Suchergebnisse

The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargue. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Fundacion Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargue, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants No. 2010/07359-6, No. 1999/05404-3, Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; MSMT-CR LG13007, 7AMB14AR005, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058 and the Czech Science Foundation Grant No. 14-17501S, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Regional Ile-de-France, Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), Institut Lagrange de Paris, ILP LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63, within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands; National Centre for Research and Development, Grants No. ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 and No. ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11, National Science Centre, Grants No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 and No. HARMONIA 5 - 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, Poland; Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal; Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects nr. 20/2012 and nr. 194/2012, project nr. 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET, PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17, and PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062, the Minister of National Education, Programme for research - Space Technology and Advanced Research - STAR, project no. 83/2013, Romania; Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia; Comunidad de Madrid, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Xunta de Galicia, European Community 7th Framework Program, Grant No. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826, Spain; Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K.; Department of Energy, Contracts No. DE-AC02-07CH11359, No. DE-FR02-04ER41300, No. DE-FG02-99ER41107 and No. DE-SC0011689, National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation, USA; NAFOSTED, Vietnam; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Particle Physics Latin American Network, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant No. PIRSES-2009-GA-246806; and UNESCO. ; We report a study of the distributions of the depth of maximum, Xmax, of extensive air-shower profiles with energies above 1017.8 eV as observed with the fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The analysis method for selecting a data sample with minimal sampling bias is described in detail as well as the experimental cross-checks and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, we discuss the detector acceptance and the resolution of the Xmax measurement and provide parametrizations thereof as a function of energy. The energy dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the Xmax distributions are compared to air-shower simulations for different nuclear primaries and interpreted in terms of the mean and variance of the logarithmic mass distribution at the top of the atmosphere. ; Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; Fundacion Antorchas ; Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza ; Municipalidad de Malargue ; NDM Holdings ; Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Ciencia Tecnologia e Inovacao (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil ; Grant Agency of the Czech Republic Czech Republic Government 14-17501S ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Region Ile-de-France ; Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; Institut Lagrange de Paris ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Helmholtz Association ; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung ; Nordrhein Westfalen ; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft ; Forschung und Kunst ; Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) ; Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA) ; CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) ; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government ; National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; National Science Centre, Poland 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5 - 2013/10/M/ST9/00062 ; Portuguese national funds within COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; FEDER funds within COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; CNDI-UEFISCDI 20/2012 194/2012 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17 PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062 ; Minister of National Education, Programme for research - Space Technology and Advanced Research - STAR, Romania 83/2013 ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; Comunidad de Madrid Instituto de Salud Carlos III ; European Union (EU) ; Spanish Government ; Xunta de Galicia ; European Community 7th Framework Program, Spain FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) 0450696 ; Grainger Foundation, USA ; National Foundation for Science & Technology Development (NAFOSTED) ; European Union (EU) PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; UNESCO ; MSMT-CR LG13007 ; 7AMB14AR005 ; CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058

WOS:000467693600001 ; Measurements of the top quark polarization and top quark pair (t (t) over bar) spin correlations are presented using events containing two oppositely charged leptons (e(+)e(-), e(+/-)mu(-/+), or mu(+)mu(-)) produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1) . A set of parton-level normalized differential cross sections, sensitive to each of the independent coefficients of the spin-dependent parts of the t (t) over bar production density matrix, is measured for the first time at 13 TeV. The measured distributions and extracted coefficients are compared with standard model predictions from simulations at next-to-leading-order (NLO) accuracy in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and from NLO QCD calculations including electroweak corrections. All measurements are found to be consistent with the expectations of the standard model. The normalized differential cross sections are used in fits to constrain the anomalous chromomagnetic and chromoelectric dipole moments of the top quark to -0.24 < C-tG/Lambda(2) < 0.07 TeV-2 and -0.33 < C-tG(I)/Lambda(2) < 0.20 TeV-2, respectively, at the 95% confidence level.A measurement of the energy density in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sTeV is presented. The data have been recorded with the CMS experiment at the LHC during low luminosity operations in 2015. The energy density is studied as a function of pseudorapidity in the ranges -6.6«-5.2 and 3.15< <5.20. The results are compared with the predictions of several models. All the models considered suggest a different shape of the pseudorapidity dependence compared to that observed in the data. A comparison with LHC proton-proton collision data at s=0.9 and 7 TeV confirms the compatibility of the data with the hypothesis of limiting fragmentation. <5.20. The results are compared with the predictions of several models. All the models considered suggest a different shape of the pseudorapidity dependence compared to that observed in the data. A comparison with LHC proton-proton collision data at s=0.9 and 7 TeV confirms the compatibility of the data with the hypothesis of limiting fragmentation. ; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programme (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary)Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis programme; Aristeia programme; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" - be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

[ES]La memoria presente describe las actividades desarrolladas por el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas a lo largo del año 2005. Con esta edición se ha culminado un proceso de modernización del formato y los contenidos que comenzó con la del año 2003. La Memoria anual de este año es ya una publicación totalmente bilingüe español-inglés, no sólo tiene versiones en papel y en disco, sino también una versión digital en la web institucional y, finalmente, predominan los datos, gráficos y figuras a expensas del texto corrido. Todo ello no son sino adaptaciones obligadas a los tiempos que vivimos. El año que registra esta Memoria ha estado bajo la doble conmemoración de las figuras de Einstein y de Ochoa. Del primero hemos recordado su Annus Mirabilis de 1905, cuando publicó los artículos capitales de su producción científica; se trató en este caso de una conmemoración internacional, que contaba con el apoyo insólito de Naciones Unidas y que aquí en España llevó, incluso, a celebrar actos en el Congreso de los Diputados y en el Senado, además de las necesarias exposiciones, conferencias, congresos y actividades didácticas varias. El CSIC desempeñó un papel muy activo en los actos conmemorativos de este año de Einstein, como lo tendría también en la celebración del centenario de Ochoa. Homenajes, jornadas didácticas, exposiciones, ciclos de conferencias, concesión de la medalla de oro al premio Nobel de física Cohen-Tannoudji, publicaciones y otras actividades honraron la memoria de estos dos científicos eminentes del siglo pasado, ya que no en vano, uno de ellos, Einstein, había sido residente y conferenciante en la Residencia de Estudiantes y el otro, Ochoa, había iniciado su formación científica experimental en el laboratorio del Dr. Negrín que ocupaba el edificio "Trasatlántico". En cualquier caso, las conmemoraciones de figuras ejemplares de la historia científica y la modernización de la Memoria, no son más que ; epifenómenos de una actividad institucional muy compleja que, en otro lugar he comparado con esas imágenes generadas a partir de fórmulas fractales en bifurcación infinita: tal es la impresión que producen los 126 institutos del CSIC en su día a día. A ellos y a la actividad científica dedica la atención preferente esta Memoria, que registra datos novedosos de la actividad de las áreas y de la producción