Quantifying the genetic correlation between cancers can provide important insights into the mechanisms driving cancer etiology. Using genome-wide association study summary statistics across six cancer types based on a total of 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, here we estimate the pair-wise genetic correlations between breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary and prostate cancer, and between cancers and 38 other diseases. We observed statistically significant genetic correlations between lung and head/neck cancer (rg = 0.57, p = 4.6 × 10-8), breast and ovarian cancer (rg = 0.24, p = 7 × 10-5), breast and lung cancer (rg = 0.18, p =1.5 × 10-6) and breast and colorectal cancer (rg = 0.15, p = 1.1 × 10-4). We also found that multiple cancers are genetically correlated with non-cancer traits including smoking, psychiatric diseases and metabolic characteristics. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant excess contribution of conserved and regulatory regions to cancer heritability. Our comprehensive analysis of cross-cancer heritability suggests that solid tumors arising across tissues share in part a common germline genetic basis. ; he authors in this manuscript were working on behalf of BCAC, CCFR, CIMBA, CORECT, GECCO, OCAC, PRACTICAL, CRUK, BPC3, CAPS, PEGASUS, TRICL- ILCCO, ABCTB, APCB, BCFR, CONSIT TEAM, EMBRACE, GC-HBOC, GEMO, HEBON, kConFab/AOCS Mod SQuaD, and SWE-BRCA. The breast cancer genome-wide association analyses: BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK [C1287/A16563, C1287/ A10118], the European Union ' s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant numbers 634935 and 633784 for BRIDGES and B-CAST, respectively), and by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme funding source had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the NIH Grant U19 CA148065, and Cancer UK Grant C1287/ A16563 and the PERSPECTIVE project supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant GPH-129344) and, the Ministère de lÉconomie, Science et Innovation du Québec through Genome Québec and the PSR-SIIRI-701 grant, and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation. Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community 's Seventh Framework.Programme under grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978), and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065, and 1U19 CA148112 — the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, and Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The DRIVE Consortium was funded by U19 CA148065. The Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily re fl ect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Aus- tralia), and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009 4363]. The Australian Breast Cancer Tissue Bank (ABCTB) is generously supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, The Cancer Institute NSW and the National Breast Cancer Foundation. The ACP study is funded by the Breast Cancer Research Trust, UK. The AHS study is supported by the intramural research program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Cancer Institute (grant number Z01-CP010119), and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grant number Z01-ES049030). The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Fond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). The BCEES was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia and the Cancer Council Western Australia and acknowledges funding from the National Breast Cancer Foundation (JS). For the BCFR-NY, BCFR-PA, and BCFR-UT this work was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily re fl ect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government or the BCFR. For BIGGS, ES is supported by NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy ' s & St. Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King ' s College London, United Kingdom. IT is supported by the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. BOCS is supported by funds from Cancer Research UK (C8620/A8372/A15106) and the Institute of Cancer Research (UK). BOCS acknowledges NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/Institute of Cancer Research NIHR Specialist Cancer Biomedical Research Centre. The BREast Oncology GAlician Network (BREOGAN) is funded by Acción Estratégica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS PI12/02125/Co fi nanciado FEDER; Acción Estratégica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS Intrasalud (PI13/01136); Programa Grupos Emergentes, Cancer Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur. Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Grant 10CSA012E, Consellería de Industria Programa Sectorial de Investigación Aplicada, PEME I + DeI + D Suma del Plan Gallego de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica de la Consellería de Industria de la Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Grant EC11-192. Fomento de la Investigación Clínica Independiente, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Spain; and Grant FEDER-Innterconecta. Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Xunta de Gali- cia, Spain. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The CAMA study was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) (SALUD-2002- C01-7462). Sample collection and processing was funded in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute (NCI R01CA120120 and K24CA169004). CBCS is funded by the Canadian Cancer Society (grant # 313404) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. CCGP is supported by funding from the University of Crete. The CECILE study was supported by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l ' Alimentation, de l ' Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council, and Herlev and Gentofte Hospital. The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer and grants from the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer and the Fondo de Investigación Sanitario (PI11/00923 and PI12/00070). COLBCCC is sup- ported by the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. D.T. was in part supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the CPS-II cohort. The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is currently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398, UM1 CA164917, and U01 CA199277). Collection of cancer incidence data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. H.A.C eceives support from the Lon V Smith Foundation (LVS39420). The University of Westminster curates the DietCompLyf database funded by Against Breast Cancer Registered Charit.No. 1121258 and the NCRN. The coordination of EPIC is fi nancially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l ' Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Neth- erlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC- Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC- Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Kreb- shilfe). FHRISK is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The GC-HBOC (Ger- man Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer) is supported by the German Cancer Aid (grant no 110837, coordinator: Rita K. Schmutzler, Cologne). This work was also funded by the European Regional Development Fund and Free State of Saxony, Germany (LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, project numbers 713- 241202, 713-241202, 14505/2470, and 14575/2470). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0, and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The GEPARSIXTO study was conducted by the German Breast Group GmbH. The GESBC was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e. V. [70492] and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). GLACIER was supported by Breast Cancer Now, CRUK and Biomedical Research Centre at Guy ' s and St Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust and King ' s College London. The HABCS study was supported by the Claudia von Schilling Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, by the Lower Saxonian Cancer Society, and by the Rudolf- Bartling Foundation. The HEBCS was fi nancially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HERPACC was supported by MEXT Kakenhi (No. 170150181 and 26253041) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, by a Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Applying Health Technology from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund, and " Practical Research for Innovative Cancer Control (15ck0106177h0001) " from Japan Agency for Medical Research and develop- ment, AMED, and Cancer Bio Bank Aichi. The HMBCS was supported by a grant from the Friends of Hannover Medical School and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The HUBCS was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (RUS08/017), and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Federal Agency for Scienti fi c Organizations for support the Bioresource collections and RFBR grants 14-04-97088, 17-29-06014, and 17-44-020498. ICICLE was supported by Breast Cancer Now, CRUK, and Biomedical Research Centre at Guy ' s and St Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust and King ' s College London. Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (A.L. F.) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KARMA study was supported by Märit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The KBCP was fi nancially supported by the special Government Funding (E.V. O.) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. Financial support for the AOCS was provided by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command [DAMD17-01-1-0729], Cancer Council Victoria, Queensland Cancer Fund, Cancer Council New South Wales, Cancer Council South Australia, The Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, Cancer Council Tasmania and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC; 400413, 400281, 199600). G.C.-T. and P.W. are supported by the NHMRC. RB was a Cancer Institute NSW Clinical Research Fellow. The KOHBRA study was partially supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), and the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI16C1127; 1020350; 1420190). LAABC is supported by grants (1RB-0287, 3PB- 0102, 5PB-0018, 10PB-0098) from the California Breast Cancer Research Program. Incident breast cancer cases were collected by the USC Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) which is supported under subcontract by the California Department of Health. TheCSP is also part of the National Cancer Institute ' s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, under contract number N01CN25403. L.M.B.C. is supported by the ' Stichting tegen Kanker ' . D.L. is supported by the FWO. The MABCS study is funded by the Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology " Georgi D. Efremov " and supported by the German Academic Exchange Program, DAAD. The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419, 110826, 110828], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Edu- cation and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects " 5 × 1000 " ). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA192393, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201], and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057 and 396414, and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. The MEC was support by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758, CA132839, and CA164973. The MISS study is supported by funding from ERC-2011-294576 Advanced grant, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, Local hospital funds, Berta Kamprad Foun- dation, Gunnar Nilsson. The MMHS study was supported by NIH grants CA97396, CA128931, CA116201, CA140286, and CA177150. MSKCC is supported by grants from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and Robert and Kate Niehaus Clinical Cancer Genetics Initiative. The work of MTLGEBCS was supported by the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the " CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer " program – grant # CRN-87521 and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade – grant # PSR-SIIRI-701. MYBRCA is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/ 06) and Cancer Research Malaysia. MYMAMMO is supported by research grants from Yayasan Sime Darby LPGA Tournament and Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (RP046B-15HTM). The NBCS has been supported by the Research Council of Norway grant 193387/V50 (to A.-L. Børresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen) and grant 193387/H10 (to A.-L. Børresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen), South Eastern Norway Health Authority (grant 39346 to A.-L. Børresen-Dale and 27208 to V.N. Kristensen) and the Norwegian Cancer Society (to A.-L. Børresen-Dale and 419616 - 71248 - PR-2006-0282 to V.N. Kristensen). It has received funding from the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research (2012-2015). The NBHS was supported by NIH grant R01CA100374. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The Northern California Breast Cancer Family Registry (NC- BCFR) and Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) were supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manu- script does not necessarily re fl ect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The Carolina Breast Cancer Study was funded by Komen Foundation, the National Cancer Institute (P50 CA058223, U54 CA156733, and U01 CA179715), and the North Carolina University Cancer Research Fund. The NGOBCS was supported by Grants-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive Ten-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, and for Scienti fi c Research on Priority Areas, 17015049 and for Scienti fi c Research on Innovative Areas, 221S0001, from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. The NHS was supported by NIH grants P01 CA87969, UM1 CA186107, and U19 CA148065. The NHS2 was supported by NIH grants UM1 CA176726 and U19 CA148065. The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant number 250083, 122715 and Center of Excellence grant number 251314), the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the University of Oulu, the University of Oulu Support Foundation, and the special Governmental EVO funds for Oulu University Hospital-based research activities. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997- 1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI- NL CP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. Genotyping for PLCO was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, NCI, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. The PLCO is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and supported by contracts from the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The POSH study is funded by Cancer Research UK (grants C1275/ A11699, C1275/C22524, C1275/A19187, C1275/A15956, and Breast Cancer Campaign 2010PR62, 2013PR044. PROCAS is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCGS was supported primarily by NIH grants R01CA64277, R01CA148667, UMCA182910, and R37CA70867. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The scienti fi c development and funding of this project were, in part, supported by the Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME- ON) Network U19 CA148065. The SBCS was supported by Shef fi eld Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Breast Cancer Now Tissue Bank. The SCCS is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA092447). Data on SCCS cancer cases used in this publication were provided by the Alabama Statewide Cancer Registry; Kentucky Cancer Registry, Lexington, KY; Tennessee Department of Health, Of fi ce of Cancer Surveillance; Florida Cancer Data System; North Carolina Central Cancer Registry, North Carolina Division of Public Health; Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry; Louisiana Tumor Registry; Mississippi Cancer Registry; South Carolina Central Cancer Registry; Virginia Department of Health, Virginia Cancer Registry; Arkansas Department of Health, Cancer Registry, 4815 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205. The Arkansas Central Cancer Registry is fully funded by a grant from National Program of Cancer Registries, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data on SCCS cancer cases from Mississippi were collected by the Mississippi Cancer Registry which participates in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the of fi cial views of the CDC or the Mississippi Cancer Registry. SEARCH is funded by Cancer Research UK [C490/A10124, C490/ A16561] and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge has received salary support for PDPP from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve. SEBCS was supported by the BRL (Basic Research Laboratory) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0000347). SGBCC is funded by the NUS start- up Grant, National University Cancer Institute Singapore (NCIS) Centre Grant and the NMRC Clinician Scientist Award. Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Consortium of Cohort Studies-Multi-ethnic cohort (SCCS-MEC), which was funded by the Biomedical Research Council, grant number: 05/1/21/19/425. The Sister Study (SIS- TER) is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES049033). The Two Sister Study (2SISTER) was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES102245), and, also by a grant from Susan G. Komen for the Cure, grant FAS0703856. SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SMC is funded by the Swedish Cancer Foundation. The SZBCS was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. The TBCS was funded by The National Cancer Institute, Thailand. The TNBCC was supported by a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. The TWBCS is supported by the Taiwan Biobank project of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The UCIBCS component of this research was supported by the NIH [CA58860, CA92044] and the Lon V Smith Foundation [LVS39420]. The UKBGS is funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Bio- medical Research Centre. The UKOPS study was funded by The Eve Appeal (The Oak Foundation) and supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. The US3SS study was supported by Massachusetts (K.M.E., R01CA47305), Wisconsin (P.A.N., R01 CA47147) and New Hampshire (L.T.-E., R01CA69664) centers, and Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The USRT Study was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The WAABCS study was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA89085 and P50 CA125183 and the D43 TW009112 grant), Susan G. Komen (SAC110026), the Dr. Ralph and Marian Falk Medical Research Trust, and the Avon Foundation for Women. The WHI program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the US National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, and HHSN271201100004C). This work was also funded by NCI U19 CA148065-01. D.G.E. is supported by the all Manchester NIHR Biomedical research center Manchester (IS-BRC- 1215-20007). HUNBOCS, Hungarian Breast and Ovarian Cancer Study was supported by Hungarian Research Grant KTIA-OTKA CK-80745, NKFI_OTKA K-112228. C.I. received support from the Nontherapeutic Subject Registry Shared Resource at George- town University (NIH/NCI P30-CA-51008) and the Jess and Mildred Fisher Center for Hereditary Cancer and Clinical Genomics Research. K.M. is supported by CRUK C18281/ A19169. City of Hope Clinical Cancer Community Research Network and the Hereditary Cancer Research Registry, supported in part by Award Number RC4CA153828 (PI: J Weitzel) from the National Cancer Institute and the of fi ce of the Directory, National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the of fi cial views of the National Institutes of Health. The colorectal cancer genome-wide association analyses: Colorectal Transdisciplinary Study (CORECT): The content of this manuscript does not necessarily re fl ect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the CORECT Consortium, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endor- sement by the US Government or the CORECT Consortium. We are incredibly grateful for the contributions of Dr. Brian Henderson and Dr. Roger Green over the course of this study and acknowledge them in memoriam. We are also grateful for support from Daniel and Maryann Fong. ColoCare: we thank the many investigators and staff who made thisHHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, and HHSN26 8201600004C. The head and neck cancer genome-wide association analyses: The study was supported by NIH/NCI: P50 CA097190, and P30 CA047904, Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (no. 020214) and Cancer Care Ontario Research Chair to R.H. The Princess Margaret Hospital Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research Program is funded by the Wharton family, Joe ' s Team, Gordon Tozer, Bruce Galloway and the Elia family. Geoffrey Liu was supported by the Posluns Family Fund and the Lusi Wong Family Fund at the Princess Margaret Foundation, and the Alan B. Brown Chair in Molecular Genomics. This publication presents data from Head and Neck 5000 (H&N5000). H&N5000 was a component of independent research funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research scheme (RP-PG-0707-10034). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. Human papillomavirus (HPV) in H&N5000 serology was supported by a Cancer Research UK Programme Grant, the Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (grant number: C18281/A19169). National Cancer Institute (R01-CA90731); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES10126). The authors thank all the members of the GENCAPO team/The Head and Neck Genome Project (GENCAPO) was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (Grant numbers 04/12054-9 and 10/51168-0). CPS-II recruitment and maintenance is supported with intramural research funding from the American Cancer Society. Genotyping per- formed at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) was funded through the U.S. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) grant 1 × 01HG007780- 0. The University of Pittsburgh head and neck cancer case-control study is supported by National Institutes of Health grants P50 CA097190 and P30 CA047904. The Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study (CHANCE) was supported by the National Cancer Institute (R01-CA90731). The Head and Neck Genome Project (GENCAPO) was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (Grant numbers 04/ 12054-9 and 10/51168-0). The authors thank all the members of the GENCAPO team. The HN5000 study was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research scheme (RP-PG-0707-10034), the views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The Toronto study was funded by the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (020214) and the National Cancer Institute (U19-CA148127) and the Cancer Care Ontario Research Chair. The alcohol-related cancers and genetic susceptibility study in Europe (ARCAGE) was funded by the Eur- opean Commission ' s 5th Framework Program (QLK1-2001-00182), the Italian Associa- tion for Cancer Research, Compagnia di San Paolo/FIRMS, Region Piemonte, and Padova University (CPDA057222). The Rome Study was supported by the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) IG 2011 10491 and IG2013 14220 to S.B., and Fon- dazione Veronesi to S.B. The IARC Latin American study was funded by the European Commission INCO-DC programme (IC18-CT97-0222), with additional funding from Fondo para la Investigacion Cienti fi ca y Tecnologica (Argentina) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (01/01768-2). We thank Leticia Fernandez, Instituto Nacional de Oncologia y Radiobiologia, La Habana, Cuba and Sergio and Rosalina Koifman, for their efforts with the IARC Latin America study São Paulo center. The IARC Central Europe study was supported by European Commission ' s INCO- COPERNICUS Program (IC15- CT98-0332), NIH/National Cancer Institute grant CA92039, and the World Cancer Research Foundation grant WCRF 99A28. The IARC Oral Cancer Multicenter study was funded by grant S06 96 202489 05F02 from Europe against Cancer; grants FIS 97/0024, FIS 97/0662, and BAE 01/5013 from Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Spain; the UICC Yamagiwa-Yoshida Memorial International Cancer Study; the National Cancer Institute of Canada; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro; and the Pan-American Health Organization. Coordination of the EPIC study is fi nancially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The lung cancer genome-wide association analyses: Transdisciplinary Research for Cancer in Lung (TRICL) of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) was supported by (U19-CA148127, CA148127S1, U19CA203654, and Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas RR170048). The ILCCO data harmonization is supported by Cancer Care Ontario Research Chair of Population Studies to R. H. and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System. The TRICL-ILCCO OncoArray was supported by in-kind genotyping by the Centre for Inherited Disease Research (26820120008i-0-26800068-1). The CAPUA study was supported by FIS-FEDER/Spain grant numbers FIS-01/310, FIS-PI03-0365, and FIS- 07-BI060604, FICYT/Asturias grant numbers FICYT PB02-67 and FICYT IB09-133, and the University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), of the University of Oviedo and the Ciber de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública. CIBERESP, SPAIN. The work performed in the CARET study was supported by the National Institute of Health/National Cancer Insti- tute: UM1 CA167462 (PI: Goodman), National Institute of Health UO1-CA6367307 (PIs Omen, Goodman); National Institute of Health R01 CA111703 (PI Chen), National Institute of Health 5R01 CA151989-01A1(PI Doherty). The Liverpool Lung project is supported by the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation. The Harvard Lung Cancer Study was supported by the NIH (National Cancer Institute) grants CA092824, CA090578, CA074386. The Multi-ethnic Cohort Study was partially supported by NIH Grants CA164973, CA033619, CA63464, and CA148127. The work performed in MSH-PMH study was supported by The Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (020214), Ontario Institute of Cancer and Cancer Care Ontario Chair Award to R.J.H. and G.L. and the Alan Brown Chair and Lusi Wong Programs at the Princess Margaret Hospital Foundation. NJLCS was funded by the State Key Program of National Natural Science ofChina (81230067), the National Key Basic Research Program Grant (2011CB503805), the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81390543). The Norway study was supported by Norwegian Cancer Society, Norwegian Research Council. The Shanghai Cohort Study (SCS) was supported by National Institutes of Health R01 CA144034 (PI: Yuan) and UM1 CA182876 (PI: Yuan). The Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) was supported by National Institutes of Health R01 CA144034 (PI: Yuan) and UM1 CA182876 (PI: Yuan). The work in TLC study has been supported in part the James & Esther King Biomedical Research Program (09KN-15), National Institutes of Health Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE) Grant (P50 CA119997), and by a Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) at the H. Lee Mof fi tt Cancer Center and Research Institute, an NCI designated Comprehensive Cancer Center (grant number P30- CA76292). The Vanderbilt Lung Cancer Study — BioVU dataset used for the analyses described was obtained from Vanderbilt University Medical Center ' s BioVU, which is supported by institutional funding, the 1S10RR025141-01 instrumentation award, and by the Vanderbilt CTSA grant UL1TR000445 from NCATS/NIH. Dr. Aldrich was supported by NIH/National Cancer Institute K07CA172294 (PI: Aldrich) and Dr. Bush was sup- ported by NHGRI/NIH U01HG004798 (PI: Crawford). The Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS) was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council and Herlev Hospital. The NELCS study: Grant Number P20RR018787 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Kentucky Lung Cancer Research Initiative was supported by the Department of Defense [Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Com- mand Program] under award number: 10153006 (W81XWH-11-1-0781). Views and opinions of, and endorsements by the author(s) do not re fl ect those of the US Army or the Department of Defense. This research was also supported by unrestricted infrastructure funds from the UK Center for Clinical and Translational Science, NIH grant UL1TR000117 and Markey Cancer Center NCI Cancer Center Support Grant (P30 CA177558) Shared Resource Facilities: Cancer Research Informatics, Biospecimen and Tissue Procurement, and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics. The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center study was supported in part by grants from the NIH (P50 CA070907, R01 CA176568) (to X.W.), Cancer Prevention & Research Institute of Texas (RP130502) (to X. W.), and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center institutional support for the Center for Translational and Public Health Genomics. The deCODE study of smoking and nicotine dependence was funded in part by a grant from NIDA (R01- DA017932). The study in Lodz center was partially funded by Nofer Institute of Occupational Med- icine, under task NIOM 10.13: Predictors of mortality from non-small cell lung cancer — fi eld study. Genetic sharing analysis was funded by NIH grant CA194393. The research undertaken by M.D.T., L.V.W., and M.S.A. was partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. M.D.T. holds a Medical Research Council Senior Clinical Fellowship (G0902313). The work to assemble the FTND GWAS meta-analysis was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) grant number R01 DA035825 (Prin- cipal Investigator [PI]: DBH). The study populations included COGEND (dbGaP phs000092.v1.p1 and phs000404.v1.p1), COPDGene (dbGaP phs000179.v3.p2), deCODE Genetics, EAGLE (dbGaP phs000093.vs.p2), and SAGE. dbGaP phs000092.v1.p1). See Hancock et al. Transl Psychiatry 2015 (PMCID: PMC4930126) for the full listing of funding sources and other acknowledgments. The Resource for the Study of Lung Cancer Epidemiology in North Trent (ReSoLuCENT)study was funded by the Shef fi eld Hospitals Charity, Shef fi eld Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Weston Park Hospital Cancer Charity. The ovarian cancer genome-wide association analysis: The Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC) is supported by a grant from the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund thanks to donations by the family and friends of Kathryn Sladek Smith (PPD/RPCI.07). The scienti fi c development and funding for this project were in part supported by the US National Cancer Institute GAME-ON Post-GWAS Initiative (U19-CA148112). This study made use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control consortium that was funded by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113. The results published here are in part based upon data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project established by the National Cancer Institute and National Human Genome Research Institute (dbGap accession number phs000178.v8.p7). The OCAC OncoArray genotyping project was funded through grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (CA1X01HG007491-01 (C.I.A.), U19-CA148112 (T.A.S.), R01-CA149429 (C.M.P.), and R01-CA058598 (M.T.G.); Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-86727 (L.E.K.) and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund (A.B.). The COGS project was funded through a European Commission ' s Seventh Framework Programme grant (agreement number 223175 - HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) and through a grant from the U.S. National Insti- tutes of Health (R01-CA122443 (E.L.G)). Funding for individual studies: AAS: National Institutes of Health (RO1-CA142081); AOV: The Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP-86727); AUS: The Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group was supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD17-01-1-0729), National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia (199600, 400413 and 400281), Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Tas- mania and Cancer Foundation of Western Australia (Multi-State Applications 191, 211, and 182). The Australian Ovarian Cancer Study gratefully acknowledges additional support from Ovarian Cancer Australia and the Peter MacCallum Foundation; BAV: ELAN Funds of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; BEL: National Kankerplan; BGS: Breast Cancer Now, Institute of Cancer Research; BVU: Vanderbilt CTSA grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNCATS) (ULTR000445); CAM: National Institutes of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre; CHA: Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT) in China (IRT1076); CNI: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12/01319); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2012); COE: Department of Defense (W81XWH-11-2-0131); CON: National Institutes of Health (R01-CA063678, R01-CA074850; and R01-CA080742); DKE: Ovarian Cancer Research Fund; DOV: National Institutes of Health R01-CA112523 and R01-CA87538; EMC: Dutch Cancer Society (EMC 2014-6699); EPC: The coordination of EPIC is fi nancially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l ' Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); ERC-2009-AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC- Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom); GER: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Programme of Clinical Biomedical Research (01 GB 9401) and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); GRC: This research has been co- fi nanced by the European Union (European Social Fund — ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program " Education and Lifelong Learn- ing " of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) — Research Funding Program of the General Secretariat for Research & Technology: SYN11_10_19 NBCA. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund; GRR: Roswell Park Cancer Institute Alliance Foundation, P30 CA016056; HAW: U.S. National Institutes of Health (R01- CA58598, N01-CN-55424, and N01-PC-67001); HJO: Intramural funding; Rudolf- Bartling Foundation; HMO: Intramural funding; Rudolf-Bartling Foundation; HOC: Helsinki University Research Fund; HOP: Department of Defense (DAMD17-02-1-0669) and NCI (K07-CA080668, R01-CA95023, P50-CA159981 MO1-RR000056 R01- CA126841); HUO: Intramural funding; Rudolf-Bartling Foundation; JGO: JSPS KAKENHI grant; JPN: Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; KRA: This study (Ko-EVE) was supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), and the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI16C1127; 0920010); LAX: American Cancer Society Early Detection Professorship (SIOP-06-258-01-COUN) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Grant UL1TR000124; LUN: ERC-2011-AdG 294576-risk factors cancer, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, Beta Kamprad Foundation; MAC: National Institutes of Health (R01-CA122443, P30-CA15083, P50-CA136393); Mayo Foundation; Minnesota Ovarian Cancer Alliance; Fred C. and Katherine B. Andersen Foundation; Fraternal Order of Eagles; MAL: Funding for this study was provided by research grant R01- CA61107 from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, research grant 94 222 52 from the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; and the Mer- maid I project; MAS: Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation; MAY: National Institutes of Health (R01- CA122443, P30-CA15083, and P50-CA136393); Mayo Foundation; Minnesota Ovarian Cancer Alliance; Fred C. and Katherine B. Andersen Foundation; MCC: Cancer Council Victoria, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) grants number 209057, 251533, 396414, and 504715; MDA: DOD Ovarian Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-07-0449); MEC: NIH (CA54281, CA164973, CA63464); MOF: Mof fi tt Cancer Center, Merck Pharmaceuticals, the state of Florida, Hillsborough County, and the city of Tampa; NCO: National Institutes of Health (R01-CA76016) and the Department of Defense (DAMD17-02-1-0666); NEC: National Institutes of Health R01- CA54419 and P50-CA105009 and Department of Defense W81XWH-10-1-02802; NHS: UM1 CA186107, P01 CA87969, R01 CA49449, R01-CA67262, UM1 CA176726; NJO: National Cancer Institute (NIH-K07 CA095666, R01-CA83918, NIH-K22-CA138563, and P30-CA072720) and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey; If Sara Olson and/or Irene Orlow is a co-author, please add NCI CCSG award (P30-CA008748) to the funding sources; NOR: Helse Vest, The Norwegian Cancer Society, The Research Council of Norway; NTH: Radboud University Medical Centre; OPL: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (APP1025142) and Brisbane Women ' s Club; ORE: OHSU Foundation; OVA: This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research grant (MOP-86727) and by NIH/NCI 1 R01CA160669-01A1; PLC: Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute; POC: Pomeranian Medical Uni- versity; POL: Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute; PVD: Canadian Cancer Society and Cancer Research Society GRePEC Program; RBH: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; RMH: Cancer Research UK, Royal Marsden Hospital; RPC: National Institute of Health (P50-CA159981, R01-CA126841); SEA: Cancer Research UK (C490/A10119 C490/A10124); UK National Institute forHealth Research Biomedical Research Centres at the University of Cambridge; SIS: NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES049033; SMC: The bbSwedish Research Council-SIMPLER infrastructure; the Swedish Cancer Foundation; SON: National Health Research and Development Program, Health Canada, grant 6613-1415-53; SRO: Cancer Research UK (C536/A13086, C536/A6689) and Imperial Experimental Cancer Research Centre (C1312/A15589); STA: NIH grants U01 CA71966 and U01 CA69417; SWE: Swedish Cancer foundation, WeCanCureCancer and VårKampMotCancer foundation; SWH: NIH (NCI) grant R37-CA070867; TBO: National Institutes of Health (R01-CA106414-A2), American Cancer Society (CRTG-00-196-01- CCE), Department of Defense (DAMD17-98-1-8659), Celma Mastery Ovarian Cancer Foundation; TOR: NIH grants R01-CA063678 and R01 CA063682; UCI: NIH R01- CA058860 and the Lon V Smith Foundation grant LVS39420; UHN: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Foundation-Bridge for the Cure; UKO: The UKOPS study was funded by The Eve Appeal (The Oak Foundation) and supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre; UKR: Cancer Research UK (C490/A6187), UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres at the University of Cambridge; USC: P01CA17054, P30CA14089, R01CA61132, N01PC67010, R03CA113148, R03CA115195, N01CN025403, and Cali- fornia Cancer Research Program (00-01389V-20170, 2II0200); VAN: BC Cancer Foun- dation, VGH & UBC Hospital Foundation; VTL: NIH K05-CA154337; WMH: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Enabling Grants ID 310670 & ID 628903. Cancer Institute NSW Grants 12/RIG/1-17 & 15/RIG/1-16; WOC: National Science Centren (N N301 5645 40). The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland. The University of Cambridge has received salary support for PDPP from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academia Reserve. The prostate cancer genome-wide association analyses: we pay tribute to Brian Henderson, who was a driving force behind the OncoArray project, for his vision and leadership, and who sadly passed away before seeing its fruition. We also thank the individuals who participated in these studies enabling this work. The ELLIPSE/ PRACTICAL (http//:practical.icr.ac.uk) prostate cancer consortium and his collaborating partners were supported by multiple funding mechanisms enabling this current work. ELLIPSE/PRACTICAL Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) (U19 CA148537 for ELucidating Loci Involved in Prostate Cancer SuscEptibility (ELLIPSE) project and X01HG007492 to the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) under contract number HHSN268201200008I). Additional analytical support was provided by NIH NCI U01 CA188392 (F.R.S.). Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from the European Community ' s Seventh Framework Pro- gramme under grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A 10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/ A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, and C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065, and 1U19 CA148112; the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defense (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, European Commission ' s Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175), Cancer Research UK Grants C5047/A7357, C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C5047/ A3354, C5047/A10692, C16913/A6135, C5047/A21332 and The National Institute of Health (NIH) Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative grant: No. 1 U19 CA148537-01 (the GAME-ON initiative). We also thank the following for funding support: The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign, The Prostate Cancer Research Founda- tion, Prostate Research Campaign UK (now Prostate Action), The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, and The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK. We are grateful for support of NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. The Prostate Cancer Program of Cancer Council Victoria also acknowledge grant support from The National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (126402, 209057, 251533, 396414, 450104, 504700, 504702, 504715, 623204, 940394, and 614296), VicHealth, Cancer Council Victoria, The Prostate Cancer Foun- dation of Australia, The Whitten Foundation, PricewaterhouseCoopers, and Tattersall ' s. E.A.O., D.M.K., and E.M.K. acknowledge the Intramural Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute for their support. The BPC3 was supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute (cooperative agreements U01- CA98233 to D.J.H., U01-CA98710 to S.M.G., U01-CA98216 to E.R., and U01-CA98758 to B.E.H., and Intramural Research Program of NIH/National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics). CAPS GWAS study was supported by the Swedish Cancer Foundation (grant no 09-0677, 11-484, 12-823), the Cancer Risk Prediction Center (CRisP; www.crispcenter.org ), a Linneus Centre (Contract ID 70867902) fi nanced by the Swedish Research Council, Swedish Research Council (grant no K2010-70 × - 20430-04-3, 2014-2269). The Hannover Prostate Cancer Study was supported by the Lower Saxonian Cancer Society. PEGASUS was supported by the Intramural Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. RAPPER was supported by the NIHR Manchester Bio- medical Research Center, Cancer Research UK (C147/A25254, C1094/A18504) and the EUs7Framework Programme Grant/Agreement no 60186. Overall: this research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application number 16549). NHS is supported by UM1 CA186107 (NHS cohort infrastructure grant), P01 CA87969, and R01 CA49449. NHSII is supported by UM1 CA176726 (NHSII cohort infrastructure grant),and R01-CA67262. A.L.K. is supported by R01 MH107649. We would like to thank the participants and staff of the NHS and NHSII for their valuable contributions as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. ; Sí
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Daniel Levine on Hidden Hands, Vocation and Sustainable Critique in International Relations
Daniel Levine is part of a new generation of IR scholars that takes a more pluralist approach to addressing the hard and important questions generated by international politics. While many of those interviewed here display a fairly consistent commitment to a certain position within what is often referred to as 'the debate' in IR, Levine straddles the boundaries of a diverse range of positions and understandings. Time to ask for elaboration.
Print version of this Talk (pdf)
What is, according to you, the biggest challenge / principal debate in current IR? What is your position or answer to this challenge / in this debate?
The question I'd like us to be asking more clearly than we are is, 'are we a vocation and, if so, what kind of vocation are we'? This points to a varied set of questions that we, as scholars, gesture to but spend relatively little theoretical time developing or unpacking. There's an assumption that the knowledge we produce is supposed to be put good for something, practical in light of some praiseworthy purpose. Even theorists who perceive themselves to be epistemologically value-free hope, I think, at least on an intuitive level, that some practical good will emerge from what they do. They hope that they are doing 'good work' in the sense that some Christians use this term. But, there is not really a sustained project of thinking through how those works work: how our notions of vocation might be different or even mutually exclusive, and how the differences in our notions of vocation might be bound up in non-obvious ways to our epistemological, methodological, and theoretical choices.
Moreover, except for a few very important and quite heroic (and minoritarian) efforts, we don't really have a way to think systematically about the structure of the profession: how it influences or intervenes or otherwise acts on particular ideas as they percolate through it, and how those ideas get 'taken up' into policy. Brian Schmidt has done work like that, so has Inanna Hamati-Ataya, Ole Waever, Ido Oren, Oded Löwenheim, Elizabeth Dauphinee, Naeem Inayatullah, and Piki Ish-Shalom; and it's good work, but they are doing what they are doing with limited resources, and I think without due appreciation from a big chunk of the field as to why that work is important and what it means.
When I started writing Recovering International Relations, I had wanted to recover the 'view from nowhere' that many social scientists idealize. You know, that methodological conceit where we imagine we are standing on Mars, watching the earth through a telescope, or we're Archimedes standing outside of the world, leveraging it with distance and dispassion. I had worked on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict for a long time, was living in Tel Aviv, working for a think tank, and was—am—an Israeli citizen and an American citizen. I had this somewhat shocking discovery right after the Second Intifada broke out. Most of my senior colleagues were deploying their expertise in what seemed to me to be a very tendentious way: to show why the second Intifada was Yassar Arafat's fault or the Palestinian Authority's fault—or, in a few cases, the Israelis' fault. There were some very simplistic political agendas that were driving this research. People were watching the evening news, coming into work the next morning, and then running Ehud Yaari's commentary through their respective fact-values-methods mill. Or if they were well-connected, they were talking to their friends on the 'inside', and doing the same thing.
It was hard to admit this for a long time, but I was very naïve. I found that very unsettling and quite disillusioning. That's why the view from nowhere was so appealing. I wanted to be able to talk about Israel and Palestine without taking a position on Israel and Palestine—but without eschewing the expertise I had acquired along the way, in part because I was a party to this conflict, and cared about its outcome. I was young, inexperienced, and slightly arrogant to boot—neither yet a scholar, nor an 'expert,' nor really aware of the game I was playing. So my objections were not well received, nor did I pose them especially coherently. To their credit, my senior colleagues did recognize something worthwhile in my diatribes, and they did their best to help me get into graduate school.
As the project developed, and as I started engaging with my mentors in grad school, it appeared that the view from nowhere was essentially impossible to recover. With Hegel and with the poststructuralists, we can't really think from nowhere; the idea of it is this kind of intellectual optical illusion, as though thinking simply happens, without a mind that is conditioned by being in the world. Therefore, there needs to be a process by which we give account of ourselves.
