Suchergebnisse

The history of literary copyright in nineteenth century Britain is dominated - understandably perhaps - by a preoccupation with the passing and impact of the Copyright Amendment Act 1842, so ably lobbied for by Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd. This article, however, draws attention away from the 1842 Act towards the Copyright Act 1814, the first legislative provision within British copyright law to introduce a lifetime term of protection for the author. Why and on what basis did the legislature do so? In bringing a renewed attention to this often overlooked legislative measure, we consider the context and logic that underpinned to grant of a copyright term that was tethered to the life of the author. In doing so, we might also find a useful prism through which to look afresh at current copyright debates concerning the appropriate nature and scope of copyright protection in the 21st century.

The growing complexity of modern economics and the protracted process of economic downturn stimulate broad investigation pursuing identification the essential boosters of the economics and possible causes of current embarrassments.Some economists as Colander, D. C.; Holt, R. P. F.; Rosser, J. B. (2004), in the vein of ecological economics, believe that the neoclassical "holy trinity" of rationality, greed, and equilibrium, is being replaced by the holy trinity of purposeful behavior, enlightened self-interest, and sustainability, considerably broadening the scope of what is the mainstream. In this paper the attempt is made to investigate the vigor of one of the fundamentals of the current economics. That is quality of manpower acting in the economics and relevance of it in circumstances when the society consumes more and more. It is assumed among many causes of economic downturn a whole chain of interconnected reasons. At the very beginning of the chain supposed the erosion of spiritual values of acting economic community members. It is claiming that disremembered and muted spiritual values released greediness, boosted corruption, undercut the confidence between partners in the article. Those circumstances grounded conditions and influenced the emerging and afterwards consecutive fall of the expanded fictional business pyramids in many countries. Globalism of economic downturn demonstrates that those circumstances are not only local.In that connection it is important to have a look to relevance of education and training of human resources as well as to investigate the essentials of education including cultivation of the spirituality of graduates in every study programme. Discussing content of study programmes adequate attention to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study programmes is underlined. It is mentioned that those programmes could enable educating pathfinders with the broader scope of knowledge and skills. Those graduates could become the leaders in making reasonable sustainable long-run oriented ...

The paper is focused on the discussion about the role of civil society in localgovernance and attempts to provide the answers to the questions: who is responsiblefor and should initiate the partnership between civil society organizations and localgovernment? What are possible partnership models? How are public administratorsaffected by or do they affect civil society? What are the determinants of active civicparticipation in local governance? The paper is based on the two-fold approach:1) general approach to the civil society and government partnership in local democracy;2) particular approach examining how discussed partnership models work in Lithuania.

The transfer properties of the moisture and heat through multilayer textile packages have an influence on the wearing comfort of the clothing assemblies produced from such materials. The necessary properties of the textile package are obtained by means of proper selection of the structure of the package and physical properties of each individual textile layer. The research of wearing comfort is focused on analysis of air permeability, thermal resistance and the resistance and absorption of water vapour. In this work a typical assortment of textile materials, which is used in summer and winter military clothing, was selected. During the experimental investigation the thermal and water vapour resistance of the textile packages consisting of different combinations of layers made of different materials have been compared. The finite element computational model has been developed for the analysis of heat transfer through the textile package caused by heat conduction and advection due to ventilation air flow. The model enabled to obtain values and time laws of temperatures in each layer of the package. The validity of the model is ensured by employing the experimentally measured thermal resistance values for each individual layer of the structure. The numerical results have been compared against experimentally measured data of the textile package.

