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Summary: Vegetation is not only part of the category of living beings, but is also one of its main players in that it allows other members to live. Without vegetation, the Earth would be irrespirable, like thousands of other inert planets in the universe. However, despite this key role in the chain of circumstances that enabled the emergence and maintenance of life on Earth, vegetation is not always protected and does not have inalienable rights. Rather, in recent centuries of vortex development, it has been understood as a resource to be exploited, instrumentalising its role in the service of the human species and industrialising its presence on the face of the Earth. He has been protected only on the basis of Zoni -specialties — reserves — as if they were only used as back-up when nothing more remains to be exploited. That is why, in the discussion of this edition of ARQ magazine, we wondered whether plants and trees could be considered subject to the law, especially with the new constitution as a horizon. On that basis, we can also question whether entities that are more than human entities may also have a legal subjective nature that protects them in themselves and not just under the category of 'Reservation'. ; Resumen: La vegetación no sólo forma parte de la categoría 'seres vivos', sino que además es uno de sus principales protagonistas en cuanto permite que los demás miembros vivan. Sin vegetación, la Tierra sería irrespirable, tal como miles de otros planetas inertes del universo. Pero, a pesar de ese rol clave en el encadenamiento de circunstancias que permitió el surgimiento y la mantención de la vida en la Tierra, la vegetación no siempre está protegida ni tiene derechos inalienables. Más bien, en los últimos siglos de desarrollo voraz, ha sido entendida como un recurso a ser explotado, instrumentalizando su rol al servicio de la especie humana e industrializando su presencia sobre la faz de la Tierra. Sólo se le ha protegido en función de zonificaciones especiales - reservas - como si sólo sirvieran ...

RESUMEN This article addresses an important issue for the training of graduates in education, economics, related to the teaching/learning process of the audit subject. In this regard, the intention was to bring the essential aspects of that process closer to the main aspects of the process, linked to the professional problems that characterise its subject matter, through an exploratory study, and in terms of ensuring that the content was learned by the 'Hermanos SAÍZ Montes de Oca' University of Pinar del Río. Research followed a qualitative approach; the information needed to meet the target was collected from the literature review, collecting information from previous theoretical results. In addition, other theoretical methods such as synthetic and inductive-deductive analytics were used and were very useful in the study, interpretation and preparation of the final results. As a result, it was possible to carry out the exploration by bringing the essential elements of the process studied and the professional problems characteristic of its subject matter closer together. ; RESUMEN En el artículo se aborda un problema importante para la formación de Licenciados en Educación, Economía, relacionado con el Proceso de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje de la asignatura Auditoría. En tal sentido, se pretendió realizar un acercamiento, a través de un estudio teórico exploratorio, a los aspectos esenciales del referido proceso, relacionados con los problemas profesionales que caracterizan su objeto y en función de garantizar el aprendizaje de los contenidos por los Licenciados en Educación, Economía, de la Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". La investigación siguió un enfoque cualitativo; la información necesaria para dar respuesta al objetivo fue recopilada a partir de la revisión bibliográfica, recogiendo información de resultados teóricos precedentes. Además, fueron utilizados otros métodos teóricos como el analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo, que fueron muy útiles en el estudio, interpretación y ...

This research analyses the mechanisms used by Spanish Catholic education to deal with the dramatic decline in religious teachers suffered in recent decades. This is an unprecedented issue, addressed from an education policy perspective, ranging from the transition to democracy to the present day. To this end, scarcely known documentation and statistics have been found, which have been the subject of documentary analysis using a mixed methodology. First, the process of secularisation of Spanish society and the ensuing crisis of religious vocations are contextualised. Subsequently, the size and quantitative evolution of this sub-sector of the education system in terms of students and teachers, moveable and religious are precisely outlined. Finally, the initiatives launched as a result of the significant reduction in the latter are studied: increase in the number of teachers, new managerial functions, inter-centre or inter-provincial teams, foundations and the integration of schools. All involved the transfer to staff of responsibilities occupied exclusively by religious and religious staff and in the last two changes in the ownership of schools. The result is that Spanish Catholic education continues to form a compact block within the education system, with little change in enrolment rates and maintaining a remarkable capacity to defend its interests. It is also noted that Catholic Schools are useful as a body for coordinating, managing and representing them. Finally, it is evident that these sub-legislating structures are poorly integrated into the model of educational concerts, common to most faith-based institutions, and unhappy about a possible future of non-religious and non-religious Catholic teaching. ; Esta investigación analiza los mecanismos empleados por la enseñanza católica española para afrontar la notabilísima reducción del profesorado religioso sufrida en las últimas décadas. Se trata de una cuestión inédita, abordada desde la perspectiva de la política de la educación y abarca desde la transición ...