There are a variety of different ways to consider how one might do that. There's what we might call the agentic approach, in which we think through the structure of thought itself: its limitations, our dependence on a certain image of thinking notwithstanding those limits—thought's work on us, on our minds. This is closest to what I do, drawing on Adorno and Kant, and Adorno's account of how concepts work in the mind; how they pull us away from the things we mean to understand even as they give us the words to understand them. And drawing on Jane Bennett, William Connolly, Hannah Arendt, Cornel West, JoanTronto, and JudithButler to think through how one conditions oneself to accept those limitations from a space of love, humility and service. Patrick Jackson's (TheoryTalk #44) Conduct of Research in IR is quite similar to this approach; and so is Colin Wight's Agents, Structures and International Relations; though they use more philosophy of science than I do.
One could also do this more 'structurally.' One could say 'this is how the academy works and this is how the academy interconnects with the larger political community' and then try to trace out those links: I mentioned Hamati-Ataya, Oren, and Ish-Shalom, or you could think of Isaac Kamola, Helen Kinsella, or Srdjan Vucetic.
Any of those approaches—or really, some admixture of them—would be pieces of that project. I would like us to be doing more of that—alongside, not instead of, all the other things we are already doing, from historical institutionalism to formal modeling, to large-N and quantitative approaches, and normative, feminist and critical ones. I would like such self-accounting to be one of the things scholars do, that they take it as seriously as they take methods, epistemology, data, etc. Driving that claim home in our field, as it's presently constituted, is our biggest challenge.
How did you arrive at where you currently are in IR?
I'm 42, so the Cold War was a big deal. I'm American-born, and I was raised in a pretty typical suburb. John Stewart from the Daily Show is probably the most famous product of my hometown, though I didn't know him. My view of history was a liberal and progressive in the Michael Waltzer/Ulrich Beck/Anthony Giddens, vein, but I was definitely influenced by the global circumstances of the time, and by the 'End of History' discourse that was in the air. I thought that the US was a force of good in the world. I was a nice Jewish boy from New Jersey. I really wanted to live in Israel for personal reasons, and the moral challenge of living in Israel after the Intifada seemed to go away with the peace process. So, it seemed to me that it was a kind of golden moment: you could 'render unto Caesar what was due to Caesar', and do the same for the Lord. I could actually be a Jewish-Israeli national and also a political progressive. (That phrase is, of course, drawn from the Gospels, and that may give you some sense of how my stated religious affiliations might have differed from the conceptual and theological structures upon which they actually rested—score one for the necessity of reflexivity. But in any case, those events were important.)
I moved to Israel when I was 22 and was drafted into the military after I took citizenship there. In the IDF, I was a low-level functionary/general laborer—a 'jobnik', someone who probably produces less in utility than they consume in rations. Our job was to provide support for the combatants that patrolled a certain chunk of the West Bank near Nablus—Shechem, as we called it, after the biblical name. I was not a particularly distinguished soldier. But we were cogs in a very large military occupation, and being inside a machine like that, you can see how the gears and pieces of it meshed together, and I started taking notice of this. Sometimes I'd help keep the diary in the operations room. You saw how it all worked, or didn't work; or rather, for whom it worked and for whom it didn't. All that was very sobering and quite fascinating.
I once attended a lecture given by the African politics scholar Scott Straus, and he said the thing about being present right after genocide is that you come across these pits full of dead bodies. It's really shocking and horrific—there they are, just as plain as day. Nothing I saw in the sheer level of violence compares to that in any way—I should stress this. But that sense of it all just being out there, as plain as day, and being shocked by this—that resonated with me. Everyone who cared to look could understand how the occupation worked, or at least how chunks of it worked. So I would say in terms of events, those things were the big pieces that structured my thinking.
Here's two anecdotal examples. Since I was a grade of soldier with very limited skills, I was on guard duty a lot. We had a radio. I could hear the Prime Minister on the radio saying we are going to strike so-and-so in response to an attack on such-and-such, and then I could see helicopters pass overhead to Nablus, and then I could see smoke. Then I could see soldiers come back from going out to do whatever it was the helicopter had provided air support for. I'd see ambulances with red crescents or red Stars of David rush down the main road. It began to occur to me that there was a certain economy of violence in speech and performance. I didn't think about it in specifically theoretical terms before I went back to graduate school, but Israelis had been killed, political outrage had been generated. There was a kind of affective deficit in Israeli politics that demanded a response, and some amount of suffering had to be returned—so the government could say it was doing its job. I found this very depressing. My odd way of experiencing this—neither fully inside nor outside—is certainly not the most important or authentic, and I'm not trying to set myself up as an expert on this basis. I'm only trying to account for how it made me think at the time and how that shows up in what and how I write now.
Later, when I was in the reserves, I was in the same unit with the same guys every year. One year, we were lacing our boots and getting our equipment for our three weeks of duty in a sector of the West Bank near Hebron, I think it was. I remember one guy, one of the more hawkish guys, said 'we'll show 'em this time, we'll show them what's what'. Three weeks later, that same guy said 'Jeez, it's like we're like a thorn in their backside; no wonder they hate us so much.' (He actually used some colorful imagery that I can't share with you.) I remember thinking, 'well, ok, he'll go home and he'll tell his family and his friends; some good will come of this.' The next year, I saw the same guy saying the same thing at the start, 'we'll show those SOBs.' And then three weeks later, 'oh my God, this is so pointless, no wonder they hate us…' So after a few years of this I finally said to him, 'tagid, ma yihiyeh itcha?'—Like, dude, what's your deal? 'We've had this conversation every year! What happens to you in the 48 weeks that you're not here that you forget this?' And I think he looked at me like, 'what are you talking about?'
I thought about that afterwards: we have these moments of experience when we're out of our everyday environment and discourse, the diet of news and fear, PR and political nonsense—that's when these insights become possible. So, when this guy comes in and says 'ok, we'll get those SOBs,' he's carrying with him this discourse that he has from home, from the news and TV, from his 'parliament' with his friends where they get together and talk about politics and war and economics and whatever else—and then a few weeks of occupation duty disrupts all that, makes him see it in a different light, and he has these kinds of fugitive experiences which give him a weirdly acute critical insight. Suddenly, he's this mini-Foucault.
In a few weeks, though, he goes back to his life, there's no space or niche into which that uncomfortable, fugitive insight can really grow, so it just sort of disappears or withers on the vine, its power is dissipated. This is a very real, direct experience of violence and it's covered over by all of this jibber-jabber. So there's a moment where you start to wonder: what exactly happens there? What happens in those 48 weeks? What happens to me during those weeks? You can see how a kind of ongoing critical self-interrogation would evolve out of that. Again, none of those things are exactly what my book's about, but it gives you a sense of how you might find Adorno's kind of critical relentlessness and negativity vital and important and really useful and necessary. You can see how that might inform my thinking.
In terms of books, as an undergraduate, I had read, not very attentively, Said and Foucault, and all of the stuff at the University of Chicago we had to take in what they called the 'Scosh Sequence,' from sociologists like Elijah Anderson and William Julius Wilson to Charles Lindblom and Mancur Olsen: texts from the positive and the interpretive to the post-structural. I had courses with some very smart Israeli and Palestinian profs—Ephraim Yaar, Salim Tamari, Ariela Finkelstein. And of course Rashid Khalidi was there at that time. Once I was in the military, the Foucault and Said suddenly started popping around in my head. Suddenly, this sort of lived experience of being on guard duty made the Panopticon and the notion of discipline go from being a rather complicated, obscure concept to something concrete. 'Oh! That's what discipline is!'
When I went back to graduate school, I was given a pretty steady diet of Waltz, rational deterrence theory, Barry Posen, Stephen Walt (Theory Talk #33), and Robert Jervis (Theory Talk #12). Shai Feldman was a remarkable teacher, so were Ilai Alon in philosophy, Shlomo Shoham in sociology and Aharon Shai in History. Additionally I had colleagues at work who were PhD students at the Hebrew University working with Emanuel Adler; they gave me Wendt (Theory Talk #3), Katzenstein's (TheoryTalk # 15) Culture of National Security, Adler and Barnett, and Jutta Weldes' early article on 'Constructing National Interests' in the EJIR (PDF here). My job was to help them publish their monographs, so I got really into the guts of their arguments, which were fascinating. I am not really an agency-centered theory guy anymore and I am not really a constructivist anymore, but that stuff was fantastic. I saw that one could write from a wholly different viewpoint, perspective, and voice. This is all very mainstream in IR now, but at the time, it felt quite edgy, very novel. Part of the reason why the middle chapters of Recovering IR has these long discussions about different kinds of constructivism is that I wouldn't have had two thoughts to rub together if it was not for those books. I do disagree with them now and strongly, but they were very important to me all the same.
What would a student need to become a specialist in IR or understand the world in a global way?
I'd be more comfortable answering that question as someone who was, until relatively recently, a grad student. I've not been productive long enough to say 'Well, here's how to succeed in this business and be a theorist of enduring substance or importance' with any authority. But I can say, 'here's how I'm trying to be one.' There's a famous article by Albert O. Hirschman called 'The Principle of the Hiding Hand,' (PDF here) and in it he says that frequently, the only way one can get through really large or complicated projects is to delude oneself as to how hard the project is actually going to be. He takes as an example these ambitious, massively complicated post-colonial economic projects of the Aswan High Dam variety. The only way such enormous projects ever get off the ground, he says, is if one either denies their true complexity or deludes oneself. Otherwise you despair and you never get it done. From the first day of seminar to dissertation proposal to job—thank God I had no idea what I was in for, or I might have quit.
Also, the job market being what it was, we had to be very, very passionate scholars who wrote and argued for the sheer intellectual rush and love of writing. And yet, we also had to be very practical and almost cynical about the way in which the academic market builds on the prestige of publications and the way in which prestige becomes shorthand for your commodity value. At least in the US, the decline of tenure and the emergence of a kind of new class of academics whose realm of responsibility is specifically to engage in uncomfortable kinds of political and moral critique—but without tenure, and at the mercy of a sometimes feckless dean, an overburdened department chair or fickle colleagues—that's very scary. If you're doing 'normal science', it's a different game and the challenges are different. But if your job is to do critique, in the last ten years, it's a very big deal. Very difficult. I'm very fortunate in that regard; at Alabama I've had great support from my department, my chair, and my college.
I was a Johns Hopkins PhD, and my department was fantastic in terms of giving me support, encouragement, getting out of my way while throwing interesting books at me, reading drafts that were bad and helping me make them good—or at least telling me why they were bad. We did not get particularly good professional training, because I think they did not want us to get professionalized before we found our own voice. I'm really grateful for that, truly. But then there's this period in which you have to figure out how to make your voice into a commodity. That's really tough, it's a little bit disheartening—even to discover that you must be a commodity is dismaying; didn't we go into the academy to avoid this sort of logic? But just like Marx says, commodities have a double life, and so do you. The use-value of your scholarship and its exchange-value do not interlock automatically and without friction. So you spend all this time on the use-value of it—writing a cool, smart, interesting dissertation—thinking that will translate into exchange-value, and it turns out that it sort of does, but a lot of other things translate into exchange-value too that aren't really about how good your work is necessarily. And many of your colleagues, if what you're doing is original, won't really understand what you're doing; the value or the creativity of it won't be apparent to them unless they spend a lot of time sifting through your bad drafts of it, which only a few—but God bless those—will do. So how you create exchange-value for yourself is important. So is finding people who will care about you, your project, your future—and learning when to take their advice, when to ignore it, and how to do so tactfully.
If all that's hard, you're probably doing it right. It's unfortunate that that's how it is, but at all events, that's how it was for me.
Would you elaborate on the concept of vocation and why this is so important to the view from nowhere? It is important to say that the view from nowhere is perhaps difficult. So is vocation, or a kind of Weberian approach, a way to articulate that for you?
There's a quote in a book from a Brazilian novelist named Machado de Assis. His protagonist is this fellow Bras Cubas, who's writing a posthumous memoir of his own life. He's writing from beyond the grave. From there, he can view his whole life and his entire society from outside; he's finally achieved positivism's view from nowhere. But the thing about this view—and the book means to be a sendup of the Comtean positivism that was fashionable in Brazil in those days—is that it gives him no comfort. He now knows why he lived his life the way he did; how he failed and what was—and what was not—his fault. The absurdity of it all makes sense. But it changes nothing: he has died unfulfilled, unloved, and essentially alone: a minor poet and back-bench politician who was ultimately of little use to anyone nor of much to himself. All he knows is how that happened.
In the end, if we're all playing a role in how a world comes into being and it's in some sense our job simply to accept this, and our job as scholars merely to explain it, this gives us no comfort in the face of suffering, in the face of violence and evil. To some extent as scholars, and to some extent as a discipline, we exist as a response to evil, to suffering, to foolishness, to folly; it's not a coincidence that the first professorship of IR is created in Britain in the wake of WWI, and that it's given to someone like E. H. Carr.
If we don't have a view from nowhere because we've given up anything like a moral sense that can't be reduced to fractional, material, or ideological sensibilities, and if we know that sometimes those 'views from somewhere' can provide cover for terrible kinds of evil or justify awful kinds of suffering, then the notion of vocation seems to come in at that point and say well, 'here's what I hope I'm doing', or 'here's what I wish to be doing', or 'here's what I'd like to think I'm doing', and then allowing others to weigh in and give their two cents. Vocation, in the sense of Weber's lectures, comes out of that. It's Kant for social scientists: What can I know? What should I do? For what may I hope? In other words, what the necessity and obligation of thinking is on the one hand, and on the other what its limitations are.
This is a way to save International Relations from two things: one, from relativism and perspectivism, and the other, from a descent into the technocratic or the managerial. I am trying to stand between the two. My own intellectual background was in security studies at Tel Aviv University in the 1990s: the period immediately after Maastricht, in the period of the Oslo Process, the end of Apartheid. My hope back in the days when the peace process seemed to me to be going well was that I'd be able to have a kind of technocratic job in Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs or Defense. Counting tanks, or something similar. I thought that would be a pretty good job. I would be doing my part to maintain a society that had constructed a stable, long-term deterrent by which to meaningfully address the problem of Jewish statelessness and vulnerability, but without the disenfranchisement of another people. I could sit down and count my tanks with a clear conscience, because the specter of evil was being removed from that work. The problem of the occupation was being be solved. Again, it's somewhat embarrassing to admit this now.
I would say in the US academy, there is definitely a balance in favor of the technocrats. We have enormous machines for the production and consumption of PhDs in this country. The defense establishment is an enormous player. Groups like the Institute for Defense Analysis need a lot of PhDs, the NSF funds a lot of PhDs (for now, at least), and that tips the balance of the profession in a certain way. My ability to use ideas compellingly at ISA won't change that fact all by itself, there's a base-superstructure issue in play there.
In Europe, it's a different story, for a bunch of reasons. The defense establishments of the EU member states aren't as onerous a presence. And, there are more of them; so there's a kind of diversity there and a need to think culturally about how these various institutions interlock and how people learn to talk to each other: the Martha Finnemore-to-Vincent Pouliot-to-Iver Neumann (Theory Talk #52) study of ideas and institutions and officials. Plus, you have universities like the EUI and the CEU, which are not reducible to any particular national interest or education system; creating knowledge, but for a political/state form that's still emergent. No one knows exactly what it is, what its institutions and interests will ultimately be. Because of that, it's hard to imagine the EUI producing scholars with obviously nationally-inflected research programs, like Halford Mackinder, Mahan, Ratzel from a century ago. There will still be reifications and ideologies, but there's more 'give' since the institutions are still in play. And there's fantastically interesting stuff happening in Australia, and in Singapore—think of people like Janice Bialley-Mattern, Tony Burke and Roland Bleiker.
Critique has a long and controversial history in our discipline. Could you perhaps elaborate, as a kind of background or setting, how critique can be used in IR and why you've placed it at the center of your approach to IR theory?
Critique as term of art comes into the profession through Robert Cox (Theory Talk #37) and through the folks that were writing after him in the '90s, including Neufeld, Booth, Wyn-Jones, Rengger, Linklater and Ashley—though pieces of the reflexive practice of critique are present in the field well before. For Cox, the famous line is that theory is always 'for something and for someone.' The question is, if that's true how far down does that problem go? Is it a problem of epistemology and method, or is it a problem of being as such, a problem of ontology? Is it fundamental to the nature of politics?
If the set of processes to which we refer when we speak of 'thinking' is inherently for someone and for something, and that problem harkens back to the idea that all thinking is grounded in one's interests and perspectives, i.e., that all practical or systematic attempts to understand politics are 'virtuous' in the Machiavellian sense (they serve princely interests) but not necessarily in the Christian sense (deriving from transcendent values), then we have a real problem in keeping those two things separate in our minds. Think of Linklater's book Men and Citizens in International Relations as a key node in that argument, though Linklater ultimately believes (at least in that book) that a reconciliation between the two is possible. I'm less convinced.
Now recall the vocation point we discussed before. IR as a discipline has a deep sense of moral calling which goes beyond princely interest. And the traditions on which it draws are as much transcendently normative as anything else. So encoded in our ostensibly practical-Machiavellian analyses is going to be something like a sense of Christian virtue; we'll believe we're not merely correct in our analyses, but really and truly right in some otherworldly, transcendent way. True or not, that sense of conviction will attach itself to our thinking, to the political forces and agendas that we're serving. We'll come to believe that we are citing Machiavelli in the service of something greater: whether that's 'scientific truth' or the national interest, or what have you. Nothing could be more dangerous than that. Critique, as an intervention, comes here: to dispel or chasten those beliefs. Harry Gould, Brent Steele, and especially Ned Lebow (Theory Talk #53) write about prudence and a sense of finitude: these are the close cousins of this kind of critique.
If we take seriously the notion that people sometimes fight and kill in the service of really awful causes while believing they are doing right, and that scholars sometimes help them sustain those convictions rather than disabuse them of them—even if they do not intend this—then critique becomes an awfully big problem and it really threatens to undermine the profession as such. It opens up a whole new level of obligation and responsibility, and it magnifies what might otherwise be staid 'inside baseball'—Intramural scholarly or methodological debates. Part of the reason why the 'great debates' were so great—so hotly fought—had to do with this: our scholarly debates were, in fact, ideological ones.
It undermines the field in another way as well. If we take critique seriously, there's got to be a lot of moral reflection by scholars. That will make it hard to produce scholarship quickly, to be an all-purpose intellectual that can quickly produce thought-product in a policy-appropriate way, because I will want to be thinking from another space, and of course precisely what policy-makers want is that you don't think from some other space; that you present them with 'shovel ready' policy that solves problems without creating new ones.
So you now have not just a kind of theoretical or methodological interruption in the discussion of, say, absolute or relative gains. You now have to give an account of yourself. And for me, that's what critique in IR means. To unpack the definition I gave above, it's the attempt to give an account of what the duties and limits of one's thinking are in the context of politics, given the nature of politics as we understand it. Because IR comes out of the Second World War, we're bound to take the most capacious notions of what political evil and contingency can be; if we are not always in the midst of genocide and ruin, then we are at least potentially so. And so contingency and complexity and all the stuff that we're talking about must face that. I want to hold out that Carl Schmitt and Hans Morgenthau might be right—in ways which neither they, nor I, can completely fathom. Then I have to give accounts of thinking that take a level of responsibility commensurate with that possibility.
In that vein, when I look at accounts of thinking in the context of the political, when I look at what concepts are and how they work and how they do work on the world so that it can be rendered tractable to thought, I realize that what we come up with when we're done doesn't look very much like politics anymore. We have tools which, when applied to politics, change it quite dramatically; they reify or denature it. To be critical in the face of that, you're going to be obliged to an extensive degree of self-interrogation and self-checking, which I call chastening.
That process of chastening reason, is, in effect, what remains of the enlightenment obligation to use practical reason to improve what Bacon called the human estate. What's left of that obligation is to think in terms of the betterment of other human beings as best as you can, knowing you can't do that very well, but that you may still be obliged to try.
That's really hard to do and it's an odd form of silence and non-silence. After all, if I were to look at the Shoah while it was happening, or look at what happened in Rwanda, and say 'well, I don't really have a foundational position on which to stand so I can't analyze or condemn that'—that would not be a morally acceptable position. Price and Reus-Smit (TheoryTalk #27) say this in their 1998 article and they are absolutely right. But then there's the fact that I don't quite know what to say beyond 'stop murdering people!' The world is so easy to break with words, and so hard to put back together with them—assuming anyone cares at all about anything we say. So I am obliged to respond to those kinds of events when I see them, and I am also obliged to acknowledge that I can't respond to them well, because my authority comes from the conceptual tools I have, and they aren't really very good. Essentially, what I'm doing as scholar of IR is the equivalent is using the heel of my shoe to hammer in a nail. (That's a nice line, no? I wish it was mine, but it's Hannah Arendt.) It will probably work, but it will take a while, and the nail won't go in so straight. To chasten one's thinking is to remind oneself that the heel of one's shoe is not yet a hammer; that all we're doing is muddling through—even when we do our work with absolute seriousness and strict attention to detail, context and method—as of course we should.
You discuss IR theory in terms of different reifications. In which was does that also lead you to take a stand against a Weberian understanding of IR?
I think where I depart from Weber is that he has more faith than I do that, at some point, disenchantment produces something better. There is faith or hope on their part that the iron cage that we experience as a result of disenchantment and as a result of the transformation from earlier forms of charismatic and traditional authority to contemporary rational ones won't always be oppressive, not forever. New forms and ways of being will emerge, in which those disenchanted modes actually will fulfill their promise for a kind of improvement in the human estate. If it's a long, complicated process—hence the image of slow boring into hard wood—but faith is still justified, good things can still happen.
For me, the question is how would you manage a society that is liable to go insane or to descend into moments of madness because of the side-effects or intervening effects of disenchantment and modernization, while holding fast to the notion that at some point, this is going to get better for most people? I'm a bit less certain about that than I read Patrick and Weber being. I think that even if they're right, it makes sense morally as scholars, not necessarily as citizens or individuals or people, to dwell in the loss of those who fall along the way.
I find myself thinking about the people who are gone a lot. My ex-wife teaches on slavery, and I think a lot about this terrible thing she once told me. On slave ships, when there was not enough food they would throw the people overboard because ship masters got insurance money if their property went overboard, but not if human beings succumbed on-ship. There's a scene depicting this in Spielberg's film Amistad and it haunts me. I find myself thinking about those people, dragged under with their chains. I wonder what they looked like, what they had to say. I wonder what they might have created or how their great-great grandchildren children would have played with my child. I wonder if my best friend or true love was never born because her or his ancestor died in this way. An enormous number of people perished. I can't quite believe this, even if I know it's true.
Yoram Kaniuk, the recently deceased Israeli novelist, wrote that the Israeli state was built on the ground-up bones of the Jews who couldn't get there because it was founded too late. I wonder about them too. And when I taught course modules on Cambodia, I would find myself looking at the photographs made of the people in Tuol Sleng before they were killed, the photo archives which the prison kept for itself. There is a mother, daughter, father, brother, son, and I find myself drawn into their eyes and faces. I don't want those people to disappear into zeros or statistics. I want somehow to give them some of their dignity back, and I want to dwell in the tragic nature my own feeling because it bears remembering that I cannot ever really do that. If I remember that, I will have some sense of what life's worth is, and I won't speak crassly about interventions or bombings or wars—wherever I might come down on them. I would say that it's almost a religious obligation to attend to the memory of those people. My desire to abide with them makes me very, very suspicious of hope or progress. I want this practice of a kind of mourning or grief to chasten such hope.
There's a problem with that position. Some will point out to me that this will turn into its own kind of Manichean counter-movement, a kind of Nietzschean ressentiment. Or else that dwelling in mourning has a self-congratulatory quality to it. And there are certainly problems with this position at the level of popular or mass politics. We do see a lot of ressentiment in our politics. On the left, there's a lot of angry, self-aggrandizing moral superiority. And you can think about someone like Sarah Palin in the US as a kind of populist rejection of guilt and responsibility from the right.
But as social scientists, we might have space to be the voice for that kind of grief, to take it on and disseminate the ethics that follow from it; to give that grief a voice. That kind of relentless self-chastening is what I'm all about. I think it opens you up to new agendas and possibilities. I think it's a much deeper way to be 'policy relevant' than most of my colleagues understand this term. If we are relentlessly self-critical as scholars, and if we relentlessly resist the appropriation of scholarly narratives to simplistic moral or political ends and if we, as a society, help to build an intolerance of that and a sense of the mourning that comes out of that, we also open our society up to say things like, 'ok, well what's left?'
And then, well, maybe a lot of things are left, and some of them are not so bad. Maybe we start to imagine something better. That's where I'd rejoin Jackson and Weber; after that set of ethical/emotional/spiritual moves. I think, by the way, that Patrick mostly agrees with me; it's only a question of what his work emphasizes and what mine has emphasized. On this point, consider Ned Lebow's notion of tragedy. He and I disagree on some of the details of that notion. But on top of his remarkable erudition, he's a survivor of the Shoah. I suspect he has thought very deeply about grief and mourning, and in ways that might not be open to me.
The final question I want to pose to you is a substantive one: Your understanding of critique somehow does relate to sustaining progress, in a way. Perhaps on the one hand, you are not so optimistic as Weber was, but on the other hand, your work conveys the sense that it is possible to bridge the gap between concepts and things. I'm not sure if it's possible, but perhaps you can relate it to the substantive example of how your work relates to concrete political situations. I think the example of Israel-Palestine comes to mind best.
Again, I don't think I am as optimistic as that. In my heart of hearts, I desperately wish this to be the case. To think of the people who were most influential on my intellectual development—my cohort of fellow grad students at Johns Hopkins and our teachers, to whom as a group I owe, really, everything in intellectual terms—I was certainly in the minority view. Most of them were, I think, working in the Deleuzian vein of making 'theory worthy of the event.' I just don't believe that's possible; or anyway I think it's really, really, really hard, the work of a generation to tell that story well and have it percolate out into our discipline and our culture. In the meantime, we must muddle through. I hope I'm wrong and I hope they're right. I'm rooting for them, even as I try to give them a hard time—just as I give Keohane (Theory Talk #9) and Waltz and Wendt and everyone else I write about a hard time. But I'd be happy, very happy, to be wrong.
What I do think can be done is that you can sustain an awareness of the space between things-in-themselves and concepts, and by extension some sense of the fragility and the tenuousness of the things that you think and their links to the things that you do. Out of this emerges a kind of chastened political praxis.
You mentioned Israel and Palestine, which I care a great deal about and am trying to address more squarely in the work I'm doing now, partly on my own and partly in pieces I've worked on with my colleague Daniel Monk. What we observe is that though the diplomatic negotiations failed pretty badly twelve and a half years ago, we're still looking at the same people running the show: the same principal advisers and discussants and interlocutors: in the US and Israel and in the Palestinian Authority. The same concepts and assumptions too. Just a few days ago, Dennis Ross published a long op-ed about how we get the peace process back on track, and you might think that you're reading something from another time—as though the conflict were a technical challenge rather than a political one. You know that Prince song about 'partying like it's 1999'?
I don't know what a peaceful, enriching, meaningful Israeli-Jewish-Arab-Palestinian-Muslim-Christian collective co-existence or sharing of space or world looks like, but I know that this pseudo-politics ain't that. When I see something that's just a re-hashing, I can say, 'come on guys, that is not thinking, that's recycling the old stuff and swapping out dates, proper nouns and a few of the verbs.' Nor is it listening to other voices who might inspire us in different ways, or might help us rethink our interests, categories and beliefs. Lately, I've been listening to a band called System Ali, hip-hop guys from Jaffa's Ajami quarter, who sing in four languages. What they say matters less to me than the fact that they really seem to like another, they trust each other, they let each voice sing its song and use its words. They have something to teach me about listening, thinking, acting and feeling—because it's music after all—and that can produce its own political openings.
Of course, there are pressure groups, from industry and AIPAC to whatever else in the US, and those groups merit discussion and debate, but I'm also wary of the counter-assumption which follows from folks who talk about this too reductively: that there actually is an American interest, or a European or Arab or Israeli one, which somehow transcends partisan interest—one that can be recovered once the diaspora Jews, the oil moguls, the arms dealers or the Christian 'Left Behind' people are taken out of the picture. That feels like the same heady brew that Treitschke and Meinecke and the German realpolitik scholars poured and drank: that the national state has some transcendent purpose to which we gain access by rising above or tuning out the voices of the polity or its chattering classes. Only with a light liberal-internationalist gloss: Meinecke meets David Lake (Theory Talk # 46), Anne-Marie Slaughter or John Ikenberry.
I can also go meet starry-eyed idealists who want to hold hands and sing John Lennon, I can say to them yes, I want to hold your hand and sing John Lennon, but I am also enough of a social scientist to know that if a policy does not respond to real and pressing problems—water, land, borders etc.—that any approach that does not respond to those things will be hopelessly idealist. It will be what my granny called luftmentsch-nachess—the silly imaginings of men with their heads in the clouds, like the parable about Thales and the Thracian maiden. I am not interested in being either a luftmentsch nor a technocrat. So what does that leave with you with? You need to balance.
You can look at groups at the margins of political culture to see what they can tell you. In Israel and Palestine, it's groups like Ta'ayush, Breaking the Silence and Zochrot, and this settler leader who recently died, Rabbi Frohman, who was going out and meeting every Palestinian leader he could because for him, being a Jew in the land was not, in the first instance about his Israeli passport. There were and are possibilities for discussion that feel really pregnant and feel very different from the conversation we are sustaining now; which reveal its shallowness and its limitations and its pretentiousness. These other voices are of course not ideal either, they are going to have their own problems and limitations, their own descent into power and exclusion and so on, but they reveal some of the lie of what we're doing now.
I guess in the end, social scientists make a living imagining the future on the basis of the past. I also spend a lot of time reading novels and watching books and films. Partly because I am lazy and I like them. Partly because I'm looking for those novels and films to help me imagine other possibilities of being that aren't drawn from the past. Art, Dewey tells us in The Public and its Problems, is the real bearer of newness. Maybe then, I get to grab onto those things and say ok, what if we made those them responsive to an expansive materialist analysis of what an Israeli-Palestinian peace would need to survive? What if we held the luftmentsch's feet to the materialist/pragmatic fire, even as we held the wonk's feet to the luftmentsch's fire? Let them both squeal for a while. There's possibility there.
Daniel J. Levine is assistant professor at the University of Alabama. Among his recent publications (see below) stands out his book Recovering International Relations.
0 0 1 7019 40009 School of Global Studies/University of Gothenburg 333 93 46935 14.0
Faculty Profile at U-Alabama Read the first chapter of Levine's Recovering IR (2012) here (pdf) Read Barder and Levine's The World is Too Much (Millennium, 2012) here (pdf) Read Levine's Why Morgenthau was not a Critical Theorist (International Relations, 2013) here (pdf) Read Monk and Levine's The Resounding Silence here (pdf)
Background: Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods: This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings: Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16-30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77-0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50-0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80-0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54-0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation: Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services.
