Suchergebnisse

Jevrejski istorijski muzej (JIM) u Beogradu predstavlјa jednu celovitu, po mnogo čemu jedinstvenu muzejsku ustanovu u Srbiji. To je jedini jevrejski muzej u našoj zemlјi, tematski specijalizovan, a sadržajno veoma kompleksan. Osim muzejskog materijala, Jevrejski istorijski muzej ima sopstveni, srazmerno veliki arhiv čija dokumentacija i foto-dokumentacija svedoči kako o Holokaustu, u kojem su mnoge jevrejske opštine bukvalno nestale, tako i o životu i aktivnostima jevrejskih zajednica iz Srbije i sa teritorije cele bivše Jugoslavije u 19, još više 20. veku, uklјučujući i savremene periode. Jevrejski istorijski muzej je osnovan 1948. godine u okviru Saveza jevrejskih opština bivše Jugoslavije. Zanimlјiva je činjenica da je ideja o osnivanju muzeja ovakvog tipa mnogo starija. Već posle prvog Redovnog kongresa Saveza jevrejskih veroispovednih opština Kralјevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca održanog 1921. godine u Zagrebu, bilo je predloga i planova za stvaranje muzeja - pravog mesta za čuvanje jevrejske baštine i kulturnog identiteta. Ipak, ova ideja nije ostvarena. Imajući u vidu Drugi svetski rat i događaje koju su usledili počev od 1941. godine u Jugoslaviji, sa ove vremenske distance, može se slobodno reći da je ״sreća u nesreći" što jevrejski muzej nije tada osnovan. Pošto je uspeo da se obnovi, kao vodeća institucija preživelih jevrejskih opština oslobođene Republike Jugoslavije, Savez se, u jesen 1945. godine, obratio svojim članicama sa molbom da prikupe sve raspoložive podatke o Holokaustu i učešću Jevreja u Norodnooslobodilačkoj borbi. Bio je to prvi, ali sasvim konkretan korak ka muzeju. Relativno brzo, u Zagrebu je formiran Muzejsko-istorijski odsek u okviru Pravnog odelјenja Saveza. Otpočelo je sistematsko traganje za sačuvanom arhivskom građom. Godine 1952. do tada sakuplјena građa je preselјena u Beograd, kada se nastavilo sa traganjem i sakuplјanjem. ״Odsek" je počeo da se razvija u pravcu kompletne muzejske ustanove. Te 1952. godine, organizovana je izložba povodom otkrivanja impresivnog spomenika Bogdana Bogdanovića na sefardskom groblјu u Beogradu, posvećenog jevrejskim žrtvama Holokausta. Povodom obeležavanja desetogodišnjice obnove, Savez je 1955. postavio još jednu izložbu o radu celokupne jevrejske zajednice u tadašnjoj Jugoslaviji. Za sve to vreme, kao osnivač i vlasnik Muzeja, Savez je bio u stalnom kontaktu sa svim svojim jevrejskim opštinama, obnovlјenim posle neviđenog stradanja 1941-1945. godine. Za zajednički Muzej i dalјe su stizali materijali koji su se odnosili na istoriju jugoslovenskih Jevreja. Pozivu Saveza su se odazivali i pojedinci, preživeli Jevreji koji su donosili poneki predmet ili porodične fotografije, kolekcionari čije su zbirke opstale sakrivene, i drugi . Mnogi su Muzeju zaveštali predmete iz porodičnih kuća od istorijskog, etnološkog ili umetničkog značaja, a povremeno je vršen i otkup eksponata, u zavisnosti od trenutnih uslova. Počev od datuma osnivanja, pa do 1959. godine, sakuplјen je muzejski i arhivski materijal, dovolјan da se iste godine otvori lepa, slikovita - prva stalna, muzejska postavka. Na dan 19. maja 1960. godine, za javnost je otvoren Muzej Saveza jevrejskih opština Jugoslavije, u istoj zgradi u kojoj je i Savez. Posle izvesnog vremena, naziv muzeja je preinačen u Jevrejski istorijski muzej (JIM), što mnogo više odgovara njegovoj nameni i sadržaju. Sa sakuplјanjem i stručnom obradom materijala se nastavilo, pa je 1969. godine otvorena druga stalna postavka Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja, znatno bogatija i izražajnija. Za njenu koncepciju je bila zaslužna prof. dr Vidosava Nedomački, prvi upravnik Muzeja. Posle raspada Jugoslavije 1992. godine, formiran je Savez jevrejskih opština Srbije u kojem se okupilo deset jevrejskih opština, koliko ih ukupno ima u našoj zemlјi. Status Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja ostao je isti - on je deo Saveza jevrejskih opština Srbije. Iako je u sastavu Saveza, Muzej se razvio u instituciju za sebe, sa svojim specifičnim životom, svojom stručnom ekipom i svojim poslovnim kontaktima sa drugim muzejima. S obzirom na to da je stalna izložbena postavka Muzeja otvorena mnogo pre raspada Jugoslavije, ona se bavi istorijskim, etnološkim i opštekulturnim temama vezanim za jevrejstvo celokupnog nekadašnjeg jugoslovenskog područja. Usled teških političkih i ekonomskih problema koji su, počev od 1992. godine pritiskali našu zemlјu, Srbiju, nisu se zasad stekli uslovi za izradu nove, drugačije koncipirane postavke. Međutim, ako imamo u vidu činjenicu da su Jevreji ovog dela Balkana imali zajedničku istoriju i kulturna obeležja - onda je neizbežno da i koncept nove postavke zadrži, bar delimično, širi pristup u svojoj budućoj prezentaciji. Zbog svega toga, a i zahvalјujući složenoj i veoma suptilno osmišlјenoj koncepciji, realna starost stalne izložbene postavke Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja nikome ne smeta, jer ne utiče na izvanredan kvalitet informacija o jevrejskoj istoriji i načinu života. ; The Jewish Historical Museum (JHM) in Belgrade is a comprehensive and, in manу ways, a unique museum in Serbia. It is the only Jewish museum in the country, thematically specialized, and very complex in terms of contents. Apart from museum exhibits, the Jewish Historical Museum also has its own, relatively large, archives whose documentation and photo documentation are testimony both of the Holocaust, during which manу Jewish communities literally perished, and of the life and activities of Jewish communities from Serbia and the whole territory of former Yugoslavia during the 19th and, even more, the 20th century, including the present times. The Jewish Historical Museum was founded in 1948, as part of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia. It is interesting to note that the idea of founding a museum of this type dates much further back. Already after the First Congress of the Federation of Jewish Religious Communities of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, held in 1921 in Zagreb, there were recommendations and plans concerning the foundation of such a museum as the right place to preserve the heritage and cultural identity. Yet, the idea had not materialized. Having in mind the World War II and the events that followed from 1941 in Yugoslavia, from this time perspective one could say that it is, in fact, a lucky coincidence that the Jewish museum had not been founded at that time. After the Federation managed to revive itself as the leading institution of the surviving Jewish communities of the liberated Republic of Yugoslavia, in autumn of 1945, it invited its members to collect all data available about the Holocaust and the participation of Jews in the National Liberation Movement. This was the first and very specific step towards founding a museum. Relatively soon afterwards, the Museum - Historical Department was established in Zagreb within the Legal Division of the Federation. Systematic efforts to identify and preserve the archives began. In 1952 all the archives collected until that time were moved to Belgrade, and the search and collection efforts continued. The ״Department" was beginning to develop towards a full museum institution. The same уеаг, 1952, an exhibition was organized on the occasion of launching the impressive monument by artist Bogdan Bogdanovic at the Sephardic cemetery in Belgrade, dedicated to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust. On the occasion of commemorating the tenth anniversary of its revival, in 1955, the Federation staged another exhibition on the topic of activities of the whole Jewish community in the then Yugoslavia. During that period, the Federation, as the founder and owner of the Museum, was in permanent contact with all the member Jewish communities that were revitalized after the unprecedented persecution during the period 1941-1945. The Museum continued to receive materials relevant to the history of Yugoslav Jews. The individual, surviving Jews also responded to the invitation of the Museum and contributed individual exhibits and family photographs, and there were contributions from collectors whose collections were hidden and preserved, and others as well. Маnу of them made legacies to the Museum containing artefacts from their families and homes, and these legacies possessed historical, ethnological and artistic value; also depending on its resources available the Museum on occasions also purchased exhibits. From its very establishment, until the уеаг 1959, the Museum had managed to collect sufficient museum and archive materials to establish that same уеаг a good and picturesque permanent museum exhibition. On 19 Мау 1960, the Museum of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia was opened to the public, in the same building which presently houses the Federation. Soon afterwards, the name of the Museum was changed to The Jewish Historical Museum (JHM), which is much better suited to its purpose and content. The collection and professional processing of collected materials continued, so that in 1969 the second permanent exhibition of the Jewish Historical Museum, much richer and more expressive, was presented. The credit for its concept goes to Vidosava Nedomacki, Ph.D., the first Museum Manager. After the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1992, The Federation of Jewish Communities of Serbia was established, consisting of ten Jewish communities, which is the total existing in our country. The status of the Jewish Historical Museum remained unchanged - it is an integral part of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Serbia. Although existing within the framework of the Federation, the Museum developed into an institution of its own right, living its own specific life, its professional team and business contacts with other museums. Since the permanent exhibition of the Museum was opened long before the disintegration of Yugoslavia, it deals with the historical, ethnological and general cultural topics relevant to the Jewery of the overall then Yugoslav region. Due to the grave political and economic difficulties which, beginning in 1992, overwhelmed our country, Serbia, it has not yet been possible to develop a new, differently designed museum exhibition. However, having in mind the fact that the Jews from this part of the Balkans have had a common history and cultural features - it is unavoidable that the concept of such a new exhibition should maintain, at least partially, a more comprehensive approach to such a presentation which will develop in the future. For all of these reasons, and thanks to the complex and subtly designed concept, the actual age of the permanent exhibition of the Jewish Historical Museum does not bother аnyone, as it does not have an impact on the excellent quality of information regarding Jewish history of the way of life. ; 2. dopunjeno izdanje (2nd enlarged edition). ; Uporedo srpski tekst i engleski prevod. ; Ilustracija za korice knjige: Tora i jad - pokazivač za tekst Tore iz Judaika zbirke Jevrejskog istorijskog muzeja (motive for the cover page: The Torah scroll with a Torah pointer from the Judaica collection of the Jewish Historical Museum).

Two things tend to be claimed about the modernist novel, as exemplified at its height by Virginia Woolf's The Waves (1931) — first, that it abandons the stability owed to conventional characterization, and second, that the narrow narration of intelligence alone survives the sacrifice. For The Waves, the most common way of putting this is to say that the novel contains "not characters, but characteristics," "not characters[,] but voices," but that the voices that remain capture "highly conscious intelligence" at work. Character fractures, but intelligence is enshrined."Artless: Ignorance in the Novel and the Making of Modern Character" argues that both of these presumptions are misplaced, and that the early moments of British modernism instead consolidated characterization around a form of ignorance, or what I call "artlessness" — a condition through which characters come to unlearn the educations that have constituted them, and so are able to escape the modes of knowledge imposed by the prevailing educational establishment. Whether for Aristotle or Hegel, Freud or Foucault, education has long been understood as the means by which subjects are formed; with social circumstances put in place before us, any idea of independent character is only a polite fiction. In fiction itself, this process is built into the form of the Bildungsroman, where the narrative ends only when socialization is secured, with fit elements absorbed into the social structure, and unfit elements expunged. With the passage of the Elementary Education Act of 1870, the British government was for the first time able to assert this influence explicitly, establishing secular state control of education and creating an enormous class of newly literate readers. Modernism's signature style — its baroque locutions, its obscure references — has most often been read as the attempt of educated elites to alienate these inexperienced readers by making literature intelligible only to the eminently intelligent. But when facing the state's newly acknowledged role in socializing subjects, novelists as otherwise antagonistic to one another's work as Henry James, Thomas Hardy, D. H. Lawrence, and the aesthetes of the Bloomsbury group, from Lytton Strachey and John Maynard Keynes to Virginia Woolf, all commonly responded, I contend, by resisting education's role in forming character in the first place. The figures who would go on to shape the modernist movement used their narratives to escape this pedagogical construct, imagining an alternative to the Bildungsroman model capable of chronicling an incremental divestment from social authority.This reversal of modernism's priorities offers to reorganize not only our understanding of the period, but of the function of character in structuring a reader's experience. Critics seldom imagine "modernist character" as a category deserving further definition. Gerard Genette famously suggested that there are no characters in Proust, because all are subject to the author's totalizing style. Recent inquiries, like Philip Weinstein's, Gregory Castle's, or Jed Esty's, entertain the very notion of modernist character only to suggest that it was sacrificed in favor of form. As this project uncovers, however, many of modernism's signature formal gestures — from stream of consciousness narration in James to minimalist depictions of the Great War in Lawrence — were first tested and contested as strategies for abetting artlessness in characterization. At root, "Artless" makes a case for the almost perfect convergence between a work's unraveling and its reader's reception; the works it considers aspire towards complete readerly accessibility, ultimately effacing any interference from intermediate authorities, even their authors.My first chapter, "The Educations of Isabel Archer," makes character's precedence over form explicit through comparison of a single scene in the two versions of Henry James's The Portrait of a Lady, the original 1881 edition alongside the New York Edition of 1906. Isabel, James's heroine, has long been read as the prototypical Bildungsroman protagonist, one whose intelligence is so penetrating that her education is achieved instantaneously when a mere glance arrests the history of her husband's onetime affair with her close friend. In the original 1881 edition, Isabel observes that "Madame Merle sat there in her bonnet," and when mere sentences later we find her "standing on the rug," the reader's shock can only be commensurate to Isabel's own. With the original sequence, James had in fact produced stream of consciousness narration, well before its recognized first appearance in Edouard Dujardin's 1887 Les Lauriers sont coupés. Yet with a single change to the New York Edition, James cancels a formal effect that had captured Isabel's intelligence at its most potent and immediate. What readers witness in the New York Edition is not Isabel's awakening knowledge, but her sudden ability to exorcise all that she has thus far been taught. When forced to choose between his character's independence from social constraint and the formal innovation of "sat," James chooses character. Isabel's passage from intelligence to ignorance between 1881 and 1906 thus signifies a reevaluation of the role of education in fiction across the period itself.Subsequent chapters track the role of formal and narrative structures in allowing readers to recognize — and ultimately embrace — artlessness. In the case of Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure (1895), as described in my second chapter, "Educational Epidemiology," the story of the "Fawley curse" provides a model for narrative's pedagogical potential: to have learned the story is to share in its misfortune. This model multiplies relentlessly, almost epidemiologically, so that the party at greatest risk becomes Hardy's own reader. By extending the pedagogical production of narrative beyond its own pages, Jude the Obscure frames the ease with which education entangles individuals in a social fabric, even against their will. We ourselves face a choice: between sympathy to Sue and Jude's characters, or obedience to the narrative form that has infected us. As the following chapter, "Knowing War in Women in Love," suggests, the curiously repetitive characterizations and tautological phrases that riddle D. H. Lawrence's 1920 novel capture how thoroughgoing artless representations must be to escape the pedagogical system entirely. In response to then contemporaneous changes to libel law and to philosophical disputes over the definition of personhood, Lawrence essentially removed the entire field of referential definition from the novel between drafts, excising the very connection between words and reference that allows a set of phrases to single out a person in particular. Lawrence's characters remain uncompromised by convention because their circumstances can never be named. Women in Love carries artlessness to a new extreme, marking the moment when the stakes of character became compelling enough to organize all else around it. Lawrence's characters operate in a world so thoroughly desocialized that they — with Lawrence's original readers — are able to overlook that even the most mobilizing social event of their lifetimes, the First World War, is unfolding on the novel's every page without ever being referenced.Artlessness's elaboration thus gives us a different way of accounting for the interests that informed the modernist moment: character in fact predominated over form, ignorance over intelligence. But in the high style of the Bloomsbury group, by which modernism is best known, these values appear obviously inverted. My final chapter, "Time Passes: How Bloomsbury Civilized Ignorance," concludes by alternating between early and late moments in Bloomsbury's collective career to uncover what became of modernist character. Early expressions of artlessness, such as Strachey's portrait of the headmaster of Rugby, Dr. Thomas Arnold, in the briefest, most withering, and most personal sketch of Eminent Victorians (1918), have simply grown to exaggerated proportions by the time of Queen Victoria (1921). So total there is Strachey's tone that all of Queen Victoria becomes an encounter with ignorance, refusing to allow intelligence to penetrate for even a moment. Alternatively, the assertions of old age cast prior achievements in a new light. Through John Maynard Keynes's 1938 essay "My Early Beliefs," where he regrets his Cambridge contemporaries' blithe indifference towards time, Keynes's efforts in The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) can be freshly read not as a send-up of the stupidity that had marred the Paris Peace Conference, but as an attempt instead to force an alternative treatment of time. The graying heads of state have read Europe's recent past with the complacent quiescence owed to a completed Bildungsroman, and by animating the temporality of what he repeatedly calls "the character of the Peace," Keynes endeavors to unlearn that assumption. This chapter concludes by considering Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse (1927), a novel that in its pivotal section, "Time Passes," seems to fragment character in favor of style just as much as contemporary critical accounts of modernism have alleged. Yet I argue that the central figure of "Time Passes" is not Lily Briscoe or Mrs. Ramsay, but Mrs. Bast, the unschooled and ostensibly unimportant housekeeper, whose sole attestation is that she "never knew the family." Mrs. Bast, I suggest, is in fact Jacky Bast, the wife of E.M. Forster's Leonard in Howards End, the clerk whose fatal flirtation with education forms the basis of many charges of modernism's intellectual elitism. Yet by amending Forster's story, a coherent concept of character, rooted in ignorance, survives even "Time Passes," and better still, is responsible for putting it into order.If modernism maintains no interest in alienating the masses, this dissertation ultimately allows us to consider who is meant to read modernist texts, and for what purpose. As critics, I contend, we have potentially long been engaged in overreading modernism. The widespread puzzlement of Women in Love's every critic is proof alone that it is not intended to reward the intellectual efforts of professional scholars. "Artless" then not only names a particular historical phenomenon, a teleology by which modernism was made, but also supplies a theory of reading practice. For all the intelligence ascribed to Henry James or to the Bloomsbury set, what we witness in James's revision of "sat," or in Keynes's willingness to undermine the certainty of even his own economic forecasts, is an essential effacement of authorial authority. Artlessness finally amounts to a conviction that characters are capable of spelling their own terms, free from even the interference of their authors. The process is obvious, even automatic. Any reader then is capable of seeing artlessness unfold, and of watching the hold of any prior determinant, be it the missteps of one's own education, or officially sanctioned history, or the novel as a genre, gradually lose its influence. By encountering artless texts, it is the reader of the early modernist novel, irrespective of class or background, who comes to unlearn.

Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution. ; A full list of acknowledgments appears in the Supplementary Note 4. Co-author A.J.M.d.C. recently passed away while this work was in process. This work was performed under the auspices of the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium. We acknowledge the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium for encouraging CHARGE studies to participate in this effort and for the contributions of CHARGE members to the analyses conducted for this research. Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (41071, 77299, 102318, 110413, 117787, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129378, 134309, 286284); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abelló A/S; Althingi; American Heart Association (13POST16500011); Amgen; Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies; Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabète Risque Vasculaire; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389927, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; BHF (RG/14/5/30893); Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200), Bristol-Myers Squibb; British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/28456, RG2008/08, RG2008/014, SP/04/002); Medical Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes for Health Research (FRCN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Cavadis B.V., Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Genomics; CFI; CIHR; City of Kuopio; CNAMTS; Cohortes Santé TGIR; Contrat de Projets État-Région; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-1333-00124, DFF-1331-00730B); County Council of Dalarna; Dalarna University; Danish Council for Strategic Research; Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Health, UK; Development Fund from the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Diabetes UK; Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Fellowship; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dr Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute; Dutch Kidney Foundation (E033); Dutch Ministry of Justice; the DynaHEALTH action No. 633595, Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch Government; Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; Erasmus MC and Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipality of Rotterdam; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Research Roadmap through the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant and 323195:SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Commission (018947, 018996, 201668, 223004, 230374, 279143, 284167, 305739, BBMRI-LPC-313010, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EU-MASCARA, HEALTH-2011-278913, HEALTH-2011-294713-EPLORE, HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F2-2013-601456, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550-HYPERGENES, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, IMI/115006, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, LSHM-CT-2004-005272, LSHM-CT-2006-037697, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT-2002-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Fédération Française de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Fondation Leducq; Food Standards Agency; Foundation for Strategic Research; French Ministry of Research; FRSQ; Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the NIH; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); GlaxoSmithKline; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; Göteborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Healthcare NHS Trust; Healthway; Western Australia; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health; Hjartavernd; Ingrid Thurings Foundation; INSERM; InterOmics (PB05 MIUR-CNR); INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN, 09.001); Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (FaReBio di Qualità); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands; J.D.E. and Catherine T, MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International; KfH Stiftung Präventivmedizin e.V.; King's College London; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); La Fondation de France; Leenaards Foundation; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundberg Foundation; Magnus Bergvall Foundation; MDEIE; Medical Research Council UK (G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, MC_U106179471, MC_UU_12019/1); MEKOS Laboratories; Merck Santé; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, The Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Netherlands; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport in the Republic of Croatia (108-1080315-0302); MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme (G0701863); MSD Stipend Diabetes; National Institute for Health Research; Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2013(1)-28); Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative (CVON2011-19); Netherlands Genomics Initiative (050-060-810); Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032, NHS2010B280); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (56-464-14192, 60-60600-97-118, 100-001-004, 261-98-710, 400-05-717, 480-04-004, 480-05-003, 481-08-013, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 911-11-025, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, BBMRI–NL 184.021.007, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MW 940-38-011, Middelgroot-911-09-032, NBIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024, Spinozapremie 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2007.006); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health (1RC2MH089951, 1Z01HG000024, 24152, 263MD9164, 263MD821336, 2R01LM010098, 32100-2, 32122, 32108, 5K99HL130580-02, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, AG13196, CA047988, DA12854, DK56350, DK063491, DK078150, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, ES10126, HG004790, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN271201100004C, HL043851, HL45670, HL080467, HL085144, HL087660, HL054457, HL119443, HL118305, HL071981, HL034594, HL126024, HL130114, KL2TR001109, MH66206, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01C55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC95159, N01HC95160, N01HC95161, N01HC95162, N01HC95163, N01HC95164, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169, N01HG65403, N01WH22110, N02HL6‐4278, N01-HC-25195, P01CA33619, R01HD057194, R01HD057194, R01AG023629, R01CA63, R01D004215701A, R01DK075787, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK075787, R01DK089256, R01HL53353, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, R01HL120393, R03 AG046389, R37CA54281, RC2AG036495, RC4AG039029, RPPG040710371, RR20649, TW008288, TW05596, U01AG009740, U01CA98758, U01CA136792, U01DK062418, U01HG004402, U01HG004802, U01HG007376, U01HL080295, UL1RR025005, UL1TR000040, UL1TR000124, UL1TR001079, 2T32HL007055-36, T32GM074905, HG002651, HL084729, N01-HC-25195, UM1CA182913); NIH, National Institute on Aging (Intramural funding, NO1-AG-1-2109); Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces; Novartis Pharma; Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Nutricia Research Foundation (2016-T1); ONIVINS; Parnassia Bavo group; Pierre Fabre; Province of Groningen; Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; Research into Ageing; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; Roche; Royal Society; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Government Health Directorates, Chief Scientist Office (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Société Francophone du 358 Diabète; State of Bavaria; Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor; Stockholm County Council (560183, 592229); Strategic Cardiovascular and Diabetes Programmes of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Diabetes Foundation (2013-024); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197, 20150711); Swedish Research Council (0593, 8691, 2012-1397, 2012-1727, and 2012-2215); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Swiss National Science Foundation (3100AO-116323/1, 31003A-143914, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 51RTP0_151019); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Technology Foundation STW (11679); The Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community (G.0880.13, G.0881.13); The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River Region of Western Australia; Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2011036), Umeå University; University Hospital of Regensburg; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Michigan; University of Utrecht; Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) (b2011036); Velux Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research; Västra Götaland Foundation; Wellcome Trust (068545, 076113, 079895, 084723, 088869, WT064890, WT086596, WT098017, WT090532, WT098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; and Åke Wiberg Foundation. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the National Institutes of Health (NIH); or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ; Peer Reviewed

