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A review essay on books by: Ben Ross Schneider, Politics within the State: Elite Bureaucrats and Industrial Policy in Authoritarian Brazil (Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh Press, 1991); Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton U Press, 1993); & Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, The Political Systems of Empires (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1993 [see listings in IRPS No. 85]). Eisentadt's structural functionalist approach to the operation characteristics of empires has been a significant influence, since its initial publication in the 1960s. In this updated edition, comparative sociohistorical studies are linked to the ongoing debate over the utility of the structural-functionalist paradigm in social science. Putnam finds that political culture's behavior-shaping ability is greater than that of institutions, but implies that political culture is static & fails to explain the connection between Italy's embedded political culture & recent political changes. Schneider focuses on the influence of bureaucrats on institutional performance, & demonstrates that Brazil's deep power structure is not greatly impacted by changes in political regimes. S. Jameson

The governmental reaction to the Hurricane Katrina disaster was racially motivated and could have been easily prevented, article claims. The numerous and severe budget cuts to FEMA, disaster preparedness and the US Army Corps of Engineers to fund his war in Iraq and create tax cuts for the rich are cited as the core reasons for the severity of flooding in the New Orleans region. Article covers the recent fight over public funding and the impending disaster politicians could see coming but could not prevent due to the president's lack of interest and overwhelming authority. Author blames the government for massive amounts of human and property damage.

In the modern political process, an important role is played by political actors who really influence the political process. The most active actors in the political process include political leaders, political parties, public organizations, etc., which, depending on the level of maturity of civil society in a particular country, influence political decision-making processes and the implementation of national and local policies. The political regimes of different states stimulate or inhibit the initiative of the subjects of the political process. However, the subjects of the political process are able to change the features of a particular political regime. Political institutions functioning in the political process go through the following eight stages. First, it is important for a political institution to define a goal that allows you to clearly define the goals and directions of its activities, which in turn increases its subjectivity. Second, political institutions must make political predictions to increase the effectiveness of their political activities. Third, the ability to make the right political decisions is important for a political institution. Fourth, in order to achieve their goal, political institutions must carry out political socialization and political mobilization, which increases their subjectivity. Fifth, political institutions implement the planned goals and adjust tactical activities. Sixth, political institutions must monitor the implementation of political decisions. Seventh, political institutions must analyze and summarize their political activities. Eighth, political institutions must define new strategies in their political activities, which allows them to increase their subjectivity.

peer-reviewed ; This thesis proposes an electoral system-based explanation for the observable variations in the rate of family following in the parliaments of mature, developed, democratic states. Electoral systems that foster intra-party competition for votes from the general public are held to incentivise the creation of personal political machines. Such machines are heritable and it is this inheritance that conveys significant advantages to the relatives of former MPs who follow them into elected office. A theory of dynasty formation and a new ranking of electoral systems according to the degree to which they incentivise the creation and maintenance of personal political machines are developed. These are tested against recent elections in seven countries and against the last eleven elections in Ireland. The results support the thesis and lead to a series of recommendations for electoral system reform.

IN THIS COMMENT ON THE TWO TREATISES ON TOLERATION COMPOSED for us by Preston King and Bernard Crick, I wish to raise three quite familiar questions. The first is how far the growth of toleration in the past, its prevalence in the present and its fostering in the future, may be related in any society to the general level of information,education and enlightenment, of rational knowledge and discourse, there obtaining. This vague issue can only be handled superficially in so short a space, but it has to be faced, though not directly tackled by King and Crick, because it seems to me to be entailed by the other two. They are, how far specifically political knowledge about present and past actions, beliefs and behaviour – political science in fact – is itself related to the tendency towards toleration. Finally, how effective the raising of the extent of enlightenment, general or politicalscientific, is likely to be in creating tolerant attitudes and tolerant practice.

In this panel discussion, we examine current decision-making on the U.S. Supreme Court, how it has affected policymaking dynamics in the U.S. and what the policy consequences of similar decisions may be in the future.

Donald Trump's continued insistence that the White House was stolen from him in 2020 has heightened concerns about the integrity of U.S. elections. As America approaches the 2022 midterms and looks ahead to 2024, could the country be careening toward an even greater crisis of democratic legitimacy? Might Democrats also be willing to challenge electoral outcomes in the future if results don't go their way? And can anything be done to restore faith in the electoral process among millions of skeptical voters?

Prof Jan Eeckhout will talk about his new book The Profit Paradox – How Thriving Firms threaten the Future of Work. In an era of technological progress, working people should never have had it so good. But wages are stagnant and prices are rising. This is due to a small number of companies exploiting an unbridled rise in market power.