Part one of an interview with Salvatore "Sal" Pisciotta. Topics include: How Sal became a barber and eventually quit because he didn't like the work. How his parents immigrated to the United States from Italy. His parents lived in Ashburnham, MA and then moved to Fitchburg, where Sal was born. His parents were uneducated and the disadvantages they faced because of that. Stories Sal's parents told about Italy. How his family felt when World War II broke out. Sal's feelings about the events of September 11th and terrorism in general. His father's work as a laborer. The differences in how girls and boys were treated in his family. Education. What his mother was like and what a typical day was like for her. The garden his parents kept. Memories from his childhood. The food his mother used to prepare. His mother's experience working at a mill. What it was like to buy groceries and have ice delivered. Making wine and sausages. What Fitchburg was like when Sal was growing up. The boarders his parents housed. ; 1 LINDA: This is Linda [Rosenwan] on Friday, November 9. It's 9:50 a.m. We're with Sal Pisciotta, 208 Woodland Street in Fitchburg. And hello, Sal. SAL: Hi. Hi, Linda. LINDA: Okay. Here we go. So why don't you tell me -- you were just telling me a little bit -- I hate to ask you again, but tell me what happened after you graduated from Fitchburg High School in 1948. SAL: Oh. I went to barber school in Boston; that was for six months. Six months course, and then brother Joe and I, we opened up a barber shop down the street here, you know, in Fitchburg. And I always disliked being a barber, but I was forced into it. I always wanted to be civil engineer, but I mean, in those days if your father or brother was a barber you had to be a barber or a tailor or a cobbler or what the heck ever they were. LINDA: So he was an older brother. SAL: Oh, yeah. He was 17 years. I never grew up with him. I mean, I never grew up he and I being brothers. I mean, he was 17 years. He was… I was 3 years old when he got married, so we never grew up being close as brothers. And then the Korean War came along, I got drafted, and I went to Korea. I was there for, well, 15 months in the 24th Division. When I came back I wanted to go to school but then I got married, and one thing led into another. I went back into barbering, but then that was it. I couldn't take it anymore. I just had to get the heck out of there. LINDA: Did your brother know that you hated it? SAL: Oh, yeah. He knew it. He didn't want to see me leave, but hey, I quit. I told him I was leaving, then I had problems with my wife and I couldn't find a job. The country was in a recession back in '63, '62. So finally I landed this job in Leominster for the Doyle Estate, which was a wonderful thing, working for this lady. She's been very gracious and great to me and my three children. And that's it. I'm supposed to be retired here. LINDA: Okay, so we're going to stop the interview. Again. SAL: Okay. What we said is all gone, right? LINDA: All gone. We were just starting. See, it's at two minutes again.2 SAL: Okay. LINDA: Because we were just talking about -- so we won't talk about her personally. SAL: No, please, no. Don't say it. Nothing about her personally. LINDA: Okay. So then let me thing back what we should talk about. SAL: [Unintelligible – 00:02:55]? LINDA: Yes, we could start there. So your parents, Antonio… SAL: Antonio and Antoinette. LINDA: Now, did they come from Italy together? SAL: Yes. He came -- Dad was born in 1883. He went into the Italian Army. I think he was in the Italian Army a couple of years. Then he came to America, I think it was in 1906, or '07, whatever it is. And he worked in the Sumner Tunnel in Boston, I'd say. And then I guess he got laid off. He got laid off, and then he was going to go back to Italy. You know, the Italian government was calling these people, these immigrants, these Italian people that came over here. There was no work, and for $5 you could get on ship and go back to Italy. And my father had bought a ticket; he was going back to Italy. He was down on Hanover Street or one of the streets in the North End, and he met another Italian man, and they asked my father where he was going, where he was working. And my father says, I have no job here. I'm going back to Italy. So he said, tomorrow you meet at a certain place here in Boston, and we're going to go to Wellesley. In Wellesley there was a very, very wealthy man that has horses and stables and greenhouses, exactly what these Italians could do. So that's how my father went to work there, and he worked there for a few months. Then he did go back to Italy, and he was going to go marry this woman that he had left that he was in love with.3 Come to find out, she didn't wait for him. She had already gotten married to somebody else. So he struck up a relationship, which I think actually was a fixed marriage, with my mother. And anyway, he met somebody on the street, another -- I think Papa says once he was the mailman or something and says, Tony, get married and go back to America. Italy is about ready to go to war with Tripoli. LINDA: Oh, so wait a minute. So he did go back to Italy? SAL: Yes. Yeah. He went back to Italy to get married, but the woman that he was in love with, that he liked, she already got married. A letter carrier said to him, go back to America; that Italy is ready to go to war with Tripoli and that's when the 1912, I think it was, Dad came back with -- and she was 19 years old and my dad was 27, I guess. In 1912 they came and they landed in Boston. LINDA: So at this time he had been -- it was a married arranged for him, to a 19-year-old Antoinette. SAL: Yes. It was just, in those days, it was all arranged marriages. LINDA: Yeah. So they both came back here? SAL: Yeah. And I think they settled in South Ashburnham, a little jerk town up the street here, in South Ashburnham. And then he raised his family there. LINDA: Now, why do you think he ended up there? SAL: In those days, Linda, if Joe came, or Frank came to America, he would call him brother and his brother, he comes to America and didn't even know how to speak English, so where do you go? You go with your brother, or you go with somebody that you knew that called you. Then when you get here, you call your father-in-law or your sister-in-law, whatever it is, and you all get together. Because in those days, they all came here to Fitchburg. There was quite a population there was here, they call it the patch down on Water Street, and there was a lot of Italian people.4 But had there been work here in Fitchburg, today the Italian population would have been greater than it is in the North End of Boston, because what had happened was the work stopped. There was no more work, they weren't building any more factories, and then they started building the State House in New York, and all the Italians -- not all the Italians, but a lot of Italians, picked up their roots here from Fitchburg and Leominster, and they went to Albany, New York to live. LINDA: So who did you father follow then to Ashburnham? Do you know who was living there? SAL: Oh, yeah. His brother. LINDA: His brother. SAL: Yeah. LINDA: Now, what kind of work was he doing there? SAL: Laborers. That's all they ever do. Laborers. In those days they were building the paper mills, and that's it. A pick and shovel. There was no call up the cement truck and the cement truck come over with some cement. Everything was made by hand. It was laborers. And they were getting maybe $5 or $6 a week, and that was it. A week. Not a day or an hour, a week. LINDA: Now, where were they living, do you know? Were they living in a boarding house? SAL: No. It was a regular house. In fact, my daughter, Cynthia, lives up the street but the house is demolished now. The house isn't there anymore. Then from there they moved from South Ashburnham, they came down here on Orchard Street here in Fitchburg. They lived there for a few years, then they moved to [Edlee] Street and that's where I was born 72 years ago. LINDA: So what made them come to Fitchburg? SAL: Because one of his brothers was here, and there was work. LINDA: So he had a brother in Ashburnham and then Fitchburg?5 SAL: Then they came to Fitchburg because there was work here. They were building the paper mills, there was work. That's what they would do. They would just follow wherever work was, and then these Italians, the woman, would take in their brothers as boarders, so maybe about 65, or 70, a dollar a week they would cook for these guys, they would wash their clothes, iron, for a dollar a week. Cook their meals, make their lunch. That was America. They were the ones that built this country, those immigrants. Not only the Italians, I'm talking about the Swedes, the French and all that. Of course, and then the Italians. And then you get the Englishmen that came to this country and those -- is this being…? LINDA: Go ahead. That's fine. That's what history's about. SAL: So we got all these people that came over from Ireland, those guys ended up with the good jobs because they knew how to speak English. You get the Italians, the French, the Polocks, what do they know? They don't even know English. And that's how all the Kennedys and the rest of those rich families survived. Or got started. LINDA: That's what was so interesting about my interview yesterday. I think I told you, the Italian Citizens Club, with the [unintelligible - 00:10:20], was that they formed so that the Italians, they could teach them English and get them to become citizens and then show them the way to get better jobs. So they had to do that because there was a language barrier. SAL: Yeah. A language barrier. Like my father. My father and mother never went to school a day in their life. LINDA: Did they ever learn English? SAL: Yeah, they learned English. Very, very broken English, but they never went to school. I mean, we spoke in the house; it was all Italian as we grew up. I mean, with my mother and father usually would speak Italian, but amongst us kids it was English. But amongst Mom and Dad it was always Italian. LINDA: So they never became citizens?6 SAL: Oh, they did. Yeah. LINDA: Oh, they did? SAL: Yeah, during the Second World War, and then I can still remember before the Second World War my father became an American citizen. He was the happiest guy in the world. Then my mother, she became a citizen because she had a son that was in the Navy and he was in the war, and automatically she became an American citizen. LINDA: Wait, how did that work? SAL: What's that? LINDA: She automatically became a citizen? SAL: Her son was in the service, and I guess contributed to his country, and she just went to city hall one day and they had the ceremony and she became a citizen. But she never went to school. She never even knew how to sign her name. LINDA: I have my grandmother's passport where she has just an "x" where it says, sign your name. SAL: Dad could sign his name but it was… anyway. LINDA: It's amazing, though, isn't it? That they could come here and… SAL: They're the ones that built this county, right? LINDA: So you said your dad was the happiest man in the world. SAL: Oh, yeah. He was so proud. He became an American citizen, and he never had any desire to go back to Italy. He says, America's my home now. I want to stay in America. I don't want to go to Italy anymore. LINDA: Isn't that amazing? I mean, can you imagine yourself going to another country and…? SAL: And not even speaking a word of English? LINDA: And not becoming a citizen? SAL: And then becoming a citizen. Yeah. LINDA: So where were they from in Italy? SAL: Salemi. LINDA: Is this in Sicily?7 SAL: Yes, it's in Salemi. S-A-L-E-M-I. Salemi. Province of Trepani. T-R-E-P-A-N-I, Sicily. LINDA: Spell the Salemi again? SAL: S-A-L-E-M-I. LINDA: All right. So both your parents were from there? SAL: Yes. LINDA: Okay. So do you ever remember them talking about the old country? SAL: Oh, yeah. My father told me -- he would tell me that when he was courting my mother—because where they came from was all hills and mountains and there was no flashlights in those days and they used to have like a lamp and the lantern and my mother lived in the hills—and at nighttime he would slip, he would fall 200 or 300 feet down the cliff running. She came from the hills, poor thing. Nineteen years old she came to this country. Never went back, never saw her mother or father anymore, but anyway. LINDA: Did she used to have anyone write letters? Well, they probably couldn't read them. SAL: No, they could. My sister could speak Italian, and they would call [unintelligible - 00:14:11], but then naturally when the Second World War broke out, they were, you know, we were against the war on Italy, against Italy, so there was no communication then. LINDA: How did your parents feel about that when the United States was at war with Italy? Do you remember anything? SAL: That was terrible because they figured they were Americans, and they thought it was stupid that he got -- Mussolini in those days, got involved with Hitler. They thought it was a disgrace. The Italians, you know, if you look at history, they were the ones that turned against Hitler and the Italian army gave up. Every time they would see the American army coming they would always wave their hands and give up. They didn't want to fight. LINDA: So did your father have any brothers or sisters that stayed in Italy?8 SAL: Oh, yeah. Yeah. There were two of them, I think, that stayed in Italy. Sisters, no he didn't have. He had brothers. One of them was here in American, and two of them, I think, stayed in Italy. But he never saw the ones in Italy anymore. LINDA: He didn't try to get them over here? SAL: No. LINDA: No? What about your mother's family? SAL: She tried to get her brother over here. I can still remember going to city hall, and she tried to get her brother, whose name was Salvatore also, and the girl at the city hall says there was a quota in those days of foreigners coming into this country, and we asked how long it would take before her brother came to America, and they told me seven years. In those days. Today, what the hell happened to this quota? Right? So I guess he got disgusted or discouraged and he moved to Venezuela. And he did come here. He was here to visit my mother. He was here for about four or five weeks and then went back to Venezuela. But what happened to the quota in this country where you had to wait to come in here? Now the doors are open and every [screwball] can come in and out as they please. Right, Linda? LINDA: Do you think we'll go back to a quota system? SAL: No. LINDA: No? SAL: Of course not. Hey, you've got Bush, who just says what? Mexicans, a couple of months ago he says there's three million of them and we're going to go make them all American citizens. LINDA: How did people of your generation -- I mean, do you talk to your friends about what happened on September 11th? SAL: No, it's a tragedy it happened. And like everybody else we haven't seen nothing here. What the hell? Everybody that's -- not everybody, but that's the consensus… anybody doesn't have to be a brain surgeon to 9 figure that out. That war's going to be worse. [Unintelligible - 00:17:32] watching the bridges, they're watching the water supplies, airports. It's too bad. LINDA: I just always wonder how veterans of the war feel, because at least you knew who the enemy was, and you knew the country to attack. SAL: Right. And we would attack the enemy. These people, September 11, they attack these poor civilians, which was terrible. I mean, if they want to attack an army base or a Navy base or a ship, okay, that's war, like Pearl Harbor was war. But these people… again, it's their faith in Allah and the Mohammed and the wacky people that they are. But they're never going to erase terrorism. You're not going to wipe it out in this world. Never. [Unintelligible – 00:18:37] Mohammed and [unintelligible - 00:18:38] what the hell. You know it. There's another hundred guys right behind him that are worse than him. Am I right, Linda? LINDA: I'm afraid you might be. I know. That's a bad situation. SAL: Yes is it. It's terrible. LINDA: You think back to how your parents were. Their concern was putting a roof over their children's heads and putting food on the table, and now… SAL: Now we -- right. That's terrible. Like you say, you've got to worry about your grandchildren and your children, and that's… we've seen the better days of America. Let's put it that way, Linda. LINDA: I think of how heartbroken my grandparents would be to see something like this. SAL: Oh, God. They wouldn't believe it. When you see two big buildings like that just crumbling down, it's unbelievable. LINDA: Well, so getting back to… SAL: Do you want a cup of coffee? LINDA: No, do you? SAL: No. LINDA: I'm all set. SAL: You're all set?10 LINDA: Thanks. Every time I talk about it I get a little… SAL: Well, naturally, of course. It's a terrible thing that's happening in this country, and in the whole world. Even Italians, in Italy they're having their problems, too. [Unintelligible - 00:20:10] a few more, they had explosives in their car, they don't know where they were going. Anyway. LINDA: Back in your father's day, or even when you were younger, people just loved America. They even liked to be here. Now there's such an anti-American sentiment. Just, you know, in a relatively few short years things have really changed. SAL: Well, you know, America is the greatest country in the world, there's no question about it, okay. But the trouble with this country, I mean, is we try to force democracy down the throats of a lot of these small countries. Hey, let them live the way they want to live. If they want to live in communism, let them live in communism. Why do we have to spread democracy all the time? Am I right? It's a good forum, it's like a lecture. They want the communist rule, I mean, there's no more communism out there, I guess, and there's more crime. But anyway. LINDA: So your father must have been somewhat old when you were born, not old but what, like 40 years old? SAL: Oh yeah, he was. I think he was 42 or 43. LINDA: So he was still working as a laborer. SAL: Yeah. No, he worked in Simon's, it was a steel -- it was near Fitchburg, it was where they fabricated saws and paper knives and stuff like that, [unintelligible - 00:21:53] Steel. He worked there for 32 years, then he retired when he was 65. LINDA: So what did he do for them? SAL: Labor. Just hard work, just a hard laborer. LINDA: But it must have seemed like kind of a cushy job after working outside with a shovel. SAL: Oh yeah, I'm sure it must have been. But I mean, the way he was talking I guess they had this kind of a stones of a brace of [unintelligible -11 00:22:23] and they'd grind them down. I'm sure it must have been hard work for the poor guy. Then he used to walk back and forth to work to save a nickel or a cop there in those days. LINDA: How far is that? SAL: It used to be on North Street, right on Main Street. Right here at [unintelligible - 00:22:40] College, North Street. LINDA: Okay. He would walk from here? SAL: He would walk, yeah just to save a nickel on the bus. LINDA: He probably didn't have a very -- he didn't have [unintelligible - 00:22:55] back then, right? SAL: Oh God, no. Just a hardworking man, that's all he was. Poor guy, I feel so sorry. What a life he lived. But anyway. LINDA: Why do you say that? Because he worked so hard? SAL: Oh, he worked so hard and didn't have all the conveniences that we have today. We didn't have a telephone in the house. I think we had to go to the fire station to use the telephone. There was no telephones back when I was growing up. I think I was about five years old before I ever sat in an automobile. LINDA: So tell me about making a phone call. You'd walk down to the fire station? SAL: Yeah, there was a fire station. So you'd make a telephone call to somebody. We didn't have a phone. LINDA: Did they charge you? SAL: I don't remember, that I don't remember. But the first one we got was a four-party telephone. The phone used to ring three or four, that's not ours, that's not ours. LINDA: I vaguely remember my grandmother having that, yeah. SAL: We had a four-party telephone. LINDA: So tell me what your mother was like. SAL: Very strict. She was a strict woman, yeah. She brought up five daughters, and not one of them ever crossed the line. Real proud girls.12 LINDA: Were girls and boys treated differently? SAL: Oh yeah. To an Italian woman the sons were always the favorite. Yeah, I was the favorite. Especially the oldest one, he was always the favorite one. LINDA: Now, was that Joe? SAL: Joe, yeah. LINDA: So he decided to be a barber. That was a good decision that you would have to follow? SAL: Well. LINDA: A good decision for him. SAL: Good for him I guess. And in those days we didn't have the opportunity to go to high school anyway. At 16 years old everybody had to quit and go to work. LINDA: Did you quit high school? SAL: No, I graduated in '48. Out of seven, my sister Millie and I were the only ones that graduated. LINDA: You were the youngest? SAL: I was the youngest, yeah. LINDA: And she must have been a young… SAL: Millie right now I think is 78, I think, 79. LINDA: So did your parents think that education was important? SAL: Yes, they did, but food on the table was more important, yeah. LINDA: So were the children expected to go out and get jobs and contribute? SAL: Yeah, we all had to pay board in those days. Yeah, whatever the pay was that you brought into the house, a certain percentage had to go to the household, to my mother. She was a strict woman, very strict. But she was a good lady. Poor thing, she spent eight years of her life, eight years was in a nursing home after Alzheimer's I guess, after the sclerosis. Poor thing, didn't know who the hell she was, she didn't know who we were either. LINDA: Did she die after your father?13 SAL: Yeah. LINDA: So what was her day like every day? SAL: Well, when she was younger [unintelligible - 00:26:50] with her kids. She even worked in one of the yarn mills here in Fitchburg; she even had a job. I mean, she was a hardworking woman. And I used to remember her doing the canning; she'd can tomatoes and beans and dad had a little garden a couple miles away from here, a little piece of land. And he used to make his own grape, his own wine, rather. And it was great. All the Italians around here were living the -- I mean a lot of [unintelligible - 00:27:22] and the trucks used to go by this time of the year loaded with grape from California, and we would go down south, he would buy the grape, and we'd go down in the cellar and we would make two or three barrels of wine. All the Italians used to make barrels of wine. It was interesting, it was very interesting. But it's all gone now. I've got fond memories of that. LINDA: So it seems like maybe it didn't seem like work. But it was the way of life. SAL: No, it wasn't. The way of life, right. LINDA: So was it typical for a family to buy a little piece of land to garden? SAL: Oh yeah. They all had to have their grape arbor, had their grape arbor and land. They all had to have their piece of land. They had to grow their squash and their tomatoes. Well, most of them anyway. LINDA: So who would take care of the garden? SAL: My dad and I would. Come home from school, my father, he would come home, and there was no cars in those days, we used to have a big wagon. We'd pull the wagon, the garden was maybe a quarter of a mile away, half a mile away from here, and we would go up there. After school there was no going to play football with the kids or going swimming; it was work, work, work. That's how it was. And I would help my father. He would plant this and plant that. The poor guy didn't know how to read how to 14 plant this and what you should do, and I used to read and explain everything to him. LINDA: So who owned the land? I mean, did one person own the land and they kind of subdivided it? SAL: No, he bought the piece of land from the seller, the man who owned a lot of pieces of land. Of course, they're all houses now, but in those days it was all woods and stones, and he would, one of my uncles with a horse, they cleared all the land, chopped down all the trees, piled up all the stones. They cleared the land themselves. There was no bulldozers in those days; everything was done by hand. LINDA: Where was that? Do you know the street? SAL: Yeah, it was off between Herd and Exeter Street. LINDA: Now, did he continue doing that all the way? SAL: Until he passed away, yeah. LINDA: And what happened to it? SAL: The land? His dream was always having a house on this land, but my mother, in those days, again, five daughters, she figured if he built a house there was no men or boys that was still bringing in the pay. In other words a girl gets married, she's out of the house, there's no more money coming in. So my father went to one of the lumberyards in those days, I think it was $4,000. It would have cleared the land, built them a six-room house, and turned over the keys for $4,000. And my mother says no. She says we've got five daughters, there will be no money coming in. So that broke my father's heart. He never seen a house on that piece of land that he had. So he passed away, and the funeral parlor up the street here -- next to the funeral parlor there was a house, and it belonged to, I guess, his aunt or something, and he bought the land from him, my brother Joe, and they moved the house to the land over there, and somebody else is on our place now. The land is gone. LINDA: So why is it that your generation didn't keep the garden still?15 SAL: Number one it was a lot of work. And then my sisters all got married, and they would have a little garden behind their house. But I mean, as far as that big piece of land that my father had, nobody was interested in it anymore. Then I went into the service, the land just got lost. My brother Joe sold it to this undertaker over here and he moved the house. The house is on the land now. LINDA: So do you think your father had that garden to feed his family mostly? SAL: Oh yeah. Oh yeah, definitely that's what it was for. And they used to have a little -- everybody had a shack, my father had a shack, [oceandino] they'd call it, a shack on there. And he had a little stove in there. I can still see my mother with the tomatoes cooking her tomatoes on the wood burning stove. And there was a little bed in the corner where my father would get tired during the day working, he'd lay on the bed and take a nap. That's one thing about him, every afternoon he used to take a nap. Even if it was for 20 minutes, Dad would always take a nap. LINDA: It's the Italian way, right? They still do that now. SAL: Yeah, he used to take his nap. And Mom used to do all the canning. We used to go up there, we were kids, we used to go up there and had a big table underneath the grapevine and there was a well. We used to pump water out of the well. It was fun. I mean, you don't see that anymore. LINDA: They used to have a shack right on the land? SAL: Oh yeah, there was a shack. LINDA: And what was it called? SAL: Well, in Italian oceandino. But yeah, there was a wood burning stove in there, a nice wood burning stove. And there was a bed. And Msom had a table in there and chairs, and when it would rain we would eat inside. If not we would go outside to eat under the -- it had a grape arbor with a well, the well, and then there was a grape arbor all around. LINDA: Was this on weekends mostly? SAL: Weekends, or even after school. Get out of school at 2:00 and we used to walk up there, and Mom was there doing the canning. There was no cars 16 in those days. We used to have a big wagon, put everything in the wagon, and come down through the streets with the wagon. LINDA: So can you still smell that sauce cooking? SAL: Sure can. Boy, she could make it wonderful. And pizza, she used to make that pizza, not that stuff you buy in the stores today, that little thin stuff. She used to make the regular Sicilian pizza with about a good inch thick, yeah. LINDA: What other kinds of things did she make? SAL: She wasn't a fancy cook. Like I said, she left Italy when she was 18, 19 years old. But no, not to knock my mother, but she used to make a tremendous sauce. She used to do a lot of cooking with ricotta, you know that cottage cheese, ricotta. And a lot of fried stuff in those days, like fried peppers and fried squash. But real fancy dishes, no, poor thing, she didn't know anything about that. LINDA: Did she make her own cheese? SAL: No, no. LINDA: Did she use a lot of fish? Did she… SAL: Not too much. Mom didn't go for fish so much. And the fact that she didn't… she really didn't cook with garlic. LINDA: No? SAL: You know why? The poor thing, she was in the mill down at [unintelligible - 00:35:25] yard, and all the Italian women, the bosses and those ladies, they used to call them hey, you garlic eaters, you garlic eaters. My mother got offended because they would call her a garlic eater, and she never would cook with garlic. That's something, huh? LINDA: So do you think she was afraid that she'd smell like it? SAL: Yeah, she'd smell the aroma. LINDA: So when did she work at the mill? SAL: Oh geez, it was when I was born. After I was born, actually. It could have been in the early '30s, had to be. LINDA: So who was taking care of you?17 SAL: My sisters. LINDA: What else can you tell me about her experiences at the mill? SAL: Well, other than they were known as garlic-eating Italians, women were known as garlic-eaters; that's about all I can remember. I know there were long hours. She used to leave here about half past five in the morning and start to work at six. She used to work from six to twelve I think it was, or six to one. Then come home, wash clothes. And really, there was no fancy washing machine like they have today. I still remember her with an old scrub board. LINDA: Did she ever get the washing machine with the rollers? SAL: Yeah, yeah. Old Maytag, I remember that with the rollers in the back and you feed the -- she got that… and had a wood-burning stove. And that thing used to shine, God you could see your reflection on that black [unintelligible - 00:37:20]. And that thing used to shine, and gosh it was clean. She was immaculate, my mom. She used to have a big couch, not a couch but a piece of furniture over there. The telephone would ring and she would be there. While she was on the phone she would have the rag and she was wiping it, and my father would say [unintelligible - 00:37:47] when you're dead in your box you're still going to have that rag, you're still going to be wiping and wiping. She was crazy clean. Oh God, clean. God, was she clean! LINDA: Did she expect all her kids to be clean? SAL: Yeah. LINDA: Were all the [unintelligible - 00:38:11] immaculate too? SAL: No, it's not. LINDA: Looks like it. SAL: No, never, far from it. Messy. Messy, messy, I've got to get that damn counter cleaned. LINDA: So what was life like for your sisters when they got home from school?18 SAL: They helped Mama do the cooking, wash the clothes, do the shopping. But like I said one of my sisters was the only one that had the opportunity to graduate high school. But the rest of them at 16, they all had to quit and they had to go to work. And they all did their share when they came home as far as working and housework. There was no fancy supermarkets like they are today. LINDA: So tell me, what was it like to buy groceries? SAL: There used to be a little First National store down here, First National store, okay. And then the bottom of the hill there used to be another [Gigopies] market. And you just used to buy groceries for the day, whatever you needed. The bread, they used to make their own bread. I can remember coming home and my mother having that big wooden shovel making the bread and making the dough rise. There used to be a big pan and she used to put that on there, that dough would rise up, and then the dough that was left over, she used to make pizza with it. Yeah, they used to make their own bread. LINDA: So would they make the bread for the week? In one day? SAL: Oh, yeah. Yeah. LINDA: So whose job was it to knead all the bread? SAL: She would do all that. LINDA: She would? SAL: And my sisters, too, would help her. But mostly she would do it with her flour. She used to buy flour by 50-pound sacks. LINDA: Now, did someone used to come around on a truck and sell the flour? SAL: Yeah. Then there used to be trucks that used to come around, and they used to -- I can still remember, they used to come around, they used to sell -- maybe even was -- oh, geez. There used to be -- next street over there used to be a guy that used to go around with a horse and the meat in the back, he had a covered thing and he used to sell meat. Imagine that? Unrefrigerated. With a horse. A horse-drawn cart and go around, and then maybe about once a week or twice a week there used to be trucks that 19 used to come in from Boston, and they had all kinds of Italian cheese and Italian food in these trucks, and the mother or the people would go down and go around the truck, and they'd have all these goodies that they would be selling. Cookies, Italian cookies, cheeses, olive oil. LINDA: So did they go up and down all the streets? SAL: Yeah, they would go down the street, but they would go mostly to where Italian families were. They knew where the Italian families were. There used to be a lot of Italian families here in Fitchburg at one time. Even in this area here. A lot of them. But now they've all passed away now and they're married and they're gone. LINDA: Did they used to ring a bell? How did you know they were coming? SAL: Sometimes, if they had selling dishes they used to [hit] the dishes together and you'd know they were coming, or they would lay out in the street and yell out [foreign language – 00:41:56], which meant, "chickens, chickens, chickens." They would sell chickens, too. And in those days, too, they used to sell the chickens. They weren't like going to the [unintelligible - 00:42:05] market or buy them all packaged. You had to buy them, and I remember my father on the shed, he used to take the chicken by the neck and pull it, and the poor bird would bop-bop-bop, and he'd have the hot water going, stick it in hot water right away. You had to pull all feathers off before the water got cold. That's the way they used to do it. LINDA: Did you ever learn how to do that? SAL: No, but I didn't want to learn how to do that. Put the place together while he went, and then I clean all the innards. Thank God for [unintelligible – 00:42:45]. LINDA: Did your family eat meat much? SAL: No. No. What we ate was mostly chicken, but she would cook a lot of Italian dishes. Peasant dishes. Like lentils. LINDA: Thank you. Thanks for understanding. So we were talking about cooking. What do you think about what we were talking about?20 SAL: She would make the peasant dishes. Ricotta with cheese, [unintelligible – 00:43:26] escargot, ricotta with [unintelligible - 00:43:29]. LINDA: What's that with the [unintelligible - 00:43:32]? SAL: The lentils. LINDA: Oh, lentils. SAL: Come on, Linda. Don't you understand? LINDA: I guess not. Now who made the decision to buy groceries? Who decided how much money to spend? SAL: Oh, no. Mama would do that. Mom would do that, yeah. On Friday night in Fitchburg there used to be -- on Main Street there used to be an old A&P store years ago. And Millie, who is the only one that knew how to drive then, we had a 1938 Dodge that Papa had bought then. Of course, he couldn't drive. Naturally he didn't drive, and she was the driver and she was the chauffer. And Friday nights I could still remember them, Mama and Millie, would go down to A&P and do the grocery shopping. Let's see. What else can I tell you? LINDA: Well, what about the -- I like the stories about the trucks coming in from the North End. What about ice? Do you remember ice being delivered? SAL: Yeah. Ice. There used to be an ice truck that used to come around, and then what you would do, the ice truck would stop, and we used to have iceboxes in those days, naturally. And there used to be a card that you put at the window and it was either 25, 50, 10 cents, or a nickel. In other words, if you wanted the 25-cent piece you would put that standing up, 25. Do you follow me? If you wanted a 10-cent piece then you turn the card over. And the iceman would chop a piece, put it on his back, and bring it up and put it in the icebox. And he put that -- most of it, the iceboxes were in the sheds. They used to have sheds. Do you know what a shed is? Outside of the house there used to be up on the porch, there used to be like another little, a little but no heat in there, and we put the [unintelligible - 00:45:33] stuff like that and 21 put the icebox -- we used to call it the icebox, was in there, and then there was a pail underneath for the water to drip. And sometimes if you forget to empty the pail, you would hear downstairs, they were knocking on the ceiling that the water was running down through the house. You had to empty this pail. Yeah. LINDA: So they keep it out there even in the summer? SAL: Yeah. Oh, yeah. That was the refrigeration was this icebox. LINDA: It probably wasn't very big? The icebox? SAL: Where we were living, I guess… is that too strong or what? LINDA: No, it's good. SAL: Okay. Because I make coffee too strong. LINDA: No, I like it. SAL: In the park, this man used to cut the ice. They used to cut the ice on Wayland Park, and then they used to bring it over and store it in the barn, and they used to put sawdust on it in the wintertime. That used to preserve it. In the summertime they would take the sawdust off the ice and ice was still there. It wouldn't melt. Did you know that? LINDA: No. I've heard it before. But where did they used to store it? SAL: They had a big, big shed, a big barn, and they used to store the ice in big, big cakes of ice. LINDA: Now, did the ragman come around? SAL: Yeah, the junk man would come around. The ragman. Yeah. Or the horse-drawn wagon. And if you had any rags they would sell it, pick it by weight and they used a scale, used to weigh it, and they used to give you maybe 10 or 15 cents for a bag of rags or whatever kind of junk you had. LINDA: What would they do with those rags? SAL: I have no idea. I don't know. And you would have the trucks that would come around at this time of year, all full of grape, and they would go to different places, the Italians, and the men would… I actually remember my father used to either 40-, 42-pound box of grape; maybe he'll sell it for 22 about a dollar, dollar 15 cents. Now, today, it would cost about 20, 21 dollars for the same sized box of grape. LINDA: So was that a family affair making wine? Or was it the boys? SAL: Mostly the boys. Dad and I would -- of course my brother had been… then I took over. We used to grind the grape by hand. And always my father, watch the fingers, watch the fingers, as you're grinding the grapes, all those spokes. You had the fingers stuck in there; your