La revista Tendencias de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y dministrativas de la Universidad de Nariño, una vez más entra en la escena académica regional y nacional con el segundo número de 2014, un año muy importante para el desarrollo de la Revista, que no solo busca mantenerse vigente al ofrecer este espacio para la publicación de resultados de investigación; de reflexión y de revisión sobre temas afines a la realidad contemporánea, verdadero apoyo para la formación de profesionales. Además, procura cada día actualizar sus sistemas de afiliación a las redes, que en algunos casos significa romper con un determinado esquema de organización, siempre con el firme propósito de contribuir a una mayor y mejor calidad de publicación y divulgación ajustadas al respectivo semestre de aparición.En este número presentamos tres artículos resultados de investigaciones: los dos primeros de la Universidad de Nariño: el profesor Luis Hernando Portillo Riascos escribe sobre Extractivismo clásico y neoextractivismo, ¿dos tipos de extractivismos diferentes? I Parte, donde el autor hace un importante aporte al debate sobre los tipos de Extractivismo y realiza un análisis de los principales cambios del marco regulatorio del sector petrolero de Colombia y Ecuador, relacionados con la intervención del Estado y los modelos de explotación para conocer su impacto. El segundo es de los profesores Carlos Córdoba-Cely, Francisco Javier Villamarín Martínez y Harold Bonilla quienes abordan el tema sobre Innovación social: aproximación a un marco teórico desde las disciplinas creativas del diseño y las ciencias sociales, en el que se hace una propuesta de carácter multidisciplinar para articular el diseño y el emprendimiento empresarial con las ciencias sociales, especialmente la sociología. Y el tercer artículo de investigación es de los profesores de la Universidad del Rosario Giovanni E. Reyes y Sandra Milena Chacón Colombia 2003-2013: estructura y tendencias de las exportaciones, un estudio de las exportaciones colombianas y de los países destinatarios en el que queda manifiesto la constante de los montos de la demanda de Colombia con las modificaciones con respecto a Venezuela y China; y muestra además los desafíos que enfrenta Colombia en su comercio internacional.Entre los artículos de reflexión de investigaciones en curso presentamos cuatro artículos: de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia los profesores Alberto Romero y Mary Analí Vera-Colina abordan el tema sobre Las empresas transnacionales y los países en desarrollo en el que se hace un planteamiento sobre la caracterización de las empresas transnacionales, su importancia e impacto en los países en desarrollo a partir de la sistematización de información relacionada; de la Universidad de La Salle, el profesor Gonzalo Cómbita Mora escribe acerca de Entre el realismo y la abstracción: una evaluación metodológica de la macroeconomía, en el que muestra cómo la macroeconomía moderna está formada por una serie de pensamientos que permiten, de una parte el enriquecimiento del debate, y de otra el avance de la ciencia. Y que sin embargo, dicha pluralidad ha sido anulada por el dominio del enfoque mainstream, obstaculizando el progreso de la macroeconomía.De la Universidad Mariana de Pasto, los profesores Carlos Castillo Muñoz, Jorge Xavier Córdoba Martínez y José Luis Villarreal presentan el tema Estándares internacionales de educación (IES) en contabilidad y aseguramiento: nuevos retos de la profesión contable en el que se refieren al ejercicio profesional del Contador Público en el país, pero también su inserción en el ámbito internacional. Sus reflexiones van más allá al involucrar a la educación superior en la responsabilidad de su adecuada formación. Y de la Universidad del Tolima el profesor Gonzalo Camacho Vásquez en su artículo El enfoque Problémico tomasino a la luz del saber cómo problema, hace un análisis crítico de los planes de asignatura de aulas virtuales de aprendizaje de los programas de pregrado desde el enfoque tomasino.Dos profesores, Ernesto Galvis-Lista de la Universidad del Magdalena y Jenny Marcela Sánchez-Torres de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, abordan en un artículo de revisión la temática sobre la Evaluación de la gestión del conocimiento: una revisión sistemática de literatura, dentro de dos maneras de análisis: uno de carácter cienciométrico básico, y otro de contenidos relacionados con una serie de aspectos de los modelos como la estructura, la función y objetivo de la evaluación, métodos de investigación, sectores económicos de aplicación, entre otros. Finalmente, presentamos el ensayo De programa de salud ocupacional a sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, un aporte sobre Salud Ocupacional, desde la perspectiva y experiencia del doctor Carlos Patiño Bucheli, como factor decisivo en cualquier espacio laboral.Expresamos nuestro agradecimiento a cada uno de los autores de los diferentes tipos de artículos que se publican en este número, extendemos una fraternal invitación a todas las universidades de la región y del país para que nos presenten sus propuestas de publicación, y hacemos un llamado universitario a los grupos de investigación tanto de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas como del resto de la Universidad de Nariño para que continúen liderando investigaciones que permitan la divulgación clara y precisa de los avances de las distintas áreas del conocimiento. La Revista, factor de desarrollo académico, ha recibido el constante apoyo desde la Decanatura, aspecto que resaltamos y agradecemos.LA DIRECTORA PRESENTATIONTendencias, the journal of the School of Economics and Management, as part of the University of Nariño, offers in this issue an important achievement as part of the development process regarding its own contents. Here, we present articles which are products of specific and updated research, and articles more oriented in terms of theoretic, conceptual and qualitative basis, as well. All our topics and presentations aim to be effective tools for learning processes.We in Tendencias, are trying to update our links to national and international scientific networks. Sometimes this effort implies to carry out changes, improvements and innovations in terms of organizational work. Our permanent purpose is to increase the quality of our publication. In this issue we present three products of research. Two of them from the Universidad de Nariño; first: professor Luis Hernando Portillo Riascos writes about extractivism and neo-extrativism processes, a first part of a set of research outcomes. Here a comparison between regulatory oil sector conditions is analyzed specifically for Ecuador and Colombia. Governmental controls and exploitation models are taken into account.Second, an article by professors: Carlos Andrés Córdoba Cely, Francisco Javier Villamarín Martínez and Harold Bonilla, addresses the topic concerning theoretical basis for social innovation from a sociological perspective. They suggest a multidisciplinary model about formulation of entrepreneurship, based on sociological conceptual basis.A third research article is written by Giovanni E. Reyes and Sandra Milena Chacón, both part of the faculty of Universidad del Rosario. This article deals with structure and trends of exports from Colombia, during 2003-2013. It shows dynamical processes belonging to the main Colombian international partners, such as Venezuela, United States and China. This article points out what are the major challenges Colombian economy needs to face in terms of international marketplaces.Another set of four articles underlines rather thoughtful features. The first one by professors Alberto Romero and Mary Analí Vera-Colina –from Universidad Nacional de Colombia- addresses a topic with current and important repercussions, namely the transnational enterprises and their relationships with less developed countries. In this contribution principal features, impact and influences in development aspects are discussed.Professor Gonzalo Cómbita Mora –Universidad de La Salle- writes about a perspective derived from realism and abstraction, as basis of perception and characterization of macroeconomics. It shows how the sphere of macroeconomic principles and applications is founded in basic notions from which scientific debated rise, as well as the advancing processes of this discipline. However, and according to this article, the mainstream-predominant macroeconomic vision has been a sort of obstructionist element for theoretical improvements.In other article, professors Carlos Castillo Muñoz, Jorge Xavier Córdoba Martínez and José Luis Villareal –Universidad Mariana de Pasto– take into account main features related to international standards for education concerning accounting and insurance. They frame their claims within conditions of Colombian society and international links with international universities. They underline the importance of a comprehensive formation of human capital for those two areas of study.Professor Gonzalo Camacho Vásquez –University del Tolima- holds a critical analysis in his article devoted to views approaching problematic perceptions from a "tomasino" standpoint. He addresses teaching-learning processes as part of methodologies based on virtual education within the scope of undergraduate studies.Two professors from the Universidad del Magdalena, Ernesto Galvis-Lista y Jenny Marcela Sánchez-Torres, write about the topic of knowledge management, particularly in terms of a systematic literature review. To accomplish their goal, these authors use two approaches: (i) scientific assessment; and (ii) a rather qualitative method which takes into account –among other criteria– structure, functions, economic sectors for applying knowledge and aims of appraisal.Finally, this issue presents an essay devoted to occupational health program management, with the specific target of safety and health issues at work -a critical factor of the general labor sphere. It is a contribution from Salud Ocupacional. This article is based on the perspective and work experience of Dr. Carlos Patiño Bucheli.We want to express our recognition to each one of the authors whose work is published in this issue. We want to extend a fraternal invitation to all universities in the region and Colombia as a whole, to submit their proposals for publication as part of our journal. We call the research groups that belong to the School of Economics and Management, and the rest of the Universidad de Nariño, to continue in the task of leading the scientific research in several areas of knowledge. This journal, as a factor of academic development, has received constant support from the dean office at the School of Economics and Management. We want to highlight this sponsorship; we are sincerely grateful for that.THE DIRECTOR

The direct estimation of heritability from genome-wide common variant data as implemented in the program Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) has provided a means to quantify heritability attributable to all interrogated variants. We have quantified the variance in liability to disease explained by all SNPs for two phenotypically-related neurobehavioral disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS), using GCTA. Our analysis yielded a heritability point estimate of 0.58 (se = 0.09, p = 5.64e-12) for TS, and 0.37 (se = 0.07, p = 1.5e-07) for OCD. in addition, we conducted multiple genomic partitioning analyses to identify genomic elements that concentrate this heritability. We examined genomic architectures of TS and OCD by chromosome, MAF bin, and functional annotations. in addition, we assessed heritability for early onset and adult onset OCD. Among other notable results, we found that SNPs with a minor allele frequency of less than 5% accounted for 21% of the TS heritability and 0% of the OCD heritability. Additionally, we identified a significant contribution to TS and OCD heritability by variants significantly associated with gene expression in two regions of the brain (parietal cortex and cerebellum) for which we had available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Finally we analyzed the genetic correlation between TS and OCD, revealing a genetic correlation of 0.41 (se = 0.15, p = 0.002). These results are very close to previous heritability estimates for TS and OCD based on twin and family studies, suggesting that very little, if any, heritability is truly missing (i.e., unassayed) from TS and OCD GWAS studies of common variation. the results also indicate that there is some genetic overlap between these two phenotypically-related neuropsychiatric disorders, but suggest that the two disorders have distinct genetic architectures. ; Judah Foundation ; NIH ; Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics (TSAICG) ; New Jersey Center for Tourette Syndrome and Associated Disorders ; NIMH ; Obsessive Compulsive Foundation ; Ontario Mental Health Foundation ; Tourette Syndrome Association ; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) ; Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA) ; University of British Columbia ; Michael Smith Foundation ; American Recovery and Re-investment Act (ARRA) ; Australian Research Council ; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council ; German Research Foundation ; NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative [GEI] ; Gene Environment Association Studies (GENEVA) under GEI ; NIH GEI ; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ; National Institute on Drug Abuse ; Univ Chicago, Dept Med, Med Genet Sect, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ; Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Psychiat,Sch Med, Psychiat & Neurodev Genet Unit,Ctr Human Genet Re, Boston, MA USA ; Broad Inst Harvard & MIT, Stanley Ctr Psychiat Res, Cambridge, MA USA ; Univ Chicago, Dept Med, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ; Univ Chicago, Dept Human Genet, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ; Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Analyt & Translat Genet Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA ; Univ Queensland, Diamantina Inst, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia ; Univ Queensland, Queensland Brain Inst, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia ; Univ Hlth Network, Toronto Western Res Inst, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada ; Univ Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy ; Hadassah Hebrew Univ Med Ctr, Herman Dana Div Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Jerusalem, Israel ; Univ Pontificia Bolivariana, Univ Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia ; Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Yale Univ, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ; Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06510 USA ; North Shore Long Isl Jewish Med Ctr, Manhasset, NY USA ; NYU Med Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA ; North Shore Long Isl Jewish Hlth Syst, Manhasset, NY USA ; Hofstra Univ, Sch Med, Hempstead, NY 11550 USA ; Inst Nacl Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; UCL, London, England ; Univ Hong Kong, Dept Psychiat, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China ; Univ São Paulo, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, São Paulo, Brazil ; Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Utrecht, Dept Clin & Hlth Psychol, Utrecht, Netherlands ; Altrecht Acad Anxiety Ctr, Utrecht, Netherlands ; Univ Milan, Osped San Raffaele, I-20127 Milan, Italy ; Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA ; Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ; Univ Montreal, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; Univ Calif Los Angeles, Keck Sch Med, Div Biostat, Dept Preventat Med, Los Angeles, CA USA ; Univ Illinois, Dept Psychiat, Inst Juvenile Res, Chicago, IL 60612 USA ; Univ Ghent, Lab Pharmaceut Biotechnol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium ; Inst Pasteur, Paris, France ; French Natl Sci Fdn, Fondat Fondamental, Creteil, France ; Hop Robert Debre, AP HP, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, F-75019 Paris, France ; Univ Montreal, Dept Psychiat, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada ; Univ Wurzburg, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat Psychosomat & Ps, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany ; Univ Munich, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Munich, Germany ; Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT USA ; Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Massachusetts Gen Hosp,OCD Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Univ Med Greifswald, Helios Hosp Stralsund, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany ; Butler Hosp, Brown Med Sch, Dept Psychiat & Human Behav, Providence, RI 02906 USA ; Shaare Zedek Med Ctr, Neuropediatr Unit, Jerusalem, Israel ; Rutgers State Univ, Dept Genet, Human Genet Inst New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ USA ; Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Psychiat, ZA-7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa ; Univ São Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Psychiat, BR-05508 São Paulo, Brazil ; Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Parkinsons Dis Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA ; Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Movement Disorders Clin, Houston, TX 77030 USA ; Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Boston, MA 02114 USA ; Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth, Neurogenet Sect, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Univ Toronto, Dept Psychiat, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Yale Child Study Ctr, New Haven, CT 06510 USA ; Overlook Hosp, Atlantic Neurosci Inst, Summit, NJ USA ; Carracci Med Grp, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; Inst Mondor Rech Biomed, Creteil, France ; Yale Univ, Ctr Child Study, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ; Univ Bonn, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Bonn, Germany ; Univ Illinois, Dept Psychiat, Inst Human Genet, Chicago, IL 60612 USA ; Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Psychiat, MRC Unit Anxiety & Stress Disorders, ZA-7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa ; Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA USA ; UCI, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Human Behav, Irvine, CA USA ; Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA ; NIMH Intramural Res Program, Clin Sci Lab, Bethesda, MD USA ; Med City Dallas Hosp, Dept Clin Res, Dallas, TX USA ; Univ Med Ctr, Rudolf Magnus Inst Neurosci, Dept Psychiat, Utrecht, Netherlands ; Univ Calif Los Angeles, Semel Inst Neurosci & Human Behav, Ctr Neurobehav Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA ; Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06510 USA ; Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Zilkha Neurogenet Inst, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ; Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Biobehav Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ; Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ; Partners Psychiat & McLean Hosp, Boston, MA USA ; Sunnybrook Hlth Sci Ctr, Frederick W Thompson Anxiety Disorders Ctr, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada ; St George Hosp, London, England ; Sch Med, London, England ; Hosp Nacl Ninos Dr Carlos Saenz Herrera, San Jose, Costa Rica ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, Child & Adolescent Psychiat Unit UPIA, São Paulo, Brazil ; Wayne State Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Neurosci, Detroit, MI 48207 USA ; Detroit Med Ctr, Detroit, MI USA ; McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; Univ Cologne, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, D-50931 Cologne, Germany ; Univ Fed Bahia, Univ Hlth Care Serv SMURB, Salvador, BA, Brazil ; Youthdale Treatment Ctr, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Johns Hopkins Univ Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA ; Univ Cape Town, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa ; Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Dept Med Genet, Utrecht, Netherlands ; Vanderbilt Univ, Kennedy Ctr Res Human Dev, Dept Psychiat, Nashville, TN 37235 USA ; Vanderbilt Univ, Kennedy Ctr Res Human Dev, Dept Pediat & Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37235 USA ; Vanderbilt Univ, Inst Brain, Nashville, TN 37235 USA ; Univ Zurich, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Zurich, Switzerland ; Univ Wurzburg, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany ; Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Psychiat, NL-1105 BC Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Inst Royal Netherlands Acad Arts & Sci NIN KNAW, Netherlands Inst Neurosci, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; NIMH Intramural Res Program, Unit Stat Genom, Bethesda, MD USA ; Univ Utah, Dept Psychiat, Salt Lake City, UT USA ; Natl Inst Genom Med SAP, Carracci Med Grp, Mexico City, DF, Mexico ; Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Ctr Neurogen & Cognit Res, Dept Funct Genom, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Dept Clin Genet, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Univ Michigan, Dept Psychiat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ; Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, Dept Clin Genet, Sect Med Genom, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; German Ctr Neurodegenerat Dis, Tubingen, Germany ; Hosp Sick Children, Program Genet & Genome Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada ; Erasmus MC, Dept Clin Genet, Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Univ British Columbia, British Columbia Mental Hlth & Addict Res Inst, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada ; Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Cognit & Behav Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, Child & Adolescent Psychiat Unit UPIA, São Paulo, Brazil ; NIH: NS40024 ; NIH: NS16648 ; NIH: MH079489 ; NIH: MH073250 ; NIH: NS037484 ; NIH: 1R01MH079487-01A1 ; NIH: K20 MH01065 ; NIH: R01 MH58376 ; NIH: MH085057 ; NIH: MH079494 ; NIH: HHSN268200782096C ; NIMH: R01MH092293 ; American Recovery and Re-investment Act (ARRA): NS40024-07S1 ; American Recovery and Re-investment Act (ARRA): NS16648-29S1 ; Australian Research Council: FT0991360 ; Australian Research Council: DE130100614 ; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council: 1047956 ; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council: 1052684 ; German Research Foundation: DFG GR 1912/1-1 ; NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative [GEI]: U01 HG004422 ; NIH GEI: U01HG004438 ; : R01 MH090937 ; : P50MH094267 ; Web of Science

Diffusion du document : publique Diplôme : Dr. d'Universite ; The French government has committed itself to an ambitious target of boosting the offshore wind power capacity to reach 6 GW by 2020. Wind turbines onshore as well as offshore are highly contested on visual grounds. Affected stakeholders, ranging from business and property owners, fishermen and elected municipal planners, fear significant negative economic impacts on their 'business' or their 'property'. In the French Mediterranean region of the Languedoc Roussillon, the expectation is that the tourist industry will be chagrined in the presence of an offshore wind farm – giving a windy and cemented image of the region. Since talks began about 10 years ago, on the potential for 'harvesting' the winds of the Mediterranean Sea, many postulates have been made with regard to the impact on coastal tourism. In particular, resistance mounted when plans to include the Languedoc Roussillon in the 2011 tender for the construction of 2 GW wind power capacity were materialising. In this light, it was considered of pertinence to investigate how offshore wind farms, installed at realistic distances from the coast (5, 8 or 12 km), would affect coastal tourism. Additionally, it was considered of interest to help define strategies that coastal community resort may adopt to boost visiting numbers or profit margins with or without wind farms. To answer these questions a full-scale choice experiment valuation survey with over 350 tourists was undertaken in the summer of 2010 on Languedoc beaches. Our survey results show (in chapter 3) that average visual disamenity costs tends to zero, when an offshore wind farm is installed somewhere between 8 and 12 km from the shore. We also find that there is considerable demand for "sustainable" coastal community resorts that favours local produce, bicycling, public transport, energy and water saving devices. Thus, our estimates show that a wind farm installed 8 km from the shore could be 'compensated for' through the simultaneous 'greening' of the coastal community resort. If in addition a wind farm is associated with artificial reefs and recreational user access, our results point to an actual rise in tourist related revenues when the wind farm is located min. 5 km from the coast. The policy recommendation is thus two fold: Everything else equals, a wind farm located 12 km offshore will have no negative incidence on tourism. With simultaneous application of a coherent environmental policy and wind farm associated recreational activities, wind farm siting can be conceived from 5 km and outwards. In a latter stage (chapter 5) we explicit account for the well-established fact that humans' over-estimate losses compared with equal-sized gains, in our econometric estimations. By incorporating so-called gain-loss asymmetry in the utility function, we observe that the WTP to remove wind farms had they already been installed is half the compensation required to accept their presence during a vacation. The disamenity costs associated with wind farm installation are thus of a significantly smaller magnitude had the wind farms already been installed. On the other hand, the welfare benefits associated with eco-efficiency and wind farm associated recreational activities are larger had they already been invigorated. The verdict is that asymmetry should be accounted for, or at least recognised in stated preference valuation studies that simultaneously use utility increasing and utility decreasing attributes. Finally, the thesis highlights (in chapter 4) that it is not only relevant to understand how the tourist industry and Languedoc service sector may be affected by the installation of offshore wind farms. It is similarly relevant to gain an insight into the wider factor governing public acceptance of offshore wind farm projects. In that regard the thesis provides evidence that there has been an excessive and not very constructive focus on NIMBYism as a mean to explain resistance to wind farm proposals. A large range of factors drives preferences for or against the installation of offshore wind farms - these have a direct bearing on the visual evaluation of wind turbines in the seascape. We find that concerns over the efficiency and costliness of wind energy and localized consequences on noisescape, seascape, fauna and flora, exacerbates disamenity costs. Climate change concern and aversion to traditional fuels on the other hand serve to lessen disamenity costs of wind farm installation. Similarly, respondents with a higher education also experiences a smaller disutility costs from the presence of wind turbines. Finally, it is noteworthy that nationality stands out as the single most important socio-demographic determinant of preferences for/against the installation of wind farms. This alerts us about the degree to which nation specific energy policies, social norms, and lobbying may be part of leading to widely divergent evaluations. Conclusively, preferences for the siting of energy producing facilities are inherently and deeply heterogeneous. This heterogeneity can fruitfully be addressed in valuation studies to help design efficient, sustainable policies and define dynamic responses to these. ; Le gouvernement français s'est engagé sur un ambitieux objectif de développer l'éolien offshore pour atteindre une capacité de 6 GW d'ici 2020. La construction d'éoliennes terrestres, tout comme les éoliennes offshore, est très contestée en raison de leur impact visuel sur le paysage. Dans la région française du Languedoc Roussillon, les acteurs concernés (industrie touristique, commerces, pêcheurs, élus locaux), craignent que la construction de parc éoliens offshore aie des effets néfastes sur le tourisme, en donnant à la région une image industrialisée et « bétonnée ». Jusqu'à présent, en mer du Nord, il n'a jamais été mis en évidence que la construction de parcs éoliens offshore ait réellement affecté l'attractivité touristique des côtes environnantes. On peut se demander si ce constat peut être extrapolé à la cote méditerranéenne. Depuis une dizaine d'années, lorsqu'ont débuté les débats sur la possibilité d'exploiter les vents méditerranéens, beaucoup de préjugés sont apparus sur l'impact potentiel négatif que cela pourrait avoir sur le tourisme. La réticence a d'autant plus augmenté lorsque le Languedoc Roussillon a été inclus dans le zonage de l'appel d'offre concernant la construction de 2 GW de parcs éoliens. Il était donc pertinent de mener une enquête auprès des touristes du littoral pour évaluer comment l'installation de parcs éoliens, installés à des distances réalistes des côtés, pourrait affecter le tourisme balnéaire. Par ailleurs, il était également intéressant de proposer des stratégies que les stations balnéaires pourraient adopter pour augmenter le nombre de touristes et leurs profits, avec ou sans parc éolien. Pour répondre à ces questions, une enquête d'évaluation mobilisant la méthode des « choice experiment », a été réalisée durant l'été 2010, auprès de plus de 350 touristes, sur les plages languedociennes. Les résultats de cette enquête, présentés au chapitre 3, montrent que les coûts liés à la nuisance visuelle s'annulent lorsque le parc éolien est installé à des distances comprises entre 8 et 12 km de la côte. L'enquête a également mis en évidence une forte demande pour la mise en place de démarches éco responsable (favorisant les produits locaux, le vélo, les transports publics et les économies d'eau et d'énergie) par les stations balnéaires. Ainsi, nos résultats montrent que la nuisance vécue par l'installation d'un parc à 8 km de la cote serait compensée par la mise en place simultanée d'une « démarche verte ». Par ailleurs, la construction de récifs artificiels associé au parc éolien, qui permettrait l'accès à des loisirs récréatifs (plongée sous marine par ex.) générerait, d'après nos résultats, une augmentation des dépenses des touristes, si ce parc était installé à une distance d'au moins 5 km de la côte. De nos résultats émergent deux principaux constats : - L'implantation d'une éolienne à 12 km de la côte, sans aucune évolution de la station par ailleurs, n'aurait pas d'incidence négative sur le tourisme. - Si la station balnéaire met simultanément en place des actions environnementales et des activités récréatives, le parc éolien peut alors être conçu à partir d'une distance de 5 km de la côte. L'écart entre le Consentement à Payer pour un bien et le Consentement à Recevoir une compensation pour renoncer à ce même bien est un phénomène très largement mis en évidence en économie de l'environnement. Dans une seconde partie de la thèse, nous prenons en compte dans nos estimations économétriques cet écart entre les pertes et des gains dans la fonction d'utilité. En tenant compte de cette asymétrie, nous estimons une réduction de moitié de la nuisance vécue par rapport aux éoliennes si le parc éolien est déjà installé. D'un autre côté, les bénéfices liés aux activités récréatives et à une démarche éco responsable sont perçu comme plus élevés si ces activités étaient déjà mises en place. La thèse démontre également la nécessite de prendre en compte des facteurs globaux influençant l'acceptation publique de ces parcs. Traditionnellement, le syndrome NIMBY , a été utilisé comme le composant explicatif principal pour expliquer la résistance aux futurs projets de parcs. Cependant, un grand nombre de facteurs influence directement les préjugés et donc la « perception visuelle » des parcs éoliens. D'une part, certains facteurs aggravent la nuisance vécue tels que les préoccupations relatives à l'efficacité énergétique des éoliennes, leur coût énergétique, leurs conséquences en terme de nuisance sonore, leur impact sur le paysage, la faune et la flore locales. D'autre part, des facteurs comme la préoccupation relative au changement climatique associée et l'aversion pour les énergies fossiles et le nucléaire diminuent la nuisance vécue par rapport aux éoliennes. Les répondants qui ont un niveau d'études élevé ont également une nuisance vécue moins importante concernant la présence d'éoliennes. Finalement, on remarque que le facteur le plus déterminant parmi les variables socio démographiques impactant sur la position favorable ou non pour la présence d'éoliennes est la nationalité : les ressortissants des pays du nord de l'Europe y sont plus favorables que les français. Cela nous alerte sur l'importance de l'impact des politiques énergétiques, des normes sociales et du lobbying sur les évaluations. En conclusion, les préférences pour l'emplacement des sites de production énergétiques sont profondément hétérogènes. Cette hétérogénéité peut être mise en évidence par le biais d'études d'évaluation économiques et ainsi apporter des réponses pertinentes pour la mise en place de politiques efficaces et durables.

