monitoring and integrated care, Ulyana B. Lushchyk, Viktor V. Novytskyy, Igor P. Babii, Nadiya G. Lushchyk, Lyudmyla S. Riabets, Ivanna I. Legka, A47 Targeting "disease signatures" towards personalized healthcare, Mira Marcus-Kalish, Alexis Mitelpunkt, Tal Galili, Neta Shachar, Yoav Benjamini, A48 Influence of the skin imperfection on the personal quality of life and possible tools for objective diagnosis, Agnieszka Migasiewicz, Markus Pelleter, Joanna Bauer, Ewelina Dereń, Halina Podbielska, A49 The new direction in caries prevention based on the ultrastructure of dental hard tissues and filling materials, Natalia S. Moiseeva, Anatoly A. Kunin, Dmitry A. Kunin, A50 The use of LED radiation in prevention of dental diseases, Natalia S. Moiseeva, Yury A. Ippolitov, Dmitry A. Kunin, Alexei N. Morozov, Natalia V. Chirkova, Nakhid T. Aliev, A51 Status of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetic nephropathy: predictive and preventive potentials, Mahmood S. Mozaffari, Jun Yao Liu, Babak Baban, A52 The status of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein in salivary gland in Sjögren's syndrome: predictive and personalized treatment potentials, Mahmood S. Mozaffari, Jun Yao Liu, Rafik Abdelsayed, Xing-Ming Shi, Babak Baban, A53 Maximal aerobic capacity - important quality marker of health, Jaroslav Novák, Milan Štork, Václav Zeman, A54 The EMPOWER project: laboratory medicine and Horizon 2020, Wytze P. Oosterhuis, Elvar Theodorsson, A55 Personality profile manifestations in patient's attitude to oral care and adherence to doctor's prescriptions, Lyudmila Y. Orekhova, Tatyana V. Kudryavtseva, Elena R. Isaeva, Vadim V. Tachalov, Ekaterina S. Loboda, A56 Results of an European survey on personalized medicine addressed to directions of laboratory medicine, Mario Pazzagli, Francesca Malentacchi, Irene Mancini, Ivan Brandslund, Pieter Vermeersch, Matthias Schwab, Janja Marc, Ron H.N. van Schaik, Gerard Siest, Elvar Theodorsson, Chiara Di Resta, A57 MCI or early dementia predictive speech based diagnosis techniques, Matus Pleva, Jozef Juhar, A58 Personalized speech based mobile application for eHealth, Matus Pleva, Jozef Juhar, A59 Circulating tumor cell-free DNA as the biomarker in the management of cancer patients, Jiří Polívka jr., Filip Janků, Martin Pešta, Jan Doležal, Milena Králíčková, Jiří Polívka, A60 Complex stroke care – educational programme in Stroke Centre University Hospital Plzen, Jiří Polívka, Alena Lukešová, Nina Müllerová, Petr Ševčík, Vladimír Rohan, A61 Sleep apnea and sleep fragmentation contribute to brain aging, Kneginja Richter, Lence Miloseva, Günter Niklewski, A62 Personalised approach for sleep disturbances in shift workers, Kneginja Richter, Jens Acker, Guenter Niklewski, A63 Medical travel and innovative PPPM clusters: new concept of integration, Olga Safonicheva, Vincenzo Costigliola, A64 Medical travel and women health, Olga Safonicheva, A65 Continuity of generations in the training of specialists in the field of reconstructive microsurgery, Maxim Sautin, Janna Sinelnikova, Sergey Suchkov, A66 Telemonitoring of stroke patients – empirical evidence of individual risk management results from an observational study in Germany, Songül Secer, Stephan von Bandemer, A67 Women's increasing breast cancer risk with n-6 fatty acid intake explained by estrogen-fatty acid interactive effect on DNA damage: implications for gender-specific nutrition within personalized medicine, Niva Shapira, A68 Cytobacterioscopy of the gingival crevicular fluid as a method for preventive diagnosis of periodontal diseases, Aleksandr Shcherbakov, Anatoly A. Kunin, Natalia S. Moiseeva, A69 Use of specially treated composites in dentistry to avoid violations of aesthetics, Bogdan R. Shumilovich, Zhanna Lipkind, Yulia Vorobieva, Dmitry A. Kunin, Anastasiia V. Sudareva, A70 National eHealth system – platform for preventive, predictive and personalized diabetes care, Ivica Smokovski, Tatjana Milenkovic, A72 The common energy levels of Prof. Szent-Györgyi, the intrinsic chemistry of melanin, and the muscle physiopathology. Implications in the context of Preventive, Predictive, and Personalized Medicine, Arturo Solís-Herrera, María del Carmen Arias-Esparza, Sergey Suchkov, A73 Plurality and individuality of hepatocellular carcinoma: PPPM perspectives, Krishna Chander Sridhar, Olga Golubnitschaja, A74 Strategic aspects of higher medical education reforms to secure newer educational platforms for getting biopharma professionals matures, Maria Studneva, Sihong Song, James Creeden, Мark Мandrik, Sergey Suchkov, A75 Overview of the strategies and activities of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, (EFLM), Elvar Theodorsson, EFLM, A76 New spectroscopic techniques for point of care label free diagnostics, Syed A. M. Tofail, A77 Tumor markers for personalized medicine and oncology - the role of Laboratory Medicine, Ondřej Topolčan, Judita Kinkorová, Ondřej Fiala, Marie Karlíková, Šárka Svobodová, Radek Kučera, Radka Fuchsová, Vladislav Třeška, Václav Šimánek, Ladislav Pecen, Jan Šoupal, Štěpán Svačina2, A78 Modern medical terminology (MMT) as a driver of the global educational reforms, Evgeniya Tretyak, Maria Studneva, Sergey Suchkov, A79 Juvenile hypertension; the relevance of novel predictive, preventive and personalized assessment of its determinants, Francesca M. Trovato, G. Fabio Martines, Daniela Brischetto, Daniela Catalano, Giuseppe Musumeci, Guglielmo M. Trovato, A80 Proteomarkers Biotech, George Th. Tsangaris, Athanasios K. Anagnostopoulos, A81 Proteomics and mass spectrometry based non-invasive prenatal testing of fetal health and pregnancy complications, George Th. Tsangaris, Athanasios K. Anagnostopoulos, A82 Integrated Ecosystem for an Integrated Care model for Heart Failure (HF) patients including related comorbidities (ZENITH), José Verdú, German Gutiérrez, Jordi Rovira, Marta Martinez, Lutz Fleischhacker, Donna Green, Arthur Garson, Elena Tamburini, Stefano Cuomo, Juan Martinez-Leon, Teresa Abrisqueta, Hans-Peter Brunner-La Rocca, Tiny Jaarsma, Teresa Arredondo, Cecilia Vera, Giuseppe Fico, Olga Golubnitschaja, Fernando Arribas, Martina Onderco, Isabel Vara, on behalf of ZENITH consortium, A83 Predictive, preventive and personalized medicine in diabetes onset and complication (MOSAIC project), José Verdú, Francesco Sambo, Barbara Di Camillo, Claudio Cobelli, Andrea Facchinetti, Giuseppe Fico, Riccardo Bellazzi, Lucia Sacchi, Arianna Dagliati, Daniele Segnani, Valentina Tibollo, Manuel Ottaviano, Rafael Gabriel, Leif Groop, Jacqueline Postma, Antonio Martinez, Liisa Hakaste, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Konstantia Zarkogianni, on behalf of MOSAIC consortium, A84 Possibilities for personalized therapy of diabetes using in vitro screening of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, Igor Volchek, Nina Pototskaya, Andrey Petrov, A85 The innovative technology for personalized therapy of human diseases based on in vitro drug screening, Igor Volchek, Nadezhda Pototskaya, Andrey Petrov, A86 Bone destruction and temporomandibular joint: predictive markers, pathogenetic aspects and quality of life, Ülle Voog-Oras, Oksana Jagur, Edvitar Leibur, Priit Niibo, Triin Jagomägi, Minh Son Nguyen, Chris Pruunsild, Dagmar Piikov, Mare Saag, A87 Sub-optimal health management – global vision for concepts in medical travel, Wei Wang, A88 Sub-optimal health management: synergic PPPM-TCAM approach, Wei Wang, A89 Innovative technologies for minimal invasive diagnostics, Andreas Weinhäusel, Walter Pulverer, Matthias Wielscher, Manuela Hofner, Christa Noehammer, Regina Soldo, Peter Hettegger, Istvan Gyurjan, Ronald Kulovics, Silvia Schönthaler, Gabriel Beikircher, Albert Kriegner, Stephan Pabinger, Klemens Vierlinger, A90 Rare disease diobanks for personalized medicine, Ayşe Yüzbaşıoğlu, Meral Özgüç, Member of EuroBioBank - European Network of DNA, Cell and Tissue Banks for Rare Diseases

Mención Internacional en el título de doctor ; The world is going through constant technological changes, and what it seems to be a great improvement to the life in Earth at one moment, can lead to disastrous effects in the future. This has happened several times during the human being history, and one clear example is the climate change, global warming, and greenhouse effect. Since the industrial revolution, the humanity went through several technological changes: some of them allowed us to progress as a civilization, but others will lead us to self-destruction. A recent example is the release of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases that destroyed a huge part of the ozone layer at the Earth's poles. Nowadays, one of the big problems that we are facing is the massive amount of carbon dioxide that we are throwing into atmosphere, mainly due to the energy generation activities. That is why this thesis is focused on increase the efficiency of devices that produce energy in a cleaner way, using solar energy. Doing so, in a near future we will be able to replace the actual contaminating energy sources for cleaner, non-emitting, renewable energy sources. Of course, this topic is too general, so this work is split in three big sections, intending to give full coverage to the topic. The first section is based onto the building blocks of solar harvesting, i.e., the solar cells. The more mature technology, commercially available is the silicon-based solar cell, but in the last years, a lot of technologies were also developed such as organic photovoltaics or perovskites. Each of these technologies have their own fabrication procedure, being the silicon very expensive and high energy demanding, while in the case of organic or perovskite the fabrication