fingers would have been caught. But it was all done by hand. Now they have machines, a bunch of machines, dump a box in there, push the button, it's all done. LINDA: Did you keep that tradition? SAL: Yeah, I was making it up about three or four years ago, and then I had bad luck on a whole barrel of wine. I had to throw it down the sink. It went bad on me, and so I said, from now on if you want wine, go up to Kathy's Package Store. But I did. I was making my own wine, but anyway. I still make my own sausages. LINDA: Oh, you do? SAL: Yeah. LINDA: Is that a seasonal? SAL: Mostly, it's pork, but you eat in the wintertime. I don't like to eat pork in the summertime. But sausages, it's more seasonal. Like Thanksgiving and Christmas. LINDA: Have you made it yet? SAL: No but I just bought a new machine. I don't know, one of those KitchenAid machines, I just bought one of those a couple of weeks ago. LINDA: So explain to me how you make it. SAL: What, sausage? Well, you buy either the pork butt or the shoulder. Okay. You debone it, and then you take all the meat out and cut it into small pieces, and you put it through the grinder. Once you put it through the grinder, then you lay it out on the table, then you put your seasoning on it. Your fennel, salt, pepper, whatever you want for seasoning, okay? Then you put it through the grinder again, okay? Then you mix this all up, and 23 you can put wine in it if you want, then you got your casings. You know what casings are? All right. Then there's an attachment, you put the casing on there, you put the meat and you grind it up and go through the casings, and you make the sausage. LINDA: So do you freeze a lot? SAL: No. By the time you give some to this daughter, that to this guy, then some to my nephew, 20, 25 pounds disappears fast. LINDA: Now, did your mother used to make that? SAL: Oh, yeah. LINDA: So how are things different now? I'm sure she didn't have a grinder. SAL: They had a hand grinder, and I can always remember every time Mom and Dad got together to make sausage, boy, there was a war. You could hear them. LINDA: Why? About the seasoning? SAL: Oh, you're doing this wrong. You're going too fast. Watch your fingers. You don't do it this way, you do it that way. It was hell. Yeah. LINDA: So what about filling the casings though? That may have been a little harder back then? SAL: Well, it's… you've got to coincide with the one that's holding the casing and the one that's grinding it by hand. Now it's all done by electricity. It's powered. But that's the only tricky thing. As the machine is feeding the meat in the casing, you've got to make sure that you don't put too much all at once in the casing or it'll crack or break. LINDA: So probably every family has their own recipe. Sort of like meatballs. SAL: Well, I don't think anybody makes it. Very few people make their own sausages now. I know my sister Marilyn still makes it. I make it. That's about it. LINDA: What other things do you make that your mother used to make? SAL: Oh, green olives. Yeah. She used to -- this time of year, with green olives used to smash those and cure them. And pizza, naturally. Everybody 24 makes pizza. But some of her peasant dishes, once in a great while, but I was never too fond of them anyway. LINDA: No. So what about Christmas Eve, do you know? SAL: Christmas Eve, not like the ones years ago. Christmas Eve years ago was my uncle and my mother and father and all the Italians used to all get together, and they used to cook on the stove some kind of a fancy dish of fried dough, dumplings like. No more. We don't get that closeness of families anymore. LINDA: Why not? SAL: I don't know why. I think number one, there're cars. Everybody goes here, everybody goes there. I would say cars. Anyway, we used to get together years ago on holidays and Christmas. We still get together, but it's not the way it was on Christmas Eve. It's different. I'm sure it must be the same with your family, right? LINDA: Yeah. When my grandmother was growing up and even after she got married, all of her sisters lived close by. But then when they started having children, everyone moved on. SAL: That's right. That's the way it goes. From generation to generation is always different, which is good, in a way. But it's good to keep up traditions though, I think. LINDA: So have any of your daughters learned how to make the sausage? SAL: No. They wait for Daddy to call them up and say, okay, come and get your sausage. LINDA: Now, did your parents have chickens? SAL: Oh, God no. LINDA: No? Why do you say it like that? SAL: Because we lived in the neighborhood, and no, we didn't. But when we had that piece of land up there, my father used to raise pigs. I remember we had pigs, a couple of pigs, and he used to slaughter those. I remember that when I was a kid.25 LINDA: Now, what was that like? Was there a particular name of that day when people would slaughter their pigs? Would they call it anything? SAL: No. It was just at the end of the season, like at this time, winter was coming and people -- I can still remember that shed that he had with the water boiling and the poor pigs, shooting and killing the poor pigs. Thank God I don't have to go through all that anymore. LINDA: Did they use every piece of the pig? SAL: Oh, yeah. Even the squeal. Only the squeal is the only thing that you don't use on the pigs. LINDA: Oh yeah, I know. So was there a smokehouse in the area? Did anyone have one? SAL: No. Not that I remember. LINDA: What about buying groceries? Was that on credit? SAL: No, that was cash. Everything was cash. My folks, everything was cash. There was no plastic in those days. Even if there was, if they didn't have the money, the Italians, they didn't buy it. Everything was cash. LINDA: So what is this area of Fitchburg called? SAL: This section here? This is called Cleghorn. LINDA: This is? So this is really the French? SAL: It was the French district at one time, but now it's Puerto Rican and everything else. Fitchburg was in different sections. Like you had Cleghorn was the French. The patch was at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Street. Okay. That was the Italians. Then you had Greektown. Naturally, that was the Greeks. They all stuck together. Then West Fitchburg was the English, then you have Southside, that was the Irish. LINDA: So when the Italians started moving in here, were your parents part of that group that started moving into Cleghorn? SAL: I don't know. When they left South Ashburnham, I don't know when it was, but then they moved on to Orchard Street. They lived here -- I guess a few of my sisters were born out here on Orchard Street. But I know I was the only one of the family that was born over here on Edward Street. 26 And then it was in '48, yeah, 1948 I guess it was that one of my sisters went back home. Of course, in those days the girls had boyfriends, and they wanted their boyfriends to pick them up at a nice house. So, one of my sisters saw this place over here that was for sale. And anyway, Dad would come over, and they finally looked at it and they bought it. The price that they paid for it, I just had the roof, and the roof cost me the same price. And they bought the whole house. LINDA: What was that about? Three thousand or something? SAL: They paid $11,000 for the house, and I just spent $11,000 for a new roof. LINDA: So they paid $11,000 for this, but your mother didn't want to pay $4,000 for the other house? SAL: Yeah. Because she had the money but she wasn't going to spend it. And she wouldn't spend $4,000 to have a brand new house up there. But a few years later she spent $11,000 and bought this house. LINDA: Oh, so this was bought after. SAL: Oh, yeah. After. LINDA: I see. So about the different sections in Fitchburg, was there any competition or rivalries or differences? SAL: No. No. Maybe this will be interesting. My father was here down on the bottom of the hill one day, and in those days, like the mafia, there was the Black Hand. And it was a society that was shaking down these immigrants, and they approached my father, and this guy from the Black Hand wanted $5 from my father, and my father told him, I got two kids at home, I haven't got no $5. The $5 I've got is a week's pay. I've got to feed my family. And he says, you have that money here tomorrow at a certain time, otherwise there's going to be harm that's going to come to you and your family. So in those days, my mother had boarders, and one of them was this fellow from Albany, New York. He was boardering in my father's and my mother's house, and so Papa came home and he told him. And he was 27 [unintelligible – 00:59:56]. So he told him what had happened, so this man said to my father, he says, yeah, you let me know where this guy is and what time you're supposed to meet him. And he says, I'll go to meet him. Anyway, he approached this guy and he never bothered my father anymore. LINDA: So who were these people? SAL: Black Hand. It's like a society that's like the mafia or something like that, but they were gangsters shaking down these fellow Italians. So this guy must've taken a knife and shoved it up to his throat and said you won't bother this man anymore. LINDA: Do you think it was a group living in Fitchburg? SAL: I think so. LINDA: You think so? SAL: Yeah. LINDA: Your parents would take in boarders? SAL: Yeah, she took in boarders for a while. Like men that she knew, like my father's -- like a cousin or something like that, they came to this county and they had no place to go, and where do you go? You go see your paisano, you go see your relative or brother until they get located or until they get situated, and they used to take care of these men. Cook for them, make their lunch. Mostly all the Italians would take in boarders. LINDA: So were there many paisanos living around? SAL: Oh, yeah. There was quite a few. Like I said, the work came to an end, and then a lot of them left. They went to Albany, New York. But yeah, my mother had one of her brothers living the next block over, and Dad had another brother that was a few blocks up the street [unintelligible - 01:01:50], and they grouped together. They stayed together. LINDA: Because even though there were a lot of Italians living here, some in different regions, they speak a different dialect. SAL: Oh, yeah. I was in Italy here about three years ago, I think there's about 150, 200 dialects in Italy. When I was growing up there used to be like 28 Beech Street over here that's a bunch of Italians not from Northern Italy, but once they start talking, I don't understand them. I really don't. /AT/pa/my/cy/es
ILLUSTRIERTE GESCHICHTE DES WELTKRIEGES 1914/15. ACHTER BAND. Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges (-) Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/15. Achter Band. (Achter Band) ( - ) Einband. ( - ) [Abb.]:Deutsches U=Boot wehrt in der Otranto=Strasse den Angriff italienischer Wasserflugzeuge ab. ( - ) Illustrierte Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. ([I]) Impressum ([II]) Inhaltsverzeichnis. ([III]) Kunstbeilagen. (IV) Karten. (IV) Kriegskalender zur Origianl=Einbanddecke der Illustrierten Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Achter Band enthaltend die Ereignisse vom 1. Januar bis 30. Juni 1918. Verlag der Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft in Stuttgart, Berlin, Leipzig, Wien. ( - ) Januar. Februar. März. ( - ) April. ( - ) Mai. Juni. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 176 (Heft 176) ([1]) Österreichisch=ungarischer Vorposten auf der Höhe im Vallarfatal am Gardasee ([1]) [Abb.]: Auf einer Vormarschstrasse bei Flitsch. (2) [Abb.]: Abführung gefangener Italiener im Isonzotal. (3) [Abb.]: Durch brandenburgische und schlesische Divisionen von Norden her abgeschnitten und durch österreichisch=ungarische Korps von Süden umfasst, strecken östlich vom unteren Tagliamento mehr als 60 000 Italiener die Waffen. ([4 - 5]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Österreichisch=ungarische Trainkolonne im Vormarsch auf einer der Passstrassen bei Flitsch. (2)Blick auf die Orte Pontebba (rechts) und Pontafel (links) in den Karnischen Alpen. Die Orte werden durch den Corsinbach voneinander getrennt. (6) [Abb.]: Die italienische Stadt Udine nach ihrer Einnahme durch die Verbündeten. (7) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (7) In letzter Stunde. (7) [Abb.]: Maulesel mit Geschützteilen und Schlitten für deutsche Hochgebirgstruppen. (8) [Abb.]: Flucht der italienischen Truppen und der Bevölkerung in der Friaulischen Ebene. ([9]) [Abb.]: Blick auf Venedig von einem Flugzeug aus. Der Markusplatz mit dem Campanile. Die Insel San Giorgio. (10) Einsetzen schwerer Geschütze auf einem deutschen Linienschiff. (10) [Abb.]: Vogelschaukarte von Norditalien. ([11]) Der Krieg in Ostafrika im August und September 1917. (12) [Abb.]: Das neue deutsche Schlachtschiff "Grosser Kurfürst". (12) [Abb.]: Einsetzen schwerer Geschütze auf einem deutschen Linienschiff (Neubau). (13) [Abb.]: Massaikrieger im vollen Schmuck. Die Massai gehören zu den kriegerischten Völkern Ostafrikas. (14) Plünderung der türkischen Stadt Ordu durch Kosaken. (14) [Abb.]: Frontkarte von Deutsch=Ostafrika. (14) [Abb.]: Das englische Fesselballon=Mutterschiff "Manica" lässt an der Küste von Deutsch=Ostafrika einen Ballon aufsteigen, um deutsche Batteriestellungen ausfindig zu machen (15) Die Feldapotheke. (16) [Abb.]: Das Innere einer deutschen Feldlazarettapotheke in Mazedonien. (16) [Abb.]: Plünderung der türkischen Ortschaft Ordu am Schwarzen Meer durch Kosaken. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 177 (Heft 177) ([17]) [Abb.]: Zum Gegenstoss vorgehende deutsche Sturmabteilung im Westen. ([17]) [Abb.]: Der Gipfel des Hartmannsweilerkopfes. (18) [2 Abb.]: (1)Jägerdenkmal auf dem Hartmannsweilerkopf. (2)Kriegsgepäckwagen in den Vogesen (19) [Abb.]: Essenträger an der Kampffront im Westen. (20 - 21) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutscher Maschinengewehrposten in einem Granattrichter in Flandern. (2)Rast in einem Granattrichter in Flandern. (22) [Abb.]: Ein in den Schlamm einer flandrischen "Strasse" eingesunkenes englisches Artilleriepferd wird ausgegraben. (23) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (23) In letzter Stunde. Ein Erlebnis bei der Eroberung Libaus. (23) [8 Abb.]: Neue Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (1)Oberstleutnant Kraehe, Kommandeur d. Füsitier=Regts. Nr. 34 (2)Oberstleutnant v. Behr. (3)Generalleutnant Elstermann v. Elster. (4)Oberstleutnant v. Oven. Erfolgreiche deutsche U=Boot=Kommandanten. (5)Kapitänleutnant Rud. Schneider(†). (6)Kapitänleutnant Vikt. Dieckmann. (7)Kapitänleutnant E. Fr. Hashagen. (8)Kapitänleutnant Meusel. (24) [4 Abb.]: Erfolgreiche deutsche U=Boot=Kommandanten. (1)Kapitänleutnant Rud. Schneider(+). (2)Kapitänleutnant Vikt. Dieckmann. (3)Kapitänleutnant E. Fr. Hashagen. (4)Kapitänleutnant Meusel. (24) [Abb.]: Indische und englische Lanzenreiter im türkischen Maschinengewehrflankenfeuer im Wadi Hesi, einem eingetrockneten Flussbett nördlich von Gaza an der Palästinafront. In der Mitte des Bildes zwei durch schwere Grananten ausser Gefecht gesetzte englische Panzerkraftwagen. ( - ) [Abb.]: Ein feindliches Segelschiff wird von einem deutschen U=Boot im Sperrgebiet um England angehalten. ([25]) [Abb.]: Der Deutsche Kaiser beim Besuch eines der Dardanellenforts auf Gallipoli. (26) [2 Abb.]: (1)El=Kossaima, eine vorgeschobene englische, von den Türken besetzte Militärstation in der Wüste, von wo aus man einen weiten Blick in den wildzerklüfteten Djebel Helal hat. (2)Der Kampf um den Suezkanal: Türkische Maschinengewehrabteilung im Wüstensand. (27) Nikolaus II. (27) [Abb.]: Der Kampf um den Suezkanal: Türkische Maschinengewehrabteilung im Wüstensand. (27) [2 Abb.]: (1)Lenin, Vorsitzender des russischen Rats der Volkskommissare. (2)Trotzki, der russische Volkskommissar für auswärtige Angelegenheiten. (28) [Abb.]: Vogelschaukarte des Frontgebietes in Palästina. (28) [Abb.]: Die aufständischen Leninisten beschiessen den Winterpalast in Petersburg in der Nacht vom 8. zum 9. November 1917. ([29]) [3 Abb.]: Die Ausbildung von Sanitätshunden und Führern im Sanitätshunde=Ersatzdepot Fangschleuse bei Erkner, einem Vorort von Berlin. (1)Eine Abteilung von Sanitätshundeführern mit ihren Tieren auf dem Marsche. (2)Gehorsamsübungen: Die Hunde warten auf ein Kommando. (3)Eine Abteilung von Sanitätshunden mit ihren Führern bei Fliegergefahr. (30) [Abb.]: Aufnahme eines besonders klugen Sanitätshundes nach einer erfolgreichen Suche. (31) Die deutschen Sanitätshunde und ihre Abrichtung. (32) [Abb.]: Sanitätshundeführer mit ihren Tieren auf dem südlichen Kriegschauplatz (32) [Abb.]: Kaiser und König Karl beobachtet in Begleitung des Erzherzogs Eugen und des Prinzen von Parma (hinter dem Kaiser) den Übergang österreichisch=ungarischer Truppen über den Tagliamento bei Latisana. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 178 (Heft 178) ([33]) [Abb.]: 50 000 gefangene Italiener im Lager von Cividale, das ursprünglich für österreichisch=ungarische Gefangene bestimmt war. ([33]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Vor der deutschen Kommandantur auf der Piazza Vittorio Emanuele im eroberten Udine. (2)Erbeutetes italienisches 30,5=cm=Geschütz auf einer Gebirgstellung bei Cividale. (3)Eroberte italienische Geschützstellung an der Passhöhe von Cividale. (34) [Abb.]: General v. Below, der Führer der siegreichen deutschen Italienarmee. (35) [2 Abb.]: (1)Im eroberten Udine erbeuteter Flughörapparat französischer Herkunft, der Abwehrbatterien zur Feststellung von Fliegern dient. (2) Von einem italienischen Verwundetenhilfsplatz auf einem Bergvorsprung wird ein Schwerverletzter auf einer Drahtseilbahn zu Tal gelassen. (36) [Abb.]: Einbruch deutscher Truppen in eine italienische Batteriestellung. ([37]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (38) In letzter Stunde. (38) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die Panzerkuppen des italienischen Werkes Leone auf dem von österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen eroberten Cima di Campo. (2)Das von österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen eroberte italienische Werk Cima di Lan nach der Sprengung durch die Italiener. (3) K. u. k. Feldzeugmeister Generaloberst Graf v. Scheuchenstuel. (38) [Abb.]: Das von österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen eroberte italienische Werk Cima di Lan nach der Sprengung durch die italiener. (38) [Abb.]: Vogelschaukarte des Gebietes zwischen der Brenta und der Piave. ([39]) [Abb.]: Sammelstelle von Schlachtvieh am Skutarisee. (40) [8 Abb.]: Bilder aus dem besetzten Albanien. (1)Einmarsch in ein Dorf. (2)Alarm in einer Kaserne. (3)Erfrischung am Dorfbrunnen nach anstrengendem Marsch. (4)Aushebung von Freiwilligen auf einem Kasernenhof. (5)Eine Strasse in Skutari. (6)Tabakmarkt in Elbassan. (7)Offizierspatrouille überschreitet einen Gebirgsfluss. (8)Maultierkolonne auf der Strasse zum Lovcen. ([41]) [Abb.]: Das Sühnedenkmal in Serajewo zur Erinnerung an die Ermordung des österreichisch=ungarischen Erzherzog=Thronfolgers Franz Ferdinand und seiner Gemahlin. (42) Die englische Sommeroffensive in Flandern. (42) [Abb.]: Von den Bulgaren an der mazedonischen Front gefangene Schottländer. (43) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von den Bulgaren an der mazedonischen Front gefangene Schottländer. (2)Feldgraue im Strassenleben von Üsküb in Mazedonien. (43) [Abb.]: Nächtlicher Angriff der Engländer auf Langemark in Flandern. ([44 - 45]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ankunft frischer deutscher Truppen (Kavallerie mit Stahlhelmen) für die Front in Flandern. (2)Aus dem Hafen von Ostende ausfahrendes deutsches Torpedoboot. (46) [Abb.]: Aus dem Hafen von Ostende ausfahrendes deutsches Torpedoboot. (46) Kriegsgefangenenfürsorge in deutschen Lagern. (47) [Abb.]: Verladen englischer Panzerkraftwagen. (47) [Abb.]: Gute Verpflegung der Kriegsgefangenen in Deutschland. In den Gefangenenlagern sind vielfach Küchen eingerichtet worden, in denen sich die Gefangenen ihr Speisen nach Belieben selbst zubereiten können. Von dieser praktischen und für die Gefangenen angenehmen Einrichtung wird reger Gebrauch gemacht. (48) [Abb.]: Deutsche Infanterie treibt in kühnem Gegenstoss die Engländer aus dem Dorfe Fontaine bei Cambrai. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 179 (Heft 179) ([49]) [Abb.]: Im feindlichen Granatenfeuer vorgehende deutsche Artillerie. ([49]) [Abb.]: Das Schlachtfeld südwestlich von Cambrai. (50) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutscher Granatenwerfer in Flandern. (2)Verladen einer deutschen Batterie an der Flandernfront. (51) [Abb.]: Sperrfeuer über einer Ortschaft im Westen. (52) [Abb.]: Deutscher Gegenstoss in Flandern. ([53]) [Abb.]: Französische Artillerie im winterlichen Kampfgebiet der Vogesen. Schwere Geschütze in Deckung. (54) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (54) In letzter Stunde. (54) [Abb.]: Eine Munitions= und Proviantkolonne sucht in einer Waldlichtung Deckung vor dem Feinde. (55) [5 Abb.]: (1)Kapitänleutnant Treusch Freiherr v. Buttlar=Brandenfels, erfolgreicher deutscher Luftschiffkommandant. (2)Oberleutnant z. S. Wendlandt, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Boot=Kommandant. (3)Kampfflieger Leutnant Ernst Udet, Führer einer Jagdstaffel, einer der erfolgreichsten deutschen Flieger. (4)Kampfflieger Leutnant Buckler, wurde wegen seiner hervorragenden Kampfleistungen zum Leutnant befördert. (5)Österreichisch=ungarisches U=Boot mit dem Kommandanten v. Falkhausen kehrt von einem Ausflug in die Adria in den Heimathafen zurück. (56) [Abb.]: Das Schiff ohne Mannschaft. Wie sich die Engländer denken, durch den Bau von Schiffen ohne Besatzung, die von bewaffneten Dampfern geschleppt werden und durch ihre flache Bauart den spähenden U=Booten entgehen sollen, der immer drohender werdenden Frachtraumnot Herr werden zu können. ([57]) [Abb.]: Major Ludwig Graf v. Holnstein aus Bayern, Chef des Generalstabs des I. Bayrischen Armeekorps. (58) Aufruhr in Kasan. (58) Die Armeebekleidungsfabrik der k. u. k. 2. Armee. (59) [Abb.]: Schweizerische Haubitzenbatterie. (59) [Abb.]: Der Aufruhr in Kasan im September 1917: Meuternde Infanteristen durchbrechen den Kosakenring. ([60 - 61]) [3 Abb.]: Die Armeebekleidungsfabrik der k. u. k. 2. Armee in Freiberg in Mähren. (1)Zuschneidesaal der Konfektionsanstalt.Leistungsfähigkeit 2000 vollständige Uniformen in der Woche bei 30 Arbeitern. (2)Werkstätte der Konfektionsanstalt. Leistungsfähigkeit auf 64 Maschinen etwa 750 vollständige Uniformen in der Woche bei 150 Arbeitern. (3)Desinfektionsanstalt. Die in grossen Wagenladungen aus dem Feld einlangenden ausbesserungsbedürftigen Kleidungsstücke und Rüstungsgegenstände werden entgegengenommen und nach Gattungen geschieden. (62) [3 Abb.]: Die Armeebekleidungsfabrik der k. u. k. 2. Armee in Freiberg in Mähren. (1)Desinfektionsanstalt. Die Sortierhalle, in der die bereits desinfizierten Sachen nach Gattungen abgelegt werden. (2)Lederabteilung. Das Auswählen der Schuhe und Zusammenstellen der Paare. (3)Lederabteilung. Die Werkstätte II der Sattlerei mit dem Lager fertiger Sachen. (63) [Abb.]: Drei aus französischer Gefangenschaft entwichene deutsche Soldaten nach ihrem Wiedereintreffen bei ihrem Truppenteil. (64) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 180 (Heft 180) ([65]) [4 Abb.]: (1)K. u. k. Generalmajor Freiherr v. Waldstätten, Chef der Operationsabteilung des österreichisch=ungarischen Armeeoberkommandos, erhielt den Orden Pour le Mérite. Siegreiche Heerführer an der italienischen Front. (2)K. u. k. General der Infanterie v. Henriquez, erhielt von Kaiser und König Karl das Grosskreuz d. Leopoldordens m. d. Kriegsdekoration u. den Schwertern. (3) K. u. k. Feldmarschalleutnant Scotti, erhielt vom Kaiser und König Karl den Leopoldorden 1. Klasse mit der Kriegsdekoration u. den Schwertern. (4)K. u. k. Feldmarschalleutnant Freiherr v. Schariozer, erhielt vom Kaiser und König Karl den Leopoldorden 1. Klasse mit der Kriegsdekoration u. den Schwertern. ([65]) [2 Abb.]: (1) Kartenskizze zu den Kämpfen an der unteren Piave.(2(Kartenskizze zu den Kämpfen beiderseits der Brenta (66) [Abb.]: Der "aufgschlitzte" Kirchturm in Ponte die Piave. (67) [2 Abb.]: (1)Mit Schutzschilden versehene Italiener gehen über ein vom Feuer bestrichenes offenes Feld.(2) Italienische Maschinengewehrabteilung in einer Felsenstellung. (68) [Abb.]: Mannschaften des 3. Kaiserschützenregimentes vertreiben die Italiener aus ihren Stellungen am Monte Miela. ([69]) [Abb.]: Gebirgschlucht an einer der Vormarschstrassen gegen Italien mit ehemaligem italienischem Barackenlager. (70) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (70) In letzter Stunde. (70) [3 Abb.]:(1) Deutsche Kolonnen auf dem Marktplatz im eroberten Vittorio in der venetianischen Ebene. (2)Schlachtviehkolonnen im Vormarsch auf der Strasse Udine=Codroipo. (3)Die unermessliche Geschütz= und Materialbeute an einer der italienischen Rückzugstrassen nach dem Tagliamento. (71) [3 Abb.]: (1)Deutscher Aufklärungstrupp in Mazedonien vor seinem Quartier, zum Aufbruch bereit. (2)Der mehrfach im bulgarischen Heeresbericht rühmend genannte deutsche Kampfflieger Leutnant v. Eschwege wurde nach seinem 20. Luftsieg vom feindlichen Abwehrfeuer getroffen und starb den Heldentod. (3)Leben und Treiben auf einem bulgarischen Bahnhof in Mazedonien. (72) [Abb.]: Gefecht auf dem Presenagletscher und dem Passo Paradiso im Adamellogebiet zwischen Ortler und Gardasee am 9. Juni 1915. Ein Bataillon Alpini wird von siebzig Kaiserschützen blutig zurückgeschlagen. ( - ) [Abb.]: Deutsche Reiterpatrouille im Gefecht mit rumänischen Kundschaftern. (73) Ein Gefecht auf dem Presenagletscher. (74) [Abb.]: Die Khalil=Pascha=Strasse in Bagdad. In der Mitte ein englischer Armeelastwagen. (74) Deutschland und die Türkei. I. (75) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der Hetman der Donkosaken General Kaledin. (2)Blick auf Jerusalem, im Hintergrund der Ölberg. (75) [Abb.]: Ankunft der russischen Unterhändler bei der ersten deutschen Stellung zwecks Einleitung der Waffenruhe am 26. November 1917. ([76 - 77]) [Abb.]: Durchschnitt durch einen französischen Minenstollen. (78) Minenkrieg. (79) [Abb.]: Ein fahrbares Offiziersheim, das seinen Standort beliebig wechseln kann. (79) [Abb.]: Deutsche Soldaten bei Arbeiten in dem grössten Steinbergwerk Frankreichs in der Nähe von Berry au Bac bei Reims. Das Bergwerk befindet sich in deutschem Besitz und wird instand gesetzt. Die gewonnenen Steine werden zum Ausbau der Schützengräben verwendet. Unser Bild zeigt, auf welche Weise die Wände der Stollen durch Birkenstämme gestützt werden. (80) [Abb.]: In den Ruinen von Apremont (Argonnen). ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 181 (Heft 181) ([81]) [Abb.]: Bei den Aufräumungsarbeiten in dem von den Engländern zwecklos zerstörten Cambrai. ([81]) [Abb.]: Der englische General Sir Julian Byng, der Leiter der misslungenen Cambraioffensive. (82) [2 Abb.]: (1)Abtransport englischer Tankmannschaften, die in der Schlacht bei Cambrai gefangen wurden. (2)Zerstörter englischer Tank bei Rumilly. (83) [Abb.]: Englische Truppen werden durch Maschinengewehrfeuer von den Dächern eines erbeuteten englischen Proviantzuges bei Cambrai zusammengeschossen. (84 - 85) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (84 - 85) Deutschland und die Türkei. II. (84 - 85) [3 Abb.]: (1)Joseph Caillaux, der frühere französischer Ministerpräsident, dessen friedensfreundliche Tätigkeit der französischen Regierung unbequem wurde. (2)Georges Clemenceau, der neue französische Ministerpräsident, der zur Fortsetzung des Krieges mit allen Mitteln schürte. (3)St. Mihiel, südlich von Verdun, mit Vororten. (86) [Abb.]: Trichtergelände in Flandern vor der Höhe von Passchendaele. ([87]) Minenkrieg. (88) [Abb.]: Am Steuer eines Marine=Luftschiffes in grosser Höhe. Der Steuermann trägt (wie die ganze Bemannung des Luftschiffes) eine Schwimmweste und einen Fallschirmgürtel und hat den Schlauch des Sauerstoffapparates im Munde. (88) [Abb.]: An der Towerbrücke über die Themse in London. Englische Anstrengungen zur Abwehr deutscher Luftangriffe auf London. Schweinwerfer leuchten den Himmel ab, der ausser von Mond und Sternen von unzähligen leuchtenden Schrapnellen erhellt wird. ([89]) [4 Abb.]: (1)Kampfflieger Leutnant Walter v. Bülow, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (2)K. u. k. Hauptmann Otto Indra, Kommandant einer österreichisch=ungarischen Fliegerkompanie, hat seit Januar 1915 219 erfolgreiche Feindesflüge unternommen und 8 feindliche Flugzeuge abgeschossen. (3) Kampfflieger Leutnant Hans Klein, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (4)Zwei französische Flieger, kenntlich an den Fliegerabzeichen rechts auf der Brust, die bei einem Angriff auf das deutsche Heimatgebiet zur Landung gezwungen wurden, inmitten einer Gruppe Franzosen, die bei einem Vorstoss am Hartmannsweilerkopf in deutsche Gefangenschaft fielen. (90) Unsere Front im Elsass. (91) [Abb.]: Deutscher Panzerkraftwagen auf einer Gefechtsfahrt. (91) Schwere Arbeit am Geschütz beim Anhalten eines feindlichen Seglers. (91) [Abb.]: Deutsche U=Boot=Tätigkeit im Sperrgebiet: Schwere Arbeit am Geschütz beim Anhalten eines Seglers ([92 - 93]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Schneeschuhläufer=Abteilung auf einem Erkundungsmarsch in den Vogesen. (2)Deutsche Posten an einer Wegsperre in den Vogesen. (94) [Abb.]: Eine deutsche Truppenabteilung zieht durch Ammerzweiler im Oberelsass. (95) Theatereröffnung. (95) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kartenskizze der Kampffront in den Vogesen. (2)Theatervorstellung im Ruhequartier. (96) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 182 (Heft 182) ([97]) [Abb.]: Österreichisch=ungarische Kletterpatrouille auf der kleinen Navois=Scharte. Im Hintergrund der Montasch auf dem sich die italienischen Stellungen befinden. ([97]) [Abb.]: Kartenskizze zum Kampf um das Monte=Grappa=Massiv. (98) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Infanterie rückt in das besetzte Vittorio ein. (2) Deutsche Kriegsgepäckwagen am Lago Morto auf dem Vormarsch zur Piavefront. (99) [3 Abb.]: (1)Nächtliche Besichtigung in einem österreichisch=ungarischen Panzerwerk an der italienischen Front. (2)Österreichisch=ungarische Drahtseilbahnstation und Unterkünfte im Tiroler Hochgebirge. (3)Österreichisch=ungarischer Artillerie=Beobachtungstand an der iatlienischen Front. ([100]) [Abb.]: Erstürmung des italienischen Panzerwerkes Leone auf der Cima di Campo. ([101]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das nach jeder Richtung drehbare Oberdeck eines der mit schweren Geschützen bestückten englischen Monitore, die im Adriatischen Meere zur Unterstützung der Landkämpfe an der italienischen Front verwendet wurden. (2)Erbeutetes schweres italienisches Riesengeschütz in einem Dorfe hinter Udine. (102) [Abb.]: General Diaz, der an Stelle Cadornas Generalstabschef des italienischen Heeres wurde. (103) [Abb.]: Deutscher Fesselballon zur Beobachtung feindlicher Artillerie über dem Piavetal. (104) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (104) Minenkrieg. (104) [Abb.]: Deutsche Fliegerabwehrkanone auf einem Kraftwagen an der italienischen Front. (104) [Abb.]: Aus den Kämpfen der österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen an der Piave. ([105]) [Abb.]: Das seit dem deutschen Friedensangebot am 12. Dezember 1916 von den Heeren des Vierbunds eroberte feindliche Gebiet, das eine Ausdehnung von mehr als 50 000 Quadratkilometer hat. (106) [Abb.]: Verlauf der Demarkationslinie in der Ostsee. (107) Der letzte Appell. (107) [Abb.]: Verlauf der Demarkationslinie im Schwarzen Meer. (107) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Gebäude in Brest=Litowsk, in dem die Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen stattfanden. (2)Empfang der russischen Delegation auf dem Bahnhof von Brest=Litowsk. (108) Der Krieg in Ostafrika im Oktober und November 1917. (109) [Abb.]: Die Unterzeichnung des Waffenstillstandsvertrages zwischen dem Vierbund und Russland in Brest=Litowsk durch Prinz Leopold von Bayern, den Oberbefehlshaber von Ober=Ost. 1. Kameneff. 2. Toffe, Vorsitzender der russischen Delegation. 3. Frau A. Biecenko. 4. Konteradmiral Altvater. 5. Lipsky, Hauptmann im russischen Generalstab. 6. Sekretär Karachan. 7. Fokke, Oberstleutnant im russischen Generalstb. 8. Exzellenz Zeki Pascha, der Bevollmächtigte der Türkei. 9. Botschafter v. Mérey. 10. Prinz Leopold von Bayern. 11. Generalmajor Hoffmann, Chef des Stabes. 12.Oberst Gantschew, der bulgarische Bevollmächtigte. 13. Kapitän z. S. Horn. 14. Hey, Hauptmann im Generalstb. 15. Brinkmann, Major im Generalstb. 16. Major v. Kameke. 17. Rittmeister d. R. v. Rosenberg. 18. Major Frh. v. Mirbach, österreichisch=ungarischer Bevollmächtigter. 19. Delive=Dobrowolsky. (109) [ 2 Abb:]: (1)Um während der Regenzeit trockenen Fusses in Deutsch=Ostafrika vorwärts zu kommen, mussten englische Pioniere weite Strecken erst durch Bau von Brücken zugänglich machen. (2)Englische Kolonialtruppen setzen mittels einer Dampffähre über einen tiefen, in der Regenzeit angeschwollenen Strom in Deutsch=Ostafrika. (110) [Abb.]: Belgische Kolonialsoldaten erhalten in Deutsch=Ostafrika Unterricht in der Bedienung von Grabenmörsern. (111) Das württembergische Gebirgsbataillon in Italien. (111) Kampf um ein Gehöft bei Jakobstadt. (111) [4 Abb.]: Major Sprösser, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite (2)Generalleutnant Graf v. Schmettow, der Eroberer von Jakobstadt, erhielt den Orden Pour le Mérite.(3)Oberleutnant Rommel, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (4)Der deutsche Durchbruch bei Jakobstadt: Kampf um ein Gehöft. (112) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 183 (Heft 183) ([113]) [Abb.]: Schwerer deutscher Minenwerfer in gedeckter Stellung. ([113]) [Abb.]: Teil des Houthoulster Waldes in Flandern, aus einer höhe von 50 Metern von einem deutschen Flieger aufgenommen. Der ehemals dichte Wald ist in ein Trichterfeld mit kahlen Baumstümpfem verwandelt. (114) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Stellung in dem vollständig zerschossenen Houthoulster Wald bei Zypern. (2)Eine Drahtseilbahn in den Vogesen. (115) [Abb.]: Deutsche Kriegsgepäckwagen auf dem Marktplatz von Sulz im Oberelsass. (116) [Abb.]: Heerstrasse von Damvillers nach Azannes vor Verdun am Tage der Erstürmung von Fleury und Thiaumont im Juni 1916 ([117]) [Abb.]: Zwei in den flandrischen Kämpfen gefangene englische Fliegeroffiziere, deren Flugzeug unversehrt in deutsche Hände fiel. (118) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (119) Charakterköpfe der Weltkriegsbühne. 8. Caillaux=Clemenceau. (119) [Abb.]: Abführung gefangener Franzosen durch bayrische Reiter. (119) [5 Abb.]: Hervorragende Kampfflieger der deutschen Armee. (1)Leutnant Kissenberth, Führer einer bayrischen Jagdstaffel. (2)Leutnant Hess (+). (3)Oberleutnant Schleich. Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (4)Kapitänleutnant Hans Kolbe, Führer leichter deutscher Seestreitkräfte, die am 12. Dezember 1917 an der englischen Ostküste den Geleitzugsverkehr Bergen-Shetlandsinseln erneut angriffen. (5)Der von einem deutschen U=Boot (Kommandant Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose) am 5. Dezember 1917 im Ärmelkanal versenkte amerikanische Zerstörer "Jakob Jones". (120) [Abb.]: Abgeschlagener feindlicher Fliegerangriff auf ein Industriewerk. ([121]) [Abb.]: Das Schlussstück des Waffenstillstandsvertrages von Brest=Litowsk mit den Unterschriften der Bevollmächtigten der beteiligten Mächte. (122) Was das amerikanische Heer in Frankreich nötig haben wird. (123) [2 Abb.]: Generalmajor v. Hoffmann, Chef des Generalstabs des Oberbefehlshabers Ost, der bevollmächtigte deutsche Vertreter bei den Verhandlungen über einen Waffenstillstand mit Russland. (2) Zu den Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen an der rumänischen Front. 1. Generalleutnant v. Morgen, Leiter der Verhandlungen. 2. Generalmajor v. Hranilovic, Vorsitzender der österreichisch=ungarischen Abordnung. 3. Oberstleutnant im Generalstab v. Förster=Stressleur, österreichisch=ungarischer Delegierter. 4. Major im Generalstab v. Hempel, österreichisch=ungarischer Delegierter. 5. oberstleutnant Popow, der Vertreter Bulgariens. 6. Major Rasim Bei, der Vertreter der Türkei. 7. General Keltschewski, der Führer der russisch=rumänischen Abordnung. 8. Hauptmann Baron Tiefenhausen, russischer Kommissar der Armeeorganisationen. 9. General Lupescu, Führer der rumänischen Abordnung. (123) [Abb.]: Zu den Waffenstillstandsverhandlungen an der rumänischen Front. 1. Generalleutnant v. Morgen, Leiter der Verhandlungen. 2. Generalmajor v. Hranilovic, Vorsitzender der österreichisch=ungarischen Abordnung. 3. Oberstleutnant im Generalstab v. Förster=Stressleur, österreichisch=ungarischer Delegierter. 4. Major im Generalstab v. Hempel, österreichisch=ungarischer Delegierter. 5. oberstleutnant Popow, der Vertreter Bulgariens. 6. Major Rasim Bei, der Vertreter der Türkei. 7. General Keltschewski, der Führer der russisch=rumänischen Abordnung. 8. Hauptmann Baron Tiefenhausen, russischer Kommissar der Armeeorganisationen. 