Chile, desde hace ya algunos años, se ha convertido en el ejemplo de país que el resto de las democracias sudamericanas quieren emular. El gobierno de su presidenta, Michelle Bachelet, fue presentado como un modelo a seguir por parte de los dos candidatos que disputaron el balotaje por la Presidencia uruguaya. Sucede que es la mandataria chilena que finaliza su mandato con la mayor aprobación luego del retorno de la democracia en 1990 (en torno al 77% según la última encuesta publicada en el portal del gobierno chileno).Pero a la presidenta ya le quedan pocos meses de gobierno, y a partir de marzo de 2010 deberá buscar otros rumbos. Las elecciones del domingo 13 de diciembre determinaron la realización de un balotaje entre el ex presidente de la República, el centroizquierdista Eduardo Frei (29,6% de adhesiones; candidato de la Democracia Cristiana que integra la colación denominada Concertación), y el centroderechista Sebastián Piñera (44,05% de los votos; integrante del sector Renovación Nacional de la coalición Alianza por el Cambio), un millonario empresario con un doctorado en Economía obtenido en la Universidad de Harvard. Pocos días antes de las elecciones Piñera tuvo tiempo de festejar otro triunfo ya que el club de sus amores, el Colo Colo santiaguino, obtuvo el Torneo Clausura del fútbol chileno.Al candidato opositor ni siquiera lo perjudicó que el diario La Nación chileno publicara, el jueves 10 en su sitio web, un discurso pronunciado por él en 1998 en favor del retorno a Chile del dictador Augusto Pinochet (en el poder entre 1973-1990), uno de los represores más sanguinarios de toda la región, luego de su detención en Londres ordenada por el juez español Baltasar Garzón. El gobierno pinochetista "tuvo la obsesión de limpieza ideológica y física de todas las restauraciones, la de Fernando VII de las purificaciones y la del Santo Oficio de Felipe II. Plantar árboles, limpiar las calles, significaba eliminar de la ciudad la polución creciente, precisamente ´cancerosa`, de la propaganda electoral", según manifestó el escritor chileno Jorge Edwards en el artículo "Chile: verdades y leyendas" publicado en el libro "América Latina: desventuras de la democracia".Ahora los chilenos deberán votar en plenas vacaciones estivales, el domingo 17 de enero (algo absolutamente impensado para Uruguay), si quieren mantener a la coalición de centroizquierda o darle la oportunidad a una derecha renovada que se ha distanciado de forma inequívoca de las políticas del dictador.Sin embargo, en esta oportunidad hay un tercero en discordia, cuyo electorado será clave en la definición de la contienda electoral. Se trata de Marco Enríquez-Ominami (votado por el 20,13%) , quien fundó la coalición Nueva Mayoría para Chile, luego de su renuncia este año al Partido Socialista .Tiene tan sólo 36 años (algo inimaginable para la política uruguaya), está a favor de legalizar el aborto, del matrimonio homosexual y nunca se ha pronunciado en contra del dictador venezolano Hugo Chávez. Su padre, Miguel Enríquez, líder del Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria, fue asesinado por la dictadura pinochetista. Luego, su madre se casó con el político Carlos Ominami, actual parlamentario, de quien el candidato presidencial tomó su apellido.El cuarto presidenciable fue el Comunista (ex Socialista) Jorge Arrate, ex ministro en los gobiernos de los presidentes de la Concertación, Patricio Aylwin y del actual candidato Frei, y asesor del presidente Salvador Allende en asuntos relacionados con el cobre. Representó a la coalición Juntos Podemos Más – Frente Amplio. Uno de sus eslóganes de campaña fue "Socialistas votan socialistas. Socialista de corazón con Arrate", aunque el Partido Socialista apoyó al candidato Frei. Sobre su pasado concertacionista afirmó que, a pesar de haber integrado esta coalición, nunca fue un "obsecuente" de ella. Su sector, con el 6,21% de los votos, obtuvo 3 diputados, luego de 36 años fuera del Parlamento; apenas conocidos los resultados del domingo llamó a su partidarios a apoyar a Frei.Análisis políticoRicardo Israel, Doctor en Ciencia Política de la Universidad de Essex (Inglaterra) y decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, señaló para este artículo que Piñera resultó el candidato más votado por varias razones: según el experto, en Chile hay un "consenso básico en torno al sistema económico y al político por lo que las diferencias son de grado entre las alternativas, lo cual reduce el hecho que Piñera sea de derecha en un país mayoritariamente de centroizquierda". Asimismo, sostuvo que en el país trasandino hay "un cansancio con el hecho que la misma coalición, y esencialmente la misma gente, haya estado en el poder los últimos veinte años desde el retorno a la democracia".Sobre Frei, el académico señaló que el recuerdo de su gobierno anterior (1994-2000) no lo ayuda, ya que los primeros años "fueron favorables" pero predomina el recuerdo de los últimos dos años en que "hubo una fuerte reducción del crecimiento económico y alto desempleo como consecuencia de su manejo de la crisis asiática de fines de la década del '90".Según el especialista lo que más le conviene a Enríquez-Ominami, de cara a la segunda vuelta presidencial, es "mantener su independencia para transformarse en un nuevo referente de la política chilena". Hasta el miércoles 16 en la mañana, Enríquez-Ominami mantenía su postura de no apoyar a ninguno de los dos candidatos.¿Dónde están los jóvenes?Es una pregunta válida si tenemos en cuenta que tan sólo el 9,2% de los jóvenes entre 18 y 29 años están registrados para votar en las elecciones nacionales, pues la inscripción electoral es voluntaria (en este caso la comparación favorece claramente a la democracia uruguaya). Por ello es destacable la votación de Enríquez – Ominami, quien estuvo cerca de acceder a la segunda vuelta, y recibió el apoyo de un padrón electoral que está "muy envejecido en Chile, con lo que el electorado es esencialmente el mismo que está votando desde hace 20 años; incluso han habido años en que han existido más decesos que nuevas incorporaciones en el padrón electoral", recordó el Dr. Israel.Los programas de gobiernoPiñera señala en su plan de Gobierno que la "Concertación" se "agotó, perdió las ideas, la fuerza y la voluntad. Basta mirar cómo se comportan muchos de sus integrantes. Los que eran demócratas no trepidan en pactar con el comunismo. Los que abrazaban los valores del humanismo cristiano hoy le abren solapadamente las puertas al aborto. Los que lucharon por elecciones libres son ahora los campeones de la intervención electoral".El candidato también se realiza estas preguntas: "¿Qué ha sucedido con la promesa de llegar al año 2010 como un país desarrollado y sin pobreza?¿Dónde está el crecimiento sólido y las promesas de promover la innovación y el emprendimiento? ¿Qué ha ocurrido en Chile que los delincuentes nos atemorizan día a día arrebatándonos calles, plazas y parques? ¿Dónde ha quedado nuestra admirada tradición de eficiencia y probidad en el servicio público? ¿Cuándo las envenenó la incompetencia y la corrupción? ¿Cuándo y por qué Chile perdió el liderazgo? ¿Por qué volvemos a tener un desempleo que afecta a casi 750.000 compatriotas?".El candidato centroderechista comparó el cambio que pretende se produzca en estas elecciones con el retorno de la democracia. "Así como en 1988, tras 17 años de Gobierno Militar, el cambio era necesario para abrir las puertas a la Democracia, hoy el cambio es urgente para abrir las puertas al progreso. A una nueva mayoría que se comprometa con cosas tan simples y profundas como restablecer en el Gobierno la cultura de hacer bien las cosas. La cultura de hacer las cosas con honestidad y pensando en la gente. La cultura de hacer las cosas con un sentido de urgencia e inmediatez".Por su parte, el demócrata cristiano Frei, inicia el texto de su programa de gobierno con una reseña histórica de los últimos 20 años en la que destaca la continuidad política y programática de los gobiernos de la Concertación. En sus propias palabras: "toda esta inmensa obra de 20 años tiene una secuencia. Lo que se ha hecho en el tiempo se debe a los anteriores gobiernos".Sobre su propia presidencia destaca que inició una serie de procesos modernizadores que "terminarían haciendo historia, como la reforma procesal penal, la reforma educativa que instauró la jornada escolar completa, y los tratados de libre comercio, entre otros procesos. Pese a la crisis asiática, mi gobierno fue el segundo gobierno de mayor crecimiento económico en la historia de Chile y pudimos, además, dar un salto enorme en infraestructura de caminos, sanitaria, eléctrica y de comunicaciones, lo que cambiaría el rostro del país y sentaría nuevas bases para nuestra estructura productiva".El legado de BacheletEl académico Israel sostuvo que los principales logros de la administración Bachelet se pueden resumir en el desarrollo de un sistema de protección social; un sistema de subsidios que ayudó a muchos ciudadanos durante la presente crisis económica; la decisión de ahorrar y no gastar los excedentes de decenas de miles de millones de dólares que Chile tuvo a su disposición por el muy favorable precio del cobre y otras materias primas en los últimos años. Asimismo, según el experto, Bachelet le lega a Chile un discurso "muy acogedor y poco agresivo"; el hecho que se haya concentrado en ser Jefe de Estado más que Jefe de Gobierno fue clave para "alejarse del debate diario de la pequeña política y concentrarse en los elementos de la unidad nacional".Luego del resultado electoral la presidenta salió a la cancha al afirmar que Chile es un país progresista; resta por ver si los trasandinos lo confirman en las urnas. Licenciado en Comunicación Periodística.Universidad ORT - Uruguay