científica. También es mayor el énfasis que se pone este año en la transferencia de conocimiento y resultados de investigación, por su carácter absolutamente prioritario para el futuro de la institución, y sus más de 170 patentes nacionales e internacionales solicitadas. Nuestras más de 6.700 publicaciones en revistas respetadas internacionalmente (SCI y SSCI) garantizan la calidad de nuestra producción científica. Algunas de nuestras patentes han sido licenciadas para desarrollo comercial, y nuestro enfoque orientado al trabajo en equipo refuerza nuestras capacidades para desarrollar investigación básica y aplicada altamente competitiva, con énfasis en el desarrollo de herramientas orientadas a la solución de problemas. De hecho, algunas de estas herramientas, que están siendo desarrolladas en el CSIC podrían tener ser implementadas en el futuro, contribuyendo así a la sociedad del conocimiento, y convirtiendo así la orientación translacional a la investigación del CSIC en una realidad. Este nivel de actividad científica no podría ser mantenido sin el eficiente, y a menudo invisible, apoyo de nuestra plantilla, técnicos, servicios informáticos y editoriales, y nuestro personal administrativo. Nuestro mayor agradecimiento debe ir también para ellos: además de nuestra apreciación por la estructura que nos acoge, y la infraestructura económica que nos sustenta, valoramos especialmente su coraje para explorar esta oportunidad de promover la excelencia científica y su convicción de que seremos capaces de superar este reto. De nuestra actividad científica y de otras políticas clave para el CSIC, me he ocupado de que se hiciesen publicaciones específicas y folletos que, por una parte sirviesen para informar a la sociedad de lo que hacemos y, por otra, expusiesen el punto de vista del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas sobre políticas sectoriales y temas de actualidad. Son los conocidos como "position papers" que se van publicando y que constituyen algo así como complementos a la presente Memoria. ; Otras iniciativas de la presidencia en 2005 que quiero destacar, son la puesta en marcha de una nueva Área de Cultura Científica, que está realizando una impagable labor en la comunicación social de la ciencia, de lo que es muestra la nueva web institucional. También el fomento de las políticas de equidad de género, en las que el CSIC ha venido actuando como adelantado, o el aumento mismo de la visibilidad social, que probablemente es un indicio del buen momento que atraviesa el Organismo. A ese "buen momento" deben de haber contribuido la consecución de las tan esperadas mejoras retributivas, tanto para los investigadores, como para el personal técnico y de gestión, que aprobó el Gobierno de la nación. En su haber hay que anotar también la inclusión del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas en la lista de organismos que figuran en la Ley de Agencias, cuyo anteproyecto se aprobó en el mes de julio del año de referencia. Su aprobación ha tenido lugar ya en 2006 y su puesta en marcha será, pues, objeto de la Memoria del año que viene. Pero esa es otra historia que merecerá ser contada en otra ocasión, como podemos decir parafraseando a Michael Ende. ; [EN] This annual report describes the activities undertaken by the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científi cas or CSIC) over the course of 2005. This edition represents the culmination of a process of modernising its format and content which began in 2003. Much of the traditional continuous text has given way to data, graphs and fi gures. Moreover, this year's report is an entirely bilingual (Spanish-English) publication, and is available not only in hard copy and on disc, but also on-line at the institute's website. These changes refl ect our efforts to keep up with the demands of today's readers. The year covered by this report was marked by the double commemoration of Einstein and Ochoa. In the case of Einstein, 2005 was the centenary of his Annus Mirabilis of 1905, when he published the four articles that formed the basis of his contribution to modern physics. This international commemoration was backed by the United Nations, and in Spain it involved a celebration at the national Congress of Deputies and Senate, as well as the usual exhibitions, conferences, lectures and teaching activities. The CSIC played a very active role in the events commemorating Einstein year, as it also did in the case of Ochoa's centenary. The memory of these eminent twentieth-century scientists was honoured with tributes to their life and work, one-day educational events, exhibitions, lecture series, awarding of a gold medal to physics Nobel laureate Cohen-Tannoudji, publications, and other activities. In both cases there were links with the scientists: Einstein was a resident and lecturer at the Residencia de Estudiantes and Ochoa began his experimental scientifi c training at the laboratory of Dr. Negrín, who occupied the "Trasatlántico" building. However, the commemoration of even such outstanding fi gures from scientifi c history as these, and the revamping of the annual re ; port, were no more than marginal phenomena in the CSIC's highly complex institutional activity, which elsewhere I have compared to those infi nitely bifurcating images generated from fractal formulae. Such is the impression that the dayto- day work of the CSIC's 126 institutes produces. This annual report focuses on these institutes and their scientifi c activity, giving an overview of the scientifi c output of the CSIC's scientifi c areas and the new directions being taken by their activity. Greater emphasis was also placed in 2005 on knowledge transfer and disseminating research results, given the absolutely priority of these activities for the institution's future, and on its 170 national and international patent applications. The quality of the CSIC's scientifi c publications is underscored by the more than 6700 papers and articles published in prestigious international journals (included in the SCI and SSCI). Some of our patents have been licensed for commercial development, and our team-work focus reinforces our ability to undertake highly competitive basic and applied research, with the emphasis on developing problem-solving tools. Indeed, some of these tools being developed by the CSIC could fi nd practical applications in the near future, thereby contributing to the knowledge society and fulfi lling the CSIC's knowledge transfer emphasis. This level of scientifi c activity could not be sustained without the effi cient, and often invisible, support of our staff, technicians, IT services, publications department, and administrative personnel. We must also extend our utmost thanks to them. As well as our appreciation of the structure which enables us to carry out our work, and the economic infrastructure that makes it possible, we also value greatly the courage to explore this opportunity to promote scientifi c excellence and the conviction that we will be able to overcome the challenges involved. I have seen to it that special-purpose publications and ad hoc brochures are produced on our scientifi c activity and other key policies concerning the CSIC so as to inform society about our work, and to state the CSIC's point of view on sectorial policies and current topics. These "position papers", as they are known, are published as a complement to this annual report. ; Other initiatives emanating from the presidency in 2005 that I would like to highlight include the setting up of a new Scientifi c Culture Area, which is doing invaluable work to communicate science to society, for instance through our new institutional website. The promotion of gender equity policies, in which the CSIC has been taking the lead, or the increased public profi le of the institution are probably the best indicators of the good moment the organisation is enjoying. To this "good moment" the obtaining of the long awaited improvement in the salaries of researchers, technical and administrative personnel, fi nally approved by national government, must also have contributed. Also on the plus side, we should note the inclusion of the CSIC on the list of bodies in the Agencies Law, the bill for which went through parliament in July 2005. The law was passed in 2006 and its implementation will be the subject of next year's annual report. But to paraphrase Michael Ende, that is another story and shall be told another time. ; Peer reviewed

Cambodia is one of the world's most open economies, sustaining high levels of growth in an environment of relatively weak governance. Emerging from a legacy of genocide and civil conflict, the country has sought to address human and social capital deficits across sectors, weaknesses in public finance, and corruption. Despite improvements in access to basic services, governance constraints persist and may threaten gains from economic integration. Over the 2004-10 period, the Bank's engagement on Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) issues in Cambodia was not defined by a single, overarching priority or entry point (such as core public sector management, natural resource management, or service delivery). Rather, the Bank was opportunistic, opting to support the government's GAC efforts across multiple sectors and institutions. The relevance of this opportunistic approach is judged to be moderately relevant. The Bank's objectives on public financial management (PFM) were highly relevant given Cambodia's nontransparent and weak public expenditure management and limited capacity. The Bank's response to sectoral governance weaknesses such as red tape, inefficiencies, and other forms of rent-seeking in customs is rated modest given the need for the government to implement its World Trade Organization commitments. The Bank's project level engagement is rated as moderately relevant. As a basis for reinstating suspended projects, portfolio-wide measures included the use of an Independent Procurement Agency (IPA) for the International Development Association (IDA) procurements, and the implementation of Good Governance Frameworks (GGF) for all IDA projects.