9. General Lupescu, Führer der rumänischen Abordnung. (123) [Abb.]: Holzkohlenbrand unter deutscher Militärverwaltung in Frankreich zwecks Versorgung der Schützengräben mit rauchlosem Heizmaterial Kohlenmeiler im Walde hinter Talmat in den Argonnen. ([124 - 125]) Generalmajor Hoffmann. (126) [Abb.]: Büffelgespann im Dienste des Roten Kreuzes auf dem Balkankriegschauplatz. (126) Des Köhlers Kriegsarbeit. (126) [Abb.]: Verschiedenartige Beförderungsmittel der österreichisch=ungarischen schweren Artillerie in der Türkei. (127) Das Kamel im Kriegsdienst. (127) [Abb.]: Bulgarischer Kamelreitertrupp. (127) Zum Stapellauf des größten deutschen Frachtdampfers. (128) [Abb.]: Stapellauf des für die Hamburg=Amerika=Linie auf der Bremer Bulkanwerft erbauten grossen deutschen Frachtdampfers "Rheinland". (128) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 184 (Heft 184) ([129]) [Abb.]: Nächtliche Patrouille ([129]) [Abb.]: Der erste englische Tank aus dem Westen in den Strassen Berlins, der vom Bahnhof aus mit eigener Kraft zu den Austellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten fuhr, in denen das unversehrte Beutestück im Betrieb gezeigt wurde. (130) [8 Abb.]: Aus der von den Engländern verlorenen Tankschlacht bei Cambrai. (1)Strassenbild aus Fontaine mit einem der erbeuteten englischen Tanke. (2)Durch englisches Granatfeuer völlig zerstörte Kirche von Fontaine. (3)Englischer Tank wirft auf dem Vormarsch einen starken Baum um. (4)Durch einen deutschen Volltreffer zerstörter Tank am Bourlonwalde. (5)Das Kommando der Tankbergungstelle Cambrai. (6)Abbeförderung unversehrt erbeuteter englischer Tanke. (7)Bei Cambrai erbeutete leichte englische Geschütze. (8)Bei Cambrai erbeutete schwere englische Mörser. ([131]) [Abb.]: Der schwere Zusammenbruch englischer Hoffnungen bei Cambrai. Durch dauernde deutsche Gegenstösse zermürbt, vermögen die englischen Truppen trotz Einsatzes stärkster Kräfte und zahlreicher Tanke dem deutschen Druck nicht mehr standzuhalten und wserden mit schwersten Verlusten zum Weinen gebracht. (132 - 133) [Abb.]: Blick auf ein Zeltlager in der ägyptischen Wüste. (134) [ 2Abb.]: (1)Türkische Telegraphentruppen warten auf ihre Beförderung durch die Bagdadbahn. (2)Englische Transportkolonnen ziehen an dem Bogen von Ktesiphon vorüber, einem grossartigen Bauwerk des Altertums in Mesopotamien. (135) [Abb.]: Das alte griechische Kloster Sveti Bogorodizia am Ochridasee in Albanien. (136) [Abb.]: Türkisches Lager in der Wüste. ( - ) [Abb.]: Ein Gegenstoss albanischer Freischaren vereitelt einen Angriff französischer Infanterie westlich von Korka. ([137]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (138) Lagerleben in der Wüste. (138) [Abb.]: Grenzschutz der Schweiz. Ein Beobachtungsturm an einer schweizerischen Grenze. (138) Die Räumung Deutsch=Ostafrikas. (139) [Abb.]: Italienisches Caproni=Grossflugzeug, das von einem deutschen Flieger zur Landung gezwungen wurde. Das Flugzeug hat zwei Motore mit drei Propellern. Unter der Gondel liegen die Bomben. (139) [Abb.]: Die italienische Besatzung auf dem Monte Castelgomberto streckt, seit 24 Stunden eingeschlossen, am 5. Dezember 1917 nach tapferer Gegenwehr die Waffen ([140 - 141]) [Abb.]: Leben und Treiben zwischen den deutschen und russischen Stellungen während des Waffenstillstandes im Osten. Russen beim Einkauf von Gebrauchsgegenständen. (142) K. u. K. Pferdespitäler im Hinterland. (143) [2 Abb.]: (1)Graf Czernin, der österreichisch=ungarische Minister des Äussern, und Staatssekretär Dr. v. Kühlmann, der Vertreter Deutschlands, in Brest=Litowsk. (2)Abgeordnete der ukrainischen Rada im Gespräch mit deutschen Offizieren vor dem ehemaligen Gouvernementsgebäude in Brest=Litowsk. (143) Ein deutsches Bombenflugzeug. (144) [Abb.]: Bombenabwurf von einem der neuen deutschen "Gotha"=Flugzeuge. Die Seite des Rumpfes ist geöffnet, um die innere Einrichtung des Apparates zu zeigen. (144) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 185 (Heft 185) ([145]) [Abb.]: Juden in Lida, einer Kreisstadt an der Eisenbahn Wilna=Rowno. ([145]) [Abb.]: General Krylenko, der russische Oberbefehlshaber. (146) [6 Abb.]: Zwischen den deutschen und russischen Stellungen vor Dünaburg. (1)Zusammentreffen deutscher und russischer Soldaten in der neutralen Zone.(2)Übergabe von Postsachen für Kriegsgefangene an einer der neutralen Verbindungsstellen. (3)Deutsche Posten an der Grenze der neutralen Zone beim Lesen der neuesten Nachrichten. (4)Deutscher und russischer Posten in der neutralen Zone an der Bahnstrecke Wilna-Dünaburg. (5)Rückkehr russischer Auswanderer aus der Schweiz in die Heimat. Ankunft der Heimkehrenden an der neutralen zone auf der Reise nach Dünaburg. (6)Rückkehr russischer Auswanderer aus der Schweiz in die Heimat. Übergang von der deutschen Kleinbahn in russische Schlitten vor der Fahrt nach Dünaburg. ([147]) [Abb.]: Untergang eines feindlichen Truppentransportdampfers nach der Torpedierung durch ein deutsches U=Boot in der Meerenge von Gibraltar. ([148 - 149]) [Abb.]: Karte der "Bundesrepublik Russland" nach den Plänen der Fremdvölker. (150) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine der vielgenannten, von österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen eroberten italienischen Svobba=Batterien. (2)Italienische Truppen im Frenzelatal. (151) [ 5 Abb.]: (1)Vizeadmiral Behncke, Chef eines Verbandes deutscher Linienschiffe, erhielt wegen hervorragender Leistungen bei den Unternehmungen gegen die baltischen Inseln den Orden Pour le Mérite. Erfolgreiche deutsche U=Bootkommandanten. (2)Oberleutnant z. S. Hors Obermüller. (3)Oberleutnant z. S. Lohs. (4)Korvettenkapitän Kophamel (5)Oberleutnant z. S. Steindorff. (152) [Abb.]: Vor einem deutschen Soldtenheim an der Westfront. ( - ) [Abb.]: Gefangene Russen, die in einem Boot nach Bornholm zu entkommen suchten, werden, bereits auf hohe See, von einem deutschen Wasserflugzeug an einer Stahltrosse nach Pommern zurückgeschleppt. ([153]) [Abb.]: Ein österreichisch=ungarischer 30,05=cm=Mörser in den Bergen der Pustertaler Alpen. (154) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (154) Ein deutsches Soldatenheim an der Westfront. (154) Einbringen entwichener russischer Gefangener durch ein deutsches Wasserflugzeug. (155) In den Ruinen von Apremont in den Argonnen. (155) [Abb.]: Anschrauben des Rettungsringes eines schweren österreichisch=ungarischen Geschützes auf dem italienischen Kriegschauplatz. (155) Gefangenenaustausch zwischen Deutschland und England. (156 - 157) [Abb.]: Das Trümmerfeld von Apremont in den Argonnen. (156 - 157) Gefangennahme der ersten Amerikaner an der deutschen Westfront. (156 - 157) [Abb.]: Eine Anzahl der ersten aus englischer Kriegsgefangenschaft in Rotterdam eingetroffenen Deutschen, die dem deutsch=englischen Abkommen gemäss in Holland interniert und zum Teil nach der Heimat zurückgeschickt werden sollen. In der Mitte Fregattenkapitän v. Müller (+), der Kommandant des kleinen Kreuzers "Emden". (158) Die französischen Kriegsziele in geschichtlicher Beleuchtung- (158) [2 Abb.]: Die ersten Kriegsgefangenen Italiener in Deutschland. Eine Gruppe von den etwa 2500 Mann im Gefangenenlager zu Merseburg. (2)Die ersten kriegsgefangenen Soldaten der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika, die von bayrischen Truppen am Kapellbuckel bei Monhofen gefangen wurden. (159) [Abb.]: Deutsche Krankenpflegerinnen mit Gasschutzmasken leisten die erste Hilfe nach einem feindlichen Gasangriff im Westen. (160) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 186 (Heft 186) ([161]) [Abb.]: Abstieg einer österreichisch=ungarischen Abteilung auf dem Marsche zu einer Stellung auf der Cima di Presanella. ([161]) Übersichtskarte über die grossen Gebiete, die Italien auf Kosten Österreich=Ungarns vom Verband zugesichert erhielt. Die-.-.-.-Linie zeigt die bisherige Grenze Italiens. Die______Linie zeigt, wie weit die Grenze Italiens nach dem Berbandsabkommen auf das österreichisch=ungarische Gebiet ausgedehnt werden sollte. (162) [2 Abb.]: (1)Schwalbennester. Österreichisch=ungarische Unterstände auf der Marmolata.(2)Bosnisch=herzegowinisches Infanterieregiment begibt sich auf dem Vormarsch in Italien aus der Höhenstellung ins Tal. (163) [Abb.]: Stimmungsbild aus einem französischen Städtchen: Immer mehr Soldaten! (164 - 165) [Abb.]: Oberleutnant z. S. d. Res. Fr. Christiansen, erfolgreicher deutscher Marineflieger, der bei einem Flug über den Hoosden am 11. Dezember 1917 das englische Luftschiff "C 27" vernichtete, erhielt den Orden Pour le Mérite. (166) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Vernichtung des englischen Luftschiffes "C 27", das ein deutsches Marineflugzeug, Führer Oberleutnant z. S. d. Res Fr. Christiansen, über den Hoosden (Nordsee) in Brand schoss. Die Photographie zeigt den Augenblick, da das Luftschiff brennend in die See stürzt. (2)Das englische Luftschiff "C 27" aufgenommen vor dem Angriff des deutschen Marineflugzeuges. (167) [4 Abb.]: (1)Korvettenkapitän Heinecke, unter dessen Führung leichte deutsche Seestreitkräfte vor der Tynemündung ein erfolgreiches Gefecht mit englischen Vorpostenschiffen geführt haben. (2)Kapitänleutnant Wenninger, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Bootkommandant, versenkte im Ärmelkanal trotz beträchtlicher feindlicher Gegenwirkung rund 20 000 Tonnen Schiffsraum. (3)Kapitänleutnant Remy, der als deutscher U=Bootkommandant im Ärmelkanal und an der französsischen Westküste 10 Schiffe mit zusammen 28 000 Tonnen Raumgehalt versenkte. (4) Kapitänleutnant Otto Schulze, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Bootkommandant, der im westlichen Mittelmeer eine Anzahl feindlicher Dampfer versenkte. (168) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (168) Brückenbau deutscher Pioniere in Pont=a=Mousson. (168) [Abb.]: Die Lebensmittelknappheit in England, ein Erfolg des deutschen U=Bootkrieges. Eine Kartoffelpolonäse in London. (168) [Abb.]: Wiederaufbau der zerstörten Moselbrücke in Pont=a=Mousson durch deutsche Soldaten. ( - ) [Abb.]: Deutsche Hochseestreitkräfte auf der Streife nach der englischen Ostküste. ([169]) [Abb.]: Das Schlussstück des Friedensvertrages zwischen dem Vierbund und der Ukraine mit den Unterschriften der Bevollmächtigten. (170) Selige Augen. (170) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Grenzen der Ukraine. (2) Die Schlussitzung der Friedensverhandlungen mit der Ukraine in der Nacht vom 8. zum 9. Februar 1918 in Brest=Litowsk. 1. Graf Czernin, der österreichisch=ungarische Bevollmächtigte. 2. Staatssekretär v. Kühlmann, der deutsche Bevollmächtigte. 3. Ministerpräsident Radoslawoff und 4. Oberst Gantschew, die bulgarischen Bevollmächtigten. Im Vordergrund die türkischen Bevollmächtigten. 5. Major Brinkmann. 6. Generalmajor Hoffmann. 7. Rykola Lewytsikyi, ukrainischer Bevollmächtigter. (171) [Abb.]: Im Kampf um Udine. (172 - 173) [Abb.]: Reste einer von den Italienern vor ihrer Flucht mit Benzin übergossenen und in Brand gesteckten Schlachtviehstallung mit Haufen verkohlter Rinder. (174) Kämpfe um Udine. (174) [Abb.]: Von der österreichisch=ungarischen Artillerie in Brand geschossene italienische Eisenbahnzüge in Stazione per la Carnia. (174) [Abb.]: Auf einer italienischen Rückzugstrasse bei St. Daniele am Tagliamento. (175) Die französischen Kriegsziele in geschichtlicher Beleuchtung. (175) [Abb.]: Besetzungsmarken der Mittelmächte. (176) Die Besetzungsmarken der Mittelmächte. (176) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 187 (Heft 187) ([177]) [Abb.]: An die Front! ([177]) [Abb.]: Materialtransport mittels Ochsengespanns und Strassenbahn bis in die vordersten Linien an der Westfront. (178) [2 Abb.]: (1)Stapelplatz fertig geschnittener Hölzer zum Bau von Unterständen und Minengängen in den vordersten Gräben hinter der Front in Flandern. (2) Lagerplatz von Baustoffen hinter der deutschen Front im Westen. (179) [2 Abb.]: (1)General Sir Henry H. Wilson, der an Stelle des zurückgetretenen Generals Robertson englischer Generalstabschef wurde. (2)Die Versenkung des amerikanischen Truppentransportdampers "Tuskania" westlich von der irischen Küste durch ein deutsches U=Boot in der Nach zum 5. Februar 1918 trotz stärksten Schutzes durch englische Zerstörer. (180) [Abb.]: An der Westfront ankommender amerikanischer Truppentransport wird von deutschen Fliegern beschossen. ([181]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine italienische Seidenspinnerei unter deutscher Verwaltung in Vittoria, in der die Seidenkokons bis zum fertigen Seidenfaden verarbeitet werden. Innenansicht der Spinnerei: Die Bürstenanlage. Etwa 50-60 Kokons werden in 40 Grad heisses Wasser gelegt und ihre Fadenaufänge durch Bürsten losgelöst. (2) Abwiegen von Kokons. Eine Spinnerin erhält täglich 4 Kilogramm Kokons zugwiesen, die sie im Laufe des Tages verarbeitet. (182) [Abb.]: Erfolgreicher Angriff eines deutschen Fliegers auf einen feindlichen Fesselballon. 1. Das deutsche Flugzeuzg überfliegt den Ballon. 2. Der Ballon ist durch die Brandgeschosse des Fliegers in Brand geraten. 3. Die Überreste des Ballons stürzen brennend ab. (183) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (184) Selige Augen. (184) [Abb.]: Deutsche Fliegeraufnahme der Düna hinter Riga mit der von deutschen Pionieren geschlagenen Notbrücke im Vordergrund. (184) [Abb.]: Freudige Begrüssung deutscher Reiter auf ihrem Vormarsch in Livland durch die von der russischen Gewaltherrschaft befreite Bevölkerung. ([185]) [3 Abb.]: Bilder aus dem Cholmer Gebiet. (1)Oberes Bild: Strassenbild von Cholm.- (2)Mittleres Bild: Ukrainische Juden am Sabbat in Cholm. -(3) Unteres Bild: Ukrainische Bäuerin am Spinnrad. (186) [3 Abb.]: (1)Tschernow, Führer der russischen Minimalisten, ein erbitterter Gegener Trotzkis und Lenins. (2) Wsetwolod Holubovicz, wurde am 5. Februar 1918 zum Ministerpräsidenten der neugegründeten Republik Ukraine gewählt. (3)Gesamtansicht von Kiew, der Hauptstadt der Ukraine. (187) [Abb.]: Strassenkämpfe in Petersburg unter der Schreckensherrschaft der Bolschewiki. 1. Kampf um den Winterpalast mit Panzerwagen. 2. Wirkung eines Artilleriegeschosses. 3. Vernichtung von Zeitungen auf dem Newsky=Prospekt. 4. Strassenkampf. (188) Charakterköpfe der Weltkriegsbühne. 9. Leo Nikolaus Trotzki. (188) [Abb.]: Die Schreckensherrschaft der Roten Garde in Livland. Sie verbreitete sich über den ganzen, von den Deutschen bisher nicht besetzten Teil Livlands. Die meisten Hofbesitzer wurden ausgeraubt und von Haus und Hof verjagt. Wer sich widersetzte, wurde sofort erschossen. ([189]) [Abb.]: Nordteil der deutschen Front gegen Grossrussland vor Beginn des neuen Vormarsches nach Ablauf des Waffenstillstandes. (190) [2 Abb.]: (1)Südteil der deutschen Front gegen Grossrussland vor Beginn des neuen Vormarsches nach Ablauf des Waffenstillstandes. (2)Südteil der deutschen Front gegen Grossrussland vor Beginn des neuen Vormarsches nach Ablauf des Waffenstillstandes. (190) Der Vormarsch nach Livland. (191) [Abb.]: An der grossen Verkehrstrasse Riga-Petersburg durch die Hügellandschaft Livlands: Übergang deutscher Truppen über die Bahnstrecke Riga-Petersburg. (191) [Abb.]: Das neue Abzeichen für deutsche Fliegerschützen (in 1/2 Grösse), das für diejenigen Mannschaften bestimmt ist, die als Maschinengewehrschützen zur Flugzeugbesatzung gehören. (192) [Abb.]: Sie kommen! ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 188 (Heft 188) ([193]) [Abb.]: Generalfeldmarschall v. Eichhorn (links) und General v. Bredow (rechts) mit Offizieren des Stabes bei der Besichtigung von Minsk nach der Einnahme der Stadt. ([193]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Gefangenentypen: Mohammedaner aus Astrachan. (2) Der Friedensplaltz mit der polnischen Kirche und dem Gouvernementsgebäude in Minsk. (194) [3 Abb.]: (1)Svinhufvud, finnischer Ministerpräsident. (2)Generalleutnant Freiherr v. Seckendorff, der Eroberer von Reval. (3)Vogelschaukarte der Festung Reval, die am 25. Februar 1918 von deutschen Truppen nach Kampf genommen wurde. (195) [Abb.]: Die deutsche Front zur Zeit des Friedenschlusses mit Grossrussland am 3. März 1918. (196) [Abb.]: Auf der Kleinbahn zur Front in den Argonnen. ([197]) [Abb.]: Vogelschaukarte der Alandsinseln. (198) [4 Abb.]: (1)Fregattenkapitän Nerger, Kommandant des deutschen Hilfskreuzers "Wolf". (2)Kapitänleutnant Franz Becker, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Boot=Kommandant im Mittelmeer. (3)Kapitänleutnant Sietz, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Boot=Kommandant im östlichen Mittelmeer. (4)Kapitänleutnant Brandes, Kommandant des deutschen Hilfskreuzers "Iltis". (199) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (199) Das Deutschtum in den baltischen Landen. (199) [4 Abb.]:(1) Kapitänleutnant Spiess, erfolgreicher Führer eines deutschen U=Bootes. (2)Flugzeugbeobachter Leutnant Hans Jürgen Horn, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (3)Leutnant Bongartz, erfolgreicher deutscher Kampfflieger, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (4)Oberleutnant z.S. Karl Neumann, erfolgreicher Führer eines deutschen U=Bootes im Mittelmeer. (199) [Abb.]: Die Mannschaft des deutschen Hilfskreuzers "Wolf" nach ihrer Rückkehr von fünfzehnmonatiger Kreuzfahrt durch den Atlantischen, Indischen und Stillen Ozean. ([200]) [Abb.]: Einlaufen des deutschen Hilfskreuzers "Wolf" in den Kieler Hafen. (201) Kriegshunde. (202) [3 Abb.]: Aus einer Kriegsmeldehunde=Schule dicht hinter der deutschen Front. (1)Oberes Bild: Die Vorbereitung der Mittagmahlzeit durch die Köche. - (2)Mittleres Bild: Antreten und Appell der Hundeführer vor dem Ausmarsch zur Übung. - (3)Unteres Bild: Die Kriegsmeldehunde beim Mittagmahl in ihren Stellungen. (203) Von Riga bis nach Dorpat. (203) [Abb.]: Der Durchbruch der deutsch=ostafrikanischen Schutztruppe unter Führung des Generalmajors v. Lettow=Vorbeck über den Rowuma=Grenzfluss auf portugiesisches Gebiet. ([205]) [Abb.]: Eintreffen der deutschen und österreichisch=ungarischen Austauschgefangenen auf einem schwedischen Dampfer in Sassnitz. (206) Der Durchbruch der deutsch=ostafrikanischen Schutztruppe nach Portugiesisch=Ostafrika und die Kämpfe dort im Dezember 1917. (206) [Abb.]: Die neu eingekleideten deutschen Austauschgefangenen nach ihrer Ankunft in Sassnitz. (207) Deutsch=russischer Gefangenenaustausch in Sassnitz. (207) [Abb.]: Gefangenenaustausch in Sassnitz auf der Ostseeinsel Rügen. Die wohl aussehenden russischen Gefangenen gehen an Bord. (207) [Abb.]: Wiedereroberung des Castellaccio (Tonalegebiet). (208) Wiedereroberung des Castellaccio (Tonalegebiet) am 14. September 1915. (208) [Abb.]: Ein Blick über den vordersten Graben. Inmitten des zerschossenen Waldgeländes zieht sich in 75 Meter Entfernung der französische Graben hin. Im Vordergrund bezieht eine Kolonne Feldgrauer die Stellung. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. (Heft 189) ([209]) [Abb.]: Deutscher Meldereiter mit Gasmaske überbringt in feindlichem Feuer eine wichtige Meldung. ([209]) [5 Abb.]: (1)Kartenskizze zu der fortschreitenden deutschen Offensive in Frankreich. Ende März 1918. Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (2)Major Freiherr v. Schleinitz, Bataillonskommandeur des Garde=Grenadierregiments Nr. 5. (3)Oberstleutnant Freiherr v. Lupin, Kommandeur des württ. Grenadierregiments Nr. 123, der sich durch hervorragende Tapferkeit bei der Wegnahme von Fins auszeichnete. (4)Generalleutnant Oskar Freiherr v. Watter, Kommandeur einer Division, die sich bei Cambrai rühmlich hervortat. (5) Major Heinrigs, Bataillonskommandeur im Infanterieregiment Nr. 24. (210) [ 9 Abb.]: Hervorragende Führer der Grossen Schlacht in Frankreich. (1)General Walter Frhr. v. Lüttwitz. (2)General Ritter und Edler v. Ötinger. (3)General v. Conta. (4) General v. dem Borne. (5) Oberleutnant z. S. Walter Warzecha, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Boot=Kommandant. Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (6)Oberstleutnant Ernst Freiherr v. Forstner, Kommandeur eines badischen Grenadierregiments. (7)Königlich sächsischer Generalmajor Hammer, führte bei Kriegsausbruch das 104. Infanteriergiment. (8)Generalmajor v. Sabain, im Frieden zuletzt Kommandeur der 12. Infanteriebrigade in Brandenburg. (9)General v. Wedel, Führer einer brandenburgischen Division, die sich auf dem italienischen Kriegschauplatz hervorgetan hat. (211) [2 Abb.]: (1)Unversehrt erbeutetes englisches Munitionslager bei Aubigny vor Ham. (2) Vor Ham gestürmte schwere englische Batterie. (212) [Abb.]: Auffahrende deutsche Artillerie. ([213]) [3 Abb.]: Bilder aus der Grossen Schlacht im Westen. (1) Über die ersten gestürmten englischen Stellungen vorgehende deutsche Kavallerie. (2)Über gestürmte englische Stellungen vorgehende deutsche Pioniere. (3)Über die ersten gestürmten englischen Stellungen vorgehende deutsche Artillerie. (214) [3 Abb.]: Bilder aus der Grossen Schlacht im Westen. (1)In St. Quentin bereitgestellte deutsche Reserven. (2)Deutsche Kolonnen auf der Vormarschstrasse vor Ham. (3)Eintreffen der ersten englischen Gefangenen in einer Sammelstelle bei St. Quentin. (215) [Abb.]: Wie sich der Flieger gegen Kälte schützt. Deutscher Flieger beim Anlegen von elektrisch geheizten Handschuhen. (216) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (216) Die Badener an der Wetterecke am 1. März 1918. (216) [Abb.]: Aufklärungsflug an der dalmatinischen Küste. (217) [3 Abb.]: (1)Alexander Marghiloman, wurde als Nachfolger Averescus zum rumänischen Ministerpräsidenten ernannt mit der Aufgabe, die Friedensverhandlungen zum Abschluss zu bringen. (2)General Averescu, der in der Übergangsregierung als rumänischer Ministerpräsident die Vorfriedensverhandlungen geführt hat. (3) Offiziere der 1. ukrainischen Division. (218) [2 Abb.]: (1) Aus russischer Gefangenschaft zurückkommende deutsche und österreichisch=ungarische Mannschaften in ihre Heimat. (2) Aus russischer Gefangenschaft zurückkommende deutsche Mannschaften bei der Abbeförderung in ihre Heimat. Die Soldaten tragen noch ihre Lagerkleider. (219) Die Eroberung Estlands. (220 - 221) [Abb.]: Verladung türkischer Kamele in Hidja Tschistchan an der Bagdadbahn. (220 - 221) [2 Abb.]:(1) Generalleutnant Adams. Führer der deutschen Truppen in Livland, die Dorpat besetzten. (2)Rast deutscher Truppen am Ufer des Peipus=Sees in Livland. (222) [6 Abb.]: Bilder vom deutschen Vordringen in Est= und Livland. (1)Blick zwischen den Narowafestungen durch auf den Fluss. (2)Die russische Festung Iwangorod bei Narwa. (3)Russische Soldaten melden sich auf dem Rathaus in Dorpat. (4)Die alte Deutschordensritterburg in Narwa. (5)Blick auf die Altstadt von Narwa von der Narowabrücke aus. (6)Die Schwedenfestung bei Narwa von der Narowabrücke aus. (223) Deutschlands künftige Weltwirtschaft. (223) [Abb.]: Das Eiserne Kreuz mit goldenen Strahlen, das Blücherkreuz, das bisher nur einmal, dem Fürsten Blücher nach der Schlacht bei Belle=Alliance, und jetzt vom Deutschen Kaiser dem Generalfeldmarschall v. Hindenburg verliehen wurde. Der Orden ist die höchste Klasse des Eisernen Kreuzes und in nur einem Exemplar auf Anordnung des Deutschen Kaisers angefertigt worden. (224) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 190 (Heft 190) ([225]) [Abb.]: Eroberung englischer Langrohrgeschütze in der Durchbruchschlacht bei Bapaume. ([225]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Maschinengewehrkompanie geht in Stellung. (2) Deutsche Kolonnen auf dem Vormarsch durch das zerschossene Templeux. (226) [2 Abb.]: (1)Eine Batterie von deutschen 21=cm=Mörsern in den gestürmten Linien im Kampfgelände zwischen Bapaume und Arras. (2)Gestürmte englische Linien bei Bullecourt-Croisilles zwischen Bapaume und Arras. (227) [2 Abb.]: (1)Einschlagen einer Gasgranate.(2)Einschlagen einer Stahlgranate. (228) [Abb.]: Deutsche Feldbatterien jagen im Galopp über die gestürmten englischen Stellungen in die vorderste Linie zur Unterstützung der Infanterieangriffe aus nächster Nähe. ([229]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Englisches Grossflugzeug (Typ Handley=Page) mit zurücklegbaren Tragflächen, das von den Deutschen unversehrt erbeutet wurde. Das Flugzeug ist 30 Meter breit, 20 Meter lang, 6 1/2 Meter hoch und hat 2 Motore zu je 260 Pferdestärken, die 2 vierflügelige Schrauben treiben. Bewaffnung: 3 Maschinengewehre; Besatzung: 5 Mann. (2) Von den Deutschen erbeuteter französischer Nieuport=Kampfeinsitzer mit einem Maschinengewehr, das an den oberen Tragflächen angebracht ist. (230) [2 Abb.]:(1) Verwundeter gefangener Führer eines abgeschossenen englischen Flugzeuges. (2)Unversehrt vorgefundene Wohnbaracken und Unterstände einer englischen Fliegerabteilung auf dem Flugplatz Favreuil. (231) [5 Abb.]: (1)Leutnant Röth, der am 1. April 1918 vor Arras vier englische Fesselballone vernichtete. (2)Vizefeldwebel Wagner, der am 1. April 1918 vor Arras einen englischen Fesselballon abschoss. (3)Vizefeldwebel Bäumer, deutscher Kampfflieger, der sich an der Westfront hervorgetan hat. (4)Oberleutnant Lörzer, erfolgreicher deutscher Kampfflieger, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (5)Bei einem deutschen Jagdgeschwader an der Westfront. Blick auf den Flughafen mit den Zelten und abfahrtbereiten Flugzeugen, unter denen sich einsitzige Fokker=Kampfdreidecker befinden. Von einem deutschen Flugzeuge aus geringer Höhe aufgenommen. (232) [Abb.]: Wiederherstellung einer durch sogenannte Masken gegen Sicht geschützten, hochgelegenen Argonnenstrasse, die täglich unter feindlichem Feuer liegt und durch eine Fliegerbombe aufgerissen worden war. Die Masken bestehen aus Binsen=Weidenruten mit Laubansatz. In der Eichengruppe links ein Artilleriebeobachtungstand. Im Nebel des Hintergrundes die Höhenzüge des Argonnenwaldes. ( - ) [Abb.]: Zerstörung englischer Fesselballone vor Arras am 1. April 1918. (233) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (234) Wiederherstellung einer durch sogenannte Masken gegen Sicht geschützten und durch Beschiessung aufgerissenen Höhenstrasse. (234) [Abb.]: Übersichtskarte über das Gebiet von Japan und den ostsibirischen Hafenstädten. (234) Die Badener an der Wetterecke am 1. März 1918. (234) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der neue Stahlhelm der Schweizer Armee (2)Die Wirkung des Aushungerungskrieges Englands in der neutralen Schweiz: Städtischer Kartoffelverkauf der Notstandshilfe in Zürich. In verschiedenen Stadtstreifen Zürichs sowie in anderen schweizerischen Städten werden Kartoffeln als unentbehrliches Nahrungsmittel zu ermäßigten Preisen an die bedürftige Bevölkerung abgegeben. (235) [Abb.]: Am Verbandplatz. (236 - 237) [Abb.]: Österreichisch=ungarischer Soldat auf dem Markt von Winica in der Ukraine. (238) Die Befreiung der Ukraine. (238) [Abb.]: Von österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen auf dem Vormarsch nach Odessa gefangene Japaner. (239) [2 Abb.]: (1)May Senta Hauler, die Tochter eines auf dem italienischen Kriegschauplatzgefallenen österreichisch=ungarischen Offiziers, die sich als Schütze "Wolf Hauler" dem Württembergischen Gebirgsbataillon angeschlossen hat.(2) Die Vorhut der k. u. k. 30. Infanteriedivision (Feldmarschalleutnant v. Jesser) dringt am 13. März 1918 unter Führung des Generalmajors Alfred v. Zeidler von Norden her über den Frachtbahnhof in Odessa ein, während von Westen her zwei deutsche Bataillone die Stadt besetzen. (240) [Abb.]: Übergang deutscher Truppen über die Lys. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 191 (Heft 191) ([241]) [Abb.]: Der von den Franzosen gesprengte Oise=Aisne=Kanal, der über den Oisefluss führt. Rechts und links vom Kanal Sumpfgelände. ([241]) [2Abb.]: (1)Kartenskizze zu der Schlacht bei Armentiéres. (2)Kartenskizze zum Vorstoss der Armee Boehn zwischen Oise und Aisne. (242) [Abb.]: Das eroberte Chauny, das von den Franzosen vor ihrem Rückzug in Brand gesteckt wurde, aus 200 Meter Höhe von einem deutschen Flieger aufgenommen. (243) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Pioniere beim Überbrücken eines Minentrichters im Kampfgelände zwischen St. Quentin und Ham. (2)Zwei erbeutete englische Langrohrgeschütze auf einem Schienenstrang im Westen. (244) [Abb.]: Mit der Uhr in der Hand vor dem Sturm. Ein deutscher Sturmtrupp erwartet in einer Sappenkopfstellung den Befehl zum Vorbrechen. ([245]) [Abb.]: Aus der Hochburg des deutschen Kriegsmaterials: Lager von Rohgeschossen bei Krupp in Essen. (246) [3 Abb.]: Bei einer deutschen Batterie in Flandern. (1)Ein Geschütz wird gedreht. (2)Munition wird mittels kleiner Wagen zur Batterie gebracht. (3)Im Geschützturm einer schweren Küstenbatterie in Flandern. (247) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (247) Der Brigadier. (247) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kartenskizze zur Offensive in Finnland. (2)Russische Torpedoboote und Minenschiffe im Eis des Hafens von Helsingfors. Von einem deutschen Flieger aus 100 Meter Höhe aufgenommen. (248) [Abb.]: Landung deutscher Truppen im Hafen von Hangö in Finnland. ([249]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deutsche Soldaten beim Bau von Unterkunftsräumen an der mazedonischen Front.(2)Auf einer Strasse am Wardar in Mazedonien: Am Bergrücken ein altes Kloster. (250) Kraftfahrer voran. (251) [Abb.]: Kriegerisches Strassenbild aus einer mazedonischen Stadt. (251) [2 Abb.]:(1) Deutscher Offizier reitet zur Front im Orient. (2)Österreichisch=ungarische Gebirgsartillerie auf dem Marsche im Tigristal. (252) [Abb.]: Deutsche Flieger bewerfen ein englisches Lager bei Jericho mit Bomben. Im Hintergrunde das Tote Meer und die Moabiter Berge. (253) [10 Abb.]: (1)General v. Eberhardt, dessen Truppen bei der erfolgreichen Umfassung von Armentiéres beteiligt waren. (2) General v. Quast, ein Führer der siegreichen deutschen Truppen in der Schlacht bei Armentiéres. (3)General v. Carlowitz, dessen Truppen mit denen des Generals v. Stetten den Feind in Richtung Baillent und Merville zurückwarfen. (4)Generalmajor v. Schippert, Führer einer württembergischen Division in der Grossen Schlacht in Flandern. (5)Generalmajor Höfer, der mit seinen Truppen den Übergang über die Lys bei Bac=St. Maux erkämpfte. (6)Leutnant Drebing, durch dessen schneidiges Zufassen der Übergang über die Lys bei Bac=St. Maux erzwungen wurde. (7)Oberleutnant z. S. Sprenger, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Boot=Kommandant im östlichen Mittelmeer (8)Leutnant v. R. Kroll, erfolgreicher deutscher Kampfflieger, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite (9)Oberleutnant Fricke, erfolgreicher deutscher Beobachtungsflieger, Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite. (10)Oberleutnant z. S. Herm. Menzel, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Boot=Kommandant auf dem nördlichen Seekriegschauplatz. (254) [4 Abb.]: Deutsche Truppen in Livland. (1)Deutsche Radfahrerabteilung bei der Verfolgung raubender Bolschewikibanden. (2)Deutsche Radfahrerabteilung im Kampf mit raubenden Bolschewikibanden. (3)Ein nach Kampf mit den Bolschewiki erbeuteter russischer Panzerkraftwagen. (4)Deutsche Artillerie im Kampf mit einem abziehenden Panzerzug raubender Bolschewikibanden. (255) Krieg und Arbeitskräfte. (255) [Abb.]: Eine Kriegsauszeichnung für deutsche U=Boot=Besatzungen. Das aus patinierter Bronze hergestellte Abzeichen kann Offfizieren, Deckoffizieren und Mannschaften verliehen werden, die sich auf drei Fahrten gegen den Feind besonder hervorgetan haben. (256) [Abb.]: Aus den Kämpfen bei Langenmark. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 192 (Heft 192) ([257]) [Abb.]: Eroberte englische Stellung vor Armentiéres; durch deutsche Artillerie stark zusammengeschossen. ([257]) [Abb.]: Übersichtkarte zur Schlacht in Flandern (258) [6 Abb.]: Bilder aus der Schlacht bei Armentiéres. (1)Deutsche 21=cm=Mörserbatterie beim Stellungswechsel vor Estaires. (2)Eine Batterie deutscher 21=cm=Mörser im Feuer. (3)Erbeutete schwere englische Haubitze in Armentiéres (4)Österreichisch=ungarischer 30,5=cm=Mörser wird in Stellung gebracht. (5)Während des Kampfes überlaufende englische Soldaten werden von den Deutschen zu einer Sammelstelle gewiesen. (6)Ein Trupp der ersten aus der Schlacht eingebrachten englischen und portugiesischen Gefangenen. (259) [Abb.]: Der Deutsche Kaiser beobachtet auf einem Gefechtstande südlich von Armentiéres den Verlauf der Schlacht. Im Vordergrund ziehen Kolonnen mit Pioniergerät der vorstürmenden Infanterie nach. ([260 - 261]) [7 Abb.]: Hervorragende Kommandnaten deutscher Marineluftschiffe. (1)Korvettenkapitän Arnold Schütze. (2)Kapitänleutnant Flemming. (3)Kapitänleutnant v. Freudenreich. (4)1)RegimentskommandeurOberstleutnant Pohlmann, dessen Truppen in selbtstätigem Handeln die Höhe von Rossignol stürmten. (5)General Grünert, Führer deutscher Truppen in dem Kampfgebiet zwischen Bapaume und Peronne. (6)General Sieger, der Eroberer von Wytschaete, dessen Truppen auch an der Erstürmung des Kemmelberges beteiligt waren. (7)General v. Webern, siegreicher deutscher Truppenführer in dem Kampfgebiet zwischen Ham und Chauny. (262) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wie die Franzosen die deutschen Heldengräber schänden. Auf dem Holzkreuz eines Grabes auf dem Friedhof des wiedereroberten Nesle ist das Wort "Kameraden" vom Feinde mit schwarzer Farbe überstrichen worden. (2)Wie die Franzosen die deutschen Heldengräber schänden. Mutwillige Zerstörungen auf dem Friedhofe im wiedereroberten Nesle. Die Soldatengräber wurden von den französischen "Kulturträgern" vor ihrem Rückzug aufgerissen, die Holzkreuze gewaltsam zerbrochen, die Grabsteine absichtlich umgestürzt und die Inschriften mit den Namen der Toten und dem Zeichen des Eisernen Kreuzes vernichtet. Die deutschen Gräber wurden ausserdem von den übrigen durch einen Zaun aus Draht und Dachpappe getrennt. (263) [Abb.]: Deutsche Fliegeraufnahme der Kathedrale von Laon, die durch französisches Artilleriefeuer zerstört wurde. (264) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (264) Die Durchbruchschlacht in Frankreich. (264) [Abb.]: Deutsches U=Boot beschiesst Monrovia und Kap Palma in Liberia (Westafrika). ([265]) [Abb.]: Bau eines Bohrturmes in dem unter österreichisch=ungarischer Militärverwaltung stehenden rumänischen Rohölgebiet. (266) [Abb.]: Hochziehen eines österreichisch=ungarischen Fesselballons vom Meere aus. (267) [Abb.]: Eine Fahrt durch den Amanustunnel hinter der Palästinafront. (268 - 269) Darstellung der Befestigungswerke von Verdun. (268 - 269) [Abb.]: Reliefdarstellung der Befestigungswerke von Verdun in der Austellung "Die französische Festung und ihre Verteidigung" in den Austellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten zu Berlin. (268 - 269) Stosstruppen. Einbruch. Durchbruch. (271) [Abb.]: Fort Bauban, dritte Verteidigungslinie von Verdun. Im Relief wiedergegeben in der Austellung "Die französische Festung und ihre Verteidigung" in den Austellungshallen am Zoologischen Garten zu Berlin. (271) [Abb.]: Übung von Infanterietruppen im Zusammenarbeiten mit einem Infanterieflieger in einem hinter der Front dem Kampfplatz nachgebildeten Übungswerk. (272) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 193 (Heft 193) ([273]) [Abb.]: Die Volksabstimmungen für den Rat von Flandern. Kundgebung der Flamen für ein selbstständiges Flandern. Umzug durch die Strassen Antwerpens. ([273]) [Abb.]: Erbeutete englische Flugabwehrkanone auf der Strasse nach Bapaume. (274) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generalleutnant v. Lindequist, einer der erfolgreichen deutschen Heerführer im Westen. (2)Ansicht des Kemmelberges mit Vorgelände. (275) [Abb.]: Die Eroberung des Kemmelbergs. (276 - 277) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (276 - 277) Die flämische Bewegung. (276 - 277) [Abb.]: Die Ruinen des Tuchhallen von Ypern und der Kathedrale St. Martin im Mondschein. (278) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die berühmte Jagdstaffel des Rittmeisters Manfred Freiherrn v. Richthofen, deren Führer nach Erringung von 80 Luftfliegen am 21. April 1918 einer feindlichen Kugel erlag. (2)Im Luftkampf an der Westfront aabgeschossener Sopwith=Kampfeinsitzer. In dem auffallend bemalten Rumpfvorderteil ist der Umdrehungsmotor sichtbar, darüber zwei starre Maschinengewehre. (279) [2 Abb.]: Zum missglückten englischen Handstreich auf Seebrügge und Ostende. (1)Fliegeraufnahme eines der versenkten englischen Sperrkreuzer , mit zahlreichen Spuren der Beschiessung durch die deutschen Küstenbatterien. (2)Fliegeraufnahme der versenkten englischen Sperrkreuzer "Brilliant" und "Sirius von denen der eine in Brand geschossen wurde. (280) Wehrhaft Kirche in St. Juvin. (280) [Abb.]: Kartenskizze zum missglückten englischen Handstreich auf Zeebrügge. a) Deutsche Prahmsperre, b) Einbruch der versenkten englischen Schiffe. (280) [Abb.]: Die wehrhaft Kirche in St. Juvin. ( - ) [Abb.]: Der missglückte englische Handstreich gegen Zeebrügge: Der Kampf auf der Mole. ([281]) [Abb.]: Die deutschen Linienschiffe im Eise vor Finnland. (282) Das Los deutscher Gefangener. (282) [3 Abb.]: (1)Einzug der deutschen Truppen in Helfingfors, die von den Bolschewiki geräumte Hauptstadt Finnlands. (2) Der Magistrat von Helfingfors begrüsst den deutschen General Grafen v. d. Goltz beim Einzug auf dem Platz vor dem Dom. (3)Die Einwohnerschaft von Helfingfors bringt ein Hoch auf Deutschland aus. Im Vordergrund links der Magistrat der finnischen Hauptstadt, rechts General Graf v. d. Goltz mit seinem Stab. (283) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der gestorbene bulgarische Gesandte in Berlin, Dr. Dmitri Rizow, der sich um das deutsch=bulgarische Freundschaftsbündnis sehr verdient gemacht hat. (2)Die Radobilj=Passstrasse zwischen Gradiska und Prilep in Mazedonien, eine der längsten Kehrstrassen der Welt, durch die eine 40 Kilometer lange Drahtseilbahn von Prilep nach Drenowo führt. (284) [Abb.]: Ein Zeppelin=Luftkreuzer über Kreta. (285) [Abb.]: Übersichtskarte vom südöstlichen Russland. (286) Die Durchbruchschlacht in Frankreich. (287) [2Abb.]: (1)Das erste Kriegschiff des Vierbundes im Hafen von Odessa: Der türkische kleine Kreuzer "Hamidie". (2)Ukrainischer Train auf der Brücke des von österreichisch=ungarischen Truppen besetzten Ortes Kamenez Podolski in der Ukraine. (287) [Abb.]: Ein feindlicher Handelsdampfer sucht einem deutschen U=Boot zu entkommen, indem er einen Rauch entwickelnden Behälter ins Wasser gleiten lässt, der durch die erzeugte Rauchwand das Schiff den Blicken der Angreifer entziehen soll. (288) Künstlicher Nebel als U=Boot=Abwehrmittel. (288) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 194 (Heft 194) ([289]) [Abb.]: Nach der Schlacht am Kemmelberg: Verwundete Gefangene werden auf der Lys mittels Kähnen abbefördert. ([289]) [Abb.]: Meldung eine österreichisch=ungarischen Kommandanten bei seinem Eintreffen auf dem westlichen Kriegschauplatz (290) [ 3Abb.]: Bilder von der deutschen Beute im Westen. (1)Erbeutetes englisches Kriegsmaterial auf einer Sammelstelle. (2)Im Wasser stecken gebliebener englischer Motorschlepper für schwere Geschütze. (3)Ein unversehrt erbeuteter englischer 22=cm=Mörser (291) [Abb.]: Im Raume von St. Quentin-Noyon flüchtende Engländer werden von deutscher Artillerie unter Feuer genommen. ([292 - 293]) [Abb.]: Schematische Darstellung eines stark gesicherten englischen Geleitzugs. Die Frachtschiffe fahren in Doppelkiellinie und sind in der Mitte und an beiden Seiten - alles in entsprechenden Abständen voneinander - durch eine Anzahl bewaffneter Fischdampfer schützt. In Zickzacklinie seitwärts fahrende Torpedoboote sowie Spitzen= und Schlussschiffe mit Fesselballonen vervollständigen die Sicherung der wertvollen Transportzüge. (294) [5 Abb.]: Erfolgreiche deutsche U=Boot=Kommandanten. (1)Kapitänleutnant Hundius. (2)Kapitänleutnant Klasing. (3)Kapitänleutnant Neureuther. (4)Kapitänleutnant v. Glasenapp. (5)K. u. k. Offizierstellvertreter Kitz, erfolgreicher österreichisch=ungarische Kampfflieger, der 19 Gegner abschoss und dreimal mit der Goldenen, viermal mit der Grossen Silbernen, zweimal mit der kleinen Silbernen und mit der bronzenen Tapferkeitsmedaille ausgezeichnet wurde. (295) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (295) Die Durchbruchschlacht in Frankreich. II. Angriff. (295) [2 Abb.]: (1)Der ukrainische Hetman Pawel Petrowitsch Storopadski.