Inhaltsangabe: Zusammenfassung: Die Arbeit beginnt mit der Erkenntnis, dass Deutschland längst ein Einwanderungsland geworden ist. Um das Phänomen der Einwanderung überhaupt verstehen und richtig einordnen zu können, beschäftigt sich das erste Kapitel jedoch zuerst mit der Ursache von Wanderungsbewegungen. Hierzu wird das Push-Pull-Faktoren-Modell herangezogen. Dieses Modell bietet Erklärungsversuche sowohl für erzwungene Migration (Push-Faktoren), als auch für freiwillige Migration (Pull-Faktoren). Zur letzteren Kategorie zählt vor allem der Wohlstand der westlichen Welt, als auch die freiheitlich-demokratischen Grundwerte, die in den Ländern Europas und Nordamerikas garantiert sind. Die erzwungene Migration hingegen basiert auf Faktoren wie Krieg, Armut, Hunger, aber auch und zunehmend Umweltschäden (Degradation von Ackerflächen, Wassermangel, auch der Klimawandel ganz allgemein). Fasst man alle Faktoren zusammen, kommt man unweigerlich zu dem Schluss, dass sowohl die Pull-, als auch in noch stärkerem Maße die Push-Faktoren in den kommenden Jahren und Jahrzehnten zu drastisch steigendem Migrationsdruck auf Europa führen werden. Dieser Migrationsdruck wird die Wohlstandsinsel Europa vor allem aus Afrika, aber auch in erheblichem Maße aus Osteuropa und Asien treffen. Basierend auf der Ausgangslage steigender Migrationszahlen nach Europa stellt sich in Kapitel zwei die Frage, wie man als Mehrheitsgesellschaft mit einer steigenden Zahl von Zuwanderern umgehen soll. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Begriffe wie Integration, Assimilation, Separation und Exklusion behandelt und gegeneinander abgegrenzt. Darüber hinaus werden verschiedene (nationale) Modelle vorgestellt, wie die Mehrheitsgesellschaften mit den Minderheiten umgehen und miteinander interagieren. Auch weltpolitische sowie religiöse Einflüsse auf die jeweiligen nationalen integrationspolitischen Grundkonzepte werden aufgeführt. Zum Abschluss werden die Kosten (monetär, jedoch auch politisch, moralisch und sozial) aufgeführt, die die Nicht-Integration von Zuwanderern und Eingesessenen verursachen. Nachdem die Themen Migration und Integration allgemein bzw. für Europa abgesteckt sind, wendet sich das dritte Kapitel nun der Integrationspolitik in Deutschland zu. Ausgehend von der aktiven Anwerbephase ausländischer Arbeitskräfte in der Wirtschaftswunder-Zeit der noch jungen Bundesrepublik werden verschiedene Phasen erläutert, die sich von der "Ignoranz" für das Integrationsproblem zur "Akzeptanz" in den späten 90er Jahren entwickeln. Zur Jahrtausendwende scheint es, als habe die Politik in Deutschland erkannt, dass die "Gastarbeiter" auf Dauer bei uns bleiben werden und dass es endlich an der Zeit wäre, sich aktiv mit diesem Problem zu beschäftigen. Das Kapitel vier nun beschäftigt sich mit dem Ort, an dem Integration scheitert oder gelingt: den Kommunen. Als hervorragendes Beispiel für gute Integrationsarbeit wird die Stadt Wien angeführt. Dort wird die Integrationspolitik schon seit langem ernst genommen. Seit einigen Jahren nun hat die österreichische Hauptstadt ihre Integrationspolitik weiter entwickelt und sich dem Diversity Management verschrieben. In der Zwischenbetrachtung wird der erste Teil der Dissertation nochmals zusammengefasst und die Frage aufgeworfen, welche Aufgaben es für ein Gelingen der Integration in deutschen Kommunen zu bewältigen gibt. Basierend auf der Erkenntnis, dass in Zukunft mehr Menschen einwandern werden, dass zusätzlich zu dieser "Neu-Integration" auch noch eine "nachholende Integration" für die bereits bei uns lebenden Menschen notwendig ist, angesichts der Tatsache, dass es die deutsche Politik noch immer nicht geschafft hat, sachlich mit dem Thema Einwanderung umzugehen, verlangt das Thema Integration nach einem ganzheitlichen Konzept. Dieses muss sowohl die politischen wie die zivilgesellschaftlichen Akteure im Integrationsprozess vernetzen können, als auch wirkungsorientiert und nachvollziehbar steuerbar sein. Ein solches Konzept kann aus dem betriebswirtschaftlichen Konzept des Controllings kommen und wird in den nun folgenden Kapiteln der Arbeit vorgestellt. Das fünfte Kapitel beginnt mit einer Definition des Controlling-Begriffs allgemein und des Controlling-Regelkreises im Besonderen, ehe es dann einschwenkt auf ein spezielles Controlling-Werkzeug: die Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Die BSC wurde ursprünglich von den beiden amerikanischen Professoren Robert S. Kaplan und David P. Norton erdacht, um die allzu oft klaffende Lücke zwischen strategischen Zielen einer Unternehmung und deren operative Umsetzung im Tagesgeschäft zu schließen. Hierzu ist es notwendig, nicht ausschließlich die Finanzkennzahlen einer Firma zu betrachten, sondern auch andere Dimensionen mit einzubeziehen. Kaplan und Norton schlagen Bereiche vor wie "Kunden", "Prozesse" oder "Lernen". Nur über eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung einer Unternehmung kann langfristig der Erfolg sichergestellt werden. Ist es aber möglich, einen politischen sowie sozial-gesellschaftlichen Prozess wie die Integration mit einer Methodik zu steuern, die aus der Betriebswirtschaft kommt? Ist denn die Integration überhaupt steuerbar? Mit diesen Fragen beschäftigt sich das sechste Kapitel und gibt Antworten darauf, welche Bereiche des Integrationsprozesses über Kennzahlen erfassbar und somit steuerbar sind, und welche nicht. Basierend auf dieser Abgrenzung erlaubt das Kapitel sieben Seitenblicke auf Beispiele in der Gesellschaft, bei denen das Konzept der Balanced Scorecard bereits erfolgreich außerhalb der Domäne der Wirtschaft umgesetzt wird. Das Beispiel der amerikanischen Stadt Charlotte, deren Stadtverwaltung mit der BSC steuert, wird hierbei genauer vorgestellt. Als Schlussfolgerung wird festgehalten, dass es sehr wohl möglich ist, den Integrationsprozess in Kommunen mit der BSC zu steuern, dies jedoch gewisse Anpassungen sowohl in der Terminologie als auch in der Methodik erfordert. Das Kapitel acht nun wendet sich einem konkreten Fall zu: der Stadt Ulm. Nach einer Analyse der Chancen und Risiken im Integrationsumfeld (externe Analyse) werden die Stärken und Schwächen der Integrationspolitik selbst betrachtet. Daraus wiederum ergibt sich eine Integrationsstrategie für Ulm, die sich auf die folgenden Schwerpunkte konzentriert: Sprache, Bildung, Arbeit und Sozialisation. Diese Schwerpunkte werden nun in Dimensionen der Balanced Score Card "übersetzt", die sich fortan als Balanced Integration Card (BIC) darstellt. Innerhalb jeder dieser Dimensionen werden Projekte definiert, die mithilfe von Projekt-Definitionsblättern konkrete Ziele, Verantwortlichkeiten, Maßnahmen und Budgets beinhalten. Das Erreichen der jeweiligen Ziele schließlich wird anhand extra dafür festgelegter Kennzahlen gemessen. Die "Ziel-Maßnahmen-Matrix" schließlich fasst alle Ziele innerhalb der Dimensionen auf ein Blatt zusammen und liefert somit einen komprimierten Überblick über die in Ulm laufenden Aktivitäten zur Verbesserung der Integration: transparent, nachvollziehbar und messbar. Mit Hilfe der gesammelten Informationen aus der BIC lässt sich im Schlussabschnitt der Arbeit nun endlich eine konkrete, auf Fakten basierende Aussage darüber treffen, nicht nur ob Integration in Ulm funktioniert, sondern auch in welchen Bereichen es Fort- oder Rückschritte gibt. Die Ausweitung des Zahlenmaterials auf den Zeitraum von 10 Jahren erlaubt darüber hinaus Aussagen über den längerfristigen Trend. Dadurch ist es möglich festzustellen, wo besonders schnell gehandelt werden muss. Die Ergebnisse selbst sind ernüchternd, erschreckend und verlangen schnelles Handeln seitens der Politik, um (weitere) gesellschaftliche Schäden zu verhindern. Die BIC ist hierbei von entscheidender Bedeutung, denn sie liefert Auskunft darüber, wo gehandelt werden muss und ob die Maßnahmen greifen. Es liegt jetzt an der Politik, letzten Endes aber auch an uns allen, diese Information der BIC umzusetzen und endlich mit der Integration ernst zu machen. Inhaltsverzeichnis: Inhaltsverzeichnis EINLEITUNG:ICHBINAUSLÄNDER!4 KAPITEL I.AUSGANGSLAGE:DEUTSCHLAND,EINEINWANDERUNGSLAND8 HETEROGENE BEVÖLKERUNGSSTRUKTUR IN DEUTSCHLAND8 URSACHENFORSCHUNG: MIGRATION12 Die räumliche Dimension der Migration13 Die Binnenwanderung13 Internationale Wanderung15 Die zeitliche Dimension der Migration16 Die kausale Dimension der Migration17 ERKLÄRUNGSANSATZ ZUR MIGRATION: DAS PUSH-PULL-FAKTORENMODELL20 Freiwillige Migration: die Pull-Faktoren25 Erzwungene Migration: die Push-Faktoren26 Krieg26 Armut27 Kindersterblichkeit, Hunger und medizinischer Notstand29 Umweltkatastrophen32 Umweltflüchtlinge – die vergessenen Opfer33 Ursachen der Umweltmigration34 Deposition34 Degradation34 Desaster37 Destabilisierung39 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG,FAZITUNDAUSBLICK41 KAPITEL II.FOKUS:INTEGRATION44 EXKURS.DIEKOSTENDERNICHT-INTEGRATION44 Die nicht monetären Aspekte eines Scheiterns der Integration44 Der finanzielle Aspekt der Nicht-Integration45 Begriffsbestimmung: Akkulturation48 Integration49 Assimilation50 Separation50 Exklusion50 Zusammenfassung51 Internationale Politik und interreligiöser Dialog52 Weltpolitische Einflussfaktoren auf die kommunale Integrationsarbeit52 Das Exklusionsmodell57 KAPITEL III.STATUS:INTEGRATIONSPOLITIKINDEUTSCHLAND59 VON DER NICHTAKZEPTANZGESELLSCHAFTLICHER REALITÄT.60 Die Anwerbephase60 Die Konsolidierungsphase62 Die Phase der Integrationskonzepte63 Die Phase der Begrenzungspolitik64 Die Phase der restriktiven gesetzlichen Regelungen64 ZUR ZÖGERNDEN ANERKENNUNG DER TATSACHEN66 Die Reform des Staatsangehörigkeitgesetztes66 Die Reform des Zuwanderungsgesetzes67 KAPITEL IV.ORTDERENTSCHEIDUNG:DIEKOMMUNEN70 DIEKOMMUNEALS"ROBUSTEINTEGRATIONSMASCHINE"70 Kommune als Primus inter Pares in der kommunalen Integrationspolitik71 Institutioneller Handlungsrahmen für Kommunen72 Kommunale Ressourcen für Integration73 Der Wiener Integrationsfonds: ein Bekenntnis zur Integration80 Beispielprojekt "Besiedlungsmanagement"84 Beispielprojekt "Sprachoffensive"85 Beispielprojekt "Bildungsdrehscheibe – Alles ist LERNBAR"87 DIVERSITY UND DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT88 BEURTEILUNG UND AUSBLICK95 ZWISCHENBETRACHTUNG.WELCHEAUFGABENGILTESZUBEWÄLTIGEN?97 KAPITELV.LÖSUNGSANSATZ:DIEBALANCEDSCORECARDIMCONTROLLINGREGELKREIS100 DEFINITION CONTROLLING100 Die Vision101 Die Mission102 Die Umfeld und Unternehmensanalyse: SWOT103 Die Strategiefindung104 Die operative Umsetzung: Ziele, Maßnahmen und Erfolgsmessung106 HISTORIE UND ZIELSETZUNG DER BALANCED SCORECARD107 Die Finanzperspektive109 Die Kundenperspektive109 Die interne Prozess-Perspektive110 Die Lern- und Entwicklungsperspektive110 Das Projekt-Definitionsblatt: Übersicht ist alles115 EXKURS.GRAPHISCHEDARSTELLUNGDERBALANCEDSCORECARD116 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.VORTEILEDERBALANCEDSCORECARD117 KAPITELVI.EINWURF:ISTINTEGRATIONÜBERHAUPTSTEUERBAR?118 INTEGRATION MIT DEM HERZEN… ODER WAS MANN NICHT MESSEN KANN118 KAPITEL VII.SEITENBLICKE: CONTROLLING UND DIE BALANCED SCORECARD AUßERHALB DER FREIEN WIRTSCHAFT – EIN KONZEPT SETZT SICH DURCH128 DIE BALANCED SCORECARD FÜR NON-PROFIT-ORGANISATIONEN128 Die BSC in der öffentlichen Verwaltung129 Beispiel: Die City-Scorecard der Stadt Charlotte130 Die Gender Scorecard des Kulturwirtschaftlichen Gründerzentrums in Bochum132 WEITERE BEISPIELE UND ANREGUNGEN133 KAPITEL VIII.LÖSUNGSANSATZ: DIE BALANCED INTEGRATION CARD FÜR ULM136 Die Kontaktstelle für ausländische Bürgerschaft: Ulm bekennt sich zu seiner Heterogenität138 Ulms Vision: Vom friedlichen und gleichberechtigten Zusammenleben aller Bürger140 Die externe Analyse: Chancen und Risiken im Integrationsumfeld142 Das Migrationsumfeld142 Das wirtschaftliche Umfeld143 Das demographische Umfeld144 Das soziale Umfeld147 Das schulische und wissenschaftliche Umfeld147 Die interne Analyse: Stärken und Schwächen der Ulmer Integrationspolitik148 Stärken: Erfahrung, Kompetenz und Heterogenität148 Schwächen: Angespannte Finanzressourcen und mangelnder Sinn für die Querschnittaufgabe Integration148 Strategiefindung: Nicht kleckern, klotzen!150 Strategieausformulierung und die Dimensionen der BIC151 Vernetzung der strategischen Stoßrichtungen: die Strategy Map160 EINWURF: ABER WO BLEIBT DENN DIE RELIGION?164 DIE TERRORISTEN MISSBRAUCHEN IHREN EIGENEN GLAUBEN!165 RELIGION IST PRIVATSACHE!166 RELIGION DARF KEIN TRENNENDER FAKTOR SEIN!166 MISSBRAUCH DER RELIGION IST DAS LETZTE GLIED IN EINER KETTE VON FEHLERN!167 Ziele, Maßnahmen und Kennzahlen: Das Herzstück der BIC168 Die BIC Dimension Sprache169 Die BIC Dimension (Aus)Bildung173 Die BIC Dimension Arbeit176 Die BIC Dimension Sozialisation179 Die Interne BIC-Perspektive186 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG, FAZIT UND SCHLUSSBEMERKUNG192 ANHANG.196 WEITERFÜHRENDE GEDANKEN UND MÖGLICHE FORSCHUNGSSCHWERPUNKTE196 WENN AUSLÄNDER DEUTSCHE WERDEN: STATISTIKPROBLEME196 MANAGING BY THE NUMBER: ÜBER ZEITREIHENANALYSEN UND BENCHMARKING197 GELUNGENE INTEGRATION KANN DER STARTSCHUSS FÜR NEUE PROBLEME SEIN199 "FRÜHWARNSYSTEM" AUSLÄNDER202 DIE VERZAHNUNG VON BALANCED SCORECARDS – ODER WIE MAN INTEGRATION AUF MEHREREN EBENEN ANGEHT204 DAS PROJEKT-DEFINITIONSBLATT: EINEVORLAGE207 DANKSAGUNG208 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS209Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: Inhaltsverzeichnis EINLEITUNG:ICHBINAUSLÄNDER!4 KAPITEL I.AUSGANGSLAGE:DEUTSCHLAND,EINEINWANDERUNGSLAND8 HETEROGENE BEVÖLKERUNGSSTRUKTUR IN DEUTSCHLAND8 URSACHENFORSCHUNG: MIGRATION12 Die räumliche Dimension der Migration13 Die Binnenwanderung13 Internationale Wanderung15 Die zeitliche Dimension der Migration16 Die kausale Dimension der Migration17 ERKLÄRUNGSANSATZ ZUR MIGRATION: DAS PUSH-PULL-FAKTORENMODELL20 Freiwillige Migration: die Pull-Faktoren25 Erzwungene Migration: die Push-Faktoren26 Krieg26 Armut27 Kindersterblichkeit, Hunger und medizinischer Notstand29 Umweltkatastrophen32 Umweltflüchtlinge – die vergessenen Opfer33 Ursachen der Umweltmigration34 Deposition34 Degradation34 Desaster37 Destabilisierung39 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG,FAZITUNDAUSBLICK41 KAPITEL II.FOKUS:INTEGRATION44 EXKURS.DIEKOSTENDERNICHT-INTEGRATION44 Die nicht monetären Aspekte eines Scheiterns der Integration44 Der finanzielle Aspekt der Nicht-Integration45 Begriffsbestimmung: Akkulturation48 Integration49 Assimilation50 Separation50 Exklusion50 Zusammenfassung51 Internationale Politik und interreligiöser Dialog52 Weltpolitische Einflussfaktoren auf die kommunale Integrationsarbeit52 Das Exklusionsmodell57 KAPITEL III.STATUS:INTEGRATIONSPOLITIKINDEUTSCHLAND59 VON DER NICHTAKZEPTANZGESELLSCHAFTLICHER REALITÄT.60 Die Anwerbephase60 Die Konsolidierungsphase62 Die Phase der Integrationskonzepte63 Die Phase der Begrenzungspolitik64 Die Phase der restriktiven gesetzlichen Regelungen64 ZUR ZÖGERNDEN ANERKENNUNG DER TATSACHEN66 Die Reform des Staatsangehörigkeitgesetztes66 Die Reform des Zuwanderungsgesetzes67 KAPITEL IV.ORTDERENTSCHEIDUNG:DIEKOMMUNEN70 DIEKOMMUNEALS"ROBUSTEINTEGRATIONSMASCHINE"70 Kommune als Primus inter Pares in der kommunalen Integrationspolitik71 Institutioneller Handlungsrahmen für Kommunen72 Kommunale Ressourcen für Integration73 Der Wiener Integrationsfonds: ein Bekenntnis zur Integration80 Beispielprojekt "Besiedlungsmanagement"84 Beispielprojekt "Sprachoffensive"85 Beispielprojekt "Bildungsdrehscheibe – Alles ist LERNBAR"87 DIVERSITY UND DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT88 BEURTEILUNG UND AUSBLICK95 ZWISCHENBETRACHTUNG.WELCHEAUFGABENGILTESZUBEWÄLTIGEN?97 KAPITELV.LÖSUNGSANSATZ:DIEBALANCEDSCORECARDIMCONTROLLINGREGELKREIS100 DEFINITION CONTROLLING100 Die Vision101 Die Mission102 Die Umfeld und Unternehmensanalyse: SWOT103 Die Strategiefindung104 Die operative Umsetzung: Ziele, Maßnahmen und Erfolgsmessung106 HISTORIE UND ZIELSETZUNG DER BALANCED SCORECARD107 Die Finanzperspektive109 Die Kundenperspektive109 Die interne Prozess-Perspektive110 Die Lern- und Entwicklungsperspektive110 Das Projekt-Definitionsblatt: Übersicht ist alles115 EXKURS.GRAPHISCHEDARSTELLUNGDERBALANCEDSCORECARD116 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.VORTEILEDERBALANCEDSCORECARD117 KAPITELVI.EINWURF:ISTINTEGRATIONÜBERHAUPTSTEUERBAR?118 INTEGRATION MIT DEM HERZEN… ODER WAS MANN NICHT MESSEN KANN118 KAPITEL VII.SEITENBLICKE: CONTROLLING UND DIE BALANCED SCORECARD AUßERHALB DER FREIEN WIRTSCHAFT – EIN KONZEPT SETZT SICH DURCH128 DIE BALANCED SCORECARD FÜR NON-PROFIT-ORGANISATIONEN128 Die BSC in der öffentlichen Verwaltung129 Beispiel: Die City-Scorecard der Stadt Charlotte130 Die Gender Scorecard des Kulturwirtschaftlichen Gründerzentrums in Bochum132 WEITERE BEISPIELE UND ANREGUNGEN133 KAPITEL VIII.LÖSUNGSANSATZ: DIE BALANCED INTEGRATION CARD FÜR ULM136 Die Kontaktstelle für ausländische Bürgerschaft: Ulm bekennt sich zu seiner Heterogenität138 Ulms Vision: Vom friedlichen und gleichberechtigten Zusammenleben aller Bürger140 Die externe Analyse: Chancen und Risiken im Integrationsumfeld142 Das Migrationsumfeld142 Das wirtschaftliche Umfeld143 Das demographische Umfeld144 Das soziale Umfeld147 Das schulische und wissenschaftliche Umfeld147 Die interne Analyse: Stärken und Schwächen der Ulmer Integrationspolitik148 Stärken: Erfahrung, Kompetenz und Heterogenität148 Schwächen: Angespannte Finanzressourcen und mangelnder Sinn für die Querschnittaufgabe Integration148 Strategiefindung: Nicht kleckern, klotzen!150 Strategieausformulierung und die Dimensionen der BIC151 Vernetzung der strategischen Stoßrichtungen: die Strategy Map.160 EINWURF: ABER WO BLEIBT DENN DIE RELIGION?164 DIE TERRORISTEN MISSBRAUCHEN IHREN EIGENEN GLAUBEN!165 RELIGION IST PRIVATSACHE!166 RELIGION DARF KEIN TRENNENDER FAKTOR SEIN!166 MISSBRAUCH DER RELIGION IST DAS LETZTE GLIED IN EINER KETTE VON FEHLERN!167 Ziele, Maßnahmen und Kennzahlen: Das Herzstück der BIC168 Die BIC Dimension Sprache169 Die BIC Dimension (Aus)Bildung173 Die BIC Dimension Arbeit176 Die BIC Dimension Sozialisation179 Die Interne BIC-Perspektive186 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG, FAZIT UND SCHLUSSBEMERKUNG192 ANHANG.196 WEITERFÜHRENDE GEDANKEN UND MÖGLICHE FORSCHUNGSSCHWERPUNKTE196 WENN AUSLÄNDER DEUTSCHE WERDEN: STATISTIKPROBLEME196 MANAGING BY THE NUMBER: ÜBER ZEITREIHENANALYSEN UND BENCHMARKING197 GELUNGENE INTEGRATION KANN DER STARTSCHUSS FÜR NEUE PROBLEME SEIN199 "FRÜHWARNSYSTEM" AUSLÄNDER202 DIE VERZAHNUNG VON BALANCED SCORECARDS – ODER WIE MAN INTEGRATION AUF MEHREREN EBENEN ANGEHT204 DAS PROJEKT-DEFINITIONSBLATT: EINEVORLAGE207 DANKSAGUNG208 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS209Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel II., Exkurs: Die Kosten der Nicht-Integration: Bevor ich mich nun näher mit der Begriffsbestimmung für Integration beschäftigen werde, möchte ich noch einen Exkurs in ein wichtiges Thema wagen: die Kosten der Nicht-Integration. Wie wir gesehen haben – und viele von uns ja in der Praxis auch wahrnehmen – ist Integration ein äußerst schwieriger und laufend andauernder Prozess. Altkanzler Helmut Schmidt spricht aufgrund dieser Schwierigkeiten mit der Integration heute sogar offen darüber, dass er "die Anwerbung von Gastarbeitern bedauert. (…). Insofern war es ein Fehler, dass wir zu Beginn der 60er Jahre Gastarbeiter aus fremden Kulturen ins Land holten." Wenn es aber nun so schwierig ist (manche meinen: unmöglich), die Einheimischen und die Migranten zu einer gemeinsamen, gleichberechtigte Gesellschaft zu integrieren, könnte man doch lapidar – und zweifelsohne wenig politisch korrekt - die Frage stellen: warum verwenden wir dann Ressourcen darauf? Warum Geld und Arbeit, Gefühle und Herzblut, warum Kopfzerbrechen und Vertrauen investieren, wenn der erfolgreiche Ausgang gar nicht sicher ist? Warum lassen wir den Dingen nicht einfach (weiterhin) ihren Lauf? Die Antwort darauf möchte ich im Folgenden versuchen zu geben. Die nicht-monetären Aspekte eines Scheiterns der Integration Der wichtigste Aspekt für das Eintreten in Sachen Integration ist der des (inneren) Friedens. Nur wenn es uns allen gelingt, in einer Gesellschaft zu leben, in der niemand aufgrund seiner Hautfarbe, seiner Herkunft oder seiner Religion diskriminiert wird, werden wir den inneren Frieden wahren können. Sobald sich eine Gruppe von Mitmenschen systematisch benachteiligt fühlt, wird sie sich abkapseln und die geltenden Normen, Rechte und Gesetzte nicht weiter beachten. Kriminalität und Gewalt, bis hin zur bewaffneten Auseinandersetzung könnten die Folge sein. Das Beispiel des Zerfalls von Jugoslawien – direkt vor Europas Haustür! – sollte uns alle daran erinnern, dass das Zusammenleben verschiedener Ethnien und Religionsgemeinschaften jeden Tag neu erarbeitet werden muss. Überspitzt formuliert, aber keinesfalls unzutreffend könnte man also sagen, wer Integrationsarbeit leistet, macht sich um den Frieden verdient. Ein weiterer Aspekt ist der der Wahrheit bzw. der Redlichkeit: es waren wir Deutschen, die die Ausländer regelrecht angeworben haben. Wir haben sie zu uns ins Land geholt, weil es bei uns Arbeitsplätze zu besetzen gab, die wir selbst nicht ausführen wollten: schmutzige, dreckige, erniedrigende Arbeit, für die ein Deutscher doch "viel zu gut" war. Diesen Menschen bzw. deren Kindern und Enkelkindern jetzt einen gleichberechtigten Zugang in die verschiedenen Bereiche unserer Gesellschaft (Bildung, Arbeit, Vereinsleben, etc.) zu ermöglichen, ist das Mindeste was wir tun können. Sich jetzt vor dem Problem der Integration zu verschließen, hieße die selbst verursachten Probleme nicht angehen zu wollen. Wer noch immer die Augen vor diesen Argumenten verschließt, ist ein egoistischer, kühl kalkulierender Mensch. Doch auch und gerade an diese Mitbürger möchte ich appellieren: Integration lohnt sich – im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes! Wie das gemeint ist, erläutere ich im nun folgenden Abschnitt. Der finanzielle Aspekt der Nicht-Integration "Eine Investition in Wissen bringt immer noch die besten Zinsen" (Benjamin Franklin, amerikanischer Politiker, Erfinder, Philosoph). Angesichts der schwierigen Probleme, die bei laufenden Integrationsbemühungen immer wieder zu konstatieren sind, stellt sich verstärkt die Frage nach den finanziellen Kosten eines Scheiterns der Integration. Natürlich darf Zuwanderung nicht allein auf monetäre Gewinne oder Verluste reduziert werden – schon gar nicht dürfen wir bei uns lebende Migranten nach ihrem wirtschaftlichen Nutzen oder Schaden beurteilen (und alle anderen Mitbürger natürlich auch nicht). Trotzdem ist eine volkswirtschaftliche Betrachtung der (Nicht) Integration in so fern zulässig, als sie uns Aufschluss über die Dringlichkeit der Aufgabe zu geben vermag. Hierzu finden sich in der Literatur verschiedene Quellen. Autoren wie Göbel oder Dr. Hans Dietrich von Loeffelholz betrachten den Bildungsstand der Migranten und die daraus resultierenden Chancen und Positionen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Beide haben in ihren Untersuchungen lediglich Westdeutschland analysiert, was in meinen Augen die Aussagekraft des Ergebnisses für Gesamtdeutschland aufgrund der extrem niedrigen Ausländeranteile der neuen Bundesländer nicht wesentlich beeinträchtigen dürfte.

This Report documents the presentations given at the World's first international conference on the management value of the resource knowledge of small scale, indigenous and commercial fishers. The conference was inspired by Dr Robert (Bob) Johannes, whose 1981 Book 'Words of the Lagoon', was the first serious study in this area, and was co-hosted by the UBC Fisheries Centre, UBC First Nations House of Learning and the BC Aboriginal Fisheries Commission. Over 200 people representing 23 countries and 36 North American First Nation representatives attended. The conference sought to provide a way to 'step beyond' fishers' frustration that their knowledge is ignored and scientists' standard position that the knowledge is anecdotal, and can not easily be captured in the reports, tables and graphs they are used to. In total, 48 papers and 26 abstracts of papers were presented during the three days of the conference. These case studies and presentations included Indigenous, Artisanal, small scale and industrial marine and freshwater fisheries in tropical and temperate environments. Species range from turtles and dugongs, through temperate trawl and tropical multi-species fisheries to the aquarium trade. The conference followed themes relating to the use of fishers' ecological knowledge about fishing practices in environmental management; the relationships between fishers' expertise (knowledge) and management; methodological issues/methods for obtaining and accurately representing fishers' knowledge; the ethical issues relating to collaboration between TEK practitioners, managers, academics and industry; and the valuation of fishers' knowledge from an ecological, economic and social approach. DIRECTOR'S FOREWORD -- CONTRIBUTED PAPERS -- MY GRANDFATHER'S KNOWLEDGE: FIRST NATIONS FISHING METHODOLOGIES IN THE MID FRASER RIVER (Arnie Narcisse) -- A NATIVE CHANT Simon Lucas -- FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE AND MANAGEMENT: DIFFERING FUNDAMENTALS IN ARTISANAL AND INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES (R.E. Johannes) -- THE ROLE OF FISHERS KNOWLEDGE IN IMPLEMENTING OCEAN ACT INITIATIVES IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR (A. S. Power and Dawn) Mercer) -- CLOSING THE LOOP: COMMERCIAL FISH HARVESTERS' LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENCE IN A STUDY OF COASTAL COD IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR, CANADA (Karen Gosse, Joe Wroblewski and Barbara Neis) -- APPLYING LOCAL AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE FISHERY: THE CURRENT WEST COAST VANCOUVER ISLAND GOOSE BARNACLE FISHERY EXPERIENCE (Joanne Lessard , Josie Osborne, Ray Lauzier, Glen Jamieson and Rick Harbo) -- PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH IN THE BRITISH COLUMBIA GROUNDFISH FISHERY. (Richard D. Stanley and J. Rice) -- THE DISCOURSE OF PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY IN MARINE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT (Heidi Glaesel and Mark Simonitsch) -- THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IN DEPLETING A LIMITED RESOURCE – A CASE STUDY OF THE BUMPHEAD PARROTFISH (BOLBOMETOPON MURICATUM) ARTISANAL FISHERY IN ROVIANA LAGOON, WESTERN PROVINCE, SOLOMON ISLANDS (Richard Hamilton) -- USING FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE GOES BEYOND FILLING GAPS IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE – ANALYSIS OF AUSTRALIAN EXPERIENCES (Pascale Baelde) -- LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE MEKONG RIVER IN SOUTHERN LAOS(Ian Baird) -- SCIAENID AGGREGATIONS IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA: AN EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL OUTCOMES THROUGH COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH. (M.J. Phelan) -- STATUS OF RESEARCH ON INDIGENOUS FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE IN AUSTRALIA AND BRAZIL (Adam Faulkner and Renato A. M. Silvano) -- TRADITIONAL MARINE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN VANUATU – SACRED & PROFANE: WORLD VIEWS IN TRANSFORMATION (Francis Hickey) ACCOUNTING FOR THE IMPACTS OF FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE AND NORMS ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY (Murray A. Rudd) -- THE USE OF FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FISH RESOURCES IN MALAWI(Edward Nsiku) -- EXAMINING THE TWO CULTURES THEORY OF FISHERIES KNOWLEDGE: THE CASE OF THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC BLUEFISH (Douglas Wilson) THE VALUE OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN SEA TURTLE CONSERVATION: A CASE FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO (Kristin E. Bird, Wallace J. Nichols and Charles R. Tambiah) -- PUTTING FISHERMEN'S KNOWLEDGE TO WORK: THE PROMISE AND PITFALLS (Ted Ames) -- USING EXPERT KNOWLEDGE TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE GROUNDFISH 'ESSENTIAL FISH HABITATS' (Melanie Bergmann, B. Hinz, R. Blyth, M.J. Kaiser, S.I. Rogers and M. Armstrong) -- INTEGRATION OF FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE INTO RESEARCH ON A LARGE TROPICAL RIVER BASIN, THE MEKONG RIVER IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (Anders F. Poulsen) -- FISHERS' PERCEPTIONS ON THE SEAHORSE FISHERY IN CENTRAL PHILIPPINES: INTERACTIVE APPROACHES AND AN EVALUATION OF RESULTS (J. Meeuwig, M.A. Samoilys and J. Erediano) -- FOCUSING AND TESTING FISHER KNOW-HOW TO SOLVE CONSERVATION PROBLEMS (Edward F. Melvin and Julia K Parrish) -- BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT USING KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION [ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE] (Antonio García-Allut, Juan Freire, Alvaro Barreiro and David E. Losada) -- INTEGRATING FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE WITH SURVEY DATA TO UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE, ECOLOGY AND USE OF A SEASCAPE OFF SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA (Alan Williams and Nic Bax) -- 'SUSTAINABILITY VECTORS' AS GUIDES IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT: WITH EXAMPLES FROM NET FISHERIES IN THE PHILIPPINES AND AUSTRALIA (Michael D Pido, Peter Valentine and Mark Fenton) -- FISHERS AND SCIENTISTS: NO LONGER FOE, BUT NOT YET FRIEND (Melanie D. Power and Ratana Chuenpagdee) -- HARVESTING AN INLAND SEA: FOLK HISTORY, TEK AND THE CLAIMS OF LAKE MICHIGAN'S COMMERCIAL FISHERY (Michael Chiarappa) -- CAN HISTORICAL NAMES & FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE HELP TO RECONSTRUCT LAKES? (Johan Spens) -- EXPLORING CULTURAL CONSTRUCTS: THE CASE OF SEA MULLET MANAGEMENT IN MORETON BAY, SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA (Tanuja Barker and Annie Ross) -- WHO'S LISTENING? ISLANDER KNOWLEDGE IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN TORRES STRAIT, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA (Monica E. Mulrennan) -- A COLLABORATIVE, CONSULTATIVE AND COMMITTED APPROACH TO EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF DUGONGS IN TORRES STRAIT, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA. (Donna Kwan) -- FISHING FOR ANSWERS: THE INCORPORATION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA: DEVELOPING CROSS CULTURAL LITERACY (Melissa Nursey-Bray) THE USE OF TRADITIONAL HAWAIIAN KNOWLEDGE IN THE CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT OF MARINE RESOURCES(Kelson "Mac" Poepoe, Paul K. Bartram and Alan M. Friedlander) -- TWO FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND FRONTIER STRATEGIES IN THE PHILIPPINES (Maria F. Mangahas) -- HOW SASI PRACTICES MAKE FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE EFFECTIVE (Agus Heri Purnomo) -- HOW LOCAL FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE IMPROVES THE MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES IN NEW ZEALAND – A SEAFOOD INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE (G.J. Lydon and A. Langley) -- HISTORICAL AND CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE GREENLAND HALIBUT FROM QUÉBEC FIXED-GEAR FISHERS IN THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE (Réjeanne Camirand, Bernard Morin and Louise Savard) -- MARINE RESOURCE KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO FISH CLASSIFICATION IN HAÏTI (Jean W. Wiener) PLATEAU FISHING TECHNOLOGY AND ACTIVITY: STL'ATL'IMX, SECWEPEMC AND NLAKA'PAMUX KNOWLEDGE (Nicholette Prince) -- KAT (AMERICAN EEL, ANGUILLA ROSTRATA) LIFE HISTORY (Kerry Prosper and Mary Jane Paulette) -- THE BARE-FOOT ECOLOGIST'S TOOLBOX (Jeremy D. Prince) -- AN EXAMPLE OF CONSERVATION AND EXPLOITATION ACHIEVED THROUGH A VOLUNTARY FISHERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Robert E. Blyth, Michel J. Kaiser , Paul J.B. Hart and Gareth Edwards-Jones) -- INTEGRATING SCIENTIFIC AND LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE (LEK) IN STUDIES OF COMMON EIDERS IN SOUTHERN LABRADOR, CANADA (Heather Chaffey) -- HOW FISHERS' ENDEAVORS AND INFORMATION HELP IN MANAGING THE FISHERIES RESOURCES OF THE SUNDARBAN MANGROVE FOREST OF BANGLADESH (Md. Emdadul Haque) -- WHAT'S IN THERE: COMMON NAMES OF BRAZILIAN MARINE FISHES (Kátia M. F. Freire and Daniel Pauly) -- THE ROLE OF FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE IN CO-MANAGEMENT OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES IN THE ESTUARY OF PATOS LAGOON, SOUTHERN BRAZIL (Daniela Kalikoski, Marcelo Vasconcellos) -- COGNITIVE MAPS: CARTOGRAPHY AND CONCEPTS FOR BACK TO THE FUTURE FISHERIES POLICY (Tony J. Pitcher and Nigel Haggan) -- PAPERS IN ABSTRACT: ORALLY PRESENTED CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGIES, MARKET CONDITIONS, AND SOCIAL RELATIONS: THEIR LINKAGES WITH FISHERS TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE (NEW BRUNSWICK'S INSHORE FISHING FLEET IN THE SOUTHERN GULF OF ST.LAWRENCE). (Omer Chouinard and Jean-Paul Vanderlinden) -- FISHING AT KOMODAH, KITKATLA TERRITORY: RETURNING TO SELECTIVITY (Charles R. Menzies and Caroline F.) -- (Butler) -- THE LEADERSHIP ROLE OF CALIFORNIA FISHING MEN AND WOMEN: PROMOTING SCIENCE IN FISHERIES POLICY AND FISH RECOVERY (Natasha Benjamin, Paul Siri and Zeke Grader) -- INCORPORATING INDIGENOUS INTERESTS AND KNOWLEDGE INTO MANAGEMENT OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK (M.L. Sommer and L. O. Rosendale) -- USING FISHERS TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE TO IDENTIFY PRIORITY AREAS FOR CONSERVATION IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN (Lance Morgan) -- THE NOVA SCOTIA LEATHERBACK TURTLE WORKING GROUP: A MODEL FOR SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATION BETWEEN FISHERS AND SCIENTISTS (Michael C. James and Kathleen E. Martin…) -- TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN OCEAN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT: A SURVEY OF RECENT EXPERIENCE IN ATLANTIC CANADA (Paul Macnab and Denise McCullough) -- THE TULALIP TRIBE'S CULTURAL STORIES PROJECT: RECORDING AND USING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE FOR CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RECOVERY, WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND SALMON PROTECTION (Terry Williams, Julia Gold and Preston Hardison) -- Putting Fishers' Knowledge to Work: Conference Proceedings -- ENVIRONMENTAL SENTINELS: REFRAMING COMMERCIAL FISHING IN PURSUIT OF VALUE, INTEGRITY AND SUSTAINABILITY (Bryan Price) -- DEVELOPING A SET OF INDICATORS FOR EVALUATING THE CONDITION OF A RESOURCE -- CASE: FRESHWATER FISHERIES IN LAOS PDR. (Niels Jepsen, Douglas Wilson & Sommano Phounsavath) -- A METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE ABUNDANCE OF ARAPAIMA GIGAS (CUVIER 1817) -- (Leandro Castello) -- USING FISHERS' KNOWLEDGE TO EVALUATE GREAT LAKES FISHERY MANAGEMENT POLICY (Tracy A. Dobson and Laura F. Cimo) -- THE FISHERMEN AND SCIENTISTS RESEARCH SOCIETY: COLLABORATIVE IMPROVEMENT OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR MODERN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT (Kees C.T. Zwanenburg1, P. Fanning, P. Hurley and W.T. Stobo) -- FISHERIES IN THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: THE PARTICIPATION OF FISHERS IN FISHERY MANAGEMENT (E. Espinoza, J.C. Murillo, M.V.Toral, R.H. Bustamante, F. Nicolaides, G.J. Edgar, J. Moreno, C. Chasiluisa, M. Yépez, J.C. Barreno, S. A. Shepherd, J. Viscaino, M. Villalta, R. Andrade, A.F. Born, L. Figueroa, P. Guerrero, M. Piu) -- HOW CAN WE HAVE MORE PARTICIPATION BY THE FISHERMEN IN FISHERIES SCIENCE? (Virginia Boudreau) -- THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF INCORPORATING INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE INTO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT (Terry Williams and Preston Hardison) -- FISHING IN MURKY WATERS: ETHICS AND POLITICS OF RESEARCH ON FISHER KNOWLEDGE (Anita Maurstad) -- BUILDING NETWORKS FOR INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (Preston Hardison) -- SOCIAL RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES (Christie Dyer and Jessica Paterson) -- ICONS: A SOFTWARE SYSTEM FOR INTEGRATING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (Preston Hardison and Terry Williams) ASSEMBLY OF MAP-BASED STREAM NARRATIVES TO FACILITATE STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (M.R.S. Johannes, K.D. Hyatt, J.K. Cleland, L.Hanslit, and M.M. Stockwell) -- MIGRATION PATTERNS AND SPAWNING HABITS OF AN IMPORTANT FISH, HELIGOPHAGUS WAANDERSI, OF THE PANGASIIDAE FAMILY IN THE MEKONG RIVER BASIN (Sintavong Viravong) -- INSHORE GROUNDFSH SPAWNING AND NURSERY GROUNDS IN THE BAY OF FUNDY: LEARNING WITH AND FROM FISHERMEN (Jennifer Graham) -- THE CONTRIBUTION OF FISHERS TO THE MANAGEMENT OF SEA-URCHIN FISHERIES IN BARBADOS AND ST. LUCIA (Christopher Parker, Patrick McConney and Allan Smith) -- GENERAL DISCUSSION -- LIST OF AUTHORS -- LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ; Fisheries Centre (FC) ; Non UBC ; Unreviewed ; Faculty ; Researcher ; Postdoctoral ; Graduate