procedures are usually solvent-based and cheaper in terms of energy and material costs. After a brief explanation of the most used thin-film deposition techniques (used on organics and perovskites) the building process of a methylammonium lead iodide perovskite is explained step by step. This fabrication gave a resulting solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 16.9%. Due to the environmental issues that this novel material can cause (mainly because it has lead in its composition), a lead-free perovskite was also studied (cesium tin iodide). The conclusion extracted from this study is that this lead-free perovskite could have very interesting applications, for example in smart windows, but their electrical conductivity problems should be solved first. Ending with this section, a proof of concept including organic and perovskite photodetectors into a visible light communication system was carried out, resulting in both technologies being able to perform good enough to be part of an audio link (with a bandwith higher than 40 kHz). Once we have a device to work with, in order to stablish their properties, it should be characterized. That is what the second section is about. This characterization must be done in a standardized way, under certain conditions and circumstances. One of these conditions is to have a stable, well-defined illumination source, that can recreate the standard AM1.5G spectrum (which is the spectrum of light that arrives at the Earth's surface, coming from the Sun). All this restrictions and parameters that dictates whether a light source is valid for this process or not are defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission under the standard IEC 60904-9. During this thesis, due to the necessity of this light to characterize devices, we decided to create one. This gave birth to SUNBOX, our proprietary solar simulator. SUNBOX belongs to a AAA-Class according to the IEC standard, which represents the highest quality possible in solar simulators. It is fully based on light emitting diodes and also customizable, with a tunable spectrum that can go from 0.2 to 1.2 suns and has 14 different wavelengths that can be intensity-tuned freely. It is also clearly distinguishable from the commercial ones because its structure is 3D-printed, so it is lightweight and has a low cost. Due to the intellectual property protection as a utility model, only a brief part regarding the electronic design is explained in this document, together with the calibration procedure that was carried out in terms of spectral match, homogeneity, and temporal instability that qualifies SUNBOX as an AAA-Class solar simulator. At the end of this section, some characterizations made with SUNBOX are shown, using different functionalities, to obtain key parameters in different types of solar cells. The characterization methods that were used, such as I-V curves or spectroscopy impedance are also explained along the document. Finally, in the third section, other approaches to improve the efficiency of the devices were studied, based on the optical treatment of light (light management). This management lies on the ability that some materials have to interact with the incident light, mainly in the form of nanoparticles, nanorods, or small gratings. Using a Finite Element Method simulation software (COMSOL® and JCMSuite®), several results were obtained remarking the importance of the inclusion of a nanostructure inside a device, increasing the amount of photogenerated current by 40% in a hydrogenated amorphous silicon-based device and by 20.5% in a perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell. Furthermore, preliminary results were obtained applying a nanostructure into a deep ultraviolet light emitting diode, that went from a light extraction efficiency value of 4.57% to around 15%, thus, multiplying by three the amount of extracted light with the same electrical power consumption. In summary, the main conclusion of this work is that it is possible to increase the efficiency of actual devices by and important factor and that there is a lot of room for future improvements. A boost in efficiency can be applied not only using novel materials with better electrical and optical properties, but also optimizing the devices that exist nowadays using light management techniques through the inclusion of nanostructures inside these devices. This has been demonstrated during this work using both approaches: the material science, creating a novel material with a cutting-edge fabrication method, unraveling the properties and applications for this material; and the photonics science, simulating the response of the device with the inclusion of a nanostructure in it, showing an outstanding improvement in all three study cases. ; El mundo actual está constantemente sometido a cambios tecnológicos, y