(2)Der Führer der Bolschewiki=Organisation in Cherson am Dnjepr, der Matrose Wassiljew (in der Mitte sitzend), mit seinem Stabe. Nach einem beim deutschen Vormarsch nach der Krim in Cherson vorgefundenen Bilde. (296) [Abb.]: Einmarsch deutscher Truppen in Noyon. Im Hintergrund die Kathedrale ( - ) [Abb.]: Die Rote Garde in Finnland streckt nach fünftägiger Schlacht bei Tavastehus die Waffen. ([297]) Die Krim. (298) [3 Abb.]: Die Schweiz im Weltkriege. Schweizerische Grenzwacht an der elsässischen Grenze. Ein hochgebauter Beobachtungsturm auf einer die Umgebung beherrschenden Anhöhe mit starken Fernrohren. (298) [3 Abb.]: Die Schweiz im Weltkriege. Oberes Bild: Ablegen der Werkzeuge und Abmarsch nach Arbeitschluss im Stellungsbau. Mittleres Bild: Stellungsbau im Juragestein. Unteres Bild: Einfahren der Brückenkähne beim Bau einer Brücke. (299) [Abb.]: Das deutsche Abzeichen für Verwundete, das laut Kaiserlicher Kabinettsorder vom 3. März 1918 als besondere Anerkennung den im Dienste des Vaterlandes Verwundeten verliehen wird. (300) Die deutsche Getreidewirtschaft im Kriege. (300) [Abb.]: Einzug finnischer Truppen in die Festung Wiborg. ([301]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Teilansicht eines Musterraumes für eingelieferte Getreideproben. (2) Die Reichsgetreidestelle. Abteilung Mühlenbetrieb. (302) K. u. k. Sturmtruppen säubern eine von den Russen genommene Stellung in der südlichen Bukowina. (303) [2Abb.]: (1)Getreideuntersuchungsraum. (2) Die Reichsgetreidestelle. (303) [Abb.]: K. u. k. Sturmtruppen säubern in kühnem Gegenangriff eine von den Russen Tags zuvor besetzte Stellung in der südlichen Bukowina. (304) Das Tragtier in den Karpathen. (304) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 195 (Heft 195) ([305]) [Abb.]: Granatwerfer 16 beim Schiessen von Sperrfeuer auf dem westlichen Kriegschauplatz. Ein leichter, allgemein in der deutschen Armee eingeführter Minenwerfer, der der Infanterie beigegeben worden ist und es ihr ermöglicht, sich selbst ihr Sperrfeuer zu legen oder feindliche Stützpunkte niederzukämpfen. Die Leute im Vordergrunde des Bildes machen die Wurfgranaten fertig: der andere Mann ist im Begriff, den Werfer abzuziehen. ([305]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ein bedeutsamer Wegweiser in Flandern: Nach Nieuw=Kerke und nach Kemmel. (2) Bau einer Feldbahn im Kampfgelände von Kemmel durch deutsche Eisenbahntruppen. (306) [Abb.]: Die freie Fahrrinne im Hafen von Zeebrügge. Unsere Aufnahme zeigt die Wracke der v ersenkten englischen Schiffe und die völlig ungesperrte Hafenausfahrt als klarsten Beweis für das Misslingen des mit so schweren Opfern durchgeführten englischen Flottenangriffs. (307) [Abb.]:Übergabe der russischen Festung Kars an die siegreichen türkischen Truppen. ([308 - 309]) [2 Abb.]:(1) Die im Frieden von Bukarest festgelegte neue Grenzlinie zwischen Rumänien und Österreich=Ungarn (westlicher Abschnitt). (2)Kartenskizze der von Rumänien an den Vierbund abgetretenen Gebiete. (310) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die im Frieden von Bukarest festgelegte neue Grenzlinie zwischen Rumänien und Österreich=Ungarn (östlicher Abschnitt). (2)Zur Unterzeichnung des Friedensvertrages von Bukarest: Blick in den Sitzungsaal vor der Unterzeichnung der Schriftstücke. Um Tische von links nach rechts: der türkische Minister des Äusseren Ahmed Nessimy Bey, der österreichisch=ungarische Minister des Äusseren Graf Burian, der deutsche Staatssekretär des Auswärtigen Amtes v. Kühlmann, der bulgarische Ministerpräsident Radoslawow. (311) [Abb.]: Türkische Soldaten in der Wüste. (312) [Abb.]: In das eroberte Batum einziehende türkische Truppen werden von einer Abordnung der Bürgerschaft begrüsst. ( - ) [Abb.]: Die englische Niederlage am Jordan. ([313]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (314) Erstürmung der letzten Forts von Batum durch die Türken. (314) [2 Abb.]: (1)K. u. k. Generalmajor Freiherr v. Zeidler, der Eroberer von Odessa. (2)K. u. k. Vizeadmiral Ritter v. Keil, wurde zum Admiral befördert. (314) [2 Abb.]: (1)Durchmarsch österreichisch=ungarischer Sturmtruppen durch Constanza am Schwarzen Meer. (2)Einschiffung österreichisch=ungarischer Sturmtruppen in Constanza zur Fahrt nach Odessa. (315) Die Eroberung der Krim. (316 - 317) [Abb.]: Einzug der deutschen Truppen in Sebastopol. (316 - 317) [Abb.]: Die von einem deutschen Infanterieflieger abgeschossene, mit einer Meldung versehene und Rauch entwickelnde Signalpatrone (Rauchmeldepatrone) wird von einem Infanteristen eingeholt. Die Rauchmeldepatrone ist eines der Mittel, wodurch der in 50-200 Meter Höhe fliegende Infanterieflieger die Verbindung zwischen der kämpfenden Infanterielinie und der Truppenführung herstellt, wenn bei schwerem Feuer alle anderen Nachrichtenmittel versagen. Er unterstützt die in den vordersten Gräben und Trichtern liegende Infanterie, beobachtet Angriffsabsichten des Feindes und kann hiergegen selbständig das Feuer der eigenen Artillerie anfordern. (318) Über die Verständigung zwischen Flieger und Truppe. (318) Charakterköpfe der Weltkriegsbühne. 10. Czernin. (319) [Abb.]: Die in der Rauchmeldepatrone enthaltene Meldung wird in der vordersten Stellung gelesen. (319) [2 Abb.]: (1)Wie die Franzosen den Krieg zu gewinnen gedenken: Ein in den deutschen Stellungen gelandeter französischer Werbeballon aus Papier, wie solche von den Franzosen häufig über die deutschen Linien abgelassen werden. Sie sind mit Zeitungen belastet, worin die deutschen Soldaten zum Überlaufen aufgefordert werden, da dann der Krieg bald beendet sei. Außerdem machen die Franzosen die verlockendsten Versprechnungen, weil sie einsehen, dass ihnen durch die Waffen der Sieg nicht zufällt. (2)Deutsche Soldaten belustigen sich an dem Inhalt der französischen Werbezeitungen. (320) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 196 (Heft 196) ([321]) [2 Abb.]:(1) Meldung des Kommandanten der bulgarischen Ehrenkompanie in Küstendil. 1. Kaiser und König Karl. 2. König Ferdinand von Bulgarien. 3. Kronprinz Boris von Bulgarien. (2)Das österreichisch=ungarische Herrscherpaar auf der Reise nach Sofia und Konstantinopel. Ankunft in Konstantinopel. 1. Kaiser und König Karl. 2. Kaiserin und Königin Zita. 3. Sultan Mohammed V. ([321]) [Abb.]: Schipperarbeit in den flandrischen Dünen. (322) [2Abb.]: (1)Im offenen Kampfgelände am Kemmelberge erbeutete schwere englische Haubizenbatterie. (2) Deutsches Lazarett am Kemmelberge unter englischem Feuer. (323) [Abb.]: Innenansicht einer deutschen Marketenderei in einem ehemaligen französischen Basar in Laon. Zu den besetzten Gebieten werden von der deutschen Militärverwaltung zahlreiche vorbildliche Einrichtungen zum Wohle der Feldgrauen geschaffen. In diesen Verkaufsstellen können sich die Soldaten zu erstaunlich niedrigen Preisen erwerben, was ihnen vom Heere nicht unmittelbar geliefert wird. So kostet hier ein grosser Eimer der besten Marmelade, die in den eigenen Obstverwertungsanlagen der Militärverwaltung hergestellt wird, nur 3 Mark. (324) [Abb.]: Bei der grossen Bagage in der Nähe von Dixmuiden. ([325]) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (326) Rückeroberung der k. u. k. Feldwache II am Monticellohang im herbst 1915. (326) Charakterköpfe der Weltkriegsbühne. 11. Storopadski, der Hetman der Ukraine. (326) [8 Abb.]: Bilder von der deutschen Feldpost im Westen. (1)Ankunft der Heimatpost im besetzten Gebiet. (2)Im Sortierraum eines Feldpostamtes. (3)Ausladen der Heimatpost. (4)Abfahrt der Feldpost für eine Kompanie. (5)Eintreffen der Feldpostsäcke in den Stellungen. (6)Verteilung der Feldpost an die Gruppenführer der Kompanie. (7)Austeilen der Feldpost im Graben. (8)Beim Lesen der Heimatgrüsse. ([327]) [4 Abb.]: (1)Leutnant Löwenhardt, erfolgreicher deutscher Kampfflieger und Führer einer Jagdstaffel im Westen. (2) Oberleutnant z. S. Walter Schmitz, erfolgreicher Kommandant eines in Flandern stationierten deutschen U=Bootes (3)Leutnant Menkhoff, erfolgreicher deutscher Kampfflieger Ritter des Ordens Pour le Mérite (4) Korvettenkapitän Eckelmann, Führer des U=Kreuzers, der im Sperrgebiet um die Azoren 48247 Tonnen Schiffsraum versenkt hat. (328) [Abb.]: Rückeroberung der k. u. k. Feldwache II am Monticellohang. ( - ) [Abb.]: Das Heldenstück eines deutschen U=Bootes (Kommandant Kapitänleutnant Steinbauer ) im Hafen von Carloforte auf Sardinien im Morgengrauen des 29. April 1918 ([329]) [Abb.]: Die Kathedrale von Amiens, deren figurenreiche Eingänge durch Sandsäcke geschützt sind. Nach einer französischen Darstellung von Ende April 1918. (330) [Abb.]: Englands Hilfsvöker: In der Schlacht an der Lys gefangene Portugiesen in einem Lager hinter der deutschen Front. (331) Die Durchbruchschlacht in Frankreich. III. Die Schlacht an der Lys. (331) [Abb.]: Kurze Rast deutscher Truppen auf einem Platze in Armentiéres. (331) [Abb.]: Deutsche Pioniere beim Wegebau während der Durchbruchschlacht im Westen. (332 - 333) Krieg und Vermessungswesen. (332 - 333) [Abb.]: Die ersten amtlich ausgegebenen Flugpostmarken der am 1. April 1918 früh um 5 1/2 Uhr auch für den öffentlichen Verkehr eröffneten k. u. k. österreichischen Flugpost Wien-Krakau-Lemberg. Die erste Ausgabe besteht aus drei Werten zu 1,50, 2,50 und 4 Kronen. (334) 2 [Abb.]: (1)Der erste deutsche Flugpostdienst. Vor dem Hause des Kurierdienstes in Brest=Litowsk, in dem sich die Lufpost=Annahmestelle befindet.(2)Der erste deutsche Flugpostdienst. Verladen der Postsäcke aus dem Automobil in das Postflugzeug. (335) Das Flugzeug im Dienste der Post. (335) [Abb.]: Das ehemalige französische Unterseeboot "Turquoise", mit dem kurz nach seinem Stapellauf der damalige türkische Marineminister Oschemal Pascha eine Probefahrt machte, das infolge wohlgezielter Kanonenschüsse des türkischen Unteroffiziers Müstedjik Onbaschi in die Hände der Türken gefallen ist. Es wurde in Gegenwart des türkischen Kriegsministers Ender Pascha und des Admirals Souchon auf den Namen Müstedjik Onbaschi" getauft. (336) Das von den Türken eroberte französische Unterseeboot "Turquoise". (336) [Abb.]: Die Beschiessung Laons durch die Franzosen. Den Einwohnern der weit hinter der deutschen Front liegenden französischen Stadt verursachte die Beschiessung durch die eigenen Landsleute grossen Schaden. (336) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 197 (Heft 197) ([337]) [Abb.]: Fort Malmaison am Chemin des Dames; im Hintergrund im Aisnetal das brennende Vailly. ([337]) [Abb.]: Vogelschaukarte zur Schlacht um den Chemin des Dames Ende Mai 1918. ([338]) [2 Abb.]:(1) Generalfeldmarschall v. Hindenburg an der Spitze seines früheren Regiments. (2)Generalfeldmarschall v. Hindenburg verteilt Auszeichnungen an Mannschaften seines Regiments. (339) [Abb.]: Die Einnahme von Vailly durch Sturmtruppen der deutschen Kronprinzenarmee. (340 - 341) [3 Abb.]: (1)Blick auf Berry au Bac am Chemin des Dames von einer deutschen Blinkerstation aus am Morgen des ersten Angriffstags. (2)Deutsche Minenwerfer überschreiten nach erfolgreichem Kampf die ersten englischen Stellungen bei Berry au Bac am Chemin des Dames. (3)Die ersten englischen Gefangenen aus dem Kampfgelände des Chemin des Dames werden bei Berry au Bac durch Laufgräben eingebracht. (342) [4Abb.]: (1)General v. Winckler, dessen Korps am 28. Mai die Beste überschritten. (2) (343) [Abb.]: General d. Inf. Fritz v. Below, Armeeführer der Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz. (343) [Abb.]: Karte zum Vordringen der Deutschen an die Marne. (343) [2 Abb.]:(1) Der Chemin des Dames wird von deutschen Truppen überquert. (2)Eines der bei Pargny am Chemin des Dames von den Deutschen erbeuteten schweren französischen Flachbahngeschütze, die durch ihre tägliche Beschiessung Laons schwere Opfer unter der französischen Bevölkerung forderten. (344) [Abb.]: Erstürmung von Soissons durch brandenburgische Pioniere. ([345]) [3 Abb.]: Bei einem deutschen Bombenflugzeuggeschwader. (1)Oben: Deutsches Grossflugzeug, abfahrtbereit. - (2)Mitte: Vorbereitung zum Flug, Prüfen des Maschinengewehrs und Einfüllen des Benzins. - (3)Unten: Aufhängen der Bomben unter dem Flugzeug. (346) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (346) Gedanken über die Ukraine. (346) [3 Abb.]: Bei einem deutschen Bombenflugzeuggeschwader. (1)Oben: Deutsche Fliegerbomben verschiedenen Kalibers (von links nach rechts 25 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 300 kg) - (2)Mitte: Eine 300=kg=Bombe zwischen zwei 50=kg=Bomben in der Aufhängewvorrichtung unter dem Flugzeug. - (3) Unten: Rumpfvorderteil eines Grossflugzeuges mit den Sitzen für Führer, Beobachter und Maschinengewehrschützen. (347) [Abb.]: Feltre in Oberitalien. Vor dem Stadttor zur oberen Stadt. (348) [Abb.]: K. u. k. Kaiserjäger werfen die Italiener aus ihren Stellungen auf der Zugna Torta. ([349]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Fliegerfunker bei der Aufnahme von drahtlosen Meldungen, die von einem schwebenden Flugzeug aus gemacht werden. Der Mann rechts gibt dem Flieger mit der Signalpistole das Zeichen, dass Verständigung erzielt ist. (350) Nachrichtenmittel im Felde. (350) [Abb.]: Deutscher Meldehund bringt in schwerem Feuer eine Nachricht aus der vordersten Stellung. (351) Generaloberst Freiherr v. Hazai. (352) [Abb.]: Generaloberst Samuel Freiherr v. Hazai, Chef des Ersatzwesens der gesamten bewaffneten Macht von Österreich=Ungarn. (352) [Abb.]: Der Deutsche Kaiser und Generalfeldmarschall von Hindenburg begegnen am 28. Mai 1918 auf dem Rückwege vom Winterberg dem Deutschen Kronprinzen. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 198 (Heft 198) ([353]) [Abb.]: Deutsche Munitionskolonne auf dem Vormarsch zur Marne in schwierigem Gelände ([353]) [Abb.]: Deutscher Posten mit Panzerhemd in vorderster Stellung an der Westfront. (354) [3 Abb.]: (1)Gefangene Franzosen und Engländer an einem amerikanischen Sanitätswagen in dem von den Deutschen erbeuteten Lazarett Mont Notre Dame im Kampfgelände um Fismes. (2)Einer der zwischen Aisne und Marne erbeuteten vollbeladenen Proviantzüge, von denen der Gegner infolge des überstürzten Rückzuges mehrere zurücklassen musste. (3)Massentransporte von Gefangenen in der Zitadelle von Laon. Vom 25. Mai bis zum 14. Juni 1918 wurden die Fochschen Reserven allein an Gefangenen um 55 000 Mann vermindert. (355) [Abb.]: Aus der Schlacht bei Soissons: Erstürmung der Höhen westlich von Chaudun durch die Truppen des deutschen Kronprinzen. (356 - 357) [Abb.]: Deutsches Sturmwagengeschwader in Bereitschaftstellung für die Schlacht bei Reims. (358) [3 Abb.]: (1)Das von deutschen Truppen eroberte Fort St. Thierry bei Reims. (2)Aus der grossen Beute: Beim Vormarsch der Deutschen zur Marne fielen bedeutende Viehbestände in ihre Hände. (3)Von den Franzosen in Brand geschossene Häuser in Soissons. (359) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberleutnant z. S. Dönitz, erfolgreicher Kommandant eines deutschen U=Bootes im Mittelmeer. (2)Kapitänleutnant Prinz Heinrich XXXVII. Reuss i. L., erfolgreicher U=Bootkommandant. (3)Kapitänleutnant Werner, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Bootkommandant im Sperrgebiet um England. (4)Kapitänleutnant Freiherr v. Loe, erfolgreicher deutscher U=Bootkommandant im Sperrgebiet um England. (360) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (360) Die Versenkung des englischen Dampfers "Eyklops". (360) [Abb.]: K. u. k. Oberleutnant Arn. Barwig, der meistausgezeichnete Beobachteroffizier der österreichisch=ungarischen Luftfahrtruppen. (360) Der U=Bootkrieg an der amerikanischen Küste. (360) [Abb.]: Versenkung des englischen 9033=Tonnen=Dampfers "Eyklops" in dem durch Sperren geschützten und durch Flieger bewachten Hafen von Augusta (Sizilien) durch das deutsche U=Boot unter dem Oberleutnant z. S. Dönitz (siehe Bild Seite 360), das trotz feindlicher Gegenmassnahmen unbeschädigt den Hafen wieder verliess. Im Hintergrunde der Ätna. (361) [Abb.]: Rast einer türkischen Kolonne auf dem Taurus. (362) Die englischen Angriffe auf die flandrische Küste. (362) [2 Abb.]: (1)Von der Ausbildung türkischen Landsturms vor einem Zeltlager bei Drama an der Küste des Ägäischen Meeres. (2)Türkischer Landsturm auf dem Marsche zur Kaserne. (363) [3 Abb.]: (1)Der englische Angriff auf den Hafen von Zeebrügge in der Nacht zum 23. April 1918 in schönfärberischer englischer Darstellung , durch die eine englische Zeitschrift ihre Leser über den Misserfolg des Unternehmens zu täuschen versuchte. (2)Das italienische Motorboot Grillo, das in der Nacht zum 14. Mai 1918 in den Hafen von Pola einzudringen versuchte und durch das Artilleriefeuer der österreichisch=ungarischen Wachschiffe vernichtet wurde. (3)Das ehemalige englische Schlachtschiff "Vindictive", das bei dem zweiten misslungenen englischen Handstreich gegen Ostende von den deutschen Küstenbatterien zusammengeschossen wurde. (364 - 365) [Abb.]: Doppeldecker mit zwei Motoren und drei Mann Besatzung. Unter dem Rumpf Aufhängevorrichtung für Bomben. (366) Fliegerwaffen. (366) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberhalb der Tragflächen eines englischen Doppeldeckers angebrachtes Maschinengewehr. (2)Auf einem französischen Voisin=Doppeldecker angebrachte 3.8=cm=Schiffskanone (3)Eine in Blech geschnittene Shilhouette eines deutschen Flugzeuges als Visiervorrichtung an einem französischen Flugapparat, die das Zielen beim Luftkampf erleichtern soll. (4)Beobachtersitz eines deutschen Zweisitzerdoppeldeckers mit luftgekühltem Maschinengewehr, das, auf dem Ring um den Sitz schwenkbar, mit einem auf eine Trommel gewickelten Patronengurt versehen ist. (367) [Abb.]: Ein Kaiserschütze stösst einen italienischen Alpino im Kampf in eine Randspalte am Corno Scuro im Tonalegebiet. (368) Ein Kaiserschütze stösst einen Italiener im Kampfe in eine Randspalte (Tonalegebiet). (368) [Abb.]: Rast deutscher Truppen in Soissons. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 199 (Heft 199) ([369]) [Abb.]: Zwischen Aisne und Marne von den Deutschen völlig unversehrt erbeutetes Riesengeschütz. ([369]) [3 Abb.]: Zum siegreichen deutschen Vorstoss zwischen Montdidier und Noyon und zwischen Aisne und Marne. (1)Deutsche Artillerie mit Maschinengewehrbedeckung auf dem Marsch durch Fismes. (2)Maschinengewehre werden von deutschen Soldaten in einem zerschossenen Hause in Stellung gebracht. (3)Deutsche Kavallerie auf dem Vormarsch. (370) [3 Abb.]: Zum siegreichen deutschen Vorstoss zwischen Montdidier und Noyon und zwischen Aisne und Marne. (1)Erbeutetes Kleinbahnmaterial in Bazoches, dessen Wegnahme eine empfindliche Schwächung der Fochschen Armee an Kriegsmitteln bedeutete. (2)Deutsches Regiment in Bereitschaftstellung dicht vor Tracy-le-Val. (3)Deutsche Munitionskolonne, deren Mannschaften und Pferde mit Gasmasken ausgerüstet sind, durchquert ein vergastes Waldstück. (371) [Abb.]: Der deutsche Vorstoss zur Marne. Stosstruppen und Flammenwerfer überrennen die feindlichen Stellungen (links deutsches Sperrfeuer). ([372 - 373]) [Abb.]: Beobachter Leutnant Eisenmenger (X) und Flugzeugführer Vizefeldwebel Gund (XX), die während eines Beobachtungsfluges am 23. Mai 1918 mit sechs englischen Kampfeinsitzern ins Gefecht gerieten und dabei vier Gegner abschossen (374) [2 Abb.]: (1)Flugzeugabwehrmaschinenkanone, die kleine Granaten verfeuert. Die Geschosse sind mit einem Gurtband auf die links sichtbare Trommel gewickelt. Die Mannschaft ist mit Stahlhelm und Gasmaske ausgerüstet. (2)Flugzeugabwehrmaschinenkanone. Man sieht in der Trommel deutlich die auf einen Gurt gereihten Grananten. (375) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (375) Über den Flugabwehrdienst. (375) [Abb.]: Die Tote=Mann=Mühle in dem Waldlager der Argonnen. Links französische Soldatengräber, von deutschen Landwehrleuten geschmückt. (376) Ein Beobachtungsturm im Argonnenwald. (376) [Abb.]: Der "Mudraturm". Beobachtungstelle in einem Truppenlager im Argonnenwalde. ([377]) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generalmajor Linder, erfolgreicher Führer finnländischer Truppen gegen die Rote Garde in Finnland. (2)Brand der Roten=Garde=Kaserne. Die Gebäude der Kaserne wurden von den darin untergebrachten gefangenen finnischen Roten Gardisten selbst in Brand gesteckt. (378) [2 Abb.]: (1)Einzug des finnischen Generals Mannerheim in Helsingfors. (2)Das Gefangenenlager Lahti für 20 000 Rote Gardisten mit ihren Frauen und Kindern und etwa 6000 Pferden und Wagen. (379) Finnlands Befreiung. (379) [Abb.]: Vertreibung plündernder russischer Roter Garden aus einem finnischen Dorfe. (380 - 381) Der Wetterdienst im Kriege. (382) [3 Abb.]: (1)Oberes Bild: Ukrainische Flugschüler beim Aufstellen eines sogenannten Böenmessers zur Ermittlung der Windgeschwindigkeit. (2)Mittleres Bild: Ausbildung ukrainischer Flugzeugbeobachter im Maschinengewehrschiessen durch Zielen nach kleinen Pilotballonen. (3)Unteres Bild: Prüfen der Wetterlage vor dem Aufstieg. (382) [ 5 Abb.]: (1)Ablesen der Temperatur und der Luftfeuchtigkeit an den Apparaten in der Thermometerhütte. (2)Beobachten des Windmessers (Schalenkreuzanemometers) auf der Erde. (3)Behelfsmäßiges Messen der Menge des Regens. (4)Beobachten des Pilotballons mittels des Anschneidegerätes. (5)Der Luftdruckmesser und =schreiber. (383) [Abb.]: Deutscher Landsturm in Strohmieten. (384) [Abb.]: Einbruch österreichisch=ungarischer Truppen in die italienischen Stellungen am Montello. ( - ) Die Geschichte des Weltkrieges 1914/18. Heft 200 (Heft 200) ([385]) [Abb.]: Feier des 30. Jahrestages des Regierungsantritts Kaiser Wilhelms II. im Großen Hauptquartier. Im Vordergrund von links nach rechts: Der Kaiser, Oberstleutnant Bauer, Generalfeldmarschall v. Hindenburg und der Deutsche Kronprinz. ([385]) [Abb.]: Der Deutsche Kaiser im Gespräch mit einem gefangenen englischen Brigadegeneral auf dem Winterberg. (386) [4 Abb.]: Rastende deutsche Kolonne bei St. Leger. (2)Lager württembergischer Truppen bei Irles. (3)Deutsche Lastwagen, sogenannte "Raupe". (4)Auf einem Verbandplatz im Westen während der Schlacht. (387) [Abb.]: Aus den Kämpfen um Cháteau=Thierry. (388 - 389) [Abb.]: Das zerstörte Fort Condé, 8 Kilometer östlich von Soissons. (390) [Abb.]: Zerstörungen im Fort Condé (391) Illustrierte Kriegsberichte. (391) Die Schlacht zwischen Soissons und Reims. I. (391) [4 Abb.]: (1)K. u. k. Generaloberst Erzherzog Josef. (2)K. u. k. General der Kavallerie Fürst Schönburg=Hartenstein. (3)K. u. k. Generaloberst Freiherr v. Wurm. (4)Kartenskizze zur Schlacht in Venezien im Juni 1918. (392) [Abb.]: Die Truppen des k. u. k. Generalobersten Freiherrn v. Wurm (Heeresgruppe Feldmarschall v. Boroevic) erzwingen sich den Übergang über den angeschwollenen Piavefluss und nehmen die beiderseits der Bahn Oderzo=Treviso eingebauten Stellungen der Italiener. ([393]) [Abb.]: Der Piavefluss mit den Bergen Tomba und Pallone sowie den Höhenzügen gegen Bassano. (394) Kraftfahrer Matthias. (395) [Abb.]: Blick auf das Gebirge zwischen Brenta und Piave, den Monte Pallone. Monte Spinuccia und Monte Grappa. (395) Die neuen polnischen Briefmarken. (396) [Abb.]: General Knoerzer, dessen Truppen westlich von Taganrog 10 000 Bolschewiki vernichtend schlugen. (396) Die Minenwerfer. (396) [Abb.]: Bolschewistische Banden werden bei Taganrog durch deutsches Feuer nahezu vernichtet. ([397]) [Abb.]: Schematische Darstellung eines schutzfertigen Minenwerfers. (398) [3 Abb.]: (1)Durchschnitt durch das Geschützrohr mit Mine. (2)Zündvorrichtung (Durchschnitt). (3)Durchschnitt durch das Geschützrohr mit Mine, die mit einem Zünder für Zeit= und doppelte Aufschlagzündung versehen ist. (399) [Abb.]: Eingebauter schwerer Minenwerfer vor dem Abschuss. (400) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )
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Alleman Hardware Co., Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of HARDWARE, OILS, PAINTS AND QUEENSWARE, GETTYSBURG, PA. The only Jobbing House in Adams County. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Vft Seligiiiqi] Am Gettysburg's Most Reliable THILOfjS «»»«* « « 0« « CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA . U S er Government for this murderous act, but he denied it and put all blame upon the natives, and furthermore, he declared that there was no great loss, because these two families were in the way of prosperity. The British flag was then raised on the place, and he called it British ter-ritory. The Boer Government complained bitterly on account of this act. England answered that it was done without her consent, but as the flag was flying, it could not be taken down, and that England was willing to pay damages to the sum of two million pounds. In 1878, gold was discovered in Zululand, and when Eng-land hoard'of this, she decided that she must have a part of it or all of it. I believe that England would claim the moon, if there were a way to rcn-n that celestial body, and if diamonds and gold were discovered on it And if she had no other rea-sons for her claims, she would say, "we have looked on it for so Jong." But Shoedanviia. the king of Zulaland, was not willing that the British should have their own way for he knew that this would end his rule and bring ruin to his people, and so he ■went to war with Engi-.nd. ' England was worsted in this war. Their army, after having received several defeat , was finally surrounded by the Zulus and would have been annihilated, had not the Boers interfered. Gen-eral Lewis Mover wa; sent from Pretoria with 5,000 Boers to aid the English. He siu.eeded in breaking through the lines, of IO THE MERCURY the Zulu- and relieved the English army. As soon as the Eng-lish gem al realized that he was no longer m danger, lie took matters into his own. hards and invited the Zulu king to visit the British camp under a flag of truce and make tei as soon as lie arrived lie was arrested and e> :>f peace; but on a small island off the western ooast of Africa. England thought that this would end the triibe with the Zulus, but the son of the exiled ruler proclaimed himself king and made preparations to continue the war, but England had enough, and secretly with-drew her arm}' into. Natal. The English Government was chagrined by this defeat at the hands of a savage nation, and the loss of men and money, with-out any corresponding gain of territory, consequently she de-cided to steal the Orange Free State and part of Transvaal. But the Boer Government watched them closely and made pre-parations to meet the invasion. In 18S1 the English army marched into Boer territory, but they were entrapped by an army of Boers numbering 600 men, who defeated the British army of 7,000 men. They killed about half of them and cap-tured the others. When Gladstone, the premier of England, received news of the battle, he said: "I can,not send soldiers to South Africa as fast as the Boers kill them. We ought to make peace with those people who know how to fight for their rights and liberty." A term of trust was agreed upon during which time hostilities should cease, and President Krueger was invit-ed to come to London to make definite terms of peace. Accord-ingly, in 1883, President Krueger, .Taubert, Dr. Reitz and mv-self, went to London where we were treated witli the greatest re-spect by the English. Oom Paul was regarded as a hero With the help of Mr Gladstone, a man of honor, who was friendly toward the Boers, a treaty was signed which favored the Boers. The Tinted States had already recognized the South African Republics as independent governments. In this treaty, Eng-land did likewise, and soon many other powers followed. We went on our way'rejoicing. First to Holland and from there to Germany, where Bismarck gave a dinner in honor of Krueger and hi;-, party. It was on this occasion that Bismarck said: "Krueger is the greatest statesman living, for he got the best of that political fox, Gladstone, and England will dig the grave of her wprld's power in South Africa."- THE MERCURY II The treatj' made in London in 1884 would probably never bave been broken, had not gold been discovered in Jobannsburg, Transvaal during the same year; and if Gladstone., Bismarck and James Blam had lived in 1899, the war would not have broken out. When it became known in England that plenty of gold could be found at Johannsburg. the English people at once began to flock thcTe. Cecil Rhodes, a heartless man without conscience, was one of the first arrivals, who at once made prep-arations to mine the gold. He realized that it would not do to bluff Krueger as he had done before, therefore, he began to treat with Krueger and .he Government in Pretoria. He offered to organize a company to dig the gold and give a certain percent-age to the Boer Government. This company was organized, and it was agreed that the Boer Government should receive 25 per cent, of all the gold mined. All went well for a time; but in the year 1891 the English capitalists began to complain about this percentage, claiming that it was too high. Cecil Rhodes, Barno Banato and Alfred Beit, as the heads of the company, forced the working people to strik.v This strike broke out in 1894 and was at once put down by the Government. In order to lower the wages of the working-men, the company brought in prisoners to work in the mines, but the Government would not allow them to remain. After this failure, the. company imported coolies from Japan, China and India, but these the Government also sent away. Then the company bought control of many Eng-lish newspapers and the newspapers of other countries and these papers slandered the Boers as being opposed to prosperity and progress. Joe Chamberlain, Secretary of the Colonies in Lon-don, now took up the matter and commanded the Boers to per-mit the importation of foreign laborers, and, furthermore, to give all British subjects the right to vote and to hold office. The Government was willing to grant this privilege providing these subjects should swear allegiance to the Transvaal Republic. This the British refused to do. Cecil Rhodes and his friends hired Dr. Jamison and a civil engineer from the United States to organize a mob, invade Jo-hannsburg and take the mines from the Boers; and if possible, to overthrow the Government in Pretoria. The two men organ-ized a mob of 3,000 men who marched up from Capetown and openly boasted that they would soon have the Boers under con- 12 THE MERCURY trol. But the Boers made preparations to meet the mob and were ready to interfere when the time came. Jamison and his men came on toward Johannsburg and expected to arrive there in the evening; hut 'he Boers intercepted them and made an at-tack about nine miles from Johannsburi;. Jamison and his men after a short fight, were captured and taken to Johannsburg. Dr. Jamison and nineteen other leaders were taken to Pretoria and there imprisoned, -while the remainder were condemned to be shot for high treason. The British Government claimed to have no knowledge of the matter, but declared that they would punish these men, if the Boers would turn them over to them. President Krueger obeyed their request and handed over the captives. They were taken to London, given a mock trial, sen-tenced to six months imprisonment, but were soon afterwards pardoned by the Queen. Chamberlain and Rhodes determined to bring on a war be-tween the two nations and, therefore, troops were constantly being brought into cur country. When we inquired as to the meaning of this, we were put off or received no answer at all. It was a kind of "cat and mouse" philosophy wdiich England wished to practice on the Boers; England being the cat and the Boers the mouse. England said, "I am a cat and am satisfied, while you ought to be willing to become a part of a cat." "Come," she said, "let me devour you that you may become a part of a cat as so many other mice have done before." But the Boers failed to see the wisdom of this kind of philosophy and refused the invitation to be eaten. m THE MERCURY , 13 WHAT THE TURKEY DID. ■ A Christmas Story. H. A. CHAMBERLIU, '08. KTHUK CLARKS01SF ceased his labors and, buried in thought, rested for a moment leaning upon his axe. Truly his life was a hard one. .Why should he be compelled to remain here on this farm to cut wood while his companions were enjoying themselves with their friends and relatives at their respective homes? When his chums had all left college he had turned sorrow-fully away and had gone slowly out to the nearby farm where he was to work during the Christmas vacation to pay his college expenses for the ensuing term. It is true he had found a pleas-ant place. Mr. Northwood, the farmer, and his wife had been very kind to him. He had also found Gladys, their only daugh-ter, a girl of seventeen, very interesting and friendly during the long evenings when he had rested before the open fire-place in the comfortable sitting room. But with all this—it was not his home. Often he had felt lonesome. But with that determination which had characterized his col-lege course and had won for him the latin prize in his Freshman year, he went to work again with renewed vigor. Higher and higher grew his pile of kindling wood—fewer and fewer became the number of pine blocks. Suddenly his attention was at-tracted to a figure coming slowly clown the walk which lead to the woodshed. It was Gladys. "I thought I'd come to watch you work a little," she said. "We have been so busy in the kitchen getting ready for Christmas." He would much rather have stopped his work and talked to her but he kept on plying the axe. She continued to chatter and he endeavored to listen as best he could, but it was hard to work and talk at the same time. All at once without the slightest warning the axe slipped, cut-ting a long gash in Irs hand. He felt a sharp pain but did-not cry out. He looked at the girl who had become deathly white. With a little cry she Ihrew up her hands and fell senseless upon the carpet of chips which covered the ground. He carried her tenderly to the house almost forgetting the ac- H THE MERCURY ciclent, which had caused her insensibility, in his efforts to bring her back to consciousness. Mrs. Northwood, at first, in her excitement did not know what to do. After a little work, however, Gladys opened her eyes, and the flow of biood from his hand had been stopped. That evening as they sat before the fire discussing the events of the day, Mrs. Northwood said: "Gladys, why don't you ever wear-that ring which your uncle sent you from Mexico ? The stone alone must be worth fifty dol-lars. I am afraid yon do not appreciate the gift." A bewildered look came over the girl's fa-^e and she exclaimed : "1 was wearing that ring this afternoon when I fainted." Mrs. ISTorthwood shot a sudden glance at Arthur which he did not fail to notice, but said nothing. They then separated for the night. The next morning as Arthur was about to begin his usual work in the shed, the old farmer came out to him with a stern expression on his face. "You need not woi-k any more for me," ho said slowly. "Gladys could hardly have lost the ring for we have all searched every-where for it, and you were the only one with her at the time she was unconscious. I will keep the affair quiet but you must go today. Go back to your college and try to learn that a college education consists of more than that which we get from the books." "Why"— Clarkson began but was checked by the farmer:— "No explanations are necessary, sir—go." Clarkson climbed the stairs to the little room they had given him and gathered together the few articles of clothing which he had brought with him. If he had ever been sad before he was doubly so now. A shadow fell across the floor. He looked up and saw Gladys standing in the doorway— her eyes red with crying. •'•'Oh, Mr. Clarkson,"' she began, "I am so sorry. I know that you would not take the ring but my mother—" With this she threw her apron over her head, and, in a flood of tears, left the room. As he went back to college where he must now spend a miser-able Christmas alone, h? bemoaned his fate. His good name bad been ruined. His tuition could not be paid. He was a vie- THE MERCURY 15 tim of circumstances. And yet she had said that he was inno-cent— that was one consolation. The next day he sauntered up to the postoffiee to see if he would receive a letter from home. Sure enough, the postmas-ter handed it through the bars, hut as he looked at it he noticed that the address was m a strange hand. He opened it and read: "My dear Mr. Clarkson:— Come out to the farm at once. I was too hasty You are innocent. Yours • very sincerely, Jacob Northwood." The note was very brief, but how it thrilled the heart of the youth. He lost no lime in getting to the farm where Gladys met him at the gate and said: "Oh. Mr. Clarkson, we have found the ring. When we killed the Christmas turkey we found it in its craw. The selfish old gobbler- had picked it up from the place where I must have lost it. Come into the house." It is not necessary to' relate all the pleasant things which fol-lowed. There was no more wood cutting and—such a Christ-inas! The Xorthwoods tried in every way to make amends for the wrong they had done him. AVhen he returned to college a week later he was the happiest boy to arrive, for he had not only had a delightful time, and found new friends, but best of all in his coat pocket was a cheque on Mr. aSTorthwood's account which would more than pay the expenses of the term. 16 THE MERCURY THREE GREAT PHILOSOPHERS. Plato—Part I. CHARLES W. HEATHCOTE, '05. LATO was born in Athens about 42' B C. He was the son of Aristo and Perictione, a noble family. His mother traced kinship to Solon, the great legislate-of Athens, and Solon was a desce. dant of Noleus the i?on of Poseidon. Aristo, his father, was a descendant of Codrns the last great Athenian king, and he traced kinship to the god Poseidon Tradition claims that the god Apollo especially foless-id fti.p marriage of Aristo and Perictione and endowed Plato with special divine qualities. At an early age he received instruction • rom alle teacher Dionysius taught him literature; Ariston, the Argiane,.,gym-nastics and Megillus of Arigentamj music. With the other youths he took part in the Pythian and Is hmian games. He also, probably, took part in the military expeditions to Tanagra, Corinth and Del him. ♦ In his youth he was actively engaged in writing poems. He look part in many literary contests and reveaied much power and ability. He was about to enter a contest with a poem upon which he had worked faithfully and careful'y, when he became acquainted with Socrates. He destroyed hi' poem and most of his other poetical writings. However, some fragments have come down to us and they reveal beauty, thought and simplicity in style. From the time he met Socrates, he began to devote ail of his time to philosophy Plato was a student. He was acquainted with the past history of Greece and the sy terns of the earlier philosophers. His poetic nature and temperament revolted against the course and flippant reasonings of many of the phi-losophers of his day. They sounded as it were the minor chord entirely in their reasonings and to this the nature of Plato re-fused to respond. Thu.