In 1996 the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO) launched a regional approach for disaster preparedness, focusing in its first phase on Central America, Caribbean and Southeast Asia (including Bangladesh). The first step in this process was the preparation of a «diagnostic study» that involved a situation review of the countries in these regions with regard to their vulnerabilities, disaster preparedness capacities and national plans or policies for disaster management.The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters of the Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL) served as ECHO's principal technical support with the collaboration of other institutions in Europe and the regions.The present «diagnostic report», covering Central America and the Caribbean, has been carried out by the Centre International pour la Formation et les Echanges en Géosciences (CIFEG) under the supervision of Professor Robert D'Ercole (Université de Savoie, Chambéry).Mr. Thierry Lesales (Université des Antilles et de la Guyane) participated closely in the drafting of this report and was actively involved in the field missions with Mr D'Ercole where they met and interviewed numerous national officials, non-governmental organisations and regional and international bodies. Further assistance was provided by Claudine Misson (CRED) for the interviews and information collected in the Dominican Republic. The report also draws from an earlier mission undertaken by Dr. Philippe Masure (BRGM, France), Christian Bugnion (CRED) and Alexandra Angulo (CRED) who undertook some of the preparatory work for the diagnostic study.This report presents an analysis of the disaster preparedness situation in Central America and the Caribbean and provides some preliminary recommendations regarding priorities and future programme direction. As such it remains primarily a descriptive study. It is expected to form the basis for the formulation of the ECHO Disaster Preparedness Action Plan. ; En 1996, la Oficina Humanitaria de la Comunidad Europea (ECHO) lanzó la iniciativa de un enfoque regional en materia de preparación a los desastres, concentrándose inicialmente en las regiones de América Central, Caribe y Asia del Sureste (incluyendo a Bangladesh). La primera fase de este proceso fue la preparación de un « diagnóstico» que implicaba un examen de la situación de los países de cada una de estas regiones en relación a la vulnerabilidad, la capacidad de preparación a los desastres y las políticas y planes nacionales en materia de gestión de desastres.El Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), de la Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), ha sido el principal apoyo técnico de ECHO para esta iniciativa, con la colaboración y asistencia de otras instituciones en Europa y en las regiones arriba mencionadasEl presente informe que cubre América Central y el Caribe, fue realizado por el International Centre for Training and Exchanges in Geosciences (CIFEG), bajo la dirección del Profesor Robert D'Ercole (Université de Savoie).Thierry Lesales (Université des Antilles et de la Guyane) participó de cerca a la realización de este documento y estuvo activamente implicado junto al Profesor D'Ercole en las misiones que se realizaron en varios países. En el curso de estas misiones, se entrevistaron con numerosos representantes de gobiernos nacionales, de ONGs y de organizaciones regionales e internacionales Se contó igualmente con la asistencia de Claudine Misson (CRED), quien realizó la misión en República Dominicana. El informe se basa igualmente en una misión anterior llevada a cabo por Philippe Masure (BRGM, France), Alexandra Angulo (CRED) y Christian Bugnion (CRED), la cual realizó parte del trabajo preparatorio para el diagnóstico.El informe presenta un análisis de la situación en América Central y el Caribe y provee recomendaciones preliminares para las prioridades y dirección del futuro programa. En el marco de la segunda fase, está destinado a servir de base para la formulación del Plan de Acción de Preparación a los Desastres de ECHO. ; Depuis 1994, ECHO (Office Humanitaire de la Commission Européenne, devenu le service de la Commission européenne à l'aide humanitaire et à la protection civile) a financé, à l'échelle mondiale, de nombreuses opérations pour la prévention et la préparation aux catastrophes (catastrophes naturelles principalement) Ces financements ont répondu aux demandes d'ONG et d'organisations internationales qui ont-elles-mêmes mis en oeuvre les projets correspondants. Les évaluations de ces opérations ont donné des appréciations positives. Cependant, ECHO souhaite s'impliquer davantage dans la prévention et la préparation aux catastrophes et mieux cibler ses actions pour une plus grande cohérence d'ensemble.Au cours de la réunion du 16 juillet 1996, le Comité d'Aide Humanitaire a approuvé la nouvelle approche régionale proposée par ECHO pour son programme de prévention, d'atténuation et de préparation aux catastrophes, le DIPECHO (Dlsaster Preparedness ECHO), pour la période 1996—1998. Ce programme doit s'appliquer dans un cadre régional en concentrant d'abord ses financements sur des plans d'action dans les Caraïbes, en Amérique Centrale, en Asie du Sud-Est et au Bangladesh. Par ailleurs, au lieu de répondre exclusivement aux demandes de financements spécifiques d'ONG, d'organisations internationales et de gouvernements, ECHO souhaite préparer des plans d'action et déterminer les partenaires les plus appropriés pour une mise en oeuvre dirigée par ECHO même. En outre, le DIPECHO a pour objet de rendre plus efficace l'action de l'ensemble de l'Union Européenne, par une étroite coordination de son action avec celles de la Commission et des Etats Membres. Il est enfin prévu de faire précéder la préparation des plans d'action par une phase de diagnostic au cours de laquelle seront identifiés, pour chaque région, les risques, les structures et politiques de prévention existantes aux niveaux communautaire, national et régional, ainsi que les appuis extérieurs en cours et à venir. L'objectif est non seulement de déterminer les lacunes, mais également d'évaluer la cohérence et l'efficacité des systèmes de réponse dans leur ensemble.Dans ce contexte, une première mission exploratoire a été réalisée du 30 septembre au 12 octobre 1996 dans les Caraïbes et l'Amérique Centrale (quatre pays visités) et a débouché sur un premier rapport (A. Angulo, Ch. Bugnion, Ph. Masure, "Rapport de mission exploratoire dans les Caraïbes ct en Amérique Centrale pour DIPECHO").Ce rapport apporte de nombreuses informations et en particulier:(1) il définit le cadre conceptuel, insistant, à juste titre, sur le fait que la prévention et la préparation doivent être distinguées de l'aide d'urgence et qu'elles font partie d'un processus continu au même titre que le développement ;(2) il présente les principales organisations régionales et internationales, et leurs activités dans le domaine de la prévention et de la préparation;(3) il met en évidence les grands types de besoins et fournit les premières orientations pour le programme DIPECHO.Le présent rapport, constituant le diagnostic proprement dit, fait suite à une deuxième série de missions effectuées dans la même région. Il vise à compléter les apports de la mission exploratoire, notamment par:(a) une analyse des catastrophes et de leurs conséquences:(b) une évaluation comparée des risques dans la région;(c) une analyse détaillée des réalisations et des besoins en matière de réduction des risques et des conséquences des catastrophes naturelles ;(d) un examen des conditions actuelles pour un programme DIPECHO cohérent, réalisable et efficace, avec, en particulier, la prise en compte de l'organisation actuelle de la prévention et de la préparation dans la région et un état des appuis extérieurs ;- des propositions de lignes d'actions prioritaires pour le DIPECHO.Le diagnostic s'est appuyé sur une importante documentation : travaux scientifiques, études et rapports recueillis auprès du CRED-Université Catholique de Louvain, du CIFEG, du DHA, de l'IDNDR, de divers organismes sur le terrain (notamment le centre de documentation de San José au Costa Rica), et d'universités européennes (Université de Savoie. Chambéry, Université de Lausanne). Mais ce sont avant tout les nombreux entretiens menés lors des missions (près de 200) qui ont donné corps au diagnostic.Treize pays Ont été visités entre le 22/01 et le 07/03/1997 :- République Dominicaine (C Misson);- Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua et Cuba (R. D'Ercole) ;- Antigua, Barbade, Haïti, Jamaïque, Ste-Lucie, St-Maarten, St-Vincent et le Guyana (Th. Lesales).Leur choix a été déterminé en concertation avec ECHO, le CRED-UCL et le CIFEG. Ils ne recouvrent pas l'ensemble des pays qu'il aurait été théoriquement possible de visiter. Cependant, le choix de pays-clés, les contacts établis avec de nombreux organismes de portée régionale et la documentation consultée, ont permis de bâtir un diagnostic d'ensemble.L'étude comporte trois parties.La 1e partie constitue une analyse des catastrophes en termes de bilan et de risque. Il s'agit, à l'aide de cartes, notamment, de montrer les effets des catastrophes naturelles en Amérique Centrale et dans les Caraïbes, de présenter la répartition et la fréquence des aléas naturels et de procéder à une analyse de critères de vulnérabilité. L'objectif est, enfin, de déterminer des niveaux de risque, à l'échelle de la région, compte tenu des dangers naturels et des critères de vulnérabilité.La 2° partie est l'étude des actions entreprises dans la région, ces dernières années, afin de réduire les risques et les conséquences des catastrophes. Cette étude permet de dégager des lacunes et des besoins. Les différentes composantes entrant dans le processus de réduction des catastrophes sont retenues : recherche scientifique et technique, prévention stricto sensu, préparation, information / formation. L'accent est également placé sur les modes actuels d'application des politiques de réduction des risques : de l'approche sectorielle à l'approche intégrée.La 3e partie traite des conditions actuelles pour la mise en oeuvre d'un programme DIPECHO cohérent et efficace. Quatre aspects fondamentaux sont analysés: les particularités régionales et nationales (l'hétérogénéité et ses conséquences); les faiblesses et qualités institutionnelles aux différents échelons géographiques: les caractéristiques des organismes susceptibles de contribuer à la mise en oeuvre du DIPECHO; le rôle actuel et en perspective de la Communauté Européenne et des Etats Membres.Chaque partie comporte une conclusion partielle La conclusion générale reprend les idées force des conclusions intermédiaires ct débouche sur des lignes d'actions prioritaires recommandées pour le DIPECHO.L'étude confiée au CIFEG par le CRED-UCL et ECHO a été coordonnée par Robert D'Ercole (Département de Géographie, Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France). Elle a bénéficié de la collaboration de Thierry Lesales (Département de Géographie, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Martinique, France) et de Patrick Pigeon (Département de Géographie, Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France). Ont également contribué à la réalisation de celle étude: Claudine Misson (CRED-UCL, Belgique), Jean-Claude Napias (CIFEG, directeur), Jacques Giri (CIFEG, président), Sylvie Orlyk (CIFEG, secrétariat).

In 1996 the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO) launched a regional approach for disaster preparedness, focusing in its first phase on Central America, Caribbean and Southeast Asia (including Bangladesh). The first step in this process was the preparation of a «diagnostic study» that involved a situation review of the countries in these regions with regard to their vulnerabilities, disaster preparedness capacities and national plans or policies for disaster management.The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters of the Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL) served as ECHO's principal technical support with the collaboration of other institutions in Europe and the regions.The present «diagnostic report», covering Central America and the Caribbean, has been carried out by the Centre International pour la Formation et les Echanges en Géosciences (CIFEG) under the supervision of Professor Robert D'Ercole (Université de Savoie, Chambéry).Mr. Thierry Lesales (Université des Antilles et de la Guyane) participated closely in the drafting of this report and was actively involved in the field missions with Mr D'Ercole where they met and interviewed numerous national officials, non-governmental organisations and regional and international bodies. Further assistance was provided by Claudine Misson (CRED) for the interviews and information collected in the Dominican Republic. The report also draws from an earlier mission undertaken by Dr. Philippe Masure (BRGM, France), Christian Bugnion (CRED) and Alexandra Angulo (CRED) who undertook some of the preparatory work for the diagnostic study.This report presents an analysis of the disaster preparedness situation in Central America and the Caribbean and provides some preliminary recommendations regarding priorities and future programme direction. As such it remains primarily a descriptive study. It is expected to form the basis for the formulation of the ECHO Disaster Preparedness Action Plan. ; En 1996, la Oficina Humanitaria de la Comunidad Europea (ECHO) lanzó la iniciativa de un enfoque regional en materia de preparación a los desastres, concentrándose inicialmente en las regiones de América Central, Caribe y Asia del Sureste (incluyendo a Bangladesh). La primera fase de este proceso fue la preparación de un « diagnóstico» que implicaba un examen de la situación de los países de cada una de estas regiones en relación a la vulnerabilidad, la capacidad de preparación a los desastres y las políticas y planes nacionales en materia de gestión de desastres.El Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), de la Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), ha sido el principal apoyo técnico de ECHO para esta iniciativa, con la colaboración y asistencia de otras instituciones en Europa y en las regiones arriba mencionadasEl presente informe que cubre América Central y el Caribe, fue realizado por el International Centre for Training and Exchanges in Geosciences (CIFEG), bajo la dirección del Profesor Robert D'Ercole (Université de Savoie).Thierry Lesales (Université des Antilles et de la Guyane) participó de cerca a la realización de este documento y estuvo activamente implicado junto al Profesor D'Ercole en las misiones que se realizaron en varios países. En el curso de estas misiones, se entrevistaron con numerosos representantes de gobiernos nacionales, de ONGs y de organizaciones regionales e internacionales Se contó igualmente con la asistencia de Claudine Misson (CRED), quien realizó la misión en República Dominicana. El informe se basa igualmente en una misión anterior llevada a cabo por Philippe Masure (BRGM, France), Alexandra Angulo (CRED) y Christian Bugnion (CRED), la cual realizó parte del trabajo preparatorio para el diagnóstico.El informe presenta un análisis de la situación en América Central y el Caribe y provee recomendaciones preliminares para las prioridades y dirección del futuro programa. En el marco de la segunda fase, está destinado a servir de base para la formulación del Plan de Acción de Preparación a los Desastres de ECHO. ; Depuis 1994, ECHO (Office Humanitaire de la Commission Européenne, devenu le service de la Commission européenne à l'aide humanitaire et à la protection civile) a financé, à l'échelle mondiale, de nombreuses opérations pour la prévention et la préparation aux catastrophes (catastrophes naturelles principalement) Ces financements ont répondu aux demandes d'ONG et d'organisations internationales qui ont-elles-mêmes mis en oeuvre les projets correspondants. Les évaluations de ces opérations ont donné des appréciations positives. Cependant, ECHO souhaite s'impliquer davantage dans la prévention et la préparation aux catastrophes et mieux cibler ses actions pour une plus grande cohérence d'ensemble.Au cours de la réunion du 16 juillet 1996, le Comité d'Aide Humanitaire a approuvé la nouvelle approche régionale proposée par ECHO pour son programme de prévention, d'atténuation et de préparation aux catastrophes, le DIPECHO (Dlsaster Preparedness ECHO), pour la période 1996—1998. Ce programme doit s'appliquer dans un cadre régional en concentrant d'abord ses financements sur des plans d'action dans les Caraïbes, en Amérique Centrale, en Asie du Sud-Est et au Bangladesh. Par ailleurs, au lieu de répondre exclusivement aux demandes de financements spécifiques d'ONG, d'organisations internationales et de gouvernements, ECHO souhaite préparer des plans d'action et déterminer les partenaires les plus appropriés pour une mise en oeuvre dirigée par ECHO même. En outre, le DIPECHO a pour objet de rendre plus efficace l'action de l'ensemble de l'Union Européenne, par une étroite coordination de son action avec celles de la Commission et des Etats Membres. Il est enfin prévu de faire précéder la préparation des plans d'action par une phase de diagnostic au cours de laquelle seront identifiés, pour chaque région, les risques, les structures et politiques de prévention existantes aux niveaux communautaire, national et régional, ainsi que les appuis extérieurs en cours et à venir. L'objectif est non seulement de déterminer les lacunes, mais également d'évaluer la cohérence et l'efficacité des systèmes de réponse dans leur ensemble.Dans ce contexte, une première mission exploratoire a été réalisée du 30 septembre au 12 octobre 1996 dans les Caraïbes et l'Amérique Centrale (quatre pays visités) et a débouché sur un premier rapport (A. Angulo, Ch. Bugnion, Ph. Masure, "Rapport de mission exploratoire dans les Caraïbes ct en Amérique Centrale pour DIPECHO").Ce rapport apporte de nombreuses informations et en particulier:(1) il définit le cadre conceptuel, insistant, à juste titre, sur le fait que la prévention et la préparation doivent être distinguées de l'aide d'urgence et qu'elles font partie d'un processus continu au même titre que le développement ;(2) il présente les principales organisations régionales et internationales, et leurs activités dans le domaine de la prévention et de la préparation;(3) il met en évidence les grands types de besoins et fournit les premières orientations pour le programme DIPECHO.Le présent rapport, constituant le diagnostic proprement dit, fait suite à une deuxième série de missions effectuées dans la même région. Il vise à compléter les apports de la mission exploratoire, notamment par:(a) une analyse des catastrophes et de leurs conséquences:(b) une évaluation comparée des risques dans la région;(c) une analyse détaillée des réalisations et des besoins en matière de réduction des risques et des conséquences des catastrophes naturelles ;(d) un examen des conditions actuelles pour un programme DIPECHO cohérent, réalisable et efficace, avec, en particulier, la prise en compte de l'organisation actuelle de la prévention et de la préparation dans la région et un état des appuis extérieurs ;- des propositions de lignes d'actions prioritaires pour le DIPECHO.Le diagnostic s'est appuyé sur une importante documentation : travaux scientifiques, études et rapports recueillis auprès du CRED-Université Catholique de Louvain, du CIFEG, du DHA, de l'IDNDR, de divers organismes sur le terrain (notamment le centre de documentation de San José au Costa Rica), et d'universités européennes (Université de Savoie. Chambéry, Université de Lausanne). Mais ce sont avant tout les nombreux entretiens menés lors des missions (près de 200) qui ont donné corps au diagnostic.Treize pays Ont été visités entre le 22/01 et le 07/03/1997 :- République Dominicaine (C Misson);- Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua et Cuba (R. D'Ercole) ;- Antigua, Barbade, Haïti, Jamaïque, Ste-Lucie, St-Maarten, St-Vincent et le Guyana (Th. Lesales).Leur choix a été déterminé en concertation avec ECHO, le CRED-UCL et le CIFEG. Ils ne recouvrent pas l'ensemble des pays qu'il aurait été théoriquement possible de visiter. Cependant, le choix de pays-clés, les contacts établis avec de nombreux organismes de portée régionale et la documentation consultée, ont permis de bâtir un diagnostic d'ensemble.L'étude comporte trois parties.La 1e partie constitue une analyse des catastrophes en termes de bilan et de risque. Il s'agit, à l'aide de cartes, notamment, de montrer les effets des catastrophes naturelles en Amérique Centrale et dans les Caraïbes, de présenter la répartition et la fréquence des aléas naturels et de procéder à une analyse de critères de vulnérabilité. L'objectif est, enfin, de déterminer des niveaux de risque, à l'échelle de la région, compte tenu des dangers naturels et des critères de vulnérabilité.La 2° partie est l'étude des actions entreprises dans la région, ces dernières années, afin de réduire les risques et les conséquences des catastrophes. Cette étude permet de dégager des lacunes et des besoins. Les différentes composantes entrant dans le processus de réduction des catastrophes sont retenues : recherche scientifique et technique, prévention stricto sensu, préparation, information / formation. L'accent est également placé sur les modes actuels d'application des politiques de réduction des risques : de l'approche sectorielle à l'approche intégrée.La 3e partie traite des conditions actuelles pour la mise en oeuvre d'un programme DIPECHO cohérent et efficace. Quatre aspects fondamentaux sont analysés: les particularités régionales et nationales (l'hétérogénéité et ses conséquences); les faiblesses et qualités institutionnelles aux différents échelons géographiques: les caractéristiques des organismes susceptibles de contribuer à la mise en oeuvre du DIPECHO; le rôle actuel et en perspective de la Communauté Européenne et des Etats Membres.Chaque partie comporte une conclusion partielle La conclusion générale reprend les idées force des conclusions intermédiaires ct débouche sur des lignes d'actions prioritaires recommandées pour le DIPECHO.L'étude confiée au CIFEG par le CRED-UCL et ECHO a été coordonnée par Robert D'Ercole (Département de Géographie, Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France). Elle a bénéficié de la collaboration de Thierry Lesales (Département de Géographie, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Martinique, France) et de Patrick Pigeon (Département de Géographie, Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France). Ont également contribué à la réalisation de celle étude: Claudine Misson (CRED-UCL, Belgique), Jean-Claude Napias (CIFEG, directeur), Jacques Giri (CIFEG, président), Sylvie Orlyk (CIFEG, secrétariat).

