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Abstract. The budgetary alternatives available to and employed by states to deal with budgetary shortfalls in the early 1980's are examined. The study suggests it may be preferable for states to consider relaxing the self‐imposed requirements of an annually balanced budget. The basic conclusion is that policy makers should formulate a rule that considers the opportunity costs of their decisions.

"This paper investigates how concern for the environment translates into predictable patterns of consumer behavior. Two types of behavior are considered. First, individuals who care about environmental quality may voluntarily restrain their consumption of goods and services that generate a negative externality. Second, individuals may choose to pay a price premium for goods and services that are more environmentally benign. A theoretical model identifies a symmetry between such voluntary restraint and a voluntary price premium that mirrors the symmetry between environmental policies based on either quantities (quotas) or prices (taxes). We test predictions of the model in an empirical study of household electricity consumption with introduction of a price-premium, green-electricity program. We find evidence of voluntary restraint and its relation to a voluntary price premium. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretical model of voluntary conservation"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

A great power's use of its military forces may be rendered ineffective or even counterproductive when there are no clear internationally recognizable limits on this use of force. Professor Myerson derives this conclusion from the basic observation that our ability to influence potential rivals depends on a balanced mix of threats and promises. Potential adversaries should believe that aggression will be punished, but such threats will be useless unless they also believe our promises that good behavior will be better rewarded. A reputation for resolve makes threats credible, but a great power also needs a reputation for restraint, to make the promises credible as well. Thus, international restraints on a nation's use of military force may actually increase the effective influence of its military strength. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1660/thumbnail.jpg

What explains differences in soldier participation in violence during irregular war? How do ordinary men become professional wielders of force, and when does this transformation falter or fail? Regular Soldiers, Irregular War presents a theoretical framework for understanding the various forms of behavior in which soldiers engage during counterinsurgency campaigns - compliance and shirking, abuse and restraint, as well as the creation of new violent practices. Through an in-depth study of the Israeli Defense Forces' repression of the Second Palestinian Intifada of 2000-2005, including in-depth interviews with and a survey of former combatants, Devorah Manekin examines how soldiers come both to unleash and to curb violence against civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign. Manekin argues that variation in soldiers' behavior is best explained by the effectiveness of the control mechanisms put in place to ensure combatant violence reflects the strategies and preferences of military elites, primarily at the small-unit level. Furthermore, she develops and analyzes soldier participation in three categories of violence: strategic violence authorized by military elites; opportunistic or unauthorized violence; and "entrepreneurial violence" - violence initiated from below to advance organizational aims when leaders are ambiguous about what will best serve those aims. By going inside military field units and exploring their patterns of command and control, Regular Soldiers, Irregular War, sheds new light on the dynamics of violence and restraint in counterinsurgency.

Under dual distribution a manufacturer sells through both independent and vertically integrated channels of distribution. The hybrid nature of these arrangements has led to persistent questions in antitrust relating to the use and effects of dual distribution restraints. To date, two schools of antitrust thought have emerged. Recent changes in the law, together with the growing use of dual distribution in practice, have called attention to these questions and the views of the two schools. Addressing both, the relevant literature from business research and practice are gathered and examined. The findings support aspects of each school, but challenge others, especially those that address free riding, in important ways. Together the findings augment extant understanding of dual distribution restraints in antitrust.

This paper examines the limits of reciprocity in women's friendships in the face of government restraint. It argues that Ontario government policy directions that assume a reliance on friends for support and assistance threatens the voluntariness of friendship relations and risks jeopardizing aspects of friendship that women identify as important. ; Cet article étudie les limites de la réciprocité dans les amitiés des femmes face à la contrainte imposée par le gouvernement 11 soutient que les directions de la politique de l'Ontario qui présume une dépendance sur les amis afin de trouver support et aide menace les amitiés volontaires et risque de compromettre les aspects de l'amitié qui sont importants aux femmes

Coercion remains a central aspect of many people's mental healthcare. It can include the use of legislation to restrict freedoms, the use of physical restraint, the restriction of freedom of movement and/or association, and the forced or covert administration of medication. There is good evidence that the use of such measures can traumatise service users. This article reports the findings of a survey of service users regarding their experiences of coercion and restraint and embeds this in the wider international and institutional environment.

We evaluate the voluntary export restraint (VER) that was initially placed on exports of automobiles from Japan in 1981. We evaluate the impact this policy had on U.S. consumer welfare, firm profits, and forgone tariff revenue from its initiation through 1990. (JEL F13)

In the aftermath of the 2011 English riots, many political elites, journalists and public commentators obscured the material, sociological and economic factors which contributed to the unrest and instead connected the riots to a problematic kind of 'wanting' – wanting the wrong kinds of things, in a manner and degree that was constructed as illegitimate and vulgar in a time of austerity – and thus constructing the riots as a problem of excessive greed, rampant materialism and social decay. This article reflects upon how the riots played a key role in the political production of a new cultural politics of wanting, whereby wanting is made problematic, suspect, a sign of material fixation and of irresponsible consumerism. It reflects upon this cultural politics within the current austerity regime which manifests through a celebration and romanticisation of post-War restraint and re-animation of thrift practices and frugal living.

"Contract no. DOT HS-804-7-01644." ; "DOT HS-804-780." ; "February 1979." ; "Teknekron, Inc." ; "Final report." ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.