The objective of this article is to analyze the criteria and conditions of division of competence betweenterritorial municipalities and other subjects of public governance as well as theoretical aspects of competenceestablishment of territorial municipalities and sub-national governance structure.The first part of the article examines the criteria and terms of division of competence between territorialmunicipalities and other subjects of public governance. The second part analyzes theoretical aspectspertaining to size and competence establishment of territorial municipalities. The third part deals with thepeculiarities of establishing the number of sub-national governance levels and competence of territorialmunicipalities. After analyzing the scientific literature it can be stated that when shaping and improving the publicgovernance system of a specific country, it is beneficial to parallely assess and combine the competencecomponents of public governance structure and governance subjects, which are inter-related through tiesof mutual dependence.Although guidelines are offered in economic theories for structurization of sub-national governanceand establishment of the competence of territorial municipalities, the structure of sub-national governanceand competence of territorial municipalities varies significantly from one country to another, subject to avariety of situational variables. A conclusion was therefore made that it is practically impossible to establishan optimal size of territorial municipalities and the number of levels of sub-national governance dueto the complicated assessment of diverse and changing conditions for production and organization of publicgoods, the cost structure of public goods produced and organized by territorial municipalities,qualitative aspects and the scope of externality.

In Baltic States, since the 90's of the last century, when was getting independent of state's, attention is increasingly paid to country's regional development and problematic of economical potential. Worldwide, in European Union and so in Latvia the features of ongoing socioeconomic crisis make draw attention to activization around decentralization and focus on questions of regional development more intensively, particularly on search of solutions for research and analysis of a more efficient economical potential and its use in regions and counties.Economical development is the goal not only in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, but also worldwide, in particular, in peripheries, in ulterior territories of countries – in regions. Economic growth of regions and municipalities depends on several factors. One of the most important core factors is reasonable use of the economical potential, using the opportunities of increasing financial capital, attraction of investments to the administrative territory of the municipality or increased economical potential. Regions and counties economic potential mostly depends on actions and activities of the certain county, how well organized, strategically far-reaching and reasonable the available nature, infrastructure , financial, social and other resources are used. Example of state Ireland verifies that approximately during the past 25 years the state has carried out very proper macroeconomical policy, remarking also the fact that many countries had the favourable conditions, but not all of them were able to use them. State of Ireland can be mentioned as a positive state economical and regional development example, as it is also located in remote part of Europe, nevertheless with help of a proper macroeconomic policy and ability to create favourable economical relations with other countries (also outside EU), it is one of the most developed countries in EU. In Ireland's development period three main directions of economical policy can be marked: fiscal stabilization, open conditions ...

The article deals with the problems of quality of training based on the analysis of Ukrainian national experienceof training, retraining and advanced training of civil servants. The dependence of qualification parametersof the specialization of their training on the choice of the direction of public administration developmentis discussed. The specifics of government officials' training at the current stage of the state governancesystem development are identified. Areas of future scientific researches are outlined.

The excellence in public governance and education and training are very closely interconnected. Aspecial role plays the preparation of new doctors in public administration and management – their qualificationpromotes excellence. The aim of this article is to show how excellence could appear in public administrationand management and to analyse the Doctoral Studies Programme in Administration andManagement at the University of Latvia and to show the directions of its development. The article includesmain principles of the European Good Administrative Practice Code, which could be regarded as a backgroundof excellence in public administration, goals of doctoral studies in the field of administration andmanagement at the University of Latvia, general framework of the studies programme, contents of programmeand its organisation, as well as proposals forits further development.

The general framework of the article is the analysis of aspects of the rotational role of public administrationhuman resources in the contemporary democracy development and its processes. It pays attention to theinterplay between the requirements of human resources activities and the democracy references. The analysisprovided in the paper emphasizes, that the personnel of public administration organizations integrates into publicpolicy implementation as tools for warranty and continuation of democratization processes. The main resultof this article is a double-sided idea, that human resources are involved in establishment, determination, consolidationand development processes of democracy; from the other side, democracy makes a great impact onpublic administration human resources through democratic values and their system.

Taking into consideration the peculiarity of the field of management and administration, Mykolas RomerisUniversity has all qualifications necessary to become one of leaders in the area of public administration (on managementalapproach) research in Lithuania.For research purposes it is recommended to expand/develop collaboration between the Departments of PublicAdministration and the Faculties of the Strategic Management and Political Sciences of Mykolas Romeris Universityas well as with the other foreign and Lithuanian universities.