Problem setting. Changes in the socio-economic development of the country, caused by geopolitical, technological, economic and social factors, create new challenges for the competition policy of the state. The COVID-19 pandemic added to this list, significantly affecting the activities of the business environment, households, and the world economy in general. The development of an effective competition environment in commodity markets is a prerequisite for the restoration of stable economic growth on the basis of innovation and investment development.In this regard, there is a need to rethink the mechanism and set of instruments of competition policy on their adequacy to the current situation, their effectiveness and ability to ensure the achievement of goals and objectives. Nowadays, the emphasis of competition policy is changing, caused by changes in the competition environment and the objectives of economic policy in general. At the same time, the formation of competition policy should take place as a holistic system of influence by public authorities on the activities of economic entities and commodity markets in accordance with national goals and priorities of socio-economic development.Recent research and publications analysis. The works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, including V. Lagutin, Z. Borysenko, A. Gerasimenko, G. Filyuk, K. Kantur, T. Shvydka, Y. Yasko, T. Shcherbakova, M. Porter, O. Kilievich and others.are devoted to the study of theoretical and applied principles of competition policy.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite significant developments in competition policy, there are still crucial problems to solve regarding the mechanism, tools and methods of competition policy, considering the socio-economic changes in society, changes of the emphasis in its implementation, given the existing problems, dynamics and structure of violations of competition law, the need for coordination of competition policy with the entire system of state regulation of the national economy and adaptation to competition practices in developed countries. Therefore, further research is needed to improve the state's competition policy in the face of new challenges.The main purpose of the article is a theoretical study of competition policy, identification of the main problems in the implementation of competition policy on the basis of analysis of the Western Regional Territorial office of Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine and formulation of recommendations for their elimination.Paper main body. Competition policy is one of the most important and complex forms of economic policy of the state. In its content, it is much broader than antitrust regulation, as it aims not only to limit and terminate monopolistic practices, anticompetitive agreements between economic entities and government actions, but also to develop and maintain effective economic competition, including through the application of competition law.Nowadays, the main focus of the state's competition policy is to strengthen its preventive nature in order to promote fair competition, as well as to end the monopolistic behavior of both enterprises and public authorities.The most important principles of competition policy, which are mainly reflected in the current legislation and correspond to the best world practices are: improving the welfare of society; flexibility of competition policy; increasing the competitiveness of the national producer; promotion of entrepreneurial activity; creating opportunities for access to the benefits created by natural monopolies; coordination of the state's competition policy with the priorities of economic policy and the goals of state regulation in general.Analysis of antitrust authorities showed that in the total number of violations of competition law the largest share are anticompetitive concerted actions of economic entities, violations in the form of anticompetitive actions by government, local authorities, bodies of administrative management and control, which significantly reduce the effectiveness of competition policy of the state at all levels.An actual problem in the implementation of state competition policy is to ensure equal conditions for all business entities, regardless of the type of ownership. This is due to the fact that most commodity markets in Ukraine are characterized by the presence of state-owned enterprises. Thus, according to the OECD and the World Bank (as of 2018), approximately 19 commodity markets in Ukraine have at least one state-owned enterprise; The number of utility companies is constantly increasing: at the beginning of 2021, 14,174 of them were registered in Ukraine, which is 22% more than in 2018.A reflection of the existing problems is the discrepancy between the amounts of fines imposed by the regulator for violating competition law and the amounts of fines actually paid. Thus, for the period of 2017-2020, the Western Regional Territorial office of Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine imposed fines for violation of competition law in the amount of over UAH 95 million, and in fact UAH 11219543 was collected from violators, which is only 11.8%. The factors of this situation are: imperfection of legal norms and insufficient justification of penalties for business entities; low competitive culture of market participants, low responsibility of violators of competition law and "commitment" of government officials to some of them; lack of effective motives to prevent anticompetitive actions in economic activities, and lack of support and development of competition in commodity markets.Among all areas of state competition policy today, we consider the protection of competition and demonopolization of potentially competitive and monopolistic markets to be the main ones. In order to prevent collusion and counteract cartel agreements, it is necessary to establish effective interaction between the regulator and law enforcement agencies, expand the powers of the AMCU to inspect business entities, and introduce competitive conditions at all stages of public procurement. The control, transparency and targeting of state aid, as well as the cessation of discrimination in the actions of public authorities, are the key to ensuring the equality of economic entities, especially in the face of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Termination of unfair competition practices based on fair competition advocacy.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The main task of the state's competition policy is to ensure the effectiveness of competitive relations in commodity markets, which leads to increased competitiveness of the domestic economy. All instruments and mechanisms of state competition policy should be used solely to develop effective competition in commodity markets. Competition policy, adapted to modern requirements and challenges, should encourage competition between producers, which will improve the quality of goods, services, the formation of economically reasonable prices and reduce them, and thus increase the level of satisfaction of society's needs.The main instruments of competition policy should be preventive measures, strengthening the level of responsibility of economic entities for violations of competition law, as well as competition advocacy aimed at forming a competitive culture of market participants, the predominance of the principles of fair, transparent competition. ; Обґрунтовано суть, принципи і особливості конкурентної політики. На основі аналізу звітності Західного Міжобласного територіального відділення Антимонопольного комітету України визначено головні проблеми реалізації конкурентної політики в умовах сучасних соціально-економічних викликів. Визначено головні напрямки удосконалення конкурентної політики, спрямовані на розвиток конкуренції, демонополізацію потенційно конкурентних та монопольних ринків.