In 1996 the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO) launched a regional approach for disaster preparedness, focusing in its first phase on Central America, Caribbean and Southeast Asia (including Bangladesh). The first step in this process was the preparation of a «diagnostic study» that involved a situation review of the countries in these regions with regard to their vulnerabilities, disaster preparedness capacities and national plans or policies for disaster management.The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters of the Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL) served as ECHO's principal technical support with the collaboration of other institutions in Europe and the regions.The present «diagnostic report», covering Central America and the Caribbean, has been carried out by the Centre International pour la Formation et les Echanges en Géosciences (CIFEG) under the supervision of Professor Robert D'Ercole (Université de Savoie, Chambéry).Mr. Thierry Lesales (Université des Antilles et de la Guyane) participated closely in the drafting of this report and was actively involved in the field missions with Mr D'Ercole where they met and interviewed numerous national officials, non-governmental organisations and regional and international bodies. Further assistance was provided by Claudine Misson (CRED) for the interviews and information collected in the Dominican Republic. The report also draws from an earlier mission undertaken by Dr. Philippe Masure (BRGM, France), Christian Bugnion (CRED) and Alexandra Angulo (CRED) who undertook some of the preparatory work for the diagnostic study.This report presents an analysis of the disaster preparedness situation in Central America and the Caribbean and provides some preliminary recommendations regarding priorities and future programme direction. As such it remains primarily a descriptive study. It is expected to form the basis for the formulation of the ECHO Disaster Preparedness Action Plan. ; En 1996, la Oficina Humanitaria de la Comunidad Europea (ECHO) lanzó la iniciativa de un enfoque regional en materia de preparación a los desastres, concentrándose inicialmente en las regiones de América Central, Caribe y Asia del Sureste (incluyendo a Bangladesh). La primera fase de este proceso fue la preparación de un « diagnóstico» que implicaba un examen de la situación de los países de cada una de estas regiones en relación a la vulnerabilidad, la capacidad de preparación a los desastres y las políticas y planes nacionales en materia de gestión de desastres.El Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), de la Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), ha sido el principal apoyo técnico de ECHO para esta iniciativa, con la colaboración y asistencia de otras instituciones en Europa y en las regiones arriba mencionadasEl presente informe que cubre América Central y el Caribe, fue realizado por el International Centre for Training and Exchanges in Geosciences (CIFEG), bajo la dirección del Profesor Robert D'Ercole (Université de Savoie).Thierry Lesales (Université des Antilles et de la Guyane) participó de cerca a la realización de este documento y estuvo activamente implicado junto al Profesor D'Ercole en las misiones que se realizaron en varios países. En el curso de estas misiones, se entrevistaron con numerosos representantes de gobiernos nacionales, de ONGs y de organizaciones regionales e internacionales Se contó igualmente con la asistencia de Claudine Misson (CRED), quien realizó la misión en República Dominicana. El informe se basa igualmente en una misión anterior llevada a cabo por Philippe Masure (BRGM, France), Alexandra Angulo (CRED) y Christian Bugnion (CRED), la cual realizó parte del trabajo preparatorio para el diagnóstico.El informe presenta un análisis de la situación en América Central y el Caribe y provee recomendaciones preliminares para las prioridades y dirección del futuro programa. En el marco de la segunda fase, está destinado a servir de base para la formulación del Plan de Acción de Preparación a los Desastres de ECHO. ; Depuis 1994, ECHO (Office Humanitaire de la Commission Européenne, devenu le service de la Commission européenne à l'aide humanitaire et à la protection civile) a financé, à l'échelle mondiale, de nombreuses opérations pour la prévention et la préparation aux catastrophes (catastrophes naturelles principalement) Ces financements ont répondu aux demandes d'ONG et d'organisations internationales qui ont-elles-mêmes mis en oeuvre les projets correspondants. Les évaluations de ces opérations ont donné des appréciations positives. Cependant, ECHO souhaite s'impliquer davantage dans la prévention et la préparation aux catastrophes et mieux cibler ses actions pour une plus grande cohérence d'ensemble.Au cours de la réunion du 16 juillet 1996, le Comité d'Aide Humanitaire a approuvé la nouvelle approche régionale proposée par ECHO pour son programme de prévention, d'atténuation et de préparation aux catastrophes, le DIPECHO (Dlsaster Preparedness ECHO), pour la période 1996—1998. Ce programme doit s'appliquer dans un cadre régional en concentrant d'abord ses financements sur des plans d'action dans les Caraïbes, en Amérique Centrale, en Asie du Sud-Est et au Bangladesh. Par ailleurs, au lieu de répondre exclusivement aux demandes de financements spécifiques d'ONG, d'organisations internationales et de gouvernements, ECHO souhaite préparer des plans d'action et déterminer les partenaires les plus appropriés pour une mise en oeuvre dirigée par ECHO même. En outre, le DIPECHO a pour objet de rendre plus efficace l'action de l'ensemble de l'Union Européenne, par une étroite coordination de son action avec celles de la Commission et des Etats Membres. Il est enfin prévu de faire précéder la préparation des plans d'action par une phase de diagnostic au cours de laquelle seront identifiés, pour chaque région, les risques, les structures et politiques de prévention existantes aux niveaux communautaire, national et régional, ainsi que les appuis extérieurs en cours et à venir. L'objectif est non seulement de déterminer les lacunes, mais également d'évaluer la cohérence et l'efficacité des systèmes de réponse dans leur ensemble.Dans ce contexte, une première mission exploratoire a été réalisée du 30 septembre au 12 octobre 1996 dans les Caraïbes et l'Amérique Centrale (quatre pays visités) et a débouché sur un premier rapport (A. Angulo, Ch. Bugnion, Ph. Masure, "Rapport de mission exploratoire dans les Caraïbes ct en Amérique Centrale pour DIPECHO").Ce rapport apporte de nombreuses informations et en particulier:(1) il définit le cadre conceptuel, insistant, à juste titre, sur le fait que la prévention et la préparation doivent être distinguées de l'aide d'urgence et qu'elles font partie d'un processus continu au même titre que le développement ;(2) il présente les principales organisations régionales et internationales, et leurs activités dans le domaine de la prévention et de la préparation;(3) il met en évidence les grands types de besoins et fournit les premières orientations pour le programme DIPECHO.Le présent rapport, constituant le diagnostic proprement dit, fait suite à une deuxième série de missions effectuées dans la même région. Il vise à compléter les apports de la mission exploratoire, notamment par:(a) une analyse des catastrophes et de leurs conséquences:(b) une évaluation comparée des risques dans la région;(c) une analyse détaillée des réalisations et des besoins en matière de réduction des risques et des conséquences des catastrophes naturelles ;(d) un examen des conditions actuelles pour un programme DIPECHO cohérent, réalisable et efficace, avec, en particulier, la prise en compte de l'organisation actuelle de la prévention et de la préparation dans la région et un état des appuis extérieurs ;- des propositions de lignes d'actions prioritaires pour le DIPECHO.Le diagnostic s'est appuyé sur une importante documentation : travaux scientifiques, études et rapports recueillis auprès du CRED-Université Catholique de Louvain, du CIFEG, du DHA, de l'IDNDR, de divers organismes sur le terrain (notamment le centre de documentation de San José au Costa Rica), et d'universités européennes (Université de Savoie. Chambéry, Université de Lausanne). Mais ce sont avant tout les nombreux entretiens menés lors des missions (près de 200) qui ont donné corps au diagnostic.Treize pays Ont été visités entre le 22/01 et le 07/03/1997 :- République Dominicaine (C Misson);- Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua et Cuba (R. D'Ercole) ;- Antigua, Barbade, Haïti, Jamaïque, Ste-Lucie, St-Maarten, St-Vincent et le Guyana (Th. Lesales).Leur choix a été déterminé en concertation avec ECHO, le CRED-UCL et le CIFEG. Ils ne recouvrent pas l'ensemble des pays qu'il aurait été théoriquement possible de visiter. Cependant, le choix de pays-clés, les contacts établis avec de nombreux organismes de portée régionale et la documentation consultée, ont permis de bâtir un diagnostic d'ensemble.L'étude comporte trois parties.La 1e partie constitue une analyse des catastrophes en termes de bilan et de risque. Il s'agit, à l'aide de cartes, notamment, de montrer les effets des catastrophes naturelles en Amérique Centrale et dans les Caraïbes, de présenter la répartition et la fréquence des aléas naturels et de procéder à une analyse de critères de vulnérabilité. L'objectif est, enfin, de déterminer des niveaux de risque, à l'échelle de la région, compte tenu des dangers naturels et des critères de vulnérabilité.La 2° partie est l'étude des actions entreprises dans la région, ces dernières années, afin de réduire les risques et les conséquences des catastrophes. Cette étude permet de dégager des lacunes et des besoins. Les différentes composantes entrant dans le processus de réduction des catastrophes sont retenues : recherche scientifique et technique, prévention stricto sensu, préparation, information / formation. L'accent est également placé sur les modes actuels d'application des politiques de réduction des risques : de l'approche sectorielle à l'approche intégrée.La 3e partie traite des conditions actuelles pour la mise en oeuvre d'un programme DIPECHO cohérent et efficace. Quatre aspects fondamentaux sont analysés: les particularités régionales et nationales (l'hétérogénéité et ses conséquences); les faiblesses et qualités institutionnelles aux différents échelons géographiques: les caractéristiques des organismes susceptibles de contribuer à la mise en oeuvre du DIPECHO; le rôle actuel et en perspective de la Communauté Européenne et des Etats Membres.Chaque partie comporte une conclusion partielle La conclusion générale reprend les idées force des conclusions intermédiaires ct débouche sur des lignes d'actions prioritaires recommandées pour le DIPECHO.L'étude confiée au CIFEG par le CRED-UCL et ECHO a été coordonnée par Robert D'Ercole (Département de Géographie, Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France). Elle a bénéficié de la collaboration de Thierry Lesales (Département de Géographie, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Martinique, France) et de Patrick Pigeon (Département de Géographie, Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France). Ont également contribué à la réalisation de celle étude: Claudine Misson (CRED-UCL, Belgique), Jean-Claude Napias (CIFEG, directeur), Jacques Giri (CIFEG, président), Sylvie Orlyk (CIFEG, secrétariat).

International Council of Scientific Unions Science International Newsletter No. 64 April 1997 Code Number:NL97006 Sizes of Files: Text: 70.3K Graphics: No associated graphics files MEETING REPORT 72nd MEETING OF EXECUTIVE BOARD OF ICSU Julia Marton-Lefevre, Executive Director, ICSU The Executive Board (EB), elected at the time of the 25th General Assembly, held its first meeting in Paris in January. Board Members reviewed the measures being taken concerning each of the General Assembly resolutions, and agreed on the procedure to be adopted for responding to the report on the Assessment of ICSU. FIRST MEETING OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD (ISAB) OF LINESCO Julia Marton-Lefevre, Executive Director, ICSU ISAB, under the chairmanship of the President of ICSU, held its first meeting in Paris in January, immediately after the meeting of the Executive Board of ICSU. The terms of reference for ISAB are: to "assist UNESCO by advising on strategic issues of science and the substantive service science offers for development and the environment and provide scientific-based elements for decision-making". ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE ENVIRONMENT (ACE) Sophie Boyer King Environmental Sciences Officer The 12th meeting of ICSU's ACE, held in Paris in January, reviewed ICSU's involvement in various programmes dealing with the environment, including the three Global Observing Systems (climate, oceans, terrestrial - GCOS, GOOS, GTOS), the IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme), the WCRP (World Climate Research Programme), IHDP (International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change, DIVERSITAS (Programme on Biodiversity Science) and SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment). ACE continued to advise the Executive Board of ICSU about the membership of relevant environmental bodies. SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND THE FORMER SOVIET UNION (COMSCEE) Christine Glenday, on detail to ICSU from the National Science Foundation, USA. The third meeting of COMSCEE was held at the ICSU Secretariat on January 27, 1997, under its new Chairman Dr. Jan Krzysztof Frackowiak, Undersecretary of State, and Secretary of the State Committee for Scientific Research in Poland (KBN). While acknowledging that the problems of science in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) differ widely according to country, and that, furthermore, considerable progress has been made over the past five years, COMSCEE members identified several key problems which are still common at present in this region. GETTING TO KNOW CHILE'S ICSU NATIONAL COMMITTEE INCORPORATES SCIENCE TEACHERS AND SCIENCE JOURNALISTS J.E. Aliende, President, Chilean National Committee for ICSU The National Committee of Chile for ICSU gathers the Presidents of all major scientific societies and organizations of that country. This composition results in an organization which integrates the international linkages of the Chilean scientific community. In addition, however, the Chilean NCICSU constitutes a forum that discusses and acts on national issues of importance to scientific development in that country. During the 1993 ICSU General Assembly held in Santiago, delegates from other countries were able to witness the important studies that the Chilean Academy of Sciences and the National Committee for ICSU were able to put together about the state and future of science in Chile. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN DIMENSIONS PROGRAMME ON GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE (IHDP): NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR THE IHDP Udo Bunnagel, Programme Officer When Professor Eckart Ehlers, Chairman of the Scientific Committee of IHDP, opened the inauguration reception for the new IHDP Secretariat in Bonn on 31 January 1997, he told the story of the child IHDP. Born in 1990, an off-spring of the International Social Science Council (ISSC), it had to move from Barcelona to Geneva, and even experienced homelessness for some time. With the second parent, ICSU, joining ISSC as cosponsor in 1996, and with the new home under the roof of Bonn University, Professor Ehlers expressed his hope that the child IHDP has finally found a stable environment, enabling it to grow Up. SPOTLIGHTS ON SCIENCE CHEMRAWN : CHEMICAL RESEARCH APPLIED TO WORLD NEEDS A. Hayes, Chairman, CHEMRAWN The International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has been active for over 75 years and is well known throughout the world for its work in setting internationally recognised and much needed standards for all manner of matters of concern to chemists everywhere. Examples are in the fields of atomic weights, gas coratants, and nomenclature. In addition, IUPAC has been the means whereby chemists have come together to work on various problems and also organise symposia, seminars, congresses, and assemblies - both on topics of general interest, as well as in specialist fields. It has an exemplary record of attempting to ensure that any bona fide scientist who wishes to attend such events is able to do so. The senior chemical community has recognised throughout the life of IUPAC the need for international cooperation and many of the past presidents of lUPAC have been holders of the Nobel prize as well as distinguished and senior members of industry. In the 1970's there was a growing appreciation of the need not only to address the purely scientific aspects of chemical topics on an international scale but to demonstrate that chemistry could - and should be applied to the solution of many of the problems which face mankind all over the world. Ideas were discussed and re-formulated, debated and finally expressed as the 'CHEMRAWN' Concept. MOONEY CALLS ON SCIENTISTS TO FIND HOW BIODIVERSITY PROTECTS ECOSYSTEMS H.A. Mooney When the Convention on Biological Diversity was signed by 159 governments in 1992, most observers saw it as a move to prevent the loss of various species - to ward off the disappearance of spotted owls from a forest, or the extinction of a plant that might contain some pharmaceutical miracle. Since then, a study commissioned by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), the world academy of scientists, has shown a more compelling reason to protect biodiversity. Whenever a habitat loses enough of the richness and variation among its living species, the study found, the ecological systems that nurture life begin to falter. Ecologists do not yet know how many species - or which ones - must be saved to keep an ecosystem functioning. They do know this: When ecosystems falter, they stop providing essential natural services like pure water from mountain watersheds, abundant fisheries, soulsustaining landscapes. Damaged ecosystems also have global effects: plants, for example, play an important role in the atmosphere's carbon cycle and thus in climate fluctuations. HOUSE NEWS ICSU EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR TAKES ON NEW ASSIGNMENT Julia Marton-Lefevre As Members and friends of ICSU were informed in mid-February, Julia Marton-Lefevre will be on leave of absence from ICSU as of 1 September 1997, to become the first Executive Director of the programme set up by the Rockefeller Foundation known as LEAD (Leadership for Environment and Development) International. The International Secretariat for LEAD is based, for an initial period, in New York. The Executive Director informed the ICSU family in her February letter that her devotion to the mission of ICSU remains constant, and that this move is taken in the spirit of broadening her own expertise as well as hopefully enlarging ICSU's contacts. While on leave of absence, Julia Marton-Lefevre will continue to be involved in the major issues facing ICSU in the years ahead, and will also ensure that ICSU and LEAD, with facets in common, are able to undertake cooperative actions. Leadership for Environment and Development, or the LEAD Program, is a non-profit organization that seeks to bring together a generation of international leaders to carry forth a vision of sustainable development. The LEAD Program was established in direct response to the growing need for collaborative action in support of the world's natural and human resources. LEAD intends to inspire a course of development that is defined as environmentally responsible, culturally acceptable, economically viable and politically feasible. The LEAD Program trains mid-career professionals, called Associates, using a combination of interdisciplinary methods, interactive skills building and global networking. NEWS IN BRIEF AAAS AWARD FOR INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION The 1997 AAAS Award for International Scientific Cooperation is given to Philip W. Hemily for having made contributions to international scientific research and engineering development for over 50 years. He recognized the importance of science and technology policies as components of political, economic, education, employment, and trade policies. PUBLICATIONS NEWS IMMEDIATE PUBLICATION REQUIRES A NEW INFRASTRUCTURE Dong Geng & A.J. (Tom)van Loon The progress of science and the implementation of new technical developments are hampered by the time-lag between submission of a manuscript to a journal and delivery of the article to readers. This problem is generally recognized, but none of the solutions suggested has been found feasible. In our opinion, however, it is possible to publish refereed material with a time-lag of no more than 24 hours, through a completely new infrastructure. The approach that is proposed here would be expensive - but probably much less so than the direct and indirect costs for society of a long time-lag. OBITUARIES Baron Nicolet Valentin A. Koptyug FUTURE MEETINGS International Young Scientists Programme at the 17th International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) announces the sponsorship of a conference for young scientists to be held at Asilomar, Monterey, CA, USA, on 22-24 August, 1997 preceding the 17th International IUBMB Congress in San Francisco on 24-29 August, 1997. CALENDAR OF FORTHCOMING MEETINGS from 23 April 1997 - 19 July 1997 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT 25th MEETING OF THE COSTED EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IRBID/AMMAN FEBRUARY 25-27, 1997 Veena Ravichandran, Senior Scientific Officer, COSTED, Madras The Executive Committee (EXCOM) of COSTED held its 25th meeting during 25-27 February. A day prior to the EXCOM meeting, half- day parallel sessions on Strengthening Science in Africa and COSTED activities in the Arab region were organised so that EXCOM members could get an opportunity to participate in the regional plans. Strengthening Science in Africa COSTED Activities in the Arab Region EXCOM Meeting Nomenclature for COSTED-IBN: Brainstorming Session - The concept of networks in COSTED - The goals of COSTED - ICSU Assessment Report vis-avis COSTED