-:, when he understood the teachings of Socrates and the truths he taught, it seemed as if he had touch-ed the inajoi chord, tha: beautiful melodious bell-like tone, in his heart, for at once his whole nature became attuned to the THK MERCURY 17 1 ruths of Socrates and Plato bee;■1 me his enthusiastic and power-ful disciple. Plato was.about twenty years of age w'jen ne came under 1 he influence of Socrates. He was yet in hie creative process of life. His master's power over him was absolute. Since Socrates' work was noble, inspiring and uplifting, he was able to make Plato a mighty power for good in the world. Plato remained faithful and true to his old teacher and mas-ter, lie was a true disciple. He followed his teacher through his varied caieer and after his death which had been inflicted by '.he Athenian people he became the leader oC the Socratic school •md taught and promulgated anew the immcital Socratic truth. His truth was ideal. Sometime after Socrates' death Plato went to Egypt and made himself acquainted with the religious thought of that land.Trad-i tion says that he also went to Persia, and the^e he was taught the Zorathushtrian doctrines. But this cannot oe definitely deter-mined. He also visited Italy and studied the organization of the Pythagorean schools. Plato very likely visited Euclid at Megara, as Megara was not very far from Athens. How much influence Euclid had over P'ato in the formation and the deeper '.evelopment of his philosophic system can not be definitely 1 nown On his return to Athens he was threatened with punishment and even death. He stood firm in his determination to carry nit his master's work and would not be swerved from his course. Plato look 1-0 active part in governmental affairs. He was not ?n orator. ' He had returned to Athens to open a philosophic school. He opened his academy in the grove of Aeschemus. Over the great philosophic sehoo! he presided until his death. There with his pupils he analyzed and developed the germs of ethics, psychology and logic as found in the Socratij teachings. It is said that Plato made several voyages to Sicily in the in-terests of his academy. ■ At the invitation of Dionysius, the Svracusan ruler, Plato discussed with him on the subjects of happiness, virtue, government and justice. Plutarch (610) rays, "Justice was the next topic; and when Plato asserted the happiness of the just, and the wretched condition of the unjust, 'he tyrant was stung: and being unable to answer his arguments, i8 THE MERCURY he expressed his resentment against those>uo seemed to listen -o him with pleasure. At last he was extremely exasperated, r.nd asked the philosopher what business he hsd rrr Sicily. Plato answered, 'that he came to seek an honest man.' 'And so, then/ replied the tyrant, 'it seems that you have lost your labor/' Dionysius had resolved to slay Plato but through the plead-ing of Piato's friends his life was spared and he was sold into flavery to the Aeginetans. He was finally ransomed and re-turned to his academy. When D-'onysius the younger ascended the throne Plato again visited Sicily, but he was unable to accomplish anything. Of Plato's family less is known then of Socrates' Ye: y likely ne was married although it is not known to whom. Neither ran he be called an ascetic as some writers of recent times have been accustomed to call him. A man of hi, social, intellectual and moral position could not live an ascetic life and do the work he did. Thus it has been mentioned that his power as a writer was revealed in his early youth. It was evidently in the prime of ' ife that he established his academy at Athms. It was there ".hat he was busily engaged in teaching philosophy and writing •:nd rewriting his lectures and "there at the ripe age of eighty-pne he died." Marshall rays, "Prom the scene of his labors bis philosophy las ever since been known as the Academic philosophy. Unlike .'Socrates, he was not content to leave only -i memory of himself and his conversations. Re was unwearied in bis reduction and correction of his written dialogues, altering them here and there both iu c;.; ression and in structure. It is impossible, there-fore, to be absolutely certain as to the historical order of compo-sition 01 publication among his numerous dialogues, but a cer-tain np proximate order may be fixed." A very large number of works have been attributed to Plato. Some ha -c ' een proved spurious Most historians of philosophy accept thi ivy-six compositions as written by Plato'. Most au-thors aeocy the works of P.'ato as follows: Charmides; Lvsis• Laches; Ion; Meno; Euthyphro; Apology; Crito; Phaedo; Pro-tagoras, ihithydemus; Cral.lus; Gorgias; Hippias Alcibiades: TIUC MKKCUKY 19 Meneseus; Symposinus; Phaedrus; The Republic; Timaeus; Philebus; Parinenides; Theoetetus and The Laws. Acccrdirg to TJeberueg (104), "Schleiermacher divides the-works into three groups. Elementary, mediatory or prepara-tory and constructive dialogues. As Plato's first composition he names the Phaderus; as his latest writings, the Republic. Li-malus, and the Laws." In all bis waitings the poetic nature and style predominates. Although he is a waiter of urose, he is a poet at heart. Some-one ha-5 called him, "the Shakespeare of Gre k philosophy on ac-count of hif fertility, variety, humor, imagination and poetic grace. The philosophy of Plato is the philosophy of Socrates. This philosophical reasoning is prevalent throughout Plato's works. His thoughts and principles are built upon a Socratic basis. As Plato analyzes the deep thoughts of Socrates, he, here and there, adds a finishing touch and makes it more complete. It must not bo thought that Plato was a mere imitator, he was to) great a genius for that. Plato had been trained in the true Soc aric school of hard reasoning ana logical thinking. His kn Avlcdge of philosophy in the largest sense was marvelous. His knocedge of the various systems of the wo-ld gave him power to produce a careful and logical system, of reasoning with the Socratic truths as basic philosophical principles. Zeller says, "In Plato's scientific method also, we recognize the deepeinng, the purification and the progress of the Socratic philosophy. Prom the principles of conceptual knowledge arises, as its inunediate consequence, that dialectic of which Socrates must bi considered the author. While Socrates in forming con-cepts, stiV.es from the contingencies of the given case, and never ■ goes b3.T!id the particular, Plato requires by continued analysis from the phenomenon to the idea, from particular ideas to the highest and most universal.' The Socratic form of discussion 111 the character and manner of the dialogue is prominent in Plato's writings. If there is an idea that Plato desires to have understood and- made clear, it is brought out in his writings by the manner if speech. Though in some places his logic may be distributed, yet taken on the whole it is not the case. He sets forth his philosophy with 20 THE MERCURY (.learner and in a scientific way. The dialogue enabled his readers to grasp his ideas more readily. There is another striking characteristic in his dialogues; that is, Sociites is the central figure. He not on;y xeads in the con-versation, , 'le best listener, but he is also the most acute reasoner and thinker. Though Plato in some instanc s may represent an idealized Socrates, nevertheless be remembers how great a debt of gratitude he owes his master. From Socrates he received his spiritual and tbeistic beliefs. In th'i Banquet by Plato (M. Ed. T. 81) we quote the follow-ing pan; of a dialogue in which Socrates is discussing with Agathon Jhe philosophical conception of Love. "Come," said SocratT-., 'let us review your concessions. Is Love anything else th:n die love first of something; and secondly, of those things of which it has need?"—"Nothing."—"Now, remember x-f these things jrou said in your discourse, thai Love was the love —if you wish I will remind \ou. I think you said something of this kin.i, 'hat all the affairs of the gods were admirably disposed through the love of the things which are beautiful for there was no love of ^hings deformed, did you not say so?"—"I confess that I did."—'You said th.pt what was most likely to be true, my frLnd: and if the matter be so, the lovs of beauty must be one thing, and the love of deformity another. '■—"Certainly." So eo'n],rehensive is Plalo's philosophical system that much is emh-ived in it. To divide it into distinct divisions is diffi-cult. KIP philosophical system may be divided into three parts: logic, physics and ethics. Whe., the dialogues are examined carefully it is found though the though! may seem to relaps too much in the following state-ments, nevertheless, every thought looks up to the idea that Plato wishes to unfold. There is no confusion. One idea explains another idea, one thought leads up to another thought and so on in true progressive and logical order. THE MERCURY THE BELLS. JOSEPH ARNOLD, '09. 21 "How soft the music of those village b'-Jie Falling at intervals upon the ear., In cadence tweet, now dying all away. Now pealing loud again and louder Btill Clear and sonorous as the gale comes on." —C'owper. Soft and SAveet, indeed, are the'tones as they set the calm quiet air on a Sunday morning vibrating. What a charm the strains of a familiar hymn have, as they reach the ear from some distant church! ' And yet the chimes and bells with all their pleasant memories of childhood days lingeringly attached to them, with all their melodious sweetness, have an interesting history. Almost at the very beginning of things, a certain Tubal Cain, sixth descendant from Adam, an artificer in all kinds of metals, probably discovered the sonorous qualities of metals. He may have manufactured some crude instrument, which, when struck gave forth a ringing sound These crude beginnings gradually were improved upon; for, in Exodus, we learn that bells of gold were attached to the robe of Aaron in order that his going in and coming out of the place of worship might "be made known to the people. Zechariah introduces us to another improvement; namely, the inscription, "HOLINESS UNTO THE LORD," upon the bells of the horses. Not only did, in those early times, the Children of Israel make use of the bells, hut also the Egyp-tians, Assyrians and Chaldeans. Those used by the Egyptians were as a means of announcing the feast of Osiris. In offering sacrifices the priests of Cyble of Assyria made use of the bells. So on down through the ages we come across the development of bells, some of gold and others of bronze. About bells were associated many superstitions, as records show us. Pliny and Juvenal, it is said, tell us of bells being rung during eclipses, which were, as it was believed, attended by evil spirits. The ringing of the bells would, according to their beliefs, drive these away. The belief can easily be evidenced 21 THE MERCURY by inscriptions upon the bells as follows: "Pesiem fugo" and "Dissipo veutos." During the early Christian era a number of such brief inscriptions were put into poetical form and became the common inscription upon bells. Laudo Deum verum, plebum voco, conjugu clerum Defunclus ploro, pesiem fugo, festa decoro. Funero pilango, fulgura frango, Sabaia pango Excito lentoSj dissipo ventos, paco crucntos." Bells, even at a very early period, were put to a practical pur-, pose, as may be gathered from the following records left by Aes-chylus and Euripedes: Greek warriors were accustomed to wear small bells-upon their shields so that they might when on guard duty inform the passing captain that they were awake. Even Plutarch is said to have mentioned in his record of the seige of Xanthus the fact that bells were attached to nets stretched acre-the river so that natives could not escape by way of the river without coming into contact with the bells thus attached. Thus far small bells only were referred to, since the large ones were not. in use for worship or alarm or to strike the hour, till some 400 A. D. The use of bells for churches doubtless gave rise to that feature of architecture, the bell tower. In the Middle Ages, bells played a prominent part. During that period whenever a bell was cast, before it was used in a church, it went through a form of consecration; for it was wash-ed with water, annoiuted with oil, and marked with the sign of the cross in the name of the Trinity, and, from what we can gather, archbishops officiated and persons of high rank, with great pomp, attended the ceremony of christening. As time went on nearly every form of worship had its bell. There was the Sanctus bell, tho Angelus or Ave Marie bell, the Vesper bell, the Complin bell, and the Passing bell. The Sanctus bell of today is a small bell and it is rung before the elevating of the Host by the priest. During the Middle Ages, this was a large bell and rung just when the "Sancte, sancte, sanete Deum Sab-baoth" was sung or chanted. All who heard bowed their heads in reverence and adoration. The Angelus was rung at fixed hours and called the mind from worldly duties toward a mo-ment's meditation and the blessed Virgin. It further marked THE MEKCURY 23 the time of beginning and cessation of labor. There still lingers with ns a sweet echo, as it were, of that beautiful 'custom in the famous painting, "The Angelus." The artist seems to have caught the charm and in the moment of God-given inspiration placed upon canvas the halo of bygone days. The Yesper bell was the call to evening prayer and the Complin bell closed the clay. Finally the most impressive was the solemn tolling of the Passing bell; it called for the prayers of the faithful in behalf of the passing of a soul from life. A little of the spirit of the Middle Ages still clings to us; for we still adhere to some of the customs of those times. The toll-ing of the bell during the passing of a funeral in a "God's acre" comes directly from the custom of the Passing bell. One rite or ceremony peculiar to the Dark Ages was t. pe tolling of a bell to summon an audience in order that a priest might read in their hearing an anathema; to blow out in their presence the candle and in that manner excommunicate a poor unfortunate from "bell, book and candle." The use of the curfew is familiar to all. It was probably in-troduced into. England from France by William the Conqueror. Alarm bells were a,so used at an early date. Is it not Shakes-peare who makes Macbeth say when Birnam wood was moving on the castle in which he had shut himself, "Eing the alarm bell!" ? Of course, in modern times, since the discovery of electricity, the use of bells for alarm has become more or less systematized. The composition of material which enters into bell making can readily be gathered from various sources. There are in the world some very large bells, marvelous and unique, arousing much wonder and creating great interest. It may be that the longing for display was accountable for sucli huge sizes. May we not likewise infer that their immensity in the eyes of the ignorant and semi-civilized made them more meritorious? Thus Russia, mostly in a state of semi-civiliza-tion, is noted for the largest bells. The large bell which espe-cially attracts universal attention is the "King of Bells," the hell of Moscow. Hs history may be read at a glance from one of the inscr (ions upon it. namelv ip- 24 THE MERCURY . This Bell :, was cast in 1733 by order of the Imperial Empress Anne, Daughter of John It was in the earth 103 years and by the will of the ■ r .: Imperial Emperor ^ Nicholas "' "'-■: :. was raised upon this pedestal in 1835, August 4th. It is not necessary here to enter into details concerning its history; the number of times it was recast, its enormous weight or colossal size or the stir it created among the nobility of Eu-rope. Sufficient to say, that it excells and stands alone. There is another very large bell of which mention should be made namely, the Assumption bell of Moscow, next in weight to the "King of Bells." Although it weighs one hundred and ten tons and its diameter is eighteen feet, it is hung and tolled once a year. A writer says, "When it sounds, a deep hollow murmur vibrates all over Moscow, like the fullest tones of a vast organ or the rolling of distant thunder/' One bell, though not a large one, is nevertheless dear to the heart of every loyal American. That bell announced to the peo-ple that the Declaration of Independence was signed; that free-dom was theirs. It bears the name of "Liberty Bell;" a name •deserved and a name *hat will last as long as time itself. Though iits life as a bell is but a brief one, there arfc gathered about it miemories saored to us. It still, as its inscription reads, "Pro-claims liberty throughout the land." Thus ends the stoiy of the bell imperfectly and briefly told ,ind yet let us not forget to mention the important part it plays in poetry. First upon the bells as we find them may be found couplets which run ns follows:— ■ »k and, also. "Jesus fulfil with thy good grace All that we beckon to this place." "I to the church the living call And to the grave do summon all." THE MERCURY "Be mec and loly To heare the word of God." 25 There are possibly as many quaint inscriptions on bells, as upon tombstones but space does not permit mentioning them. Most of the poets make mention of bells in connection with services. Longfellow says the Angelus called the Arcadian fanner from his work. Shiller in his remarkable "Lay of the Bell," portrays the life of a mortal. How clearly he associates the storms and calms of life in the tale of a belFs making. And who can, in such melodious rythmical splendor compare with Edgar Allen Poe, as he depicts the functions of the bells in that masterpiece of his? How it thrills one to hear that poem re-cited! One can almost hear the merry jingling of the sleigh bells o'er the icy fields, or the mellow wedding bell foretelling a world of happiness, or the banging and clanging of the loud alarm bells, or e'en the solemn tolling from the lips of the sombre iron bells of luckless destiny. What a world of thought is cre-ated in the reading of a poem such as that! How it carries us back, yea back to the days gone by! How we hear faintly the bells, sweetly echoing in our hearts some happy occurrence, or like a voice from heaven bringing us in close touch with a dear one gone before. Thus bells have played an important part in life from times immemorable to the present day. 26 THE MERCURY DO WE NEED POSTAL SAVINGS BANKS IN THIS COUNTRY? BY 1908. AST summer wtu'le spending some time in a rural dis-trict of a neighboring state, an instance of particular interest came to my notice. One day a resident of the small I village came into the postoffice and had a money order for a certain amount made out in his own name. The postmaster, being of an inquisitive nature, asked the man why it should be in his own name. The man said he didn't want to have the money in the house; that lie didn't have time to take it to the bank (for the nearest one was fifteen miles away); that it would cost him just as much to send it to the bank as to get a money order for it, besides the trouble of sending it: and that it would he safer in the hands of the Government than if it were in the bank. An instance of this nature to a person of ordinary intelligence would he very striking. Thoughts of the advantages of some people and the disadvantages of others naturally arise. This man evidently was'not in a position to enjoy the great privilege of. men in other districts of having a hank in which to deposit his money. Xext we would likely wonder how many men were in a similar circumstance hut who did not invest their money in money orders, having it hoarded up somewhere as cold cash. There are, no doubt, so great a number of them, even though their amounts of possession being small, that a vast sum of money is being held, hound up and kept from circulation. The man's last remark as to thfe safety of his money in the form of a money order, brings the fact to our notice that banks do not have the confidence of the people in general that the Government evidently has, for this man was willing to pay the Government to keep his money instead of receiving interest for the use of if from a bank. few people will deny that our present system of banks is a success considered in all its phases. But is it the best system that can be had? Does it efficiently meet all that is demanded of it? We think not. The present financial condition of our country leads us to this conclusion. The fact that banks in their present condition are subject to failure thereby causing the THE MERCURY .27 loss of the wealth of their depositors oftentimes inspires, more especially the small depositor, with fear and shatters all confi-dence in them. As a consequence great amounts are hoarded up in strong chests and other places and are practically a drag to the progress of our country where free circulation of money is such a necessary function in prosperity. The money strin-gency which necessitated the recent issue of Government bonds was largely due to the inadequacy of our banking institutions to supply the need. Ours is a country of gre"at natural wealth, so vast, indeed, in extent, that we can hardly get a definite conception of it. Though we are making rapid strides in developing these re-sources, we have not reached the greatest degree of efficiency. There are vast tracts of land that could be more efficiently cul-tivated; mines to be developed; products to be transported; and many other directions for progress, but no means of bettering this state of affairs. Why have we not reached the highest, de-gree of efficiency? This question is easily• answered by saying that the circulation of money is too small. Thus we see the great need of getting all money possible into circulation. Since there is such a great need for the circulation of all the money in the United States, we need to consider reasons why this circulation is hindered. Probably the most striking of these reasons is the lack of confidence that some people have in our banks. Circulation is not hindered by the lack of confi-dence of our people alone. There are vast numbers of foreigners in our country who. doubting the stability of our banks, and having explicit confidence in their own government banks, send their earnings home and deposit them there. In this way great sums of money are kept from circulating in our land and for this reason some industries must suffer because of being unable to secure sufficient funds for their-further development. The issue of bonds recently made shows the great need of money for circulation and, above all things, shows that the money will most likely he obtained from the-people who are afraid of investing money in other enterprises, but, because of their confidence in the Government, are willing to take her bonds at a lower rate of interest than could be gotten otherwise. We have been considering the fact that there are conditions in our country which are not as they should be for its better de- 28 THE ME.RCURY velopment and prosperity. To set forth these deficiencies with-out suggesting a means of correction would be foolish exertion. Anything that will right these conditions we may regard as the very thing needed by our country. Our suggestion for the cure of these conditions is a system of postal savings banks. Such a system would reach all conditions of people as the banking places would be the postoffices and postoffices are found scattered everywhere in the states. Then the great amount of money that is hoarded up, because there is no bank near enough, would be put.into circulation. Then tun, very many of our citi-zens who now hide their earnings and the foreign element who send their money abroad for deposit in their own government banks, because of their confidence in an institution with govern-ment backing, and not in our banks as they now are, would de-posit in the postal banks and thus by increasing the circulation of currency, help to remedy existing conditions. One with a different idea might wonder what would become oi our present banking institutions which are run by individuals who necessarily reap the benefits not only of their own money, hut also that of the Government which they get at a low rate of interest. He might ask, Shall we harm a fairly well working system for one that we only imagine Avould work? That a sys-tem of postal savings banks would harm our other banks is not likely, for it would obtain greater amounts of money for distri-bution to these banks at a lower rate of interest. With this view of the matter, the private banks would themselves be benefitted as Avell as the country at large. Then as to the working of the proposed banks we have no serious doubts. They are working-well in other countries and could easily be successful here. But someone may object; think of the great expense ami trouble the Government would have to undergo. It is true there would be some expense and labor connected with the en-terprise but the benefits derived would be so much'greater in proportion to the money formerly expended as most clearly to justify such a course. If our manufacturers today would re-fuse to increase their business because of more cost to them, we would have a pitiable state of affairs existing. Industries would be at a standstill. But they do not conduct business on this principle. They make a great sacrifice of monev and labor to THE MERCURY 29 a certain degree and in return make a greater proportional amount of gain. It is therefore an easy matter to see that the system would pay for itself and that is all we demand of it, since it is a gen-eral public undertaking and is not supposed to be run in order to make money. It would be for the welfare of the individual citizens of our nation. The idea of labor is no argument against it. We may rather consider it as a point in its favor. The extra labor would furnish excellent, well salaried positions for a great number of people. That there is need of some way of keeping the currency of our Government in circulation is very evident. The present pros-perity and welfare of our country demand it. If the present demands it, the same will be true of the future, only then the demand will be more intense. To meet this increasing demand necessitates, some system that will reach the portions of the country in which money is hoarded; that will have the confi-dence of the public in its favor. Our present system of banks has been, and is doing a great deal towards a free circulation of money yet they are proving insufficient. A system of postal savings banks, as we have shown, would meet the above named requirements; would furnish greater circulation of money; and would therefore add very materially to our progress as a nation. T H E ERCQRV Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class Matter. VOL. XV GETTYSBURG, PA., DECEMBER 1907 No. 7 Editor-in-Chief EDMUND L. MANGES, .'08 Exchange. Editor ROBERT W. MICHAEL, '08 Business Manager HENRY M. BOWER, '08 Ass't Bus. Managers LESLIE L. TAYLOR, '09 CHARLES L. KOPP, '09 Assistant Editor MARKLEY C. ALBRIGHT, '08 Associate Editors PAUL F. BLOOMHARDT, '09 E. E. SNYDER, '09 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D PROP. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROP. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance : single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending THE MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contri-bute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. GEN. DE WALI_'S It is with a great ARTICLE deal of pleasure that we present this number of the MHUCURY to its readers par-ticularly because of its article on the Boers. Some few years ago, when war broke out between these people and the English, we all read of the movements and ac-tions that took place in the Tran-svaal and Orange Free State with great interest. The war from beginning to end is doubt- THE MERCURY 31 less familiar to 11s, but we know very little of the Boer history prim- to this time. This article' gives us a very distinct and clear cut epitome of that earlier period. A thing that lends a peculiar interest'to this article is the fact that it was written by one of the most prominent men of the people with whom it deals, so that we get the facts first hand, it is needless to waste time or space in telling those of our read-ers who met General Dc Wall about his personal experience or service, but it may be of some interest to those who did not have the extreme pleasure of seeing or hearing him. Fifteen years in German schools and universities, a period before the war as pres-ident of the Volksraat or Congress of the Transvaal Eepublic, and during the war as a general in the Boer army, are three major items of his life. We have been rather fortunate this fall in having the privilege of coming in contact with a number of distinguished men, but most striking, most unique among them all stands Gen. l)e Wall. .He is a very extraordinary type of man. a type that is very sel-dom 'found. In this man we see one who has had the great privilege of a liberal education; one who has been successful in life, having at one time been a wealthy man and holding a posi-tion in South Africa second only to that of the distinguished and well known Oom Paul Krueger; one who experienced war in all its phases; one who has suffered as few men have and sur-vived, having lost wealth, position and family, and is now even an exile because he lefused to swear allegiance to the country that deprived him of wealth and family, all that was dear to him. He did not come to us'in state, but as a very common, man, yet the impression that he made upon us is one that will last longer for that very reason. Is it any wonder that a man of such a' varied experience both in quantity and quality is interesting? Although he has been a child of fortune and has known the extremes of joy and sorrow, he has come through them safely, with principles and faith in his God unshaken. We again say that we consider ourselves fortunate in having this interesting and instructive article to give to our readers, not because of the worth of the article alone, but because of its distinguished author. 32 THE MERCURY LITERARY It is with a feeling of pleasure that we write CONTEST. concerning the coming Inter-society Contest. We are pleased to announce that, after a lapse of two years, the two Literary Societies have settled their petty disagreements and have agreed to meet in a general literary contest and de-bate. The contest and debate were formerly leading features of the winter term; but in -recent years, as before stated, have not been held for various reasons. And now, inasmuch as all preliminary arrangements have been made and the contest is practically as-sured, it is our earnest wish that the.members of the societies realize the importance of the coming conflict. The individual members of both societies must know that without their interest the contest can not be a complete success. And, besides, honor, glory and renown, in no small measure, will be meted out to the participants, both th-5 victors and the vanquished. The contest and debate are bound to be interesting, and may the fickle Goddess of Victory smile upon the side best deserving her favors. j* I am a little country boy, I flunk ten times a week. But I guess few students know it, Cause for Muffing I'm a freak. It tickle? me to go to shows, But only when they're cheap. And when the Seniors turn me down, Then, Oh, how I do weep. I love to ride brown ]3onics, And wobble when I walk. I say I take the girls to shows, And I slobber when I talk. -Exchange. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. THE BEST PEN FOR COLLEGE MEN There's no pen that gives such all-round satisfaction as Conklin's Self-Filling Fountain Pen. It's the best pen for College Men. When an ordinary fountain pen runs dry in the middle of a word, it means you've got to stop right there, hunt up a rubber squirt gun, fill your pen to overflowing, clean both pen and dropper, wash your hands, and then endeavor as best you can to collect your lost Crescent If train of thought It's different with Filler J. A. Kupp, L. E. Entei line. THE "R & E" STORE 36 Baltimore Street, Next Citizens' Trust Company, GETTYSBURG, PA. SUNDAY SCHOOL LESSON HELPS AND SUPPLIES, P. ANSTADT & SONS, Publishers, Book and Job Printing of all Kinds UJrUe for Prices. YOR K. PA, PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS EMIL ZOTHE COLk^!EM3 ENGRAVER, DESIGNER, AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER 722 Chestnut St., Phila. SPECIALTIES : MASONIC MARKS, SOCIETY BADGES, COLLEGE BUTTONS, PINS, SCARF PINS, STICK PINS ANO ATHLETIC PRIZES. All Goods ordered through G. F. Kieffer, CHARLES S. MUMRER. UEJ1L.EU JJV TpTTTS TSTTTTTT? TT* PICTURE FRAMES OF ALL SORTS * VJ JTwAN lii> U *•■*» REPAIR WORK DONE PROMPTLY I WILL ALSO BUY OR EXCHANGE ANY SECOND-HAND FURNITURE NO. 4 CHAMBERSBURG STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA. D. J. SWARTZ, DEALER IN COUNTRY PRODUCE, GROCERIES, CIGARS AND TOBACCO. OKITYSKURG. SHOES REPAIRED j. H T3Qkep> 115 Baltimore.St., near Court House GOOD WORK .GUARANTEED. —IS-Your PhotograDher ? If not, why not? 41 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. SEFTON i FLEMMING'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square. Gettysburg-, Pa. Comp»»tfiit Gircl«»s tor all parts of the BattleiiHil Ariimgt ■nento by telegram oi: l«-ttur. Lock Box 257. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. The Most Popular College Songs A welcome gift in any borne. 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wMmmzwmmsmi QETTY8BURQ "NEWS" PRINT. mim\ am (&M,i«r/*,/ WAiiiit 'i-.W/,l«ii» I • f *> >■ 11/ ndi' i * ,T 1:1 ■■■■■■ 4h Ii '•'II■■ I V «\\ 4 I.'i HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau or Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. Makers ol Caps, Gowns and Hoods to the American Colleges and Universities from the Atlan-tic to the Pacific- Class contracts a specialty IR-iciL (3-o-w-n.s for tlxe ZE'-u.lpit and. Benc5±.- WANTED. College students during their vacation can easily make $20 to $30 per week. Write for par-ticulars. THE UNIVERSAL MFG. CO , Pittsburg, Pa. i'f Come and Have a Good Shave, or HAIR-CUT at Harry B. Seta's New Tonsorial Parlors, 35 Baltimore St. BARBERS' SUPPLIES A SPECIALTY. Also, choice line of fine Cigars. Wanted. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN in this and adjoining territories to represent and advertise the Wholesale and Educa-tional department of an old established house of solid financial standing. Salary $3.so per day with expenses advanced each Monday by check direct from headquar-ters. Horse and buggy furnished when necessary. Position Permanent- Ad-dress, BLEW BROTHERS & CO., Dept. 8, Monon Bldg., Chicago. 111. IF YOU CALL ON C. A. Bloehep, JeuucleP, Centre Square, He can serve you in anything you may want in REPAIRING or JEWELRY. WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. a If FOUR POINTS" Quality of material; thorough-ness of workmanship; perfection of style, and fairness of price are the four cardinal points of this tailor store. J. D. LIPPY, 29 Chambersburg Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. CITY HOTEL, Main Street, - Gettysburg, Pa. Free 'Bus to and from all trains. Thirty seconds' walk from either depot. Dinner with drive over field with four or more, $ 1.35. Rates, $1.50 to $2.00 per Day. Livery connected. Rubber-tire buggies a specialty. John E. Hughes, Prop. For Artistic Photographs Go To TIPTON, The Leader in Photo Fashions. Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. C. E. Barbehenn THE EACLE HOTEL > ■ i :: Main and Washington Sts. ia-XoX.= -=O*.*; _XcXs : _XrX^ : _=c«i; _5c^f o =»: :**: :**: *A; :**r fc^-J U-PI-DEE. jj{? ■; A new Co-ed lias alighted in town, lT-pi-dee, U-pi-da! •'b'*' In an up-to-daicst tailor-made gowr.,(J-pi-de-i-da ! *y -* The hoys are wild, and prex is, too. You never saw such a hulla-ba-loo. CHORUS. — U-pi-uee-i-dee-i-da ! etc. Her voice is clear as a soaring lark's, And her wit is li/cc those trolley-car sparks t When 'cross a imiddy s:reet she flits, The boy.-, ad have conniption tits: The turn of her head turns all ours, too. There's always a Strife to sit in her pew; Tis enough to make a parson drunk, mm m:■-nn m 5(?n and NEW WORD; k To hear her sing old co-ca-che-lunk! rsesto ma The above, and three otherNEWverses to U-PI-DEF and NEW WORDS, catchy, uo-to-date, to many in/ others of the popular OLD FAMILIAR TUNES; be- ff *T ft? «- ■ tr" 1 m w mm sides OLD FAVORITES ; and also many NEW SONGS. IfWi SONGS OF ALL THE COLLEGES. W:i Copyright Price. $r.50, postpaid. 110,1 *W,- tf"ff WINDS k NOBLE, Publishers, New York City. XX nnr.i Schoolbooks of all p7tblishers at ove store. •m iaa» -ty- =w= *c =5*.=\*=**=xx =**= *t=**= mr.\ I In .4 PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Of Novelties for the Fall Season, including Latest Suiting, Coating, Trousering and Vesting. Our Prices are Eight. SPECIAL CARE TAKEN TO MAKE WORK STYLISH AND EXACTLY TO YOUR ORDER. Ulill CCl. Seligman, WHO*. 7 Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. R. A. WONDERS Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, etc. Scott's Corner, opp. Eagle Hotel GETTYSBURG, PA. Pool Parlors in Connection. D. J. Swartz Country Produce in Groceries Cigars and Tooacco GETTYSBURG. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. Allen K. Walton, Pres. and Treas. Root. J. Walton, Superintendent. Dummelstown Brown Stone Company QTT_A_:e,:R,-H-:i^E!iT and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING, and TILE, WALTOPILLE, " PENNA. Contractors for all kinds of cut stone work. Telegraph and Express Address, BROWNSTONE, PA. Parties visiting quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station, on the P. & R. R. R. 'A I PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. ■mm WeaVep Pianos and Organs Essentially the instruments for critical and discriminating buyers. Superior in every detail of construction and superb' instruments for the production of a great variety of musical effects and the finest shades of expression. Close Prices. Easy Terms. Oil Instruments Exchanged. I WEAVER ORGAN AND PIANO CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA., U. S. A. \ \ Ec\ert Latest Styles in HATS, SHOES AND GENT'S FURNISHING .Our specialty. WALK-OVER SHOE M. K. ECKERT Prices always right The Lutheran puhli^ing jlonge., No. 1424 Arch Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Col-leges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and devel-op one of the church institutions with pecuniary advantage to yourself. Address H. S. BONER, Supt. m The diereary. The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. VOL. XIII. GETTYSBURG, PA., APRIL, 1905. No. 2 CONTENTS "THE TOILER'S SONG."—Poem, 30 F. W. M. '07. "ARE OUR ISLAND COLONIES A SOURCE OF "—Essay. . HERBERT S. DORNBERGER, '06. STRENGTH?"—' 31 POEM. 34 "THE UNCERTAINTY OF LIFE,"—Story, . 34 "SENIOR SWAN SONG,"—Poem, 39 "A HABIT OF ECONOMY,"—Essay, . 40 GEO. W. GULDEN, '06. "THOUGHTS OF THE 'PROFS,'"—Poem, . 42 "KEEPING A DIARY,"-Essay, 45 5. B. '07. "AWAY,"—Poem . 47 '06. "THE DREAM MAIDEN,"—Story, . . 48 EDITORIALS, . • 54 "Salve, Tempus Vernum." The Bulletin Board." " The Critique." ■"UNDER THE CRACKER," 57 30 THE MERCURY. THE TOILER'S SONG. F. W. M. '07 /V CROSS the corn and cotton ■* "^ Rings out the toiler's song ; And all earth's countless voices Bear its plaintive strains along. Singing in the sunshine, Bind the long sheaves fast, Song and labor blending, For rest will come at last. Its melody is lasting ; Brings the tears to many eyes ; Those sweet-voiced singers' anthem Goes like incense to the skies. Singing in the sunshine, Speed the task with might; Rest comes after labor, And labor ends with night. Across the starlight pealing Goes the echo of that song, And thousands humbly kneeling Its mellow tones prolong. Singing in the sunshine, Crown the earth with light ; Evening brings the homeland. For labor ends with night. -HL* THE MERCURY. 