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This artícle analyzes the evolution of some macroeconomic variables that would be affected by dollarization, implemented in El Salvador as of 2001, such as: the interest rate, inflation, foreign investment, national production and employment. Also, ít makes an account of the true reasons that the government had to dollarize and describes the model that was generated thereafter. Finally, there is the possibilíty of de-dollarization, the supposed dangers of carrying it out and certain recommendations about its convenience. ; El presente artículo analiza la evolución de algunas variables macroeconómicas que se verían afectadas por la dolarización, implementada en El Salvador a partir de 2001, tales como: la tasa de interés, inflación, inversión extranjera, producción nacional y empleo. Asimismo, hace un recuento de las verdaderas razones que el gobierno tuvo para dolarizar y describe el modelo que se generó a partir de entonces. Finalmente, se plantea la posibilidad de la desdolarización, los supuestos peligros de llevarla a cabo y ciertas recomendaciones sobre su conveniencia.

The establishment of independent administrative courts at the beginning of 2020 was repealed by Parliament, including the underlying constitutional provisions, it is still the ordinary courts (including the Supreme Court – Curia) that handle legal disputes of administrative nature. The article introduces the historical model of Hungary's administrative justice (between 1884 and 1949), emphasising its limited use as an example for the current challenges. We cannot speak of continuous historical evolution. It is more accurate to talk about fragments or fragmented short time periods. The changes and reform plans from 27 February 1884 (the "birthday" of Hungary's administrative justice) are analysed in the article. The different proposals from the jurisprudence and the only administrative court itself are explained in detail. The role similar to the constitutional courts aspired by the administrative court is also examined. An important declaration from all of the judges of the administrative court (in 1947), according to which the court would not apply legal regulations violating a person's natural and inalienable rights listed in the Act I of 1946, is also analysed.

As a standard operating backdrop in the United Kingdom, for more than a decade austerity has become an increasingly dominant logic as to how policing can be delivered and (re)configured to do 'more with less'. Yet beyond simple rationalisation of public policing in line with market principles, a more complex and long-standing trajectory underpins relations between the police and commercial 'others' set within this climate. With austerity as a guiding 'code', it has accelerated rather than punctuated the evolution of public policing dispersal. Using path dependency theory, the paper argues that change across both law and policy via different forms of critical juncture has embedded commercial principles, while simultaneously reconfiguring the symbolic (and operational) status of the police and their relationship with the public. In turn, the paper highlights that such pluralisation, in a genealogical sense, has tilted police authority away from central state control to a more dispersed and commercial model – but on a long-term trajectory which long precedes austerity as part of path-dependent change

Floristic research on this category of plants was started with some observations made under a research contract whose main objective was the complex study of anthropophilial flora in the main cities of Oltenia. The results obtained led us to monitor this category of plants to observe their evolution in the habitats in which they are installed.Following numerous movements made in recent years, a floristic inventory of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the urban and periurban areas of Oltenia, totaling 64 taxa, has been compiled. If it relates to the total number of species in this category with area on the territory of our country, we can say that 50% of them prefer urban and periurban places.If we add to the above the aggressiveness of some species and the presence of taxa of concern to the European Union (e.g. Ailanthus altissima and Asclepias syriaca), we can say that careful monitoring of invasive and potentially invasive plants is more than necessary. A first step would be to limit the expansion of the anthropogenic factor.

The African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group, established in June 1975 by the Georgetown Agreement, was generally seen as an emanation of the European Union (EU). This article presents a non-EU-centric perspective by discussing various initiatives aimed at fostering intra-ACP cooperation and promoting common ACP positions in international settings. Furthermore, it analyses various threats to the survival of the ACP Group, some linked to its allegedly ineffective performance as an organisation, others related to the rise of competitors, most notably the African Union. Importantly, it delves into the reform process that culminated in the adoption of the revised Georgetown Agreement in December 2019, which transformed the ACP Group into the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS), with the aim of establishing it as a relevant and influential global actor and reducing its dependence on the EU. In revisiting the evolution of the OACPS, this article identifies an intentions–capability gap, specifically between the often grandiose statements of official discourse and the institutional and financial resources devoted to implementing stated objectives.

