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Behavioral variance among telephone interviewers (interviewer effect) was investigated using data from 11 national polls conducted by CBS News & the New York Times in 1980. The polls involved a total of 300 interviewers, of whom 245 submitted completed questionnaires; selected effects examined were generally small & tended to be inconsistent between one poll & another. Explanations for the inconsistencies were found in the political context in which the polls were held & the variable associations with the nonrandom regional distribution of Rs. Demographic variables -- sex, region, size of place, & number of household adults -- were used to test for random distribution of Ss. Implications for further research on interaction between interviewer & S characteristics are discussed. 1 Table. Modified HA.

Genau wie Telefongespräche oder face-to-face-Interviews stellen Telefoninterviews Sprechakte dar, die kultur- und sprachspezifischen Normen unterliegen. Telefoninterviews über sprachliche und kulturelle Grenzen hinweg müssen diese unterschiedlichen Normen des Sprachgebrauchs berücksichtigen. Übersetzte Fragestellungen müssen den Normen der Zielsprache entsprechen, standardisierte Übersetzungen reichen hier nicht aus. Eine zu wörtliche Übersetzung von Fragestellungen kann bei Untersuchungsprojekten, die Sprach- und Kulturgrenzen überschreiten, paradoxerweise die Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse beeinträchtigen. Unterschiedliche Sprachnormen betreffen die Eröffnung eines Gesprächs, Frage- und Antwortsequenzen sowie Themenwechsel. (ICE)

'Um Unterschiede in der Überzeugungskraft von Interviewern in telefonischen Befragungen besser zu verstehen, wird der Erklärungsbeitrag von Kontrollüberzeugungen der Interviewer für die Teilnahmebereitschaft von potentiellen Interviewpartnern an Befragungen bestimmt. Studien zu Kontrollüberzeugungen aus anderen Berufszweigen lassen die Annahme zu, dass Interviewer mit einer starken internalen Kontrollüberzeugung, die also das eigene Handeln und die gewählten Strategien als ausschlaggebend für Erfolg und Misserfolg erachten, höhere Erfolgsquoten aufweisen. Diese These wird anhand von Daten des am Robert Koch-Institut erhobenen Telefonischen Gesundheitssurveys 2007 überprüft. Wie sich in logistischen Mehrebenenregressionen zeigt, haben Interviewer mit hoher internaler Kontrollüberzeugung tatsächlich höhere Erfolgsquoten. Kontrollüberzeugungen der Interviewer und die damit verbundenen Nutzenerwartungen hinsichtlich der eigenen Bemühungen können somit einen eigenständigen Beitrag leisten, um die Unterschiede in den Erfolgsquoten der Interviewer zu erklären. Wie sich weiter zeigt, sind Kontrollüberzeugungen allerdings kein geeignetes Kriterium, um Interviewer für Anrufe mit einer schwierigen Ausgangsbasis auszuwählen.' (Autorenreferat)