This publication is made by Istanbul Gelisim University (IGU) Publishing House according to Istanbul Gelisim University's Publishing House's 07.04.2017 dated and 53330280-899/0892 numbered writing and the decision numbered 15 taken at the meeting dated 07.19.2017 and numbered 2017/11 of Istanbul Gelisim University's Administrative Board. © Istanbul Gelisim University Press © İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları 2017 All rights reserved. / Her hakkı saklıdır. Certificate Number: 23696 ISBN: 978-605-4827-43-5 e-ISBN: 978-605-4827-44-2 IGU Press Number: 51 Prepared for Publication by Ahmet Şenol ARMAĞAN Cover Design Kübra ALBAYRAK, Ümit ÇEVİK ; CONTENTS Committees and Contributors iii Contents v A New Explanation of the Deviations from Purchasing Power Parity 1 Dinçer AFAT Effects of International Capital Flows to Firm Profitability: Evidence from Turkish Manufacturing Industry 2 Ebubekir MOLLAAHMETOĞLU, Mehmet Sabri TOPAK Küreselleşme ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Nedensellik Analizi / The Relationship between Globalization and Economic Growth: A Causality Analysis on Turkey 3 Ertuğrul YILDIRIM, Neslihan URSAVAŞ Uluslararası Derecelendirme Kuruluşları ve Türkiye / International Credit Rating Agencies and Turkey 4 Ayşe Özge ARTEKİN, Ayşe ÇOBAN, Seyit Taha KETENCİ, Duygu BAYSAL KURT Possibility and Conditions for Turkey's Accession to the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union 5 Emre ÜNAL E7 Ülkelerinde Satınalma Gücü ParitesininGeçerliliğinin Doğrusal ve Doğrusal OlmayanBirim Kök Testleri ile Analizi / Analysis of the Validity of Purchasing Power Parity in E7 Countries through Linear and Non-Linear Unit Root Tests 6 Burak GÜRİŞ, Yaşar Serhat YAŞGÜL,Muhammed TIRAŞOĞLU vi Can Turkey's Export and Import be Explained by the Economic Growth of Germany? 8 Ayhan KAPUSUZOGLU, Nildag Basak CEYLAN Reel Kesim Güven Endeksi ile Borsa İstanbul Sektör Endeksleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Test Edilmesi / Examining the Relationship between CPI and Borsa Istanbul Sector Index 9 Sinem EYÜBOĞLU, Kemal EYÜBOĞLU Asya Pasifik Bölgesindeki Güç Mücadelesinde Asya Altyapı Yatırım Bankasının Rolü ve İşlevi / The Role and Function of Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank Power Struggle in Asia-Pacific Region 10 Kaan YİĞENOĞLU Çapraz Kayıtlı Hisse Senetlerinin Değerlemesi / Valuation of Cross-Listed Stocks 12 Ahmet AKSOY, Faruk DAYI Asymmetric Stochastic Volatility in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Stock Markets 14 Aycan HEPSAĞ Trading Volume, Volatility, and GARCH Effects in the Borsa Istanbul 15 Ayhan KAPUSUZOGLU, Nildag Basak CEYLAN BİST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksine 2015 Yılında Dahil Olan Üretim İşletmelerinde, Endeksin İşletme Finansal Performanslarına Etkisinin Araştırılması / Investigation of the Influence of Business Performance on Financial Performance of the Index in Manufacturing Industries Including the 2015 BIST Index to the Sustainability Index 16 Osman AYDIN vii The Redefinition of Purchasing Power Parity Dinçer AFAT 18 Çevre Muhasebesi ve Çevresel Politikalara Verilen Önem Düzeyi: Erzurum-ErzincanKarşılaştırması / Environmental Accountancy and Importance Level of Environmental Policies: A Comparison between Erzurum and Erzincan 19 Alirıza AĞ Kamu Kurumlarında İç Denetim Faaliyetlerinin Yürütülmesinde Karşılaşılan Başlıca SorunlarınTespiti: Kamu İç Denetçilerine Yönelik BirAraştırma / Determination of the Main Problems Encountered in the Execution of Internal Audit Activities in Public Institutions: An Investigation on Public Internal Auditors 21 Reşat KARCIOĞLU, Ersin KURNAZ Kurumsal Yönetim-Finansal Raporlama Düzeyi İlişkisi: BİST Kurumsal Yönetim Endeksi Kapsamındaki Şirketler Üzerine Bir Araştırma / The Relationship Between Corporate Governance-Financial Reporting Level: A Research on Companies Within the BIST-Corporate Governance Index 23 Raif PARLAKKAYA, Ümran Münire KAHRAMAN, Mustafa Nihat DEMİRCİ Riskin Sınıflandırılması ve Derecelendirilmesi: BİST Tekstil Endeksi Üzerine Bir Uygulama / Measurement and Classification of Risk: An Application on the BIST Textile Index 25 Derviş BOZTOSUN, Semra AKSOYLU, Emre Hayri BARAZ, Fatih ALTINIŞIK, Mehmet ERCIYES viii Kamusal ve Özel Sermayeli Bankaların Camels Performans Analizi: Türkiye Örneği / Camels Performance Analysis of Public and Private Banks: Sample of Turkey 27 Zeynep Öztürk KARAÇOR, Fatih MANGIR, Şevket Süreyya KODAZ, Mustafa KARTAL Financial Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Case of G-7 Countries 29 Aycan HEPSAĞ An Analysis of the Relationship between Consumer Confidence and Stock Returns by Markov Switching Approach 30 Murat AKKAYA, Ayben KOY Türk Bankacılık Sisteminde Kredi Yaratma Kapasitesi ile İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi / Analysis of the Relationship between Credit Creation Capacity and Economic Growth in the Turkish Banking System 31 Arif SALDANLI, Hakan BEKTAŞ, Murat ŞEKER TÜFE ile Borsa İstanbul Sektör Endeks Getirileri Arasındaki İlşkinin İncelenmesi / Testing the Relationship between Real Sector Confidence Index and Borsa Istanbul Sector Indexes 32 Sinem EYÜBOĞLU, Kemal EYÜBOĞLU Determinants of Freight Rates: A Study on the Baltic Dry Index 34 Berk YILDIZ, Umur BUCAK ix Lojistik Performans Endeksi (LPI) ile ÇevrePerformans Endeksi (EPI) Arasındaki İlişkiÜzerine Bir Araştırma / A Study on the Relationship between Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 35 Gökhan AKANDERE, Hasan HAKSES Örgütsel Sosyalizasyonun Kariyer Çapalarındaki Rolü: Telekomünikasyon Sektöründe Bir Uygulama / The Role of Organizational Socialization in Carreer Anchors: A Research in Telecommunication Sector 37 Enver AYDOĞAN, Demet TÜRKMEN, Emre Burak EKMEKÇIOĞLU Daha İyi Bir İş Yaşamı: Örgütesel Toksisitenin Oluşmasında Etkili Faktörlerin AHP ile Hiyerarşik Olarak Sıralanması / Better Business Life: Sorting Organizational Toxicity Factors Hierarchically by AHP Method 39 Eda Sultan ÇELEBİOĞLU, Tayfun ARAR, Melahat ÖNEREN A Multi-Criteria Based Decision Support System for Employee Performance Evaluation: A Real World Application 41 Ufuk ERDOĞAN, Hasan SELIM Akademisyenlerde İş Tatmini: Niteliksel Bir Araştırma / Job Satisfaction of Academicians: A Qualitative Research 42 Esra AYDIN Algılanan Örgütsel Destek, Kariyer GeleceğiAlgısı ve İş Performansı İlişkisi: AraştırmaGörevlilerine İlişkin Bir Araştırma / The Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support, Career Future Perception and Job Performance: A Research on Research Assistants 44 Enver AYDOĞAN, Yunus BIYIK x İş Süreçleri ve Yönetim Bilgi Sistemleri / Business Process and Management Information Systems 46 Cemal AKTÜRK Electre I Yöntemi ile En Uygun TedarikçininBelirlenmesi: Ahşap Sektörü Uygulaması / The Determination of the Most Convenient Supplier by Method of Electre I: The Application of Wood Sector 48 Hakan Murat ARSLAN, Hasan Tezcan UYSAL Stratejik Liderlik ve Örgütsel Başarı: Nortel Network Vakası / Strategic Leadership and Organizational Success: Nortel Networks Case 50 Esin CAN, Osman Veysel ERDAĞ Duygusal Zekanın İş Tatminine Etkisi: Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) / The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Job Satisfaction: Structural Equation Model (YEM) 51 Canan Gamze BAL, Ömer Okan FETTAHLIOĞLU, Necmettin GÜL, Cansu BİRİN Örgütsel Vatandaşlık ve Örgütsel SadakatKavramlarının Çalışma Hayatına Yansıması:Kamu Kuruluşunda Ampirik Bir Çalışma / Working Life the Reflection of Organizational Citizenship and Organizational Loyalty Concept: Ampiric Study in Public Organization 53 Ömer Okan FETTAHLIOĞLU, Canan Gamze BAL, Cansu BİRİN, Necmettin GÜL İşyeri Arkadaşlığı, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti, İşTatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi: Akademisyenlere Yönelik Bir Araştırma / The Relationship between Workplace Friendship, Turnover Intention, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: A Research on Academicians 55 Alptekin SÖKMEN, Yunus BIYIK xi Örgütlerde Denetimli İşbirliğine UlaşılmasındaBilgi Yönetimi, Perfomans ve Güvenin Katkısı / The Contribution of Knowledge Management, Performance and Trust in Achieving Controlled Collaboration in Organizations 57 Nurcan KEMİKKIRAN

El presente trabajo de investigación trata de desarrollar un aporte a las soluciones de las deficiencias y limitaciones del actual Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF) de los gobiernos locales, cuyo propósito es que los diferentes estamentos de gobierno, mejoren la producción de información, necesaria para la toma de decisiones financieras orientadas a una eficiente marcha administrativa y operativa de las municipalidades incrementando los servicios municipales, en beneficio directo de la comunidad y de sus vecinos. El planteamiento propuesto en la Tesis plantea esta en desarrollar una nueva versión del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera de los Gobiernos Locales, usando la metodología del Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), considerada como una Tecnología de la Información de características modulares e integrador de funciones de negocios, capaz de integrar procesos a través de interfaces a dos o más servidores de distintos entes, que quieren hacer un negocio cualquiera, considérese a las entidades y organismos publico así como a los gobiernos regionales y gobiernos locales y cualquier modalidad de ente privado nacional o extranjero, atributo que es aplicable a los procesos internos de cualquier ente, permitiendo que el empleado realice labores utilizando un procesador e interactúe directamente con el servidor, permitiendo ejecutar tareas mediante procesos secuenciales entre dos o más empleados utilizando un patrón estándar llamado procedimiento de programa y un procesador y otros hardware, es decir computación utilizando tecnología y herramientas de la Web 2.0. A través de la aplicación de las técnicas de entrevistas se obtuvieron opiniones de acerca del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF) de los gobiernos locales y quienes dirigen las funciones de presupuesto público, de tesorería, de contabilidad pública y de endeudamiento público de un lado y de manera particular el caso de los funcionarios de la Municipalidad de Santiago de Surco, en calidad