3 I ARE OUR ISLAND COLONIES A SOURCE OF STRENGTH? Essay, by HERBERT S. DORNBERGER, '06. b4* VER since the close of our war with Spain much dis- "* cussion has taken place concerning our new possessions. These discussions have considered the Philippine Islands and Hawaii from various standpoints. What advantages will these semi-civilized islands bring the United States? has often been asked. Are they a source of strength or are they, on the con-trary, a source of weakness? is another of the points, which has caused much debate and contention. And thus a number of similar questions, too many to enumerate here, have likewise been asked. From this great number of standpoints it is the purpose of the present discussion to consider the foreign ag-grandizement question in respect to whether or not our new island colonies are a source of strength. This, likewise, gives rise to a large number of intermediate points, which are directly concerned with the above mentioned question. Owing to lim-ited space we will only take up the more important points and confine ourselves to the effect these islands have or may have on the United States %s a nation and on the people of the United States. The first part of the discussion, the effect these colonies have on the United States as a power or nation, will be divided, for convenience, into four topics : These islands in times of peace ; in times of war with a foreign power; in times of internal re-bellion or insurrection ; and their value to the government as coaling stations. The first topic, as before stated, will be the effect upon the United States in times of peace. Now that we are in posses-sion of these islands, it, of course, becomes necessary to make them capable of protecting themselves against either foreign or domestic strife or war. This means that a force of troops, a squadron of war-vessels and modern defences and fortifications be established there. To do this properly requires the expendi-ture of large sums of money. But this fortifying and station- 32 THE MERCURY. ing of military and naval forces there is not all the expense in-curred by holding these islands. Other modern institutions must also be introduced. An educational system must be founded, roads must be built and improved, a postal system must be established and men must be employed to fill these different positions. Thus, from the aspect of the effect of these colonies on the government, nothing but expense is seen. Now that we have hurriedly scanned the situation in times of peace, it will logically follow to examine briefly the situation in times of war with a foreign power. These islands are at a great distance from the Ignited States and are accessible only from the Pacific coast, besides requiring a large force to be sta-tioned there in the event of a hostile attack. Then, how easy it would be for some strong power to lay siege to one of the numerous harbors and thus weaken the Pacific coast defense and lay it open to attack by causing reinforcements to be sent to the besieged colonies. Of course, it is not probable that anything like this will occur at the present time, but who can tell what the future is destined to bring us ? If the United States had had these islands during the Spanish war, it would not have been so easy to overcome Spain, for it would have necessitated the keeping of a large enough force stationed at these different places to insure protection for them and thereby weakened our attacking force considerably. Now take Spain. Had she had only Spain proper to protect, she would have been enabled to use the fleets, which were protecting her various island possessions, to harrass the Atlantic and Pacific coast. England will serve as another instance of this, as will also France. Considered in this light these islands are undoubtedly an element of weakness to our otherwise strong nation. Next, we will discuss the third topic, the effect these islands have on the United States as a nation, or these possessions in times of insurrection. Their inhabitants are for the most part very poorly educated and have a tendency toward rebellion. Such a rebellion means the loss of a large number of lives and the destruction of a vast amount of property, for a rebellion there would be waged in a guerrilla fashion, which is a form of THE MERCURY. 33 insurrection that is extremely difficult to suppress. Here we again have another great disadvantage to the nation holding such possessions as the Philippins Islands and Hawaii. As ex-amples of this we cite the Philippines under Spain's dominion and the long list of insurrections and rebellions Great Britain has been obliged to meet and crush. Now that we "have considered the disadvantages these col-onies afford the United States, it is only proper that we also turn our attention to the advantages they offer us as a nation. These islands are principally valuable as coaling stations. Their location for this purpose is one of their best qualities. Situated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean they are most valuable as •coaling stations. They also form an extremely fine base of supplies for operations against China and the Far East. What ■makes them all the more valuable is that they, as islands, are subject only to an attack by water. Thus one can see at a glance the vast importance they are to the United States as ■coaling stations and a base of supplies for operations in the East, which will be the field of battle in the near future. Now that we have considered the more important points both for and against our keeping possession of these island colonies of ours, from the aspect of their effect upon the United States as a nation, it naturally follows that we also devote some time to the effect they will have on the people of the United States. As before, we would divide this part of the discussion into topics which are also four in number: Their value to our commerce ; their value to our industries and manufactures; their value as sources of raw materials and the like; and their value as affording a field for the investment of American capital. 34 THE MERCURY. "'i "HE Spaniards had a fleet of ships, * The greatest to be found ; They started on a conquest trip And cruised the world around. They thought they could do wondrous things And conquer every land ; But lo, they struck a windy time And now rest in the sand. They never thought that such a thing Could ever come their way ; But said that they could make King " Hen" Do 'xactly as they say. The elements were opposed to it, And now "Hen " holds full sway They only had a few ships left, Those Uncle Sam blew 'way. THE UNCERTANTY OF LIFE. TODAY we are, to-morrow we are not. When the hand of fate falls then is our time at hand. We may wander longr brave many perils ; in an unguarded, yet appointed moment we are lost. But it is not a tale of daring and courage, nor a tale of man and the city, but a plain, unvarnished tale of the mountains and streams which we would tell. Among the mountains of Pennsylvania, in a hollow, like to a giant's cup, lies a sparkling, little pond kept full by three trout streams. All around the mountains rise a sheer half-mile, and the heads of those grim, old ranges almost converge in a point. The almost in this case allows this story to be written. Now there, in days past, had stood a mill, beneath whose whirling saw the giants of the forest were transformed into prosaic lum-ber. Early in my boyhood we went through that hollow for berries; first in season raspberries, then huckleberries, then those long, sweet, black fellows, whose delicious taste well re- THE MERCURY. 35 pays a seven-mile tramp. To this spot we always came, for here there were many diverging roads and here we rested and drank of spring water, ice-cold and crystal-clear. The mill stood silent and deserted, for the flood which had wiped out the city of Johnstown also ruined the skidways and tramroads. All over the hills the only sign of man to be found were the blacked stumps, left a grim reminder oi the destructive force of man. The tramroad on which they had hauled the logs to the mill was now rotted away and over the sides of the moun-tains was a new growth which had almost reached a commer-cial size. In the valley, which was mentioned before, lived an old couple in a log cabin. We boast of being up-to-date in Penn-sylvania, yet there are spots where civilization is not all-power-ful. This was one. On the-right hand side of the cabin (go-ing up the mountain,) was the most beautiful stream I ever ex-pect to see. Great, flat slate stones scattered all over the bed of the brook were covered with moss, which, when the leaping water threw its spray, glistened like one grand robe of emeralds. An archway of trees made it an ideal retreat, cool in the hot-test summer day. Many times while berrying did we sit there, a merry crowd of boys and girls to eat our lunch. Above the cabin, circling like a gigantic serpent, runs the railroad, the P. & N. W. Railroad. Back of the cabin it makes the grandest horseshoe of any railroad in the East. Often in the hard times of '94-'97 did I ride around Point Lookout with its magnificent view for miles down the valley, where the morn-ing fog hung low over the stream and field, where the moun-tains rose grandly with their tops bathed in sunlight, except where here and there a little cloudlet of fog rose like some specter along the mountain side. Below us would be seen probably four or five coal trains creeping one after another like a procession of snails. On the first train were probably 125 men, who, idle, picked berries in preference to doing nothing in town. Below sparkling like a diamond, set on a background of velvet, lay the mill-dam in the very centre of the valley. As the train shot grandly around Point Lookout the coal cars roll- 36 THE MERCURY. ling and rocking, it made one shiver to think of the half-mile plunge we would take if they should ever leave the track. In the valley on the mountain road the berrypickers, looked like little black and red ants, and the trout stream wound about like a band of silver. But we are forgetting our cabin in the valley. The old man > who lived there, was one-half Indian, Jimmy Sutton by name. He had no trade, no occupation but that of a hunter. A small patch of ground across the road from the cabin grew all the potatoes and other vegetables he needed, and the fish and game he caught made a welcome addition to his table. He had served in the war of '61-'65 and drew a pension, which was sufficient for their simple mode of life. All day long he would sit patiently and fish or watch for wild turkey and rabbit. His patience was untiring, his time unlimited. His wife was his opposite, a childlike, primitive sort of a woman, obeying his commands with doglike devotion, looking up to him as her lord and master. He, as a rule, exacted no demands which were unreasonable or impossible. But, well I remember one summer, when the old man re-ceived his back pension. He went to the nearest saloon and drank hard from middle summer until early fall. Then the grief of his wife was almost unbearable ; her faith was touching. It transformed her from a simple, ignorant woman into a woman of strength and character. Long would she look every day for. her man's return. Often, while at her work, she would run to the door and look up the mountain road, eagerly await-ing him. And her disappointment was bitter; it moved the women of the berry pickers to tears. She never gave up hope that he would come back ; she would always answer, when asked if she expected him to return, " He'll come back some day, my Jim will." And she was right. When after a sum-mer of wondering and debauchery, the old man came home broken and penitent, her joy was beyond the reach of pen to describe. This strange couple had a son at this time, a boy of about seven years. He had never seen a trolley or a book, yet he THE MERCURY. 37 was a keen little fellow, to whom the secrets of the woods were known by instinct. With his dog, on the long, summer days, he would play through the valley, going miles from home, undisturbed by fear of rattlers and copperheads, for he was a free child of nature, reveling in the glory of mountains streams and forest. Often have I met him, calling as he ran along, exulting in the mere fact of living. He loved the moun-tains. They were school and home for him, and, though un-spoken, his passion was none the less real. The people of the lowlands can never feel, never understand, the affection a man, raised in the highlands, has for his native hills. To him they are dear; to be near them is enough ; to walk over them by day all alone with his thoughts, to camp high on their summits and watch in the summer-dusk the stars appear one by one, is glorious, it is wonderful. Standing in a valley looking up the rockstrewn steep a man's conceit is struck from him by the con-trast with his own littleness; God made the mountains, to teach man his own unworthnessand instability and to shelter the busy cities from the unbroken sweep of snowladtn winds. The summer went by. The strange family in the giant's cup lived on. More work had made fewer berrypickefs, yet they were all welcome. A belated party caught by the rain was always gladly taken in at the cabin, and when the old wo-man would spread us bread and butter after a long day's tramp, it tasted sweeter than honey, more satisfying than any dinner we have ever eaten. Well do I remember one sultry, hot day when, as the evening approached, the sky was one somber mass of black and the wind moaned through the trees like a player sadly running over the strings of his violin. Three of us sat in the cabin door and waited for the storm to break. Across the valley loomed the slide, a great yellow splotch on the hill-side, where hundreds of tons of earth had broken loose and dashed to the foot of the mountain. Around this summit the lightning played strange freaks, cutting the trees, rending them as with a giant's axe. The old man told us stories of catamounts, bears and snakes, 38 THE MERCURY. I , until, in our boyish fear, we could almost hear the unearthly cry of the wild cat and the rattle of the snake. The years went by and a time of adversity came to the family, who lived in the shadow of the mountains. Their cabin was burned one summer night" and they were left homeless. But there was some compensation for them, too. Those, who have little and lose all, regain their former standing with greater ease than those blessed with many worldly goods. A tew days later a new cabin stood on the site of the old one and what little furniture they had lost was replaced by the exercise of a little ingenuity. The fall came on and the mountain sides were clothed in a a garment of red and gold. The dying leaves put on their gayest colors ere they fell, making one grand kaleidscope of beauty. The half-wild cow, which the family owned, did not return for clays and they spent their time in searching for her. One evening the boy now thought he heard the tinkle of a bell, and, asking his mother's permission, he ran down the road in search of the lost animal. At his heels followed his dog Jack, the best ground hog dog in all that country. We can only imagine him as he went down the road so light-hearted and free, little knowing he was going to meet death. We can imagine the dog stopping shortly with a quick, sharp bark as he scented the ground-hog sitting before his hole in the evening sunlight. With a short, shrill "yelp the dog springs from the road up the hill followed by the no-less eager boy. The dog soon holes the hog and then follows it through its crooked path under the rock. Brought to bay in his home, the game fought back so fiercely that, old and experienced as the dog was, he was com-pelled to retreat to the open air. Then the boy crawls forward on his stomach with a short club to dislodge the animal. The hog had builded wiser than he knew. Underneath a rough stone wall above which ran the deserted tramroad he had dug far into the ground. The boy in his eagerness thought not of the danger and striking the keystone of the wall the whole weight of rock fell upon him. His life was crushed out in an instant and all was still except for the echo of the falling stones. ■■■■ ■i I i I/ II I i tit i «I>M ./. THE MEKCURV. 39 Dusk came and then the night and not until the night was far advanced did his people begin to wonder or worry. At last alarmed, they hastened to find him. The dog faithful unto 'death sat on the ledge of rock howling morunfully and guided them to him. In a glance they understood. We cannot know the feelings of these two old people whin at last they uncovered their boy mutilated and cold. The old man, with the stoicism of his Indian father, said not a word, but his mother wailed and moaned, out there on the mountain side. They buried him in the valley where he had lived and died and now every one, who stops there, listens with sympathy and pity to the story of his untimely death. SENIOR SWAN SONG. E^~"AREWELL, when "exams " hold you in their power, And keep you awake in the wee stilly hour, Then think of what " profs " will sure do to you And how you will feel when they all get through. Your troubles are many, not one hope will remain Of the few that have passed through your fear-leaden brain. But you ne'er will forget the small note that you threw, To your class-mate o'er yonder, who signaled to you. And yet in the evening when songs you strike up, With joy and with pleasure you fill up each cup. Whate'er's in the future, be it gloomy or bright, You'll always remember the joys of that night. You will join in the jokes, the tricks, and the wiles, And return to your pillow to dream there with smiles ; For something it tells you that this happy day Will soon pass far from you forever and aye. Then live while you can in this gay college life, For soon will your path be a journey of strife. Your friends will be few and still less of them tried ; With courage and calmness you must stem the tide. Your troubles will come, they will fall thick and fast; Yet memory will hold these glad days till the last. For no matter how low you may sink in the strife, You will look back with pleasure to gay college life. 40 THE MERCURY. ' A HABIT OF ECONOMY. GULDEN, '06. kHE meaning of the words " habit" and " economy," as used in this subject, needs but little exposition. Every-one of average intelligence understands them in a general sense ; but their application in the details of affairs demands our atten-tion. A habit is an involuntary tendency to perform a certain act,, which tendency is acquired by a frequent repetition of that act. A habit determines how we walk ; another, how we sit; an-other, how we eat, and so on indefinitely, until we can truly say-that habits determine our actions. • Economy, as defined by one writer, is : " The management,, regulation or supervision of means or resources, especially the management of pecuniary or other concerns of a household;. hence, a frugal use of money, material and time ; the avoidance of, or freedom from, waste or extravagance in the management or use of anything; frugality in the expenditure of money and material." This definition, though clear, yet, it seems to me, can be crystallized into this one idea of the proper manage-ment of one's concerns. In short, then, a habit of economy is an involuntary tendency to'manage one's concerns properly. Illustrative examples we have in plenty of men, who have sadly failed on account of the lack of a habit of economy ; and of others, who have been eminently successful because they possessed it. In the care of important matters, both public and private, the largest safety is to be assured by placing con-fidence in those who have formed this habit. Observe the ex-amples of some of our great men, with what scrupulous care they managed their affairs. Washington, even in camp, with the cares of the campaign devolved upon him, looked after the details of his mess and his personal expenditures. This habit also manifested itselt in his careful account of household expen-ditures while he was President. Jefferson, too, planned the af-fairs of his house, his garden, his farm, everything to the last detail. He was reared to avoid waste. The habit of enforcing; 1 J kt ■ *l THE MERCURY. . 4I reasonable frugality was formed in his youth, and was exercised throughout his entire life. These were the highest types of the class of men in whom others put confidence, but they were not the only men who possessed this habit. We know that the majority of our an-cestors, the sturdy men and women of earlier days, possessed,- in a much larger measure, this habit than we, their descertdents^ do today. They were workers, honest, frugal and saving.- They acquired for themselves comfortable homes and taught their children to work, to save, to insure increase from a habit of wholesome economy. Often do we hear those, still living, tell how they were brought up under the discipline of economy. Work was ap-pointed for them, and they had to do it. Idleness was not tol-erated. And now it actually pains them to witness the waste and idleness practiced by the growing generation. The main question with which they were concerned, in regard to personal affairs, was, "How much can be saved?" They were satisfied to work for small wages, if out of thesf wages they could save a portion during the year. The great question today seems to be, "How much can be made?" With this deceptive guide as their leader, our young men from the country are flocking into the cities, searching for situations, which will afford them an easier living, with the hope of rapid accumulation of wealth. Many of them do not believe that labor is the producing power, but think that by some easy road they can obtain success and fortune. They have never realized that "You can't get something for nothing ;" and to them "misfortune," as they call it, speedily comes. Others have never formed the habit of economy, and, although they are successful in securing positions which pay large salaries, yet they save no money. They spend each month's wages as they earn it, and often before it is earned. They are the men who later demand higher wages, not that they may save money and make their homes more comfortable, but that they may spend more on the luxuries of life, luxuries that the wealthy enjoy. Too many of our people today are not satisfied to live com- f'fB^—l'.'»«««flHBTaMTmlfiffiff KMitmm 42 THE MEKCORV. fortably and add a little to their material possessions by prac-ticing frugality. Feeling confident that the future will bring large returns, they branch out into large expenditures, and run into debt for purchases altogether unnecessary. They try to match or surpass, in house-hold equipment or other showy material, those of larger and more abundant means. Their false pride impels them to follow the leadership of fashion which ruins them with debt, changes wholesome taste to pernicious •excesses, and invites demoralizing perils. All this from a lack of the habit of economy, which comes from saving here and there, and holding on to the small things, which go to make up the larger; a habit which should be enforced by every pa-rent, and formed by every child, because the practice of econo-my is among the most useful and valued of life's duties. THOUGHTS OF THE PROFS. ^| VHE " Prof " lies down to rest, ^ His working day is o'er ;. His dreams are filled with zest, He plots and schemes yet more. Now there's the Senior grave— Yes, I'll go after him ; He looked so bold and brave But, oh, his bluff is thin ! I call him up the very first, I torture him with fire ; And in my rage I'll almost burst The bonds of god-like ire. I'll hurl the question in his face, I'll make him quake and moan ; He surely will another place Wish he had for his happy home. But let him writhe in grief and pain, Until I find another, Who can his place as well supply, Oh, yes, his Junior brother. THE MERCURY'. 43 A Junior is a mighty man, A man of power aiid skill ; Indeed, if it were not for him The schools would go downhill. That's what he thinks about himself, But oh what a foolish notion ; Could"he see himself as others see, He might change in his devotion. To '• Profs " arrayed in learning deep He looks quite small indeed ; Pop says he sees them come and go, And when Pop speaks we heed. To them the brain of man is clear As crystal-sparkling water; In logic they are gifted one's In Greek they wisely mutter. But the ■' Prof " dreams on ; His ghoulish glee is not one whit abated, For tomorrow come exams, you know, And his wrath can not be sated. Philosophy, History, Poetry, Art, Psychology and Mathematics— A very demon seems to start As he gazes on Poppy Statics. But we leave the Junior now anon, For the Sophomore, wisest of wise, Who, haughtily smiling, gazes on With his wide-open owl-like eyes. To him the heavens are an open book ; For botany specimens he roams the plain, On athletic teams for him you look ; At midnight knowledge he strives to gain. He hustles and bustles around, Like a hen on a griddle hot; Undying fame he would win at a bound, He would even question the wife of Lot. . . I ■ >tl.'J ! 44 THE MERCURY. But the professor has a job for him, That will turn his joy to woe ; Ich bin, du bist, like a funeral hymn The Dutchman mutters sweet and slow. An essay I make him hand to me, The Essay Doctor says in his sleep ; Four-hundred-thousand words at least And busy at his work he'll keep. Goodbye, Sophomore, here's my meat, The Proffy grins in fiendish glee, For the verdant grass beneath the feet Is pale indeed near a Freshman wee. This world struggled on for ages Ere the Freshman here arrived, And now he scribbles countless pages, To solve the riddle he often tries. He's in for reform the day he starts— Politic's, Fraternities, curriculum, too ; He'll assign to the " profs " their speaking parts ', And tell the Seniors what to do. There's not a thing on this old sphere, Of which he cannot all things tell; He's always in place to see and hear ; He has guided all he attempted well. But o'er him does the Proffy gloat, And rolls in his bed with joy ; For he's going to set this young mind afloat; He'll surely teach this Freshman boy ! He'll make him dig the whole day long, Till his tired hands can scarcely move ; No more will he burst into song ; Sad, sick he misses mamma's love ; " For I'll be his mother dear," The kindly Proffy said ; " I put his bottle of milk quite near I dress him for his little bed. • 1/ IJ * / f THE MERCURY. 45 ^^»M*.IM,IH,t. aiH.^nY.fal.fc., 1,1 l.t/-.Jl L.IM11M 48 1 THE MERCURY. The rose looked up at the maiden And opened its petals white ; The twilight of life is passing, How swiftly falls the night, But into the city of sorrow The maiden sent the rose, That bloomed on a brighter morrow For only a few of those, Who, burdened with strife of living, Yet yearned for one happy day, And 'twas thus, through the maiden,s giving, That the rose found out " A Way." THE DREAM MAIDEN. WHEN Bill Heller came to college as an unsophisticated rustic, he little dreamed of the adventures which des-tiny had mapped out for him. Up to this time Bill had been accustomed only to follow his father's great horses as they toiled in the heat of the mid-day sun, to listen to the liquid warbling of the nightingale as she sang in the silvery moonlight, to rise in the early dawn as the sun came majestically sweep-ing above the horizon, kissing the tender buttercups as they gladly turned their golden cheek toward him. Bill had read the lives of men who had left their foot-prints on the sands of time and often in the solitude of his daily toil he had longed for the time when he should lift his deep sounding voice against the evils which threatened the destruction of his native land. Bill's first month's experience as a verdant Freshman was not exactly (a direct) parallel to his expectations. Beaten and bruised in the class rushes, the laughing stock of the upper classmen, his hopes and ambitions suffered a severe shock. To be or not to be. Should he stay and endure it all or go back to the huckleberry bushes ? was the question, which constantly puzzled Bill's mind as the days went by and trouble threw her black cloak around him like the pall of darkest night. The last spark of hope had almost died away and homesickness, that most unrelenting of all afflictions, held Bill in its iron grip. ) I I * I a < 11 THE MERCURY. 49 'One night, overwhelmed with the deepest dispair, he angrily 'dashed his books to the floor and rushed forth into the night, -some unconscious attraction, the will of some higher power, •drew him on. Over field and meadow he plodded, weary of the world, of sorrow and care. Unmindful of the flight of time and whither-soever, he walked, he finally came to a stream glittering in the moonlight. Sitting on a fallen giant of the forest and hurrying his face in his hands, he burst into tears, ibitter and unconsoling. The tears dropping like rain on the placid bosm of the stream rippled as though it, too, sympathized •with him in his hour of trouble. Gently as the professor steals upon the unsuspecting cribber, lie heard a faint melody steal upon him. Was it his fervid imagination or was it the murmur of the rippling brook ? Like the balm of Gilead, the sound came to his troubled soul and, forgetting all woes, he sat, enraptured by the wild beauty of the music; nearer and nearer it came, louder and louder it grew and Bill felt himself wafted into the seventh heaven of delight. Like a meteor bursting from its home in the heavens, a vision came from the depths of the forest and then Bill knew from whence those angelic notes had come. He sat spellbound and speech-less as the fair creature swept by him. His ayes had never before beheld such beauty, so intoxicating, so wonderful that Bill's excited brain could scarce believe her human. Some where in this rushing old world of ours there is a man for every woman, a woman for every man. Sometimes they never meet and two lives are blasted. When they do meet some law, un-known in its principles, draws them together, until two hearts beat as one. She was gone, but a new hope beat in Bill's breast. Who the fair maiden was Bill pondered in vain. Was she human or divine? If he could only see her once again, what would he not do or give to hold the fair (creature) in his arms and whisper, soft words of love in those (dainty) ears ! Bill's ambition came back like the tide and he held his head proudly up to the starry heavens. The clock just struck three, when Bill reached the college gate, and soon he was in Ded. Sleep came to him, a dream in which a lovely maiden gently MM.LV.W tLMMUJ'M.Ul.lr, jl.L.At.l.l.t.MHHiamHimmaUilMMI 50 THE MERCURY. brushed his tawny locks from off his fevered brow. The Chapel Bell was ringing when Bill awoke, and, hastily dressing, he was just 5 1-2 minutes late in getting to Latin class. Three times the Latin professor called upon him to recite, and three times Bill heard him not. The fourth summons broke the spell of his reverie and the gigling of his classmates caused Bill to blush to the roots of his hair. Bill's head swam. The room seemed to* be going round and he toppled over in a faint. For two months he lay in bed with brain fever. His life was despaired of and only his magnificent constitution and will sustained life. One night, while the tired nurse slept, Bill silently stole from his bed and instinctively sought again the spot where the vision of love-liness had first appeared to him. She was an over-grown country girl, a brunette, with wide-open, brown eyes. She came to college to realize her highest ideals, wilful, pretulent, brilliant, in her classes, always singled out in a crowd, a veritible queen, envied by women, loved by the men. Born in an atmosphere of literary culture and re-finement, she was at the time we write as yet undeveloped by the moulding flame of love. Nature was to her an open book. She loved to roam the fields and forests drinking with delight from the sparkling springs which sprang up in the forests. She came to college to live, to enjoy, to do, to be. Never failing in her set purpose, she went overcoming all obstacles. Her voice, bell-like and clear, sounded through the forest like the chime of a silver bell. She never knew the joy of love, the wild abandon, the joy that was almost pain. Bill had escaped his nurse and sat again at the tree in the forest beside the brook. He listened, longing with all the unreasonableness of a sick man for the voice of his charmer. Hark, listen, through the stillness of the night, it came and Bill's heart threatened to leap from his mouth. The voice came no nearer and Bill arose walking silently on the fallen leaves. He had walked only a few hundred feet when coming out into an open glade he saw the object of his search. Parting the bushes, Bill stood there open-eyed, drinking in the music as the hot sand of the desert drinks up the falling dew. There was the disturber of his -
Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97.1 (95% UI 95.8-98.1) in Iceland, followed by 96.6 (94.9-97.9) in Norway and 96.1 (94.5-97.3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18.6 (13.1-24.4) in the Central African Republic, 19.0 (14.3-23.7) in Somalia, and 23.4 (20.2-26.8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91.5 (89.1-936) in Beijing to 48.0 (43.4-53.2) in Tibet (a 43.5-point difference), while India saw a 30.8-point disparity, from 64.8 (59.6-68.8) in Goa to 34.0 (30.3-38.1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4.8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20.9-point to 17.0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17.2-point to 20.4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view and subsequent provision of quality health care for all populations. ; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Barbora de Courten is supported by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100864). Ai Koyanagi's work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII —General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Alberto Ortiz was supported by Spanish Government (Instituto de Salud Carlos III RETIC REDINREN RD16/0019 FEDER funds). Ashish Awasthi acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through INSPIRE Faculty scheme Boris Bikbov has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Boris Bikbov acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Panniyammakal Jeemon acknowledges support from the clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015–20). Job F M van Boven was supported by the Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology of the University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Olanrewaju Oladimeji is an African Research Fellow hosted by Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and he also has honorary affiliations with Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Eastern Cape, South Africa and School of Public Health, University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia. He is indeed grateful for support from HSRC, WSU and UNAM. EUI is supported in part by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF UID: 86003). Ulrich Mueller acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study grant No 01ER1511/D, Gabrielle B Britton is supported by Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación and Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá. Giuseppe Remuzzi acknowledges that the work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Behzad Heibati would like to acknowledge Air pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Syed Aljunid acknowledges the National University of Malaysia for providing the approval to participate in this GBD Project. Azeem Majeed and Imperial College London are grateful for support from the Northwest London National Insititute of Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care. Tambe Ayuk acknowledges the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies for office space provided. José das Neves was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). João Fernandes gratefully acknowledges funding from FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grant number UID/Multi/50016/2013). Jan-Walter De Neve was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (201900). Kazem Rahimi was supported by grants from the Oxford Martin School, the NIHR Oxford BRC and the RCUK Global Challenges Research Fund. Laith J Abu-Raddad acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 9-040-3-008) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-IHME effort. Liesl Zuhlke is funded by the national research foundation of South Africa and the Medical Research Council of South Africa. Monica Cortinovis acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Chuanhua Yu acknowleges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552 and grant number 81273179) Norberto Perico acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Charles Shey Wiysonge's work is supported by the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant numbers 106035 and 108571). John J McGrath is supported by grant APP1056929 from the John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship). Quique Bassat is an ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) research professor at ISGlobal. Richard G White is funded by the UK MRC and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union (MR/P002404/1), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium: OPP1084276/OPP1135288, CORTIS: OPP1137034/OPP1151915, Vaccines: OPP1160830), and UNITAID (4214-LSHTM-Sept15; PO 8477-0-600). Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowleges contribution from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (grant OI 175 014). Shariful Islam is funded by a Senior Fellowship from Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University and received career transition grants from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Sonia Saxena is funded by various grants from the NIHR. Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (reference number CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII–Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. Stefanos was awarded with a 6 months visiting fellowship funding at IHME from M-AES (reference no. MV16/00035 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III). S Vittal Katikreddi was funded by a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_ UU_12017/15) and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15). Traolach S Brugha has received funding from NHS Digital UK to collect data used in this study. The work of Hamid Badali was financially supported by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. The work of Stefan Lorkowski is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A). Mariam Molokhia's research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We also thank the countless individuals who have contributed to GBD 2016 in various capacities. ; Peer reviewed