Efforts to promote the development and agricultural value chains area common element of strategies to stimulate economic growth in low-income countries. Since the world food price crisis in 2007-2008, developing country governments, international donor agencies, and development practitioners have placed additional focus on trying to make agricultural value chains work better for the poor. As value chains evolve to serve new markets, they tend to become less inclusive. For example, if a value chain for high quality rice arises within an economy, it is inherently easier for those who sell rice to retailers to source that high quality rice from larger farms with the ability to control quality than from dozens of smallholder farms. As a result, the normal path of value chain evolution can be biased against smallholders; hence it is important to understand what types of interventions can make value chains more inclusive while also making them more efficient. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP2 ; MTID; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Since 2005, the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), nervous over the uncertain future of the Compact of Free Association and seeking to improve its fiscal self-sufficiency, has wasted time and resources on a pie-in-the-sky tax reform proposal with too many moving parts and too many stakeholders to satisfy. A more practical path to tax reform must be found—and as the authors argue, Hawaii's unique tax system should be used as a map forward.The FSM and Hawaii each have broad-based consumption taxes—the gross revenues tax and the general excise tax, respectively. Although these two taxes appear similar at first glance, Hawaii's tax has developed sophisticated characteristics over the past eighty-five years. Instead of attempting yet again to discard its gross revenues tax, the FSM should transform it. Replicating and accelerating Hawaii's eighty-five-year tax evolution could offer the FSM a much more practicable—and less politically daunting—shortcut to a modernized, efficient, and lucrative tax system.

The author analyzes the indigenization processes of politics which culminates, with limits and contradictions, in the construction of the multi-national state of Bolivia. The analysis focuses on the genesis and evolution of the joint transformation of institutions and socio-political relations, up to the Bolivian democracy's current crisis phase. ; El Autor analiza el proceso de indigenización de la política que culmina, con límites y contradicciones, en la construcción del Estado plurinacional de Bolivia. El análisis se centra en la génesis y evolución de la transformación conjunta de las instituciones y las relaciones sociopolíticas predominantes, hasta la actual fase de crisis de la democracia boliviana. ; L'autore analizza il processo di indigenizzazione della politica che culmina, con limiti e incoerenze, nella costruzione dello Stato plurinazionale di Bolivia. L'analisi si concentra sulla genesi e sull'evoluzione della trasformazione congiunta delle istituzioni e delle prevalenti relazioni socio-politiche, fino a giungere all'attuale fase di crisi della democrazia boliviana.

The article is an overview of the VI Scientific and Practical Conference «Internet beyond 2020» (April 22-24, 2021) organized by the online school of Internet research with the support of the Higher School of Economics. The conference program included workshop reports and round tables on the role of the global network, the evolution of art and education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The conference brought together representatives of social sciences and humanities (sociologists, cultural scientists, linguists), artists, designers, and specialists in the field of Internet studies. The organizers and participants of the conference tried to answer various questions, including the following. Is a modern person witnessing the emergence of fundamentally new anthropological practices? Is it possible to obtain a comprehensive picture of digital realities from single events of Internet studies, as well as predict the emergence and development of yet unknown social and anthropological transformations? Is it possible for a post-pandemic narrative conceptualizing the heterogeneous eventuality of our time to emerge?

Netflix and other transnational online video streaming services are disrupting long-established arrangements in national television systems around the world. In this paper we analyse how public service media (PSM) organisations (key purveyors of societal goals in broadcasting) are responding to the fast-growing popularity of these new services. Drawing on Philip Napoli's framework for analysing strategic responses by established media to threats of competitive displacement by new media, we find that the three PSM organisations in our study exhibit commonalities. Their responses have tended to follow a particular evolution starting with different levels of complacency and resistance before settling into more coherent strategies revolving around efforts to differentiate PSM offerings, while also diversifying into activities, primarily across new platforms, that mimic SVoD approaches and probe production collaborations. Beyond these similarities, however, we also find that a range of contextual factors (including path-dependency, the role and status of PSM in each country, the degree of additional government support, cultural factors and market size) help explain nuances in strategic responses between our three cases.

