Suchergebnisse

International migration, uneven in both time & space & concentrated in urban cities, is a major phenomenon within Western Europe, though these have not been considered classical immigration countries. While countries such as Belgium, Switzerland, & France had a long immigration history prior to WWII, countries such as the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, Austria & the Netherlands acquired their experience in the decades following WWII, & yet others such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece & Ireland were emigration countries until the last decade or two. European perception of immigration is less accepting than that of classical immigration countries, resulting in generally late & piecemeal development of national integration policies. Though the perceptions & policies may change in the future within the EU, the current situation remains incongruous & ambivalent. The Multicultural Policies & Modes of Citizenship in European Cities project (MPMC) was a cross-national research project focused on empirical study & comparison of local immigrant policies & political participation within European studies that was launched in 1996 & ends with the publication of this volume of in depth comparisons on selected topics. 35 References. L. Kehl

This chapter examines translocal relationships that link local governments and migrant organizations in a country of origin with those in a country of destination. Drawing on existing research, the discussion is guided by three interconnected questions: (i) What kinds of relations can be observed between local governments and immigrant organizations? (ii) What are the main driving factors for these relations? (iii) What is the impact of these relations on sending and destination societies? In addressing these questions, this chapter touches upon two overarching debates that are central in this publication. The first is the increasing prominence of the migration and development framework. Related to this, several European countries have established co-development programmes aimed at linking immigrants and their organizations to development processes in the region of origin, often with the intention of stimulating integration processes in destination countries as well. The second debate is related to this and centers on whether translocal linkages between migrant source and destination countries and integration in destination countries reinforce each other or are a zero-sum proposition.