RESUMEN. Objective/context: this article analyses the transition from marxism to post-marxism, and from there to the post-foundation perspective in Ernesto Laclau's work, starting from establishing four permanent themes throughout his work and which are scenarios for this displacement: the question about the constitution of society, a theory of the political subject, the subject of the political strategy and the issue of the project. Methodology: the research strategy envisages genealogical archaeology. On the one hand, archaeology allows for a synchronous analytical procedure for the study of the various stages in the author's work. On the other hand, genealogy makes it possible to conduct a diachronic study of the treatment of the four main themes in successive theoretical interventions. Conclusions: it shows how the ontological break has effects on subject theory, strategic conception and position of the future. The categories of hegemony and speech intervene in a new conceptual matrix which recognises the infinity of social as a historical and theoretical condition. Originality: the article brings to the knowledge of Ernesto Laclau's proposal, to explain the conditions for its post-marxist development and to establish conditions for dialogue in the field of political theory. ; RESUMEN. Objetivo/contexto: este artículo analiza el tránsito desde el marxismo al posmarxismo, y de allí a la perspectiva posfundacional en la obra de Ernesto Laclau, a partir de establecer cuatro temas permanentes a lo largo de toda su obra y que son escenarios de este desplazamiento: la pregunta por la constitución de la sociedad, una teoría del sujeto político, el asunto de la estrategia política y la cuestión del proyecto. Metodología: la estrategia de investigación contempla una arqueología genealógica. Por un lado, la arqueología permite un procedimiento analítico sincrónico para el estudio de las distintas etapas en la obra del autor. Por otro, la genealogía posibilita un estudio diacrónico del tratamiento de los cuatro grandes ...

International audience In the second half of the 20th century, the Swedish educational system was subject to two parallel processes of secularization and moralization. The decline of the state church's hold on schools was accompanied by a growing emphasis on ethics, sense of community and social commitment in curricula and teachers' mission. The establishment of a state-run nursery school (förskola) in the mid-1970s is a striking example of this cultural dynamic. Drawing on the development and promotion of the new guidelines for förskola in public debate, the article focuses on the interweaving of political and transcendent expectations linked to this project, beyond its patent utilitarian rationale: facilitating women's participation in the labour market. While standing as the culmination of the most authoritative psycho-evolutionary theories of the time, the 'work plan' for day-care staff converted these theories into a practical doctrine, regulating everyday interaction between adults and children: so-called dialogue pedagogics (dialogpedagogik). State-supported campaigns aimed at popularizing the förskola among broader segments of society (parents of young children, immigrants, etc.) were paralleled by the sacralisation of esoteric rituals, spatial arrangements and lexical choices that identify it. Systematically opposed to suffocating family bonds (or to the alienation of the commodity society), the förskola emerges – in the rhetoric of officials of the welfare state – as something greater than a childcare provider. It embodies an enchanted realm, where modern society may enact its redemption from harmful conflicts and detrimental bias, but also a non-adversarial universe impervious to rational assessment.

Digital technology, as well as serving as a research tool, is also a subject of study. Many disciplines have found new elements such as internet law, virtual ethnography or data mining in social networking, especially on the internet. This is also the case in culture and education. In short, more and more researchers and research work, in addition to studying digitalised culture, analyse digital culture and, on the other hand, there are lines of research which, in addition to viewing the internet as educational material, see the online environment as a new social and cultural condition for learning within and outside school. In other words, for culture and education, current technology does not go unnoticed. Both disciplines are currently rebuilding their developments and creating other narratives, anew to understand, value and develop their frameworks and practices in a new ecosystem, the digital ecosystem. ; La tecnología digital, además de servir como herramienta de investigación, también es un objeto de estudio. Muchas disciplinas han encontrado en el quehacer social en red, especialmente en internet, nuevos elementos para analizar, como el derecho de internet, la etnografía virtual o la minería de datos, por poner algunos ejemplos. Esto también sucede en la cultura y la educación. En pocas palabras, existen cada vez más investigadores y trabajos de investigación que, además de estudiar la cultura digitalizada, analizan la cultura digital y, por otra parte, existen líneas de investigación que además de ver internet como material educativo, ven el entorno online como una nueva condición social y cultural de aprendizaje dentro y fuera de la escuela. Esto es, para la cultura y la educación la tecnología actual no pasa desapercibida. En la actualidad ambas disciplinas están retomando sus desarrollos y creando otras narrativas, ávidas por entender, valorar y desarrollar sus encuadres y prácticas en un nuevo ecosistema, el digital.