de usuarios del sistema, así como un representante de la Oficina de Control Institucional de este gobierno local y un representante de una sociedad de auditoría adscrita al Registro de Sociedades de Auditoría de la Contraloría General de la República, que validen los argumentos sostenidos en el en el Enunciado de la Hipótesis Principal. La evidencia documentaria de mayor importancia que se menciona en la Tesis es el Estudio de evaluación internacional del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF) del Sector Publico en versión resumida efectuada por PERÚ CONSORCIO IGTAS-SIDEPRO por encargo del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF). La Hipótesis se validará con los indicadores de medición de optimización del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF) de los gobiernos locales que se mide en lograr un desempeño con menos registros, menos tiempo de registro, menos información, menos sistemas auxiliares sin utilidad y menos personal; el segundo ángulo, el de la optimización. Respecto a lo cualitativo, como producción de información verdaderamente útil para la toma de decisiones de los gobiernos locales y del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, utilizable en el control posterior o recurrente de los órganos pertenecientes al Sistema Nacional de Control. Este aporte se puede replicar en los 1,837 Gobiernos Locales (Municipios) de los cuales 195 son provinciales, y también en las denominados entidades: 121 Pliegos del Gobierno Nacional, 26 Pliegos de los Gobiernos Regionales (cada una un Pliego Presupuestal), 640 Unidades Ejecutoras de ámbito nacional y regional, su fundamento está en la utilización de la Tecnología de Información, denominada Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) que utilizan interfaces con una diversidad de sistemas auxiliares de gestión de los entes y otros entes externos ; -- The present research is to develop a contribution to the solutions of the deficiencies and limitations of the current Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) local government, whose purpose is that different sectors of government, improve the production of information necessary for making financial decisions aimed at an efficient administrative and operational running of municipalities increasing municipal services that directly benefit the community and its neighbors. The approach proposed in this thesis proposes to develop a new version of the Integrated Financial Management System of Local Governments, using the methodology of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), considered as an Information Technology Integrator modular features and functions business, capable of integrating processes across interfaces to two or more servers in different entities, they want to do any other business, consider the institutions and public agencies and regional governments and local governments and any form of national or private entity abroad, an attribute that applies to any entity's internal processes, allowing the employee to perform work using a processor and interact directly with the server, allowing sequential processes execute tasks using two or more employees using a standard pattern called procedure and program a processor and other hardware, ie computing using Web 2.0 technology and tools. Through the application of interview techniques will be obtained opinions on the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) of local governments and those who direct the functions of budget, treasury, public accounting and public debt on one side and particularly the case of officials of the Municipality of Santiago de Surco, as users of the system, and the representative of the Office of Institutional Control of the local government and a representative of an audit firm assigned to the Registry Corporate Audit of the Comptroller General of the Republic, to validate the arguments put forward in the Statement of the Main Hypothesis. The most important documentary evidence referred to in the thesis is the study of international assessment of the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) Public Sector in summary made by PERU-SIDEPRO CONSORTIUM IGTAS commissioned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF). The hypothesis will be validated measurement indicators from two angles optimization, quantitative, the first, optimizing the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) of local governments in achieving performance measures with fewer records, less time record, less information, fewer systems and less useless auxiliary staff, the second angle, optimization, going to the qualitative production, as production of truly useful information for making decisions of local governments and the Ministry of Economy and Finance, for use in subsequent or recurrent control of bodies belonging to the National Control System. The modernization thesis has the character of replicability not only in the 1.837 Local Government (Municipalities) , which 195 are provincial, but also the entities referred to: 121 Sheets of the National Government, 26 Sheets of regional governments (each a Budget statement), 640 Executing Units of national and regional level, it is based on the use of Information Technology, called Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) using a variety of interfaces with ancillary systems management bodies and other external entities. ; Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación trata de desarrollar un aporte a las soluciones de las deficiencias y limitaciones del actual Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF) de los gobiernos locales, cuyo propósito es que los diferentes estamentos de gobierno, mejoren la producción de información, necesaria para la toma de decisiones financieras orientadas a una eficiente marcha administrativa y operativa de las municipalidades incrementando los servicios municipales, en beneficio directo de la comunidad y de sus vecinos. El planteamiento propuesto en la Tesis plantea esta en desarrollar una nueva versión del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera de los Gobiernos Locales, usando la metodología del Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), considerada como una Tecnología de la Información de características modulares e integrador de funciones de negocios, capaz de integrar procesos a través de interfaces a dos o más servidores de distintos entes, que quieren hacer un negocio cualquiera, considérese a las entidades y organismos publico así como a los gobiernos regionales y gobiernos locales y cualquier modalidad de ente privado nacional o extranjero, atributo que es aplicable a los procesos internos de cualquier ente, permitiendo que el empleado realice labores utilizando un procesador e interactúe directamente con el servidor, permitiendo ejecutar tareas mediante procesos secuenciales entre dos o más empleados utilizando un patrón estándar llamado procedimiento de programa y un procesador y otros hardware, es decir computación utilizando tecnología y herramientas de la Web 2.0. A través de la aplicación de las técnicas de entrevistas se obtuvieron opiniones de acerca del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF) de los gobiernos locales y quienes dirigen las funciones de presupuesto público, de tesorería, de contabilidad pública y de endeudamiento público de un lado y de manera particular el caso de los funcionarios de la Municipalidad de Santiago de Surco, en calidad de usuarios del sistema, así como un representante de la Oficina de Control Institucional de este gobierno local y un representante de una sociedad de auditoría adscrita al Registro de Sociedades de Auditoría de la Contraloría General de la República, que validen los argumentos sostenidos en el en el Enunciado de la Hipótesis Principal. La evidencia documentaria de mayor importancia que se menciona en la Tesis es el Estudio de evaluación internacional del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF) del Sector Publico en versión resumida efectuada por PERÚ CONSORCIO IGTAS-SIDEPRO por encargo del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF). La Hipótesis se validará con los indicadores de medición de optimización del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF) de los gobiernos locales que se mide en lograr un desempeño con menos registros, menos tiempo de registro, menos información, menos sistemas auxiliares sin utilidad y menos personal; el segundo ángulo, el de la optimización. Respecto a lo cualitativo, como producción de información verdaderamente útil para la toma de decisiones de los gobiernos locales y del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, utilizable en el control posterior o recurrente de los órganos pertenecientes al Sistema Nacional de Control. Este aporte se puede replicar en los 1,837 Gobiernos Locales (Municipios) de los cuales 195 son provinciales, y también en las denominados entidades: 121 Pliegos del Gobierno Nacional, 26 Pliegos de los Gobiernos Regionales (cada una un Pliego Presupuestal), 640 Unidades Ejecutoras de ámbito nacional y regional, su fundamento está en la utilización de la Tecnología de Información, denominada Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) que utilizan interfaces con una diversidad de sistemas auxiliares de gestión de los entes y otros entes externos ; -- The present research is to develop a contribution to the solutions of the deficiencies and limitations of the current Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) local government, whose purpose is that different sectors of government, improve the production of information necessary for making financial decisions aimed at an efficient administrative and operational running of municipalities increasing municipal services that directly benefit the community and its neighbors. The approach proposed in this thesis proposes to develop a new version of the Integrated Financial Management System of Local Governments, using the methodology of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), considered as an Information Technology Integrator modular features and functions business, capable of integrating processes across interfaces to two or more servers in different entities, they want to do any other business, consider the institutions