lo que en un momento pudo ser un gran avance para la vida en la Tierra, puede ocasionar efectos desastrosos en el futuro. Esto ha ocurrido en varias ocasiones en la historia de la humanidad y claros ejemplos de ello son el cambio climático, el calentamiento global y el incremento del efecto invernadero. Desde la Revolución Industrial se han producido diversos cambios y avances tecnológicos muy importantes para la sociedad: algunos de ellos nos permitieron avanzar como civilización, pero otros nos dirigen hacia nuestra propia autodestrucción. Un ejemplo reciente podría ser la emisión de los llamados clorofluorocarbonos a la atmósfera, unos gases que destruyeron la mayor parte de la capa de ozono en los polos de la Tierra, ocasionando que una gran parte de radiación solar incidiera en los glaciares polares, incrementando la fusión de ellos y con ello contribuyendo al peligroso deshielo polar. Hoy en día, uno de los grandes problemas a los que nos enfrentamos es la gran cantidad de dióxido de carbono que estamos vertiendo a la atmósfera, principalmente debido a las actividades de generación de energía. Por ello, el objetivo de esta tesis está centrado en incrementar la eficiencia de los dispositivos capaces de producir energía de una forma más limpia, usando la energía solar. De esta forma, en el futuro cercano seremos capaces de sustituir las fuentes de energía contaminantes que usamos actualmente por otras fuentes de energía mas limpia, renovables y que no emitan gases. Cierto es que este tema puede parecer prácticamente inabarcable, y por ello se ha dividido este trabajo en tres secciones principales que se estudian en detalle, para dar cobertura completa a todo el tema. La primera sección está basada en el estudio de las unidades básicas de la recolección de energía solar, las celdas solares. La tecnología más madura comercialmente disponible es la celda solar basada en silicio (tanto monocristalino como policristalino), pero durante los últimos años se han desarrollado otras tecnologías tales como las celdas orgánicas o de perovskita. Cada una de estas tecnologías tiene su propio procedimiento de fabricación, siendo las basadas en silicio las más caras de hacer debido a su procesamiento y a la gran cantidad de energía necesaria para su refinado. Sin embargo, en el caso de las celdas orgánicas y de perovskita los métodos de fabricación están basados en solventes y deposiciones de líquido en capas delgadas, lo que las hace mucho más económicas en términos de materiales y de consumo energético. Después de una breve explicación de las técnicas de deposición de lámina delgada más usadas (aplicables tanto en orgánicas como en perovskitas), se explica el proceso de fabricación paso a paso de una celda solar de yoduro de metilamonio plomo. Esta fabricación dio como resultado una celda solar con un valor de eficiencia del 16.9%. Debido a los problemas ambientales que puede causar este material (ya que contiene plomo, altamente tóxico), durante este trabajo se estudió también una perovskita libre de plomo (yoduro de estaño cesio). La conclusión principal extraída de este estudio es que esta perovskita libre de plomo puede tener aplicaciones muy interesantes, tales como ventanas inteligentes debido a su transparencia, pero sus problemas de conductividad eléctrica deben de ser resueltos en primer lugar, para conseguir un dispositivo eficiente. Para finalizar esta sección, se llevó a cabo una prueba de concepto que consistió en introducir fotodetectores orgánicos y de perovskita en un sistema de comunicación por luz visible (VLC), comprobando que ambas tecnologías respondían de forma correcta para formar parte de un sistema de transmisión de audio (su ancho de banda era superior a 40 kHz en ambos casos). Una vez se dispone de un dispositivo funcional, para poder determinar sus propiedades internas, se debe caracterizar. En esto consiste la segunda sección. Estas caracterizaciones deben hacerse siguiendo los estándares correspondientes, bajo ciertas condiciones y en unas circunstancias determinadas. Una de estas condiciones es tener una fuente de luz estable y bien definida, que pueda recrear el espectro AM1.5G (que es el espectro de luz que llega a la superficie de la Tierra emitido por el Sol) para excitar las muestras que se encuentren bajo análisis. Todas las restricciones y parámetros que determinan si una fuente de luz es adecuada o no para este proceso están definidos por la Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional bajo el estándar IEC 60904-9. Durante el desarrollo de esta tesis, debido a la necesidad de caracterizar dispositivos, se optó por crear una de estas fuentes de luz. Así nació SUNBOX, nuestro simulador solar. SUNBOX pertenece a la clase AAA según el estándar IEC, lo que significa que posee la mayor calidad posible como simulador solar. Está completamente basado