Target Summary: To contribute to the knowledge of indicators for urban sustainability in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain, as it presented specific features in a territory with single administrative, fiscal, organisational and territorial management autonomy. Methodology: Literature review of the subject and official Bilbao documents on existing indicators and supported by statistical data to identify sustainability indicators; in addition, it was enriched with an interview with municipal civil servant and surveys on the site that helped to study the indicators presented. Results: This explains the importance of income/GDP/per capita in Bilbao and in the three capitals of Basque territory, where the strength and differences between its three main cities are expressed, as well as the comparison with Spain and other European countries. The most important economic problem in the city is also expressed through targeted surveys. The impact of mobility and space on people in Bilbao City and selected neighbourhoods was then analysed; in urban terms, the city and its county, as well as the historic territory of Bizkaia, where the largest population in the region is located, and its degrowth in the last two decades, were of importance; with regard to the environment, the importance of reducing energy consumption, reducing the use of private vehicles, the use of alternative transport and the tendency for water self-sufficiency, and the problem of possible flooding by the estuary in nearby areas are considered. Limitations: Better knowledge of indicators applicable to average cities, based on quantitative and qualitative data in urban planning and spatial planning, citizen participation strategies, economic and social impact of improving public services. Conclusions: The indicators stated that mobility-displacement and public space are important issues for the sustainability of a city of one million inhabitants, combined with the availability of economic, natural resources and the proper use of renewable energy improvements, ...

Information management in the digital age, in a scenario where artificial intelligence enables the processing of infinite personal data of citizens, is a subject on which the legal and social focus should be put. In addition to taking into account recent Community and Spanish legislation, it is also important to note the importance of new rights deriving from the protection of citizens' data by processing them electronically. Issues such as the right to be forgotten, the political impact of such data, the automation of decisions affecting us and the way in which data are used in education and health and their management by artificial intelligence are also remarkably topical. Thus, information management becomes a digital right from which consequences are drawn for many other fundamental rights, which are at the heart of this work, leading to a necessary combination of ethical and legal issues in the way AI systems are implemented in the way citizens' rights and personal data are managed. ; La gestión de la información en la era digital, en un escenario en el que la inteligencia artificial permite el tratamiento de infinidad de datos personales de los ciudadanos, es un tema sobre el que jurídica y socialmente conviene poner el foco. Además de tener presente la reciente regulación comunitaria y española, también hay que observar la importancia de nuevos derechos derivados de la protección de datos de los ciudadanos con el tratamiento informático de los mismos. Cuestiones como el derecho al olvido, la incidencia política de estos datos, la automatización de decisiones que nos afectan y el modo en el que se emplean en el ámbito educativo y sanitario los datos y su gestión por la inteligencia artificial, son también de notable actualidad. Así, la gestión de la información deviene en un derecho digital del que se extraen consecuencias para otros muchos derechos fundamentales, núcleo esencial de cuya reflexión se nutre el presente trabajo, concluyendo en una necesaria conjugación de las cuestiones éticas y jurídicas en ...

RECOGNISING Didactic materials become increasingly significant and functional. They are a learning resource that optimises the development of the teaching/learning process because of its relevance, by allowing the student's autonomy and cognitive independence. The intention of this work is to raise awareness of how the functional Morphology subject, which has traditionally been complex for students in any of the careers that include it in their curriculum, plays an important role in the curriculum of the Licenciatura in Physical Culture because it allows for the comprehensive interpretation of biological adaptation processes that occur as a result of the systematic practice of physical exercises and, moreover, constitutes the necessary basis for biologically substantiating the regularities that characterise the Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sports Entry, it may be less traumatic with the use of semi-didactic materials in the classroom. ; RESUMEN Los materiales didácticos adquieren cada vez mayor significación y funcionalidad. Son un recurso del aprendizaje que optimiza el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje por su pertinencia, al permitir la autonomía e independencia cognoscitiva del estudiante. La intención de este trabajo es dar a conocer cómo la asignatura Morfología funcional, que tradicionalmente ha sido compleja para los estudiantes de cualquiera de las carreras que la incluyen en su currículo, y que desempeña un importante papel en el plan de estudios de la carrera Licenciatura en Cultura Física porque permite la interpretación integral de los procesos de adaptación biológica que ocurren como resultado de la práctica sistemática de los ejercicios físicos y constituye, además, la base necesaria para fundamentar biológicamente las regularidades que caracterizan a la Teoría y Metodología de la Educación Física y el Entrenamiento Deportivo, puede resultar menos traumática con la utilización de materiales didácticos en la clase encuentro, semipresencial.

