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Despite its association with eighteenth-century conceptions of rationality & individualism, game theory provides a tool to analyze strategic individual & collective action. The application of game theory to three issues in Marxian political economy is illustrated: (1) class formation & class action; (2) growth & class struggle; & (3) bargaining problems. Game theory can provide valuable insights for Marxists, but its use is open to several criticisms: (A) Marxian political economy's grounding in a holistic, dialectical, or relational approach; (B) absence of a path from individual level to aggregate decisions; (C) its essentially static nature & incompatiblity with the dynamism of Marxian political economy; & (D) its possession of the weaknesses of the positivist program in the social sciences. 3 Figures, 23 References. D. Generoli

The evolution of information technology is likely to result in intimate
interdependence between humans and technology. This fusion has been
characterized in popular science fiction as chip implantation. It is,
however, more likely to take the form of biometric identification using
such technologies as fingerprints, hand geometry and retina scanning.
Some applications of biometric identification technology are now
cost‐effective, reliable and highly accurate. As a result, biometric
systems are being developed in many countries for such purposes as
social security entitlement, payments, immigration control and election
management. Whether or not biometry delivers on its promise of
high‐quality identification, it will imperil individual autonomy.
Widespread application of the technologies would conflict with
contemporary values, and result in a class of outcasts.

This article proposes that the focus of child custody evaluation and mediation needs to be broadened beyond custody arrangement to consideration of the range of factors that may impact on postdivorce relationships. A review of current social science literature shows that factors such as quality of parent‐child relationships and level of parental conflict may be as important as residence schedule in influencing children's postdivorce adjustment. The article offers strategies for involving parents in drafting agreements to guide relationships with each other and with the children. The goal is for parents to thoughtfully tailor relationships and parenting practices to children's needs during the transition from a one‐household family to a new family plan.

THIS THOUGHT-PROVOKING SYMPOSIUM ORIGINATED IN A small conference organized at the London School of Economics by Government and Opposition and the papers printed here have been revised — in many cases extensively — by their authors in the light of the discussion there. With a single exception (Sir Arthur Knight) all the contributors are members of the Editorial Board or the Advisory Board of Government and Opposition, and the idea for the symposium was first put forward by one of the Editors, Professor Isabel de Madariaga.The central issue addressed in the symposium is the adequacy or otherwise of the sciences, natural and social, in providing the information required by people in various capacities — as citizens, business leaders, politicians, judges, and so on — if they are to act intelligently.

The House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology has examined remote sensing and digital mapping, taking the view that these represented converging fields of endeavour which are now of considerable scientific and commercial importance. This paper reports the way in which the Committee worked and how it saw the main issues—such as establishing user needs, the availability of trained manpower, and the availability of software tools (Geographical Information Systems or GIS) for handling the rapidly increasing data volumes. The Committee's conclusions with regard to GIS are itemised and the Government's response to these recommendations is examined. Finally, the roles of the leading 'actors' in the report creation process are briefly examined.

Attempt of demonstrating whether social scientists agreed with their respective governments on the issues generated by the Falklands/Malvinas conflict of 1982. The sample consisted of 377 social scientists from 48 different countries who attended two international social science conferences held in 1982. The sample was broken down nationally and regionally: the UK, the US, Western Europe, Argentina and Latin America. Disagreement among the subgroups extended to the characterization of the conflict, thus calling into question the objective nature of social science typologies

In view of the increasing variety of action-theoretical concepts on the one hand and their growing importance in social and sport sciences on the other, it is the aim of this contribution to outline the action-theoretical perspective against its historical background and with its basic assumptions, and to indicate intentions and achievements as well as deficiencies. Four basic assumptions are considered to be characteristic of the action-theoretical perspective: the conception of action as a system process (system postulate), as being intentional, i.e., goal-, purpose- and value-oriented (intentionality postulate), as psychologically regulated (regulation postulate), and as a process that can only be fully understood in the context of biological, psychological and societal development (developmental postulate).

Existing theories about the causes of coups d'etat are examined by multiple regression analysis with a dummy dependent variable, using 1968 cross-section data for all independent countries & restricted areas. The aim is to demonstrate the value of this method in examining general hypotheses in their entirety, as opposed to the usual piecemeal r analyses. The relative strengths & weaknesses of the theories examined are suggested; in particular, the data produce supportive results for A. R. Zolberg's theory ("The Structure of Political Conflict in the New States of Tropical Africa," American Political Science Review, 1968, 62, 70-87) but indicate that it would be better applied generally than limited to the countries of tropical Africa. 5 Tables, 42 References. Modified HA.

Earthquake prediction and warning is a newly-developing technology, the potential of which may have profound effects on the amelioration and mitigation of one of nature1s most destructive hazard-agents. As yet, this new technology is largely untested in the western world. The politico-socioeconomic consequences of earthquake prediction and warning are uncertain - there have been some who have suggested this new technology may produce more devastation than the earthquake itself. This paper summarises recent social science research on the problems of earthquake prediction technology, the economic, legal and social effects that may accrue as a result of forecasting earthquakes, and draws attention to the difficulties which scientists face at present with regard to the new development.

Since the language of political inquiry seems to be inescapably metaphorical, the question necessarily arises as to how metaphors of various types, including models, enter into the composition and expression of political knowledge. The solutions that have been most influential in contemporary political science can be called the verificationist and constitutivist views of political metaphor. While both views contain important elements of truth, there are fundamental difficulties in each that require the search for a more satisfactory view. An alternative view of metaphor and political knowledge is developed by reference to four main problems: Why is political speech metaphorical? How do metaphors make political things manifest? How are political metaphors tested? and Are metaphors indispensable to political expression and political knowledge?

Available published and unpublished studies on Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS), cur rently the most popular outcome evaluation technique in the human sciences, were cri tically reviewed. Forty-one of ninety-one initial studies, which met minimal criteria of completeness of information reported and quality of research, were subjected to in-depth review. Conclusions were rather mixed and somewhat discouraging. The proliferation m the use of GAS as an evaluative technique has been accompanied by serious procedural and methodological problems. Despite numerous studies, the reliability and validity of GAS remain questionable. More optimistically, GASprocedures can serve a useful educa tional and intervention function, particularly in mental health settings, and patient in volvement in the goal-setting process as defined by GAS seems to enhance therapeutic effectiveness.