In this paper I discuss how Law and Economics can benefit from incorporating some insights from Public Choice into their analyses. Within this argument, I examine the evolution of experimental methods by looking at laboratory, field, and natural experiments; and conducting a very simple scientometrics analysis on the relative frequency of experimental studies in journals such as Public Choice, Journal of Law and Economics, and Journal of Law, Economics and Organization in comparison to top economics journals such as American Economic Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Journal of Political Economy, Econometrica, or Review of Economic Studies. I also refer to the connectivity of Behavioral Law and Economics and Behavioral Public Choice. The paper then finishes with a discussion of a selected number of topics covering areas such as corruption, tax compliance, shitstorms/firestorms, constitutional choices, globalization and international organizations; all of which present scientific challenges when applying pure Law and Economics approaches without also implementing a Public Choice analysis.

This article makes a brief analysis of the sustainable development goals that are applicable in the military organization and identifies, through the literature-review method, the main ways in which the military organization was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the evolution of military spending. The ultimate goal is to establish how the pandemic has influenced the implementation of sustainable development goals in the military organization, in order to provide strategic management with recommendations to increase the resilience and sustainability of the military organization. The main conclusion of this research is that the pandemic did not have a significant impact in the short term, but in the medium and long term the situation may change, which calls for adaptation, cooperation, coordination and caution in the configuration of defence spending. As a secondary conclusion, it can be considered that the pandemic can have an accelerating effect on sustainable development policies, the military organization being called to benefit from the identified lessons and new opportunities, in order to increase the response capacity.

Abstract: Wales' education system is part-way through an extensive journey of reform. This contextual paper explores the evolution of that journey, from the establishment of the Welsh Parliament in 1999 to late 2020, as Wales readies itself for the launch of a radical, new national curriculum. Drawing from a range of international literature and experience, it provides an overview of key policy developments and insight into the rationale for decisions taken by the Welsh Government to effect change. To do this, it separates reform into three core phases, each with its own characteristics borne out of landmark events that helped shape contemporary political and public discourse. In particular, the paper examines the impact of Wales' shifting approach to policy development on the teaching workforce and considers implications for those at the site of practice. Ahead of forthcoming parliamentary elections, the paper resolves that a new, long-term approach to policy reform and teacher development is needed if Wales is to realise its ambitious vision for education.

In the XVII century Great Britain became the first country in the world with a full-scale system of social support, which was regulated at the state level. The "Old Poor Law" of 1601 and the "New Poor Law" of 1834 are well-studied in both foreign and Russian science, but the solutions that preceded them are less known. The aim of this study is to describe the development of social policy in Great Britain up to 1834, when the system of assistance to people in need was redesigned according to the liberal logic of minimal interference of the state. The article is based on comparative and historic approach and analysis of legal documents. It demonstrates the evolution of institutions and practices of social support in Great Britain. In this country social policy grew from church and private charity and developed at local level under centrally defined rules. Consistent presentation of social policy history in Great Britain is valuable for studies of charity, local self-government and social policy.

For most students the aspiration to gain employment in a graduate job is the main motivation for going to university. Whether they fulfil this aspiration depends considerably on national graduate labour markets. We analyse the comparative evolution of these markets across Europe over the decade leading up to 2015, focusing on supply, graduate/high-skilled jobs, underemployment, wages, the graduate wage premium and the penalty for underemployment. The supply of tertiary graduates increased everywhere and converged, and this upward convergence is forecast to persist. In contrast the growth of graduate jobs was slower, not ubiquitous and nonconvergent. Underemployment was spreading, though at a modest rate; this rise was convergent but not ubiquitous. The rise was most substantial in Slovenia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Italy and Greece. Graduates' real wages trended predominantly downward, but varied a great deal between countries. The graduate wage premium declined by more than one percentage point in seven countries. Inferences are drawn for the formation of education policy, for the broader discourse on HE, and for research on graduate futures.