Pt. I. Perspectives on Telephone Survey Methodology -- 1. Telephone Survey Methods: Adapting to Change / Clyde Tucker and James M. Lepkowski -- pt. II. Sampling and Estimation -- 2. Sampling and Weighting in Household Telephone Surveys / William D. Kalsbeek and Robert P. Agans -- 3. Recent Trends in Household Telephone Coverage in the United States / Stephen J. Blumberg, Julian V. Luke, Marcie L. Cynamon and Martin R. Frankel -- 4. Influence of Mobile Telephones on Telephone Surveys / Vesu Kuusela, Mario Callegaro and Vasja Vehavar -- 5. Methods for Sampling Rare Populations in Telephone Surveys / Ismael Flores Cervantes and Graham Kalton -- 6. Multiplicity-Based Sampling for the Mobile Telephone Population: Coverage, Nonresponse, and Measurement Issues / Robert Tortora, Robert M. Groves and Emilia Peytcheva -- 7. Multiple Mode and Frame Telephone Surveys / J. Michael Brick and James M. Lepkowski -- 8. Weighting Telephone Samples Using Propensity Scores / Sunghee Lee and Richard Valliant -- pt. III. Data Collection -- 9. Interviewer Error and Interviewer Burden / Lilli Japec -- 10. Cues of Communication Difficulty in Telephone Interviews / Frederick G. Conrad, Michael F. Schober and Wil Dijkstra -- 11. Oral Translation in Telephone Surveys / Janet Harkness, Nicole Schoebi, Dominique Joye, Peter Mohler, Timo Faass and Dorothee Behr -- 12. Effects of Mode and Format on Answers to Scalar Questions in Telephone and Web Surveys / Leah Melani Christian, Don A. Dillman and Jolene D. Smyth -- 13. Visual Elements of Questionnaire Design: Experiments with a CATI Establishment Survey / Brad Edwards, Sid Schneider and Pat Dean Brick -- 14. Mode Effects in the Canadian Community Health Survey: A Comparison of CATI and CAPI / Yves Beland and Martin St.-Pierre -- pt. IV. Operations -- 15. Establishing a New Survey Research Call Center / Jenny Kelly, Michael W. Link, Judi Petty, Kate Hobson and Patrick Cagney -- 16. CATI Sample Management Systems / Sue Ellen Hansen -- 17. Measuring and Improving Telephone Interviewer Performance and Productivity / John Tarnai and Danna L. Moore -- 18. Telephone Interviewer Voice Characteristics and the Survey Participation Decision / Robert M. Groves, Barbara C. O'Hare, Dottye Gould-Smith, Jose Benki and Patty Maher -- 19. Monitoring Telephone Interviewer Performance / Kenneth W. Steve, Anh Thu Burks, Paul J. Lavrakas, Kimberly D. Brown and J. Brooke Hoover -- 20. Accommodating New Technologies: Mobile and VoIP Communication / Charlotte Steeh and Linda Piekarski -- pt. V. Nonresponse -- 21. Privacy, Confidentiality, and Respondent Burden as Factors in Telephone Survey Nonresponse / Eleanor Singer and Stanley Presser -- 22. Use of Monetary Incentives to Reduce Nonresponse in Random Digit Dial Telephone Surveys / David Cantor, Barbara C. O'Hare and Kathleen S. O'Connor -- 23. Causes and Consequences of Response Rates in Surveys by the News Media and Government Contractor Survey Research Firms / Allyson L. Holbrook, Jon A. Krosnick and Alison Pfent -- 24. Response Rates: How have they Changed and Where are they Headed? / Michael P. Battaglia, Meena Khare, Martin R. Frankel, Mary Cay Murray, Paul Buckley and Saralyn Peritz -- 25. Aspects of Nonresponse Bias in RDD Telephone Surveys / Jill M. Montaquila, J. Michael Brick, Mary C. Hagedorn, Courtney Kennedy and Scott Keeter -- 26. Evaluating and Modeling Early Cooperator Effects in RDD Surveys / Paul P. Biemer and Michael W. Link

The impact of mode of data collection (self-administered questionnaire vs. telephone interview) on the emergence of response effects and the accuracy of recall from memory was explored in a cross-cultural experiment, conducted in the U.S. and the Federal Republic of Germany. As predicted on the basis of psychological considerations, question order effects were obtained under telephone interview conditions but not under self-administered conditions, where question order is eliminated by the opportunity to browse back and forth through the questionnaire. On the other hand, the impact of the content of related questions was more pronounced under self-administered than under telephone interview conditions, independent of the order in which they were presented. This reflects respondents' differential opportunity to elaborate on related questions under both administration modes, as well as the necessity to rely on the content of presumably related questions in determining the meaning of ambiguous questions under self-administered conditions. Finally, respondents' recall of the date of public events was more accurate under self-administered than under telephone interview conditions, reflecting the beneficial effect of having sufficient time to work on the recall task.