and public agencies and regional governments and local governments and any form of national or private entity abroad, an attribute that applies to any entity's internal processes, allowing the employee to perform work using a processor and interact directly with the server, allowing sequential processes execute tasks using two or more employees using a standard pattern called procedure and program a processor and other hardware, ie computing using Web 2.0 technology and tools. Through the application of interview techniques will be obtained opinions on the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) of local governments and those who direct the functions of budget, treasury, public accounting and public debt on one side and particularly the case of officials of the Municipality of Santiago de Surco, as users of the system, and the representative of the Office of Institutional Control of the local government and a representative of an audit firm assigned to the Registry Corporate Audit of the Comptroller General of the Republic, to validate the arguments put forward in the Statement of the Main Hypothesis. The most important documentary evidence referred to in the thesis is the study of international assessment of the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) Public Sector in summary made by PERU-SIDEPRO CONSORTIUM IGTAS commissioned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF). The hypothesis will be validated measurement indicators from two angles optimization, quantitative, the first, optimizing the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) of local governments in achieving performance measures with fewer records, less time record, less information, fewer systems and less useless auxiliary staff, the second angle, optimization, going to the qualitative production, as production of truly useful information for making decisions of local governments and the Ministry of Economy and Finance, for use in subsequent or recurrent control of bodies belonging to the National Control System. The modernization thesis has the character of replicability not only in the 1.837 Local Government (Municipalities) , which 195 are provincial, but also the entities referred to: 121 Sheets of the National Government, 26 Sheets of regional governments (each a Budget statement), 640 Executing Units of national and regional level, it is based on the use of Information Technology, called Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) using a variety of interfaces with ancillary systems management bodies and other external entities. ; Tesis

There is the need for a legal instrument that would first and foremost establish the executive powers of a new entity with overarching responsibilities and powers over all the authorities that have sectoral responsibilities for climate change. Such a legal instrument should also identify these sectoral authorities and their responsibilities, preferably within an Annex which could be amended and adjusted in a flexible manner. This instrument should be managed by a new unit on climate change within MRA and it should ensure integration without causing fragmentation between the sectors. At the same time, retaining the sectoral input would ensure that there is no duplication of roles, that the institutions are specialised within their own field and that the overarching institution does not becomes a bottle neck. In other words, different competent authorities responsible for the different sectoral policies and obligations should remain, but these must be answerable to an institution that has executive powers to ensure compliance and to coordinate long and short term planning with respect to climate change targets and impacts. By way of recommendation therefore, a legal instrument of this sort should seek to intervene as little as possible in the daily running of the sectoral policies and only apply its powers in situations of emergency when non compliance by the different sectors stalls the fulfilment of Malta's obligations. Its main role should be to ensure implementation of a National Strategy on Mitigation and Adaptation. This legal instrument would not duplicate the role of public institutions that are already regulators for various sectors on climate change. It would however empower the new entity to take enforcement measures against the said institutions if they fail to do so. It would also ensure the implementation and enforcement of existing legislation that regulates the various sectors in order to rationalize their sustainable use and provide for conservation measures. This would benefit both the implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures. An entity entrusted with the overall responsibility for climate change law and policy must be legally empowered to ensure the implementation of national adaptation programmes. It must also coordinate the various sectors to carry out the necessary research to adopt and implement mitigation and adaptation measures. It must necessarily be supported by a parallel capacity building process in the various entities that run the day-to- day implementation functions. On an administrative level, without necessarily being included in a legal instrument, memoranda of understanding and stakeholder dialogue are indispensable tools to ensure cooperation. This will facilitate reaching mitigation and adaptation targets within the stipulated time frames. The mainstreaming of climate change impacts in national policies ensures the adoption of mitigation and adaptation measures and guarantees synergy and linkages amongst various public plans and programmes. Response to climate change should take place at a strategic level to assess beforehand the socio-economic impacts of any mitigation and adaptation measures adopted as a consequence prior to mainstreaming into national policy making. The existing Regulations on the Strategic Environment Assessment already include climate change impacts as one of the issues that needs to be taken into consideration in an SEA. Furthermore, for all those situations where an SEA is not required, Maltese authorities should promote pro-active adaptation measures such as, for example, in development planning, rather than take reactive adaptation measures. The new climate change legal instrument must ensure effective monitoring and stakeholder engagement, particularly the involvement of NGOS and Local Councils which increases public awareness on climate change issues. The new law should also take into consideration national security issues relating to climate change when formulating mitigation and adaptation strategies. The new law should also target the development of a research programme for climate change, including access to funding programmes. It is vital that Investment in research and development in all sectors should not remain on a voluntary basis. It will provide local industry with the necessary technology and it will generate specialised local expertise in a rapidly growing sector that is assuming a tremendous economic potential. Procrastination is detrimental on two main fronts. First because Malta will miss out in securing a place in this niche-market and second because we will keep relying upon foreign technology and expertise. Since Malta can rely on and pool from the scientific and technical advice of the European Environmental agency, it is best to concentrate on investing in scientific and technical research that addresses the local scenario. This should be earmarked as a priority for EU funded projects and care should be taken not to duplicate research conducted by EU agencies to which Malta has access, but rather to build upon it and apply it at the local level. It is also essential to include as a legal obligation the publication to civil society of information acquired as a result of research conducted at the EU level or carried out locally. It must be ensured that all sectors surmount the constraints due to the lack of a sound knowledge base on local ecosystem dynamics. Filling such a gap would serve to build local scientific evidence that would identify to what extent marine, terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna groups are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Emphasis should be placed on minor and already vulnerable groups. All sectors should be legally bound to maintain a Geographic Information System to integrate data related to climate change, and any other data required apart from spatial information. Adopting and implementing the recommendations suggested by the National Sustainable Development Strategy for Malta would greatly enhance the implementation of adaptation measures relating to climate change, both on a cross-sectoral and sectoral level. At present it is envisaged that the government is currently preparing a new Bill on sustainable development, in the meantime the applicable provisions of the EPA by virtue of which the sustainable development strategy was published should continue to apply. Malta should also endeavour to promote more regional cooperation in the Mediterranean under the Barcelona Convention framework and Euro Med, to identify the adaptation needs of the Mediterranean littoral to the impacts of climate change. Authorities should initiate immediately, even at the regional Mediterranean level, studies to assess vulnerability due to climate change, how new opportunities may be tapped, how to meet with the negative consequences of climate change in the sector, how to ensure that local operators adapt to the shift in tourism trends as a result of climate change. There is the need of systematic and sustained awareness building programmes to educate all. This will intensify awareness and promote a change in behavioural patterns to improve adaptation to climate change. Increasing awareness of climate change impacts within the government, industry, and community sectors will support cultural change transitions that are required for the adoption of more climate change friendly technologies, designs, and operations by public and private operators. The new climate change law should also obligate the various sectors to formulate contingency plans. This serves to: address the negative impacts envisaged as a result of climate change particularly upon vulnerable groups. assess socio-economic implications, with increased insurance covers for risks resulting from the likely impacts of climate change. identify financial guarantees and incentives amongst the various stakeholders in all sectors. ; peer-reviewed