en diodos emisores de luz y también es personalizable, con un espectro ajustable que puede cubrir desde 0.2 hasta 1.2 soles. Dispone de 14 longitudes de onda de emisión diferentes que también pueden ser ajustadas libremente, de forma que se pueden realizar análisis en longitudes de onda concretas, tales como azul, ultravioleta o infrarrojo. Es fácilmente distinguible de sus contrapartes comerciales disponibles en el mercado, ya que su chasis está realizado por impresión 3D, así que es muy ligero y de bajo coste. Debido a la protección de la propiedad intelectual bajo un modelo de utilidad y un registro software, solo una parte del diseño electrónico se explica en este documento, junto con todo el procedimiento de calibración que se llevó a cabo en términos de coincidencia espectral, homogeneidad y estabilidad temporal, que clasifican a SUNBOX como un simulador solar de clase AAA. Al final de esta sección, se muestran algunas de las caracterizaciones de dispositivos llevadas a cabo con SUNBOX, usando sus diferentes funcionalidades para obtener parámetros clave de distintos tipos de celdas solares. Los métodos de caracterización llevados a cabo, tales como el trazado de curvas tensión corriente o la espectroscopía de impedancias también se explican en el documento. Por último, en la tercera sección, se estudian otras técnicas para mejorar la eficiencia de los dispositivos, basadas en el tratamiento óptico de la luz (gestión de la luz o "light management"). Esta gestión de la luz se basa en la habilidad que tienen algunos materiales para interactuar con la luz que incide sobre ellos. Normalmente estos materiales necesitan estar en forma de nanopartículas, nanobarras o pequeñas redes de difracción. Usando varios softwares de simulación (COMSOL® y JCMSuite®) basados en el método de elementos finitos (FEM), se han obtenido varios resultados que remarcan la importancia de incluir nanoestructuras dentro de los dispositivos, incrementando la cantidad de corriente fotogenerada en un 40% en un dispositivo basado en silicio amorfo hidrogenado y en un 20.5% en un dispositivo basado en un tándem de perovskita y silicio monocristalino. Además, se han obtenido resultados preliminares que demuestran que estas nanoestructuras pueden ser también muy efectivas no solo en dispositivos receptores de luz, sino también en emisores. En este caso se aplicó una nanoestructura a un diodo emisor de luz ultravioleta profunda, que mejoró su eficiencia de extracción de luz de un 4.57% a alrededor de un 15%, triplicando la cantidad de luz emitida con el mismo consumo de potencia eléctrica. En resumen, la conclusión principal de este trabajo es que es posible incrementar la eficiencia de los dispositivos actuales de una forma sustancial, quedando aún mucho espacio para mejorar. Se ha demostrado que un incremento en la eficiencia puede obtenerse no solo usando materiales novedosos con mejores propiedades ópticas y eléctricas, sino también optimizando los dispositivos existentes actualmente usando técnicas de gestión de la luz a través de la inclusión de nanoestructuras en estos dispositivos. Respecto a la primera aproximación, relacionada con la ciencia de materiales, en este trabajo se ha fabricado un material novedoso usando una técnica de fabricación poco explorada en estas aplicaciones (co-evaporación), descubriendo las propiedades y posibles aplicaciones de este material. Respecto a la segunda aproximación, relacionada con la fotónica, se han creado diseños de nanoestructuras y se ha simulado su respuesta, descubriendo una mejora muy importante en la eficiencia de los tres dispositivos estudiados. ; The present work has been funded from the following projects: • Comunidad de Madrid through SINFOTON-CM Research Program (S2013/MIT-2790) and SINFOTON2-CM (S2018/NMT-4326) • Ministerio de Economia, Agencia Estatal de Investigación and European Union's FEDER through TEC2016-77242-C3-(1-R, 2-R and 3-R) AEI/FEDER, UE Projects. • European Research Council (ERC) via Consolidator Grant (724424-No-LIMIT) • Generalitat Valenciana via Prometeo Grant Q-Devices (Prometeo/2018/098) • European Commission via FET Open grant (862656-DROP-IT) Also, this project could not be possible with the financial support of the Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional through the following grants that I have received: • Doctoral Grant FPU research fellowship (FPU17/00612). • Research Stay Grant (EST18/00399) supporting my research stay at Jaume I University (Castellón, Spain) • Research Stay Grant (EST19/00073) supporting my research stay at Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin and Zuse Institute Berlin (Berlin, Germany). ; Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y Automática por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Javier Alda Serrano.- Secretario: Fernando B. Naranjo Vega.- Vocal: Sven Burger