VOM AUSKLANG DER SCHLACHT BEI LIMANOWA-ŁAPANÓW BIS ZUR EINNAHME VON BREST-LITOWSK 2 : DAS KRIEGSJAHR 1915 1 [TEXTBD.] Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 - 1918 (-) Vom Ausklang der Schlacht bei Limanowa-Łapanów bis zur Einnahme von Brest-Litowsk 2 : Das Kriegsjahr 1915 1 [Textbd.] (2 : Das Kriegsjahr 1915 ; 1 ; [Textbd.] ;) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([II]) Vorwort zum zweiten Bande ([V]) Inhaltsverzeichnis ([VII]) Beilagen- und Skizzenverzeichnis ([XIV]) Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen ( - ) Die Lage um die Jahreswende 1914/15 ([1]) Überblick über die Weltlage zu Anfang 1915 ([3]) Österreich-Ungarns Wehrmacht um die Jahreswende (8) Kämpfer und Kriegsgerät (8) Heer- und Kampfführung (19) Das moralische Gefüge (27) Der Karpathenwinter 1914/15 ([31]) Die verfolgung der Russen nach der Schlacht bei Limanowa-Lapanow ([33]) Das unbefriedigende Ergebnis der Verfolgung und die Führerentschlüsse auf beiden Seiten ([33]) Das Zusammenwirken der 3. und der 4. Armee bis zum 17. Dezember (36) Der russische Rückzug nördlich der Weichsel (15. bis 18. Dezember) (43) Die letzten Kämpfe des Kriegsjahres 1914 (47) Die Ereignisse südlich der Weichsel (47) Bildung der neuen russischen Front. Die österreichisch-ungarischen Maßnahmen am 17. Dezember (47) Kämpfe bei Tarnow und am Dunajec (18. bis 20. Dezember) (49) Das Stocken der Offensive der 3. Armee (18. bis 20 Dezember) (52) Die Besprechung in Oppeln (19. Dezember) (54) Beginn der russischen Gegenoffensive in Galizien (21. bis 24. Dezember) (58) Das Eingreifen des X. Korps auf dem rechten Flügel der 3. Armee und die Angriffe Pflanzer-Baltins bis zum 25. Dezember (64) Rückzug der 3. Armee gegen den Hauptkamm der Karpathen und Abwehrkämpfe des Südflügels der 4. Armee (25. bis 27. Dezember) (67) Die Ereignisse in Przemysl und bei der Armeegruppe Pflanzer-Baltin bis zum Jahresschlusse (72) Erwägungen und Anordnungen der Führer auf beiden Seiten. (27. bis 28. Dezember) (74) Das Zurückweichen der 3. Armee (28. bis 31. Dezember) (75) Die Schlacht der 4. Armee (28. bis 31. Dezember) (78) Die Ereignisse nördlich der Weichsel. (80) Die Kämpfe der 1. Armee um die Nidaübergänge (20. bis 31. Dezember) (80) Die Kämpfe der 2. Armee bei Tomaszow (19. bis 31. Dezember) (84) Die Neujahrsbesprechung der verbündeten Führer in Berlin. (91) Erster Versuch zur Offensive über die Karpathen (94) Neue Offensivpläne der Verbündeten (94) Der Ausklang der Dezemberkämpfe (99) Die Anlage der Jänneroffensive über die Karpathen (107) Gliederung der Streitkräfte auf dem nördlichen Kriegsschauplatz nach dem Stand vom 23. Jänner 1915 (114) Die russischen Pläne (122) Beginn der Offensive und Rückschlag (124) Der Angriff der 3. und der Südwarmee (23. bis 26. Jänner) (124) Kampfschwankungen bei der Südarmee und am Uzsokpaß vom 27. Dezember bis 5. Februar (129) Brussilows Gegenschlag gegen die k. u. k. 3. Armee (27. Jänner bis 5. Februar) (133) Verfügungen zur Wiedergewinnung des Raumes bei Mezölaborcz (143) Neuregelung der Befehlsverhältnisse in den mittleren Karpathen und hineinspielende Ereignisse (6. bis 15. Februar) (147) Die Offensive der Armeegruppe Pflanzer-Baltin gegen Kolomea-Nadworna (31. Jänner bis 16. Februar) (155) Die Winterschlacht in Masuren und ihre Auswirkung (160) Die Grundlagen für die Entschlüsse der k. u. k. Heeresleitung (165) Die Kämpfe in den Karpathen bis zum 26. Februar (167) Der rechte Heeresflügel und sein nächstes Operationsziel Dolina (16. bis 26. Februar) (167) Die Begebenheiten bei der 3. und der 4. Armee (15. bis 26. Februar) (175) Zweiter Versuch zur Offensive über die Karpathen (180) Vorbereitungen der 2. und der 3. Armee für den neuerlichen Vorstoß über das Gebirge (180) Die Vorgänge an den Flügeln der verbündeten Heere bis zum 22. März (186) Die Kämpfe Pflanzer-Baltins gegen die anwachsende Übermacht der Russen (27. Februar bis 22. März) (186) Das wechselvolle Ringen der Südarmee (27. Februar bis 23. März) (192) Die Vorgänge an der Front nördlich der Weichsel bis zum 22. März (195) Die letzten Anstrengungen zum Entsatze von Przemysl (196) Lagebeurteilung in Teschen nach dem Ergebnis der ersten Angriffe der 2. und der 3. Armee (196) Der Angriff der 4. Armee (27. Februar bis 17. März) (198) Das Ringen der 2. und der 3. Armee auf seinem Höhepunkte (2. bis 10. März) (201) Das endgültige Scheitern des Entsatzversuches (11. bis 20. März) (205) Der Fall der Festung Przemysl (211) Rückblick (217) Die Gegenoffensive Iwanows (224) Die Führerentschlüsse bei den Russen und bei den Verbündeten (224) Wachsende Bedrängnis bei der 2. und der 3. Armee (228) Die Krise (26. bis 31. März) (235) Die letzten Märzkämpfe der Armeegruppe Pflanzer-Baltin und bei der Südarmee (242) Die Osterschlacht in den Karpathen (1. bis 6. April) (246) Zurücknahme der 2. Armee hinter den Karpathenhauptkamm (246) Der Russenansturm gegen die 3. Armee und seine Abwehr (1. bis 5. April) (251) Der Ausklang des großen Karpathenringens (258) Die Angriffe Brussilows nach der Osterwoche und die Eroberung des Zwinin durch die Deutschen (258) Das Abflauen der Karpathenkämpfe in der zweiten Aprilhälfte 1915 (261) Das Ergebnis des Karpathenwinters (267) [Tabelle]: Major Dr. Czerka gelangt unter Benützung von Aufstellungen des Gen. Ratzenhofer zu folgender Berechnung: (270) Vom Zwei- zum Dreifrontenkrieg ([273]) Die politiisch-militärische Lage Österreich-Ungarns im April 1915 ([275]) Die Kampfpause an der Balkanfront ([275]) Italiens Abfall vom Dreibunde (281) Italiens Rüstungen und Kriegspläne (284) Österreich-Ungarns Abwehrmaßnahmen gegen Italien (288) [Tabelle]: Die feldbereiten Marschbataillone der Militärbereiche Graz und Innsbruck und die Reservebataillone mitgerechnet zählte sie (293) Entschluß der Mittelmächte zum Angriff gegen die Russen (297) Die Entstehung des Gorlice-Planes der Mittelmächte (297) Die Absichten der Russen (309) Von Gorlice bis Lemberg ([313]) Die Durchbruchsschlacht bei Gorlice (2. bis 8. Mai 1915) ([315]) Der Aufmarsch zur Schlacht ([315]) Der Vorstoß an die Wisloka (2. bis 5. Mai) (318) Die Kämpfe am 5. Mai und das Eingreifen der k. u. k. 3. Armee (328) Die Einnahme von Tarnow und das Kesseltreiben bei Dukla (6. Mai) (331) Die Fortführung des Angriffes über den Wislok (7. und 8. Mai) (336) Der Entschluß der Russen zum Rückzug hinter den Wislok (340) Der Einbruch der Verbündeten in die Russenfront bei Krosno und Rymanow (342) Die Auflockerung der Russenfront in den Waldkarpathen und die Armeegruppe Pflanzer-Baltin in der ersten Maiwoche (345) Die öst.-ung. Heeresleitung zwischen dem 4. und 9. Mai (347) Der Rückzug der Russen an den San (9. bis 13. Mai) (350) Die Schlachten bei Sanok und Rezeszow (9. und 10. Mai) (350) Der russische Gegenstoß am Dniester (9. bis 12. Mai) (357) Entschluß der Russen zum Rückzug an den San (10. Mai) (361) Die Verfolgungskämpfe am 11. und 12. Mai (364) Beginn des Rückzuges der Russen im Weichsellande (370) Die Wiedereroberung Mittelgaliziens (12. Mai bis 5. juni) (371) Die beiderseitigen Weisungen für die Fortführung des Feldzuges (12. Mai und 13. Mai) (371) Die Schlacht bei Jaroslau (14. bis 20. Mai) (374) Der Vorstoß der Verbündeten über den San (374) Der Gegenangriff der Russen (383) Die Schlacht bei Opatow (15. bis 22. Mai) (387) Beginn der Schlacht bei Przemysl (392) Die Kämpfe auf dem rechten Heeresflügel (397) Die Entschlüsse bei Freund und Feind vor der Kriegserklärung Italiens (403) Angriffspläne der Mittelmächte gegen Italien und Serbien (403) Entschluß zur Isonzoverteidigung und Befehle für den weiteren Angriff gegen die Russen (410) Die russisch-italienische Militärkonvention und die weiteren Entschüsse der russischen Führer (414) Die Schlacht bei Przemysl (24. Mai bis 4. Juni) (419) Vergebliches Ringen östlich von Husakow (419) Der Vorstoß Mackensens über Radymno (422) Der Rückschlag bei Sieniawa (426) Fortführung des Angriffes der 11. Armee (429) Die Bezwingung von Przemysl (432) Der Handstreich gegen das Werk Pratkowce (432) Iwanows Gegenangriff gegen die 11. und 4. Armee (434) Der Fall der Sanfestung (3. und 4. Juni) (439) Die Einnahme von Stryi (442) Der Vorstoß nach Ostgalizien (5. bis 22. Juni) (447) Entschluß der Verbündeten zur Offensive gegen Lemberg (447) Gegenmaßnahmen der Russen (451) Die Vorbereitungen der Verbündeten für die Offensive gegen Lemberg (453) Die Verdrängung der Russen vom südlichen Dniesterufer (5. bis 15. Juni) (456) Angriff Letschitzkis und Gegenangriff Pflanzer-Baltins (456) Die Einnahme von Kalusz und Stanislau (459) der Gegenangriff der Russen bei Mikolajow und Zurawno (462) Vorstoß Pflanzers an den Dniester und neuerliche Krise bei der Südarmee (465) Die Durchbruchsschlacht bei Mosciska und Lubaczow (12. bis 15. Juni) (469) Vorstoß östlich und nordöstlich von Sieniawa (478) Erwägungen und Entschlüsse auf beiden Seiten (480) Die Schlacht bei Grodek und Magierow (481) Die Gewinnung von Niemirow und Lubaczow (16. bis 19. Juni) (481) Der Vorstoß an die Wereszyca und an den Tanew (483) Der Durchbruch bei Magierow und die Bezwingung der Wereszycalinie (488) Die Kämpfe südlich vom Dniester (492) Die Einnahme von Lemberg (20. bis 22. Juni) (495) Die Maßnahmen der Hauptquartiere (495) Die entscheidenden Kämpfe um Lemberg (498) Einleitungskämpfe an der Südwestfront ([505]) Die Feldzugspläne ([507]) Österreich-Ungarn ([507]) Italien (509) Die Grenzkämpfe in Tirol im Mai und Juni 1915 (512) Die operativen Erwägungen und Maßnahmen bei Freund und Feind (512) Die Begebenheiten an der Tiroler Westfront und im Rayon "Südtirol" (517) Die Verteidigung der Dolomitenfront (520) Die Ereignisse an der Kärntner Front vom 23. Mai bis Anfang Juli 1915 (523) Die ersten Grenzkämpfe und der Aufmarsch des k. u. k. VII. Korps bis Ende Mai (523) Dei Kämpfe auf dem Karnischen Kamm von Anfang Juni bis Anfang Juli (528) Die Kämpfe zwischen Krn und Flitsch von Ende Mai bis Ende Juni 1915 (532) Die ersten Kämpfe im Küstenland (534) Einbruch der Italiener und Aufmarsch der k. u. k. 5. Armee (534) Der Begegnungskampf im Raume zwischen Krn und Tolmein (2. bis 4. Juni) (539) Die ersten Gefechte zwischen Plava und dem Meere (5. bis 22. Juni) (541) Der Feldzug von Brest-Litowsk ([547]) Die Offensive an die Gnila Lipa ([549]) Die militärpolitische Lage nach der Einnahme von Lemberg ([549]) Die Schlacht bei Bukaczowce und Bobrka Vorrückung der 2. und der Südarmee vom 23. bis 25. Juni (555) Die Ereignisse bei der Heeresgruppe Mackensen (23. bis 28. Juni) Bereitstellung zum Nordstoß (560) Der Vorstoß auf Tomaszow (26. bis 28. Juni) (564) Vorgehen der 1. Armee gegen Zawichost und Gliniany (23. bis 28. Juni) (565) Die Entscheidung in der Schlacht bei Bukaczowce - Bobrka (26. bis 28. Juni) (567) Gliederung der 7. Armee am 22. Juni: (571) Der Vorstoß an die Zlota Lipa und über Krasnik und Zamosc (28. Juni bis 13. Juli) (573) Die Absichten der Heeresführung zu Ende Juni (573) Die Preisgabe der San-Tanewlinie durch die Russen (29. und 30. Juni) (576) Die Schlacht an der Gnila Lipa (579) Die Verfolgung an die Zlota Lipa (2. bis 5. Juli) (583) Die letzten Kämpfe der 1. Armee auf dem linken Weichselufer (29. Juni bis 2. Juli) (587) Die "Zweite Schlacht bei Krasnik" (1. bis 10. Juli) (588) Die Einleitungskämpfe am 1. und 2. Juli (588) Der Angriff der k. u. k. 4. Armee bis zu seinem Höhepunkt (3. bis 8. Juli) (592) Der neuen Offensive entgegen (600) Der russische Gegenangriff in der Richtung auf Krasnik und seine Abwehr (601) Die großen Führerentschlüsse in der ersten Julihälfte (609) Die Verdrängung der Russen aus dem Weichselbogen (613) Die Dniesterkämpfe vom 14. bis zum 19. Juli (613) Die zwei ersten Kampftage (613) Die Ereignisse auf dem Ostflügel der 7. Armee und an der Zlota Lipa (616) Das Vordringen der Verbündeten bis Cholm, Lublin und bis vor Iwangorod (15. Juli bis 1. August) (618) Angriffsplan und Bereitstellung der Armeen (618) Die Schlacht bei Krasnostaw (16. bis 18. Juli) (622) Die Eroberung von Sokal durch die k. u. k. 1. Armee (15. bis 18. Juli) (625) Fortführung des Angriffes der k. u. k. 4. Armee beiderseits der Bystrzyca (16. bis 18. Juli) (628) Der Durchbruch der Armeeabteilung Woyrsch bei Sienno (16. bis 18. Juli) (629) Die Schlacht am Chodelbach und die Neugliederung der Heeresgruppe Mackensen (19. bis 28. Juli) (631) Vordringen der Armee Woyrsch bis vor Iwangorod und der Weichselübergang bei Ryczywol (19. bis 31. Juli) (637) Die Einnahme von Lublin und Cholm (29. Juli bis 1. August) (645) Hindenburgs Stoß über den Narew (13. Juli bis 4. August) (650) Die Eroberung von Iwangorod (1. bis 4. August) (653) Die Ereignisse zwischen Weichsel und Bug vom 2. bis 4. August (655) Die Bugkämpfe vom 19. Juli bis 4. August (659) Wechselvolles Ringen um den Brückenkopf bei Sokal (20. bis 31. Juli) (661) Die Säuberung des westlichen Bugufers durch die Armee Böhm-Ermolli (20. bis 26. Juli) (663) Rückzug der russischen 13. Armee hinter die Luga (1. bis 4. August) (665) Von der mittleren Weichsel bis Brest-Litowsk (667) Die Führerentschlüsse bei Freund und Feind zu Anfang August (667) Die Schlacht bei Lubartow (5. bis 8. August) (672) Der Kampf um die Ostrowstellung (8. bis 11. August) (677) Die deutsche Ostfront vom 5. bis zum 11. August (683) Vormarsch der Heeresgruppe Prinz Leopold bis vor Likow und Siedlec (683) Der Vorstoß Hindenburgs bis über Ostrow und Lomiza (5. bis 11. August) (685) Erwägungen und Maßnahmen der verbündeten Heeresleitungen und des Oberkommandos Mackensen (686) Maßnahmen der russischen Führung (688) Der Vormarsch gegen Brest-Litowsk (12. bis 17. August) (689) Die deutsche Ostfront vom 12. bis zum 17. August (697) Die Vereinbarungen der Verbündeten vom 14. bis zum 19. August (699) Der Vorstoß über Kowel (19. bis 24. August) (704) Die beiderseitige Überflügelung von Brest-Litowsk durch die Vorstöße der Flügelgruppen Mackensen über den Bug (18. bis 23. August) (707) Die Fortführung der Offensive bei den Heeresgruppen Prinz Leopold und Hindenburg (18. bis 23. August) (714) Die Einnahme von Brest-Litowsk (24. bis 26. August) (716) Betrachtungen über die Sommeroffensive 1915 (724) Die Sommerschlachten gegen Italien ([731]) Die erste Isonzoschlacht (23. Juni bis 7. Juli) ([733]) Artillerievorbereitung und Erkundungsgefechte (23. bis 29. Juni) ([733]) Die entscheidenen Tage der Schlacht (30. Juni bis 7. Juli) (738) Die zweite Isonzoschlacht (18. Juli bis 10. August) (745) Bereitstellung der Kräfte und Einleitungskämpfe auf der Karsthochfläche und vor Görz (18. und 19. Juli) (745) Verlust und Rückeroberung des Mt. S. Michele (20. bis 24. Juli) (750) Der Kampf um den Görzer Brückenkopf (20. bis 24. Juli) (753) Italienische Angriffe im Krngebiet (19. bis 25. Juli) (754) Der Höhepunkt der Schlacht auf der Karsthochfläche (25. und 26. Juli) (755) Das Abflauen der Schlacht (758) Die Kärntner Front von Anfang Juli bis Mitte August 1915 (763) Neugliederung der beiderseitigen Streitkräfte und Stellungsbau (763) Die Kämpfe im Grenzraume Kärntens (767) Die Kämpfe am oberen Isonzo in der zweiten Augusthälfte 1915 (769) Der italienische Angriffsplan und die Stärke beider Parteien (769) Die Kämpfe bei Tolmein vom 12. bis zum 20. August (771) Das Ringen um das Becken von Flitsch (774) Die Ereignisse der letzten Augusttag (778) Begebenheiten in den westlichen Abschnitten der Armeegruppe Rohr (779) Die Sommerkämpfe in Tirol (780) Die Dolomitenoffensive der Italiener (780) Der italienische Angriff im Val Sugana und auf der Hochfläche von Lavarone und Folgaria (784) Die Ereignisse im Etschtal und an der Tiroler Westfront (786) Die ersten Kämpfe gegen Italien im Lichte der heutigen Geschichtskenntnis (787) Nachträge zum zweiten Bande ([793]) Personenverzeichnis und Verzeichnis der öst.-ung. und der deutschen Truppenverbände ([795]) Personenverzeichnis ([797]) A ([797]) B ([797]) C, D (798) E, F, G (799) H (799) I, J (800) K (800) L (801) M (801) N, O, P (802) R (803) S (803) T, U, V, W, Z (804) Verzeichnis Truppenverbände (805) Verzeichnis der öst.-ung. Truppenverbände (805) Verzeichnis der deutschen Truppenverbände (811) Druckfehlerverzeichnis (814) Einband ( - )