The bank insolvency framework in Poland should be modernized to ensure financial stability, maintain the continuity of critical functions in the banking system, and protect depositors and creditors, while assigning losses according to a pre-established creditor hierarchy. Several country experiences in Europe and elsewhere have demonstrated the effectiveness of new bank resolution measures by the European commission. A key aspect of the resolution process is for the authorities to swiftly assess and revalue the balance sheet of the intervened bank. Other particularities of modern resolution procedures relate to maintaining the integrity of secured financial contracts to prevent disruptions in financial market transactions including in payments and settlements systems. The treatment of systemically important institutions should rely on extraordinary resolution tools which are necessary if a bank is too large to be purchased or for its liabilities to be readily assumed. The purpose of this paper is thus to describe and recommend new features that can be added to strengthen the Polish legislation for handling commercial bank insolvencies. The paper focuses on the legal issues related to insolvency of banks (including commercial banks and cooperative banks). The banking sector's share in the total assets of the credit sector amounts to 89 percent while cooperative banks control 6 percent. The only wholly-owned state bank is the development bank Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (BGK) which is subject to supervision by the Polish Financial Supervisory Authority (KNF).

Between 2001 and 2004, the OECD, the European Training Foundation, CEDEFOP and the World Bank carried out extensive reviews of career guidance, looking broadly at related policy and practice in both the labourmarket and the education sectors. In 2002, the European PES Network's Expert Group carried out a study on personalised services with a special focus on guidance and counselling, documenting examples of interesting practice in six Public Employment Services (PES). The present study, commissioned by DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities in October 2004 in collaboration with the Heads of PES Network, sets out to build on the accumulated knowledge of the previous reviews by drawing on the responses of 28 countries—the EU25 plus three EEA countries (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland)—to a questionnaire survey that was specifically developed to facilitate the identification and examination of the place of career guidance in the Public Employment Services across Europe. The survey data was complemented by country visits to Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden, in order to provide a qualitative dimension to the study, and to enable a deeper examination of the issues that were foregrounded in the survey. The key purpose behind the study was to gauge the manner in which—and the extent to which—personalised employment and career guidance services in the European PES have responded to the widely-adopted goal of implementing a personal service approach, identifying the difficulties they have encountered and the innovative responses they have generated. The study is guided by a concern with the practical, i.e. it sets out to describe the day-to-day realities of work in the PES with a view to identifying some of the more promising and successful practices, and to make proposals for improvement. The report provides details of the various models of career guidance in use, the processes that are being implemented across the range of EU and EEA countries, the outcomes of PES interventions, the tools and instruments used to attain such outcomes, the level of staff preparation for delivering career guidance services, and the strategies that are in place in order to ensure quality provision. An understanding of the context in which the PES across Europe provide career guidance services is crucial. The study is therefore careful to locate the survey within the context of the European Employment Strategy (EES), and particularly the European Employment Guideline on prevention and activation. It also draws a link between the latter and the effort to modernise the PES across Europe through the widespread adoption of a personal service model, which gives pride of place to the client, and which strives to guarantee citizens' rights for quality, proximity, personalisation and individualisation of public services. The report further examines the potential of career guidance in contributing to the attainment of the Lisbon targets, particularly in relation to the priorities established by the EES to increase in the adaptability of workers, to attract more people to the labour market, and to increase quality investment in human capital. It is argued that career guidance and personalised employment services have the potential for making such a contribution by advancing lifelong learning goals, by helping to address a whole range of labour market issues, and by supporting efforts to attain social equity and social inclusion goals. While career guidance services are offered in a range of settings, and there is an overlap in the way that these services are understood in such settings, specific attention needs to be given to the way career guidance is defined within the overall mission of the PES. Here we can distinguish three main categories of activities: - The first are those activities that fall within the area of 'personalised employment services', and that have elements of career guidance embedded in them. Employment advisers register and interview clients, and in the process of doing so utilise several guidance-related skills, particularly where efforts are being made to personalise services through client segmentation. While the employment adviser's work at this level—in relation to the initial interview, personal action planning, and assistance in the job-search process through job-broking and other means—cover processes and tasks that are largely administrative, they can also have strong guidance elements embedded in them. The report acknowledges the tensions that arise in the mix and balance between administrative and guidance roles, stressing that both elements are critical in the consolidation of career guidance elements within services that have, as their primary objective, the placing of people in employment. - The second category of activities are specialised career guidance services. These are distinguished from the first category by their more intensive and more focused engagement with the client, on the basis of a deeper knowledge base and extended competence. It is noted that the two categories are increasingly becoming blurred, and that this carries with it both opportunities and challenges for career guidance in a PES context. - A third category of activities considers other career guidance provision that the PES may be involved in, including the production and/or dissemination of labour market information, as well as occupational information, and the provision of career guidance services to students. These three categories of activities need to be considered within the changes in the overall organisational context of the public employment services. One of the key trends that have an impact on the way personalised employment and career guidance services are delivered is responsibility-sharing. The study considers three key aspects in relation to this organisational trend. The first is the sharing of responsibility with regional and local employment offices through decentralisation. The second is the sharing of responsibility with partners through joint service delivery, or through outsourcing and contracting-out. In both cases, the different modalities by means of which the process can be organised are discussed in some detail, particularly with a view to identifying how they can improve—or jeopardise— quality career guidance provision. Indeed, a key challenge that the PES has to confront is to find the right balance between, on the one hand, encouraging innovative, flexible and context-sensitive responses in its decentralised mediation between clients and local labour markets, and on the other, maintaining standards across the whole range of providers, thus ensuring that citizens, irrespective of their geographical or social location, have guaranteed access to the same quality of service that they are equally entitled to. The issue of quality standards in the attempt to manage the decentralisation process is therefore pivotal, and constitutes the third aspect considered. The study highlights different approaches to quality assurance across the 28 European countries, pointing to some of the formative experiences in the use of both quantitative and qualitative strategies in this respect. The change in the organisational context, as well as the paradigmatic shift towards a 'personal service model', has given rise to a number of trends in the delivery of career guidance and career-guidance-related services within Europe's PES. One of the more important is the increase in the range and depth of services that contain career guidance elements. This increase in both supply and demand for services can lead to tensions resulting from the attempt to develop personalised approaches while at the same time catering for increasingly large numbers of unemployed in a differentiated manner. Such tensions are particularly accentuated in those contexts where human and material resources have either remained stable or even been decreased. Europe's PES have developed three key ways to manage these tensions. These include: a resort to partnership and to outsourcing; a shift to self-service modes of delivery; and the introduction of tiering, to provide career guidance in self-access modes and in groups to the majority of clients, reserving to the rest more intensive individual career guidance interviews if and when needed. Employment advisers and career guidance staff are at the crucible of most of the transformations taking place in the PES, and their