This paper analyses the long – term trends of social and economic transition in Central and Eastern Europe under the conditions of EU enlargement and the processes of globalization. The general and specific trends before and after EU enlargement as well as in the future are described and compared. Some new non-traditional ideas and models of possible economic development in the future are discussed. The processes of development of integral European economic, social and cultural space, the processes of the creation of knowledge based society and knowledge economy are analyzed. The following features of economic transition in Central and Eastern Europe in the period of EU enlargement and further globalization in the future deserve particular attention: intensive diversification of traditional economic structures, profound changes in all sectors of the national economic systems, creation of new forms of interregional cooperation in the new integral economic space; very uneven economic growth in the various countries, regions and sectors, increasing differences and disparities in economic and social development as well as between various groups in the society; intensive innovation processes taking various forms, and the realization of new models of innovation activities; controversial industrial development, very uneven technological progress, multiplication of high–technologies and new forms of industrial activity influencing the new quality life as well as new social and economic difficulties and problems.

The factors of public administration improvement in the article are being analyzed. These factors aretypical to any public administration institution regardless of its size, performance particularity or level.The goal to diagnose the condition of all public administration institutions in Lithuania was not raised forthis research. For this particular reason, the administrations of Lithuanian district municipalities becamethe object of the empirical research. The diagnosis of the condition of Lithuanian district municipalities'administrations was accomplished. On the basis of theoretical and empirical investigations of the authors,a model of performance improvement of Lithuanian public administration institutions (on the selfgovernmentlevel) was developed.

The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of affairs in the process of adoption of codes ofconduct for local government officials in Serbia. On the basis of a model drafted under the auspices of theSerbian local government association, 130 Serbian municipalities (out of 167) have adopted such codes.The paper tries to picture the environment in which the codes are being adopted, i.e. anti-corruption effortson the national level, the framework in which Serbian local governments function, process of draftingof the model code and consequent adoption in municipalities. Finally, it attempts to present as critical aspossible an evaluation of this process in Serbia, as well as recommend or project further steps necessaryfor internalisation and full implementation of these codes. To achieve the abovementioned, the paper refersto Serbian legislation and adopted codes of conduct, empirical data collected from municipalities,results of surveys and opinion polls conducted in Serbia in the period from 2001 to 2005, data on othercountries available in English, as well as academic texts.

The impact of interbudgetary redistribution of funds on the financial independence of local authorities isanalysed in this article. The authors argue that interbudgetary redistribution of funds in Lithuania proves to bethe important mean retaining the dominance of central government's on the local finances. Transfer paymentsfrom the state budget reflect the central government's policy towards local governments. Financial transfersfrom the state budget reinforce the role of the state institutions in the sub national finances field and restrict thefinancial independence of local governments. Besides this fact, local budget income equalization and revenueredistribution through the state budget does not contribute to the natural development of local financial system.Current problems, their consequences and possible solutions for increasing local financial independence hadbeen analyzed in the article.In order to explore the practice of interbudgetary redistribution in the context of public finance system,categories of the institutionalism theory was chosen. Institutionalism provides a framework for defining thelogic of state and local government institutions interaction in the process of allocating resources. Article exploresthe institutional interests and institutional conflicts in Lithuanian public finance institutional field. Themain conflict arenas are defined as follows: redistribution of local governments' revenues through the statebudget; the domination of special grants in local budgets revenue structure; and special grants for investmentprojects.

Paper analyses management of the police structures and staff training of this public sector organization,which is also regulated by statute, in the context of the New Public Management. Authors analyses theactivities of police structures in western democracies and stress modern tendency- transformation of policefrom providing military services to organization providing assistance for citizens. Training police officersimportant are the following criteria: management competencies, professionalism, human rights and libertyaspect, integration of police training organizations into common system of higher education. One of theconclusions based on the analyses of management of contemporary police structures and staff-trainingtendencies is that modern PA tendencies influence changes occurring in the militarist model of the police. Suchvalues as legality, democracy, efficiency of activity, the principles of the new public management are becomingimportant in the police every day activities.