wMmmzwmmsmi QETTY8BURQ "NEWS" PRINT. mim\ am (&M,i«r/*,/ WAiiiit 'i-.W/,l«ii» I • f *> >■ 11/ ndi' i * ,T 1:1 ■■■■■■ 4h Ii '•'II■■ I V «\\ 4 I.'i HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau or Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. Makers ol Caps, Gowns and Hoods to the American Colleges and Universities from the Atlan-tic to the Pacific- Class contracts a specialty IR-iciL (3-o-w-n.s for tlxe ZE'-u.lpit and. Benc5±.- WANTED. College students during their vacation can easily make $20 to $30 per week. Write for par-ticulars. THE UNIVERSAL MFG. CO , Pittsburg, Pa. i'f Come and Have a Good Shave, or HAIR-CUT at Harry B. Seta's New Tonsorial Parlors, 35 Baltimore St. BARBERS' SUPPLIES A SPECIALTY. Also, choice line of fine Cigars. Wanted. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN in this and adjoining territories to represent and advertise the Wholesale and Educa-tional department of an old established house of solid financial standing. Salary $3.so per day with expenses advanced each Monday by check direct from headquar-ters. Horse and buggy furnished when necessary. Position Permanent- Ad-dress, BLEW BROTHERS & CO., Dept. 8, Monon Bldg., Chicago. 111. IF YOU CALL ON C. A. Bloehep, JeuucleP, Centre Square, He can serve you in anything you may want in REPAIRING or JEWELRY. WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. a If FOUR POINTS" Quality of material; thorough-ness of workmanship; perfection of style, and fairness of price are the four cardinal points of this tailor store. J. D. LIPPY, 29 Chambersburg Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. CITY HOTEL, Main Street, - Gettysburg, Pa. Free 'Bus to and from all trains. Thirty seconds' walk from either depot. Dinner with drive over field with four or more, $ 1.35. Rates, $1.50 to $2.00 per Day. Livery connected. Rubber-tire buggies a specialty. John E. Hughes, Prop. For Artistic Photographs Go To TIPTON, The Leader in Photo Fashions. Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. C. E. Barbehenn THE EACLE HOTEL > ■ i :: Main and Washington Sts. ia-XoX.= -=O*.*; _XcXs : _XrX^ : _=c«i; _5c^f o =»: :**: :**: *A; :**r fc^-J U-PI-DEE. jj{? ■; A new Co-ed lias alighted in town, lT-pi-dee, U-pi-da! •'b'*' In an up-to-daicst tailor-made gowr.,(J-pi-de-i-da ! *y -* The hoys are wild, and prex is, too. You never saw such a hulla-ba-loo. CHORUS. — U-pi-uee-i-dee-i-da ! etc. Her voice is clear as a soaring lark's, And her wit is li/cc those trolley-car sparks t When 'cross a imiddy s:reet she flits, The boy.-, ad have conniption tits: The turn of her head turns all ours, too. There's always a Strife to sit in her pew; Tis enough to make a parson drunk, mm m:■-nn m 5(?n and NEW WORD; k To hear her sing old co-ca-che-lunk! rsesto ma The above, and three otherNEWverses to U-PI-DEF and NEW WORDS, catchy, uo-to-date, to many in/ others of the popular OLD FAMILIAR TUNES; be- ff *T ft? «- ■ tr" 1 m w mm sides OLD FAVORITES ; and also many NEW SONGS. IfWi SONGS OF ALL THE COLLEGES. W:i Copyright Price. $r.50, postpaid. 110,1 *W,- tf"ff WINDS k NOBLE, Publishers, New York City. XX nnr.i Schoolbooks of all p7tblishers at ove store. •m iaa» -ty- =w= *c =5*.=\*=**=xx =**= *t=**= mr.\ I In .4 PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Of Novelties for the Fall Season, including Latest Suiting, Coating, Trousering and Vesting. Our Prices are Eight. SPECIAL CARE TAKEN TO MAKE WORK STYLISH AND EXACTLY TO YOUR ORDER. Ulill CCl. Seligman, WHO*. 7 Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. R. A. WONDERS Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, etc. Scott's Corner, opp. Eagle Hotel GETTYSBURG, PA. Pool Parlors in Connection. D. J. Swartz Country Produce in Groceries Cigars and Tooacco GETTYSBURG. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. Allen K. Walton, Pres. and Treas. Root. J. Walton, Superintendent. Dummelstown Brown Stone Company QTT_A_:e,:R,-H-:i^E!iT and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING, and TILE, WALTOPILLE, " PENNA. Contractors for all kinds of cut stone work. Telegraph and Express Address, BROWNSTONE, PA. Parties visiting quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station, on the P. & R. R. R. 'A I PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. ■mm WeaVep Pianos and Organs Essentially the instruments for critical and discriminating buyers. Superior in every detail of construction and superb' instruments for the production of a great variety of musical effects and the finest shades of expression. Close Prices. Easy Terms. Oil Instruments Exchanged. I WEAVER ORGAN AND PIANO CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA., U. S. A. \ \ Ec\ert Latest Styles in HATS, SHOES AND GENT'S FURNISHING .Our specialty. WALK-OVER SHOE M. K. ECKERT Prices always right The Lutheran puhli^ing jlonge., No. 1424 Arch Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Col-leges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and devel-op one of the church institutions with pecuniary advantage to yourself. Address H. S. BONER, Supt. m The diereary. The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. VOL. XIII. GETTYSBURG, PA., APRIL, 1905. No. 2 CONTENTS "THE TOILER'S SONG."—Poem, 30 F. W. M. '07. "ARE OUR ISLAND COLONIES A SOURCE OF "—Essay. . HERBERT S. DORNBERGER, '06. STRENGTH?"—' 31 POEM. 34 "THE UNCERTAINTY OF LIFE,"—Story, . 34 "SENIOR SWAN SONG,"—Poem, 39 "A HABIT OF ECONOMY,"—Essay, . 40 GEO. W. GULDEN, '06. "THOUGHTS OF THE 'PROFS,'"—Poem, . 42 "KEEPING A DIARY,"-Essay, 45 5. B. '07. "AWAY,"—Poem . 47 '06. "THE DREAM MAIDEN,"—Story, . . 48 EDITORIALS, . • 54 "Salve, Tempus Vernum." The Bulletin Board." " The Critique." ■"UNDER THE CRACKER," 57 30 THE MERCURY. THE TOILER'S SONG. F. W. M. '07 /V CROSS the corn and cotton ■* "^ Rings out the toiler's song ; And all earth's countless voices Bear its plaintive strains along. Singing in the sunshine, Bind the long sheaves fast, Song and labor blending, For rest will come at last. Its melody is lasting ; Brings the tears to many eyes ; Those sweet-voiced singers' anthem Goes like incense to the skies. Singing in the sunshine, Speed the task with might; Rest comes after labor, And labor ends with night. Across the starlight pealing Goes the echo of that song, And thousands humbly kneeling Its mellow tones prolong. Singing in the sunshine, Crown the earth with light ; Evening brings the homeland. For labor ends with night. -HL* THE MERCURY. 3 I ARE OUR ISLAND COLONIES A SOURCE OF STRENGTH? Essay, by HERBERT S. DORNBERGER, '06. b4* VER since the close of our war with Spain much dis- "* cussion has taken place concerning our new possessions. These discussions have considered the Philippine Islands and Hawaii from various standpoints. What advantages will these semi-civilized islands bring the United States? has often been asked. Are they a source of strength or are they, on the con-trary, a source of weakness? is another of the points, which has caused much debate and contention. And thus a number of similar questions, too many to enumerate here, have likewise been asked. From this great number of standpoints it is the purpose of the present discussion to consider the foreign ag-grandizement question in respect to whether or not our new island colonies are a source of strength. This, likewise, gives rise to a large number of intermediate points, which are directly concerned with the above mentioned question. Owing to lim-ited space we will only take up the more important points and confine ourselves to the effect these islands have or may have on the United States %s a nation and on the people of the United States. The first part of the discussion, the effect these colonies have on the United States as a power or nation, will be divided, for convenience, into four topics : These islands in times of peace ; in times of war with a foreign power; in times of internal re-bellion or insurrection ; and their value to the government as coaling stations. The first topic, as before stated, will be the effect upon the United States in times of peace. Now that we are in posses-sion of these islands, it, of course, becomes necessary to make them capable of protecting themselves against either foreign or domestic strife or war. This means that a force of troops, a squadron of war-vessels and modern defences and fortifications be established there. To do this properly requires the expendi-ture of large sums of money. But this fortifying and station- 32 THE MERCURY. ing of military and naval forces there is not all the expense in-curred by holding these islands. Other modern institutions must also be introduced. An educational system must be founded, roads must be built and improved, a postal system must be established and men must be employed to fill these different positions. Thus, from the aspect of the effect of these colonies on the government, nothing but expense is seen. Now that we have hurriedly scanned the situation in times of peace, it will logically follow to examine briefly the situation in times of war with a foreign power. These islands are at a great distance from the Ignited States and are accessible only from the Pacific coast, besides requiring a large force to be sta-tioned there in the event of a hostile attack. Then, how easy it would be for some strong power to lay siege to one of the numerous harbors and thus weaken the Pacific coast defense and lay it open to attack by causing reinforcements to be sent to the besieged colonies. Of course, it is not probable that anything like this will occur at the present time, but who can tell what the future is destined to bring us ? If the United States had had these islands during the Spanish war, it would not have been so easy to overcome Spain, for it would have necessitated the keeping of a large enough force stationed at these different places to insure protection for them and thereby weakened our attacking force considerably. Now take Spain. Had she had only Spain proper to protect, she would have been enabled to use the fleets, which were protecting her various island possessions, to harrass the Atlantic and Pacific coast. England will serve as another instance of this, as will also France. Considered in this light these islands are undoubtedly an element of weakness to our otherwise strong nation. Next, we will discuss the third topic, the effect these islands have on the United States as a nation, or these possessions in times of insurrection. Their inhabitants are for the most part very poorly educated and have a tendency toward rebellion. Such a rebellion means the loss of a large number of lives and the destruction of a vast amount of property, for a rebellion there would be waged in a guerrilla fashion, which is a form of THE MERCURY. 33 insurrection that is extremely difficult to suppress. Here we again have another great disadvantage to the nation holding such possessions as the Philippins Islands and Hawaii. As ex-amples of this we cite the Philippines under Spain's dominion and the long list of insurrections and rebellions Great Britain has been obliged to meet and crush. Now that we "have considered the disadvantages these col-onies afford the United States, it is only proper that we also turn our attention to the advantages they offer us as a nation. These islands are principally valuable as coaling stations. Their location for this purpose is one of their best qualities. Situated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean they are most valuable as •coaling stations. They also form an extremely fine base of supplies for operations against China and the Far East. What ■makes them all the more valuable is that they, as islands, are subject only to an attack by water. Thus one can see at a glance the vast importance they are to the United States as ■coaling stations and a base of supplies for operations in the East, which will be the field of battle in the near future. Now that we have considered the more important points both for and against our keeping possession of these island colonies of ours, from the aspect of their effect upon the United States as a nation, it naturally follows that we also devote some time to the effect they will have on the people of the United States. As before, we would divide this part of the discussion into topics which are also four in number: Their value to our commerce ; their value to our industries and manufactures; their value as sources of raw materials and the like; and their value as affording a field for the investment of American capital. 34 THE MERCURY. "'i "HE Spaniards had a fleet of ships, * The greatest to be found ; They started on a conquest trip And cruised the world around. They thought they could do wondrous things And conquer every land ; But lo, they struck a windy time And now rest in the sand. They never thought that such a thing Could ever come their way ; But said that they could make King " Hen" Do 'xactly as they say. The elements were opposed to it, And now "Hen " holds full sway They only had a few ships left, Those Uncle Sam blew 'way. THE UNCERTANTY OF LIFE. TODAY we are, to-morrow we are not. When the hand of fate falls then is our time at hand. We may wander longr brave many perils ; in an unguarded, yet appointed moment we are lost. But it is not a tale of daring and courage, nor a tale of man and the city, but a plain, unvarnished tale of the mountains and streams which we would tell. Among the mountains of Pennsylvania, in a hollow, like to a giant's cup, lies a sparkling, little pond kept full by three trout streams. All around the mountains rise a sheer half-mile, and the heads of those grim, old ranges almost converge in a point. The almost in this case allows this story to be written. Now there, in days past, had stood a mill, beneath whose whirling saw the giants of the forest were transformed into prosaic lum-ber. Early in my boyhood we went through that hollow for berries; first in season raspberries, then huckleberries, then those long, sweet, black fellows, whose delicious taste well re- THE MERCURY. 35 pays a seven-mile tramp. To this spot we always came, for here there were many diverging roads and here we rested and drank of spring water, ice-cold and crystal-clear. The mill stood silent and deserted, for the flood which had wiped out the city of Johnstown also ruined the skidways and tramroads. All over the hills the only sign of man to be found were the blacked stumps, left a grim reminder oi the destructive force of man. The tramroad on which they had hauled the logs to the mill was now rotted away and over the sides of the moun-tains was a new growth which had almost reached a commer-cial size. In the valley, which was mentioned before, lived an old couple in a log cabin. We boast of being up-to-date in Penn-sylvania, yet there are spots where civilization is not all-power-ful. This was one. On the-right hand side of the cabin (go-ing up the mountain,) was the most beautiful stream I ever ex-pect to see. Great, flat slate stones scattered all over the bed of the brook were covered with moss, which, when the leaping water threw its spray, glistened like one grand robe of emeralds. An archway of trees made it an ideal retreat, cool in the hot-test summer day. Many times while berrying did we sit there, a merry crowd of boys and girls to eat our lunch. Above the cabin, circling like a gigantic serpent, runs the railroad, the P. & N. W. Railroad. Back of the cabin it makes the grandest horseshoe of any railroad in the East. Often in the hard times of '94-'97 did I ride around Point Lookout with its magnificent view for miles down the valley, where the morn-ing fog hung low over the stream and field, where the moun-tains rose grandly with their tops bathed in sunlight, except where here and there a little cloudlet of fog rose like some specter along the mountain side. Below us would be seen probably four or five coal trains creeping one after another like a procession of snails. On the first train were probably 125 men, who, idle, picked berries in preference to doing nothing in town. Below sparkling like a diamond, set on a background of velvet, lay the mill-dam in the very centre of the valley. As the train shot grandly around Point Lookout the coal cars roll- 36 THE MERCURY. ling and rocking, it made one shiver to think of the half-mile plunge we would take if they should ever leave the track. In the valley on the mountain road the berrypickers, looked like little black and red ants, and the trout stream wound about like a band of silver. But we are forgetting our cabin in the valley. The old man > who lived there, was one-half Indian, Jimmy Sutton by name. He had no trade, no occupation but that of a hunter. A small patch of ground across the road from the cabin grew all the potatoes and other vegetables he needed, and the fish and game he caught made a welcome addition to his table. He had served in the war of '61-'65 and drew a pension, which was sufficient for their simple mode of life. All day long he would sit patiently and fish or watch for wild turkey and rabbit. His patience was untiring, his time unlimited. His wife was his opposite, a childlike, primitive sort of a woman, obeying his commands with doglike devotion, looking up to him as her lord and master. He, as a rule, exacted no demands which were unreasonable or impossible. But, well I remember one summer, when the old man re-ceived his back pension. He went to the nearest saloon and drank hard from middle summer until early fall. Then the grief of his wife was almost unbearable ; her faith was touching. It transformed her from a simple, ignorant woman into a woman of strength and character. Long would she look every day for. her man's return. Often, while at her work, she would run to the door and look up the mountain road, eagerly await-ing him. And her disappointment was bitter; it moved the women of the berry pickers to tears. She never gave up hope that he would come back ; she would always answer, when asked if she expected him to return, " He'll come back some day, my Jim will." And she was right. When after a sum-mer of wondering and debauchery, the old man came home broken and penitent, her joy was beyond the reach of pen to describe. This strange couple had a son at this time, a boy of about seven years. He had never seen a trolley or a book, yet he THE MERCURY. 37 was a keen little fellow, to whom the secrets of the woods were known by instinct. With his dog, on the long, summer days, he would play through the valley, going miles from home, undisturbed by fear of rattlers and copperheads, for he was a free child of nature, reveling in the glory of mountains streams and forest. Often have I met him, calling as he ran along, exulting in the mere fact of living. He loved the moun-tains. They were school and home for him, and, though un-spoken, his passion was none the less real. The people of the lowlands can never feel, never understand, the affection a man, raised in the highlands, has for his native hills. To him they are dear; to be near them is enough ; to walk over them by day all alone with his thoughts, to camp high on their summits and watch in the summer-dusk the stars appear one by one, is glorious, it is wonderful. Standing in a valley looking up the rockstrewn steep a man's conceit is struck from him by the con-trast with his own littleness; God made the mountains, to teach man his own unworthnessand instability and to shelter the busy cities from the unbroken sweep of snowladtn winds. The summer went by. The strange family in the giant's cup lived on. More work had made fewer berrypickefs, yet they were all welcome. A belated party caught by the rain was always gladly taken in at the cabin, and when the old wo-man would spread us bread and butter after a long day's tramp, it tasted sweeter than honey, more satisfying than any dinner we have ever eaten. Well do I remember one sultry, hot day when, as the evening approached, the sky was one somber mass of black and the wind moaned through the trees like a player sadly running over the strings of his violin. Three of us sat in the cabin door and waited for the storm to break. Across the valley loomed the slide, a great yellow splotch on the hill-side, where hundreds of tons of earth had broken loose and dashed to the foot of the mountain. Around this summit the lightning played strange freaks, cutting the trees, rending them as with a giant's axe. The old man told us stories of catamounts, bears and snakes, 38 THE MERCURY. I , until, in our boyish fear, we could almost hear the unearthly cry of the wild cat and the rattle of the snake. The years went by and a time of adversity came to the family, who lived in the shadow of the mountains. Their cabin was burned one summer night" and they were left homeless. But there was some compensation for them, too. Those, who have little and lose all, regain their former standing with greater ease than those blessed with many worldly goods. A tew days later a new cabin stood on the site of the old one and what little furniture they had lost was replaced by the exercise of a little ingenuity. The fall came on and the mountain sides were clothed in a a garment of red and gold. The dying leaves put on their gayest colors ere they fell, making one grand kaleidscope of beauty. The half-wild cow, which the family owned, did not return for clays and they spent their time in searching for her. One evening the boy now thought he heard the tinkle of a bell, and, asking his mother's permission, he ran down the road in search of the lost animal. At his heels followed his dog Jack, the best ground hog dog in all that country. We can only imagine him as he went down the road so light-hearted and free, little knowing he was going to meet death. We can imagine the dog stopping shortly with a quick, sharp bark as he scented the ground-hog sitting before his hole in the evening sunlight. With a short, shrill "yelp the dog springs from the road up the hill followed by the no-less eager boy. The dog soon holes the hog and then follows it through its crooked path under the rock. Brought to bay in his home, the game fought back so fiercely that, old and experienced as the dog was, he was com-pelled to retreat to the open air. Then the boy crawls forward on his stomach with a short club to dislodge the animal. The hog had builded wiser than he knew. Underneath a rough stone wall above which ran the deserted tramroad he had dug far into the ground. The boy in his eagerness thought not of the danger and striking the keystone of the wall the whole weight of rock fell upon him. His life was crushed out in an instant and all was still except for the echo of the falling stones. ■■■■ ■i I i I/ II I i tit i «I>M ./. THE MEKCURV. 39 Dusk came and then the night and not until the night was far advanced did his people begin to wonder or worry. At last alarmed, they hastened to find him. The dog faithful unto 'death sat on the ledge of rock howling morunfully and guided them to him. In a glance they understood. We cannot know the feelings of these two old people whin at last they uncovered their boy mutilated and cold. The old man, with the stoicism of his Indian father, said not a word, but his mother wailed and moaned, out there on the mountain side. They buried him in the valley where he had lived and died and now every one, who stops there, listens with sympathy and pity to the story of his untimely death. SENIOR SWAN SONG. E^~"AREWELL, when "exams " hold you in their power, And keep you awake in the wee stilly hour, Then think of what " profs " will sure do to you And how you will feel when they all get through. Your troubles are many, not one hope will remain Of the few that have passed through your fear-leaden brain. But you ne'er will forget the small note that you threw, To your class-mate o'er yonder, who signaled to you. And yet in the evening when songs you strike up, With joy and with pleasure you fill up each cup. Whate'er's in the future, be it gloomy or bright, You'll always remember the joys of that night. You will join in the jokes, the tricks, and the wiles, And return to your pillow to dream there with smiles ; For something it tells you that this happy day Will soon pass far from you forever and aye. Then live while you can in this gay college life, For soon will your path be a journey of strife. Your friends will be few and still less of them tried ; With courage and calmness you must stem the tide. Your troubles will come, they will fall thick and fast; Yet memory will hold these glad days till the last. For no matter how low you may sink in the strife, You will look back with pleasure to gay college life. 40 THE MERCURY. ' A HABIT OF ECONOMY. GULDEN, '06. kHE meaning of the words " habit" and " economy," as used in this subject, needs but little exposition. Every-one of average intelligence understands them in a general sense ; but their application in the details of affairs demands our atten-tion. A habit is an involuntary tendency to perform a certain act,, which tendency is acquired by a frequent repetition of that act. A habit determines how we walk ; another, how we sit; an-other, how we eat, and so on indefinitely, until we can truly say-that habits determine our actions. • Economy, as defined by one writer, is : " The management,, regulation or supervision of means or resources, especially the management of pecuniary or other concerns of a household;. hence, a frugal use of money, material and time ; the avoidance of, or freedom from, waste or extravagance in the management or use of anything; frugality in the expenditure of money and material." This definition, though clear, yet, it seems to me, can be crystallized into this one idea of the proper manage-ment of one's concerns. In short, then, a habit of economy is an involuntary tendency to'manage one's concerns properly. Illustrative examples we have in plenty of men, who have sadly failed on account of the lack of a habit of economy ; and of others, who have been eminently successful because they possessed it. In the care of important matters, both public and private, the largest safety is to be assured by placing con-fidence in those who have formed this habit. Observe the ex-amples of some of our great men, with what scrupulous care they managed their affairs. Washington, even in camp, with the cares of the campaign devolved upon him, looked after the details of his mess and his personal expenditures. This habit also manifested itselt in his careful account of household expen-ditures while he was President. Jefferson, too, planned the af-fairs of his house, his garden, his farm, everything to the last detail. He was reared to avoid waste. The habit of enforcing; 1 J kt ■ *l THE MERCURY. . 4I reasonable frugality was formed in his youth, and was exercised throughout his entire life. These were the highest types of the class of men in whom others put confidence, but they were not the only men who possessed this habit. We know that the majority of our an-cestors, the sturdy men and women of earlier days, possessed,- in a much larger measure, this habit than we, their descertdents^ do today. They were workers, honest, frugal and saving.- They acquired for themselves comfortable homes and taught their children to work, to save, to insure increase from a habit of wholesome economy. Often do we hear those, still living, tell how they were brought up under the discipline of economy. Work was ap-pointed for them, and they had to do it. Idleness was not tol-erated. And now it actually pains them to witness the waste and idleness practiced by the growing generation. The main question with which they were concerned, in regard to personal affairs, was, "How much can be saved?" They were satisfied to work for small wages, if out of thesf wages they could save a portion during the year. The great question today seems to be, "How much can be made?" With this deceptive guide as their leader, our young men from the country are flocking into the cities, searching for situations, which will afford them an easier living, with the hope of rapid accumulation of wealth. Many of them do not believe that labor is the producing power, but think that by some easy road they can obtain success and fortune. They have never realized that "You can't get something for nothing ;" and to them "misfortune," as they call it, speedily comes. Others have never formed the habit of economy, and, although they are successful in securing positions which pay large salaries, yet they save no money. They spend each month's wages as they earn it, and often before it is earned. They are the men who later demand higher wages, not that they may save money and make their homes more comfortable, but that they may spend more on the luxuries of life, luxuries that the wealthy enjoy. Too many of our people today are not satisfied to live com- f'fB^—l'.'»«««flHBTaMTmlfiffiff KMitmm 42 THE MEKCORV. fortably and add a little to their material possessions by prac-ticing frugality. Feeling confident that the future will bring large returns, they branch out into large expenditures, and run into debt for purchases altogether unnecessary. They try to match or surpass, in house-hold equipment or other showy material, those of larger and more abundant means. Their false pride impels them to follow the leadership of fashion which ruins them with debt, changes wholesome taste to pernicious •excesses, and invites demoralizing perils. All this from a lack of the habit of economy, which comes from saving here and there, and holding on to the small things, which go to make up the larger; a habit which should be enforced by every pa-rent, and formed by every child, because the practice of econo-my is among the most useful and valued of life's duties. THOUGHTS OF THE PROFS. ^| VHE " Prof " lies down to rest, ^ His working day is o'er ;. His dreams are filled with zest, He plots and schemes yet more. Now there's the Senior grave— Yes, I'll go after him ; He looked so bold and brave But, oh, his bluff is thin ! I call him up the very first, I torture him with fire ; And in my rage I'll almost burst The bonds of god-like ire. I'll hurl the question in his face, I'll make him quake and moan ; He surely will another place Wish he had for his happy home. But let him writhe in grief and pain, Until I find another, Who can his place as well supply, Oh, yes, his Junior brother. THE MERCURY'. 43 A Junior is a mighty man, A man of power aiid skill ; Indeed, if it were not for him The schools would go downhill. That's what he thinks about himself, But oh what a foolish notion ; Could"he see himself as others see, He might change in his devotion. To '• Profs " arrayed in learning deep He looks quite small indeed ; Pop says he sees them come and go, And when Pop speaks we heed. To them the brain of man is clear As crystal-sparkling water; In logic they are gifted one's In Greek they wisely mutter. But the ■' Prof " dreams on ; His ghoulish glee is not one whit abated, For tomorrow come exams, you know, And his wrath can not be sated. Philosophy, History, Poetry, Art, Psychology and Mathematics— A very demon seems to start As he gazes on Poppy Statics. But we leave the Junior now anon, For the Sophomore, wisest of wise, Who, haughtily smiling, gazes on With his wide-open owl-like eyes. To him the heavens are an open book ; For botany specimens he roams the plain, On athletic teams for him you look ; At midnight knowledge he strives to gain. He hustles and bustles around, Like a hen on a griddle hot; Undying fame he would win at a bound, He would even question the wife of Lot. . . I ■ >tl.'J ! 44 THE MERCURY. But the professor has a job for him, That will turn his joy to woe ; Ich bin, du bist, like a funeral hymn The Dutchman mutters sweet and slow. An essay I make him hand to me, The Essay Doctor says in his sleep ; Four-hundred-thousand words at least And busy at his work he'll keep. Goodbye, Sophomore, here's my meat, The Proffy grins in fiendish glee, For the verdant grass beneath the feet Is pale indeed near a Freshman wee. This world struggled on for ages Ere the Freshman here arrived, And now he scribbles countless pages, To solve the riddle he often tries. He's in for reform the day he starts— Politic's, Fraternities, curriculum, too ; He'll assign to the " profs " their speaking parts ', And tell the Seniors what to do. There's not a thing on this old sphere, Of which he cannot all things tell; He's always in place to see and hear ; He has guided all he attempted well. But o'er him does the Proffy gloat, And rolls in his bed with joy ; For he's going to set this young mind afloat; He'll surely teach this Freshman boy ! He'll make him dig the whole day long, Till his tired hands can scarcely move ; No more will he burst into song ; Sad, sick he misses mamma's love ; " For I'll be his mother dear," The kindly Proffy said ; " I put his bottle of milk quite near I dress him for his little bed. • 1/ IJ * / f THE MERCURY. 45 ^^»M*.IM,IH,t. aiH.^nY.fal.fc., 1,1 l.t/-.Jl L.IM11M 48 1 THE MERCURY. The rose looked up at the maiden And opened its petals white ; The twilight of life is passing, How swiftly falls the night, But into the city of sorrow The maiden sent the rose, That bloomed on a brighter morrow For only a few of those, Who, burdened with strife of living, Yet yearned for one happy day, And 'twas thus, through the maiden,s giving, That the rose found out " A Way." THE DREAM MAIDEN. WHEN Bill Heller came to college as an unsophisticated rustic, he little dreamed of the adventures which des-tiny had mapped out for him. Up to this time Bill had been accustomed only to follow his father's great horses as they toiled in the heat of the mid-day sun, to listen to the liquid warbling of the nightingale as she sang in the silvery moonlight, to rise in the early dawn as the sun came majestically sweep-ing above the horizon, kissing the tender buttercups as they gladly turned their golden cheek toward him. Bill had read the lives of men who had left their foot-prints on the sands of time and often in the solitude of his daily toil he had longed for the time when he should lift his deep sounding voice against the evils which threatened the destruction of his native land. Bill's first month's experience as a verdant Freshman was not exactly (a direct) parallel to his expectations. Beaten and bruised in the class rushes, the laughing stock of the upper classmen, his hopes and ambitions suffered a severe shock. To be or not to be. Should he stay and endure it all or go back to the huckleberry bushes ? was the question, which constantly puzzled Bill's mind as the days went by and trouble threw her black cloak around him like the pall of darkest night. The last spark of hope had almost died away and homesickness, that most unrelenting of all afflictions, held Bill in its iron grip. ) I I * I a < 11 THE MERCURY. 49 'One night, overwhelmed with the deepest dispair, he angrily 'dashed his books to the floor and rushed forth into the night, -some unconscious attraction, the will of some higher power, •drew him on. Over field and meadow he plodded, weary of the world, of sorrow and care. Unmindful of the flight of time and whither-soever, he walked, he finally came to a stream glittering in the moonlight. Sitting on a fallen giant of the forest and hurrying his face in his hands, he burst into tears, ibitter and unconsoling. The tears dropping like rain on the placid bosm of the stream rippled as though it, too, sympathized •with him in his hour of trouble. Gently as the professor steals upon the unsuspecting cribber, lie heard a faint melody steal upon him. Was it his fervid imagination or was it the murmur of the rippling brook ? Like the balm of Gilead, the sound came to his troubled soul and, forgetting all woes, he sat, enraptured by the wild beauty of the music; nearer and nearer it came, louder and louder it grew and Bill felt himself wafted into the seventh heaven of delight. Like a meteor bursting from its home in the heavens, a vision came from the depths of the forest and then Bill knew from whence those angelic notes had come. He sat spellbound and speech-less as the fair creature swept by him. His ayes had never before beheld such beauty, so intoxicating, so wonderful that Bill's excited brain could scarce believe her human. Some where in this rushing old world of ours there is a man for every woman, a woman for every man. Sometimes they never meet and two lives are blasted. When they do meet some law, un-known in its principles, draws them together, until two hearts beat as one. She was gone, but a new hope beat in Bill's breast. Who the fair maiden was Bill pondered in vain. Was she human or divine? If he could only see her once again, what would he not do or give to hold the fair (creature) in his arms and whisper, soft words of love in those (dainty) ears ! Bill's ambition came back like the tide and he held his head proudly up to the starry heavens. The clock just struck three, when Bill reached the college gate, and soon he was in Ded. Sleep came to him, a dream in which a lovely maiden gently MM.LV.W tLMMUJ'M.Ul.lr, jl.L.At.l.l.t.MHHiamHimmaUilMMI 50 THE MERCURY. brushed his tawny locks from off his fevered brow. The Chapel Bell was ringing when Bill awoke, and, hastily dressing, he was just 5 1-2 minutes late in getting to Latin class. Three times the Latin professor called upon him to recite, and three times Bill heard him not. The fourth summons broke the spell of his reverie and the gigling of his classmates caused Bill to blush to the roots of his hair. Bill's head swam. The room seemed to* be going round and he toppled over in a faint. For two months he lay in bed with brain fever. His life was despaired of and only his magnificent constitution and will sustained life. One night, while the tired nurse slept, Bill silently stole from his bed and instinctively sought again the spot where the vision of love-liness had first appeared to him. She was an over-grown country girl, a brunette, with wide-open, brown eyes. She came to college to realize her highest ideals, wilful, pretulent, brilliant, in her classes, always singled out in a crowd, a veritible queen, envied by women, loved by the men. Born in an atmosphere of literary culture and re-finement, she was at the time we write as yet undeveloped by the moulding flame of love. Nature was to her an open book. She loved to roam the fields and forests drinking with delight from the sparkling springs which sprang up in the forests. She came to college to live, to enjoy, to do, to be. Never failing in her set purpose, she went overcoming all obstacles. Her voice, bell-like and clear, sounded through the forest like the chime of a silver bell. She never knew the joy of love, the wild abandon, the joy that was almost pain. Bill had escaped his nurse and sat again at the tree in the forest beside the brook. He listened, longing with all the unreasonableness of a sick man for the voice of his charmer. Hark, listen, through the stillness of the night, it came and Bill's heart threatened to leap from his mouth. The voice came no nearer and Bill arose walking silently on the fallen leaves. He had walked only a few hundred feet when coming out into an open glade he saw the object of his search. Parting the bushes, Bill stood there open-eyed, drinking in the music as the hot sand of the desert drinks up the falling dew. There was the disturber of his -