International audience Cultural quarters are defined as districts which agglomerate a lot of cultural activities (artists, theaters, etc.). They have been the subject of numerous studies focus on their economic and urban impacts. The purpose of this article is to question the social dimension of these cultural quarters by analyzing the positioning of the cultural players regarding the inhabitants. Does the spatial agglomeration of cultural activities allow the creation of meeting places open to the inhabitants within the cultural districts? The analysis is based on the study of two cultural districts: the Olivettes in Nantes and the Panier in Marseille. The methodology used combines semi-structured interviews and observation to question the cultural players but also the inhabitants and the local elected politicians. The investigations carried out reveal that the majority of the cultural players of the two districts contributes to the opening of the culture to the inhabitants. Some are involved in actions aimed explicitly at creating social links with the inhabitants. Others build informal relationships with the inhabitants. These informal relationships help to demystify artists and artistic places. The clusters of cultural activities rooted in the districts of Olivettes and Le Panier increase the magnitude of the links between the cultural players and the inhabitants by multiplying the meeting opportunities. The positioning, the actions and the local networks of cultural players of these two districts foster the development of social links with the inhabitants. ; Les quartiers culturels sont définis comme les territoires agglomérant de nombreuses activités culturelles (artistes, théâtres, etc.) à l'échelle d'une portion d'espace clairement identifiable. Ils ont fait l'objet de nombreux travaux visant à analyser leurs impacts économiques et urbains. L'objectif de cet article est d'interroger la dimension sociale de ces quartiers en analysant le positionnement des acteurs culturels qui y sont implantés vis-à-vis ...

510 517 36 4 ; S ; This paper was published in JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.36.000510. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law. [EN] Results from different authors showed deviations of radial orientation in the a*-b* plane (tilt) for the major axes of chromaticity-discrimination ellipses centered around the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) red color center [Color Res. Appl. 3, 149 (1978)], which are not considered by most of the current advanced color-difference formulas (e.g., CIEDE2000). We performed a visual experiment using red printed samples in order to test the influence of the separation between samples (gap) on the mentioned tilt. Our results confirm a counterclockwise tilt of fitted a*-b* ellipses with a magnitude of approximately 36 degrees for samples with no separation, which is similar to that detected by other authors, and a reduction of the mentioned tilt owing to the separation of the samples. We detected a tilt of approximately 22 degrees for samples with a black gap of 0.5 mm and a tilt of approximately 25 degrees for samples with a white gap of 3 mm. Notably, the uncertainty of previous values given by the corresponding credibility intervals of 95% posterior probability is approximately +/- 8 degrees of the mean values. Finally, we study the performance of the most widely used color-difference formulas in the graphic arts sector using our current experimental results, and conclude that the performance of the CAM02-SCD and CAM02-UCS color-difference formulas is significantly better than that of the CIEDE2000 formula. Brusola Simón, F.; Tortajada Montañana, I.; Jorda-Albiñana, B.; Melgosa, M. (2019). Parametric effects on the evaluation of threshold ...

Chronique classified in European Human Rights Law RDLF 2018, chron. No 09 Mot (s). ECtHR, ECtHR, geolocation, anti-doping struggle, sport, sportsmen, private life Par Mathieu Maisonneuve, seconded professor at the University of Saint-Joseph (Beirut) ECHR, 5nd sect., 18 January 2018, Fédération nationale des associations et des syndications sportsmes (FNASS) and Others v. France, Nos 48151/11 and 77769/13. All (or almost) doped? This only engages the populi vox. All (or almost) subject to a regime exorbitant from the ordinary law? This is provided for in global anti-doping law. A regime compatible with respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms of sportsmen and sportsmen? 'Second-class citizens', 'sub-citizen [s]', some of the legal literature questions. It is true that, from the right to a fair trial, and in particular to an independent and impartial tribunal, to the free disposal of its body, to the necessary proportionality of sanctions, the right to respect for private and family life, and the freedom to go and come, there is no lack of risk of infringement. On 18 January 2018, it was one of this that, by a judgment of the Chamber, the European Court of Human Rights ruled out: the inconventionality of the localisation obligations imposed on sportsmen and sportspersons belonging to a 'target group'; in other words, and in short, the threefold obligation incumbent on them, on pain of disciplinary action, to provide quarterly precise information on where they will be present, to indicate, for each day of the quarter concerned, a one-hour slot during which they will be available for inspection, and, if necessary, to update that information in good time. While the applications on which the Court ruled were formally directed against France, the scope of the judgment goes far beyond the question of the conventionality of the contested national provisions. The localisation obligations at issue, laid down in the Sports Code and specified in directives issued by the French Anti-Doping Agency (AFLD), are merely the ...