training, competence levels and motivation have a great bearing on the quality and nature of services provided. The study considers PES staff involved in delivery of personalised employment and career guidance services from a variety of angles. First, attention is given to aspects of their profile, including age, gender and conditions of work. The focus then turns to the distribution of career guidance roles among PES staff, with distinctions being drawn between those systems that have specialised tiers of staff, and those that require their staff to be multi-functional. The implications that such role distributions have for the provision of specialised services on the one hand, and holistic services on the other, are also examined. A third major consideration in regard to staff is the profile required of career guidance and career-guidance-related personnel at the point of recruitment, as well as the opportunities that such staff have for pre-service, induction and continued training. While many systems do not provide initial training, and recruitment is often effected on the basis of proxy qualifications, there is a trend for improved induction and in-service professional development opportunities—linked, for example, to the range of tools and instruments that career-guidance-related staff use in delivering services. Details of the modalities for the provision of training are presented, as are examples of commendable practice from a variety of countries. Training gaps are also identified, many of which were signalled by respondents to the survey who felt that expanded roles required the targeting of specific competence development. In their attempt to modernise their delivery systems, Europe's PES have striven to reach out to a range of clients, giving special attention to those categories that have particularly acute needs for individualised and tailor-made support on the road to employment: these include the long-term unemployed, women returnees, persons with disability, the unqualified and low-skilled, company-closure clients, and customers with a variety of social problems and/or tenuous links to citizenship rights. The study provides details of the different career guidance models and strategies used to deliver services to such clients. It also considers the results of client-satisfaction surveys, which are being used by PES in several countries as an indicator of effectiveness. Despite major improvements in catering for differentiated needs, it is also clear that there are other categories of customers that the PES are finding more challenging to reach. In particular, rising unemployment levels in a tight resource environment are often leading PES to focus narrowly on the unemployed, despite the fact that lifelong career guidance perspectives are adhered to in principle. Swift placement in employment remains a pivotal challenge for the PES, even as they strive to balance this with other career guidance-related goals such as client clarification of occupational strengths and interests, as well as career management and development in a lifelong perspective. In their attempt to maintain the dynamics of transformation into effective and client-oriented organisations, Europe's PES face a number of important challenges. Four are particularly relevant to personalised employment and career guidance services: - The first challenge concerns the need for PES career guidance and careerguidance- related services to be more systematic in the evaluation of their effectiveness. While there is a strong tradition of critical assessment of PES functions overall, the targeted evaluation of career guidance within PES settings needs further attention, even if there are a number of examples of good practice in several countries that could serve to provide models for emulation. A stronger evidence base on the match between career guidance services and policy objectives buttresses claims for improved resourcing. On the other hand, a lack of systematic evidence leads to a situation where the major shifts in the modalities of service delivery—particularly in relation to responsibility-sharing with partners and outsourced agencies—remain unexamined in terms both of efficiency in resource use, and of impact on quality of service. - A second challenge is to get the right balance between integrating career guidance elements in the services and activities provided by the PES, while at the same time maintaining specialist services for deeper engagement with clients when this is required. In many ways this implies the foregrounding of the identity of career guidance within PES settings. In addition, the attempt to deepen career guidance and career-guidance-related services towards a larger range of clients signals the need for more intensive preparation of staff, and for a more careful consideration of the ways in which the administrative and the career guidance roles of providers can be kept in appropriate balance. - A third challenge arises from the necessity to open up guidance services within the PES to embrace a more long-term, life-long perspective: one that is more in tune with the needs of citizens in the emergent knowledge economy. This vision presents enormous resource and training challenges for the PES, but it is likely to be one that it will need to rise to as citizens increasingly move through occupational and training pathways in more complex, non-linear ways. A lifelong perspective on career guidance would entail the PES in stronger collaboration with education institutions and with companies, so that service delivery is experienced by the client in a seamless, holistic way, with community resources being mobilised in support of goals that have, as an outcome, both the private good and the public good. - Finally, the PES has to rise to the challenge of addressing key gaps in service delivery, and to focus on those areas that require further attention and investment in order to facilitate the provision of quality services for all. The way forward lies in addressing these challenges. ; peer-reviewed

This report on the assessment of land governance in Brazil summarizes and discusses the results of a series of standardized self-assessments of the land governance situation in Brazil, conducted entirely by Brazilian speakers. Therefore, these findings represent the perception of local experts based on their experience of news and data available. The main aim of this report are federal and state authorities directly involved in land governance in the evaluated states and other states. The general objective of the development of this assessment is to measure reliably the skills and the performance of land governance in a cross section of the country. This assessment is highly relevant and timely, as the land and real estate of natural resources linked to the land are the central core of the current competitiveness of Brazil and its strategically valuable position in the changing world economy. The evaluation methodology was the Assessment Framework of Land Governance (LGAF) developed by the World Bank. It focused on five key areas of good land governance and three additional topics. Key areas were: legal, institutional and associated policies to land rights; planning of land use and taxation; identification and ownership of land management of the state; provision of public land information; and dispute settlement. The optional modules used in some evaluations focused on the large-scale acquisition of land, forestry and the regularization of land tenure. Based on the LGAF in related workshops and review of some publications, the review has identified four areas of relative force on the Brazilian land governance. They include the guarantee of property rights, transparency in allocation of public land, public accessibility of information on registered land and transparency of increasing concern emerging from the influence of democratic and social movements. In addressing these and other areas of reform of land governance, the efforts of the newly created Inter-ministerial Working Group on Land Governance (IMWG) will be vital. That is particularly so because some of the reforms depend on the consistency of improving legal and institutional framework for land governance, which is necessarily a collaborative and cross-sector enterprise. This report therefore calls on the IMWG to join the Presidents Office to create an annual and transparent work program, for a period of at least three years with a regular mechanism of agreed reporting to the IMWG Office and Civil Office of the Presidency.

Azerbaijan is a secular, majority-Shiite, oil and gas-rich country whose per-capita income quadrupled in real terms during the period 2004-10. While rising incomes have reduced poverty, steps towards a more secure, diversified economy are held back by a public sector that rests on vested interests, patronage-based incentive structures, and ingrained patterns of behavior that include significant rent extraction, particularly from the non-oil economy, with minimal checks and balances from Parliament, the private sector, and civil society. Bank engagement in Azerbaijan at the country level focused on areas which had government support. Some modest results have been achieved, even though in many cases modern laws and practices were adopted without adequate plans for implementation. At the project level, the Bank has supported the strengthening of project implementation units (PIUs) and tools for monitoring, and governance and institutional filters have signaled that Governance and Anticorruption (GAC) processes need to be embedded in the Bank projects. At the sector level, the Bank's work was highly relevant in supporting oil revenue transparency, primary education, roads, and the development of safeguards. It was substantially relevant in public financial management, and private sector development and procurement. Bank engagement was moderately relevant in decentralization, civil service reform, and accountability institutions.

The 2015 Sustainability Review provides insights into activities undertaken to manage environmental, social, and economic impacts in the World Bank's internal business operations. The content and data in this document relate to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), together the World Bank.