The speech against the "De Domnus" speech reported on a threefold debate, in which three figures spoke on the issue of 'intangible', a difficult point in stoïcian doctrine. The controversy written by stoïcian Bardesane, in reaction to the positions of the Albinus platonician, was examined by Ephrem le Syrian, Christian and anti-bardesanite polemist. He is the author of the speech and our only source of information on this controversy. However, the way in which Éphrem approaches the issue at issue is spontaneously platonician, sometimes close to stoicism, but fundamentally it is an astonishing theoretical reading of a subject that is debated between philosophical schools. ; International audience The Discourse against the Discourse 'De Domnus' is a three-part debate, in which three theologians discuss the question of « incorporeals », which is a difficult point of the Stoic doctrine. The polemic with the views of the Platonist Albinus, written by the Stoic Bardesan, was examined by Ephrem the Syrian, a Christian and an anti-Bardesanite polemicist, who is the author of the Discourse and our only source of information about this controversy. Ephrem addresses the contentious issue in a spontaneously Platonic manner, sometimes close to Stoicism, but fundamentally his Discourse is an astonishing theological reading of a theme that stirred debate between the two philosophical schools. ; The speech against the "De Domnus" speech reported on a threefold debate, in which three figures spoke on the issue of 'intangible', a difficult point in stoïcian doctrine. The controversy written by stoïcian Bardesane, in reaction to the positions of the Albinus platonician, was examined by Ephrem le Syrian, Christian and anti-bardesanite polemist. He is the author of the speech and our only source of information on this controversy. However, the way in which Éphrem approaches the issue at issue is spontaneously platonician, sometimes close to stoicism, but fundamentally it is an astonishing theoretical reading of a subject that is ...

1221 1224 42 7 ; S ; This paper was published in Optics Letters and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.42.001221. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law The use of an integrated asymmetrical directional coupler for two-mode transmission at 1550 nm is analyzed. The design is based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology and permits mode conversion and mode multiplexing/demultiplexing. In the nominal design, mode conversion and mode (de) multiplexing are achieved with 97% efficiency and a 23.4 dB crosstalk level in the 1540-1560 nm band using a 0.1 mu m gap. The dimension tolerance of the SOI process has been taken into account in the selection of the optimum design, and the coupling efficiency would remain above 82.3% (corresponding to 0.8 dB excess loss) with 3 sigma accuracy. A 90% efficiency has been experimentally obtained. García-Rodríguez, D.; Corral, JL.; Griol Barres, A.; Llorente Sáez, R. (2017). Dimensional variation tolerant mode converter/multiplexer fabricated in SOI technology for two-mode transmission at 1550 nm. Optics Letters. 42(7):1221-1224. doi:10.1364/OL.42.001221 Greenberg, M., & Orenstein, M. (2005). Multimode add-drop multiplexing by adiabatic linearly tapered coupling. Optics Express, 13(23), 9381. doi:10.1364/opex.13.009381 Uematsu, T., Ishizaka, Y., Kawaguchi, Y., Saitoh, K., & Koshiba, M. (2012). Design of a Compact Two-Mode Multi/Demultiplexer Consisting of Multimode Interference Waveguides and a Wavelength-Insensitive Phase Shifter for Mode-Division Multiplexing Transmission. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 30(15), 2421-2426. doi:10.1109/jlt.2012.2199961 Ding, Y., Xu, J., Da Ros, F., Huang, B., Ou, H., & Peucheret, C. (2013). On-chip two-mode division multiplexing using tapered directional coupler-based mode multiplexer and ...

This chapter presents the 2015 news on alliances, coalitions, collective security organisations, neutrality and non-alignment, as well as the military bases, facilities and facilities abroad of the main powers. It gives the key benchmarks, valid on the subject, in early 2016. ; International audience This chapter presents news from 2015 on alliances, coalitions, agencies of collective security, neutrality and non-alignment as well as bases, facilities and military installations abroad of the major powers. It provides essential, valid benchmarks on the subject, early 2016. ; This chapter presents the 2015 news on alliances, coalitions, collective security organisations, neutrality and non-alignment, as well as the military bases, facilities and facilities abroad of the main powers. It gives the key benchmarks, valid on the subject, in early 2016. ; Ce chapitre présente l'actualité de 2015 en matière d'alliances, coalitions, organismes de sécurité collective, neutralité et non- alignement ainsi que les bases, facilités et installations militaires à l'étranger des principales puissances. Il donne les repères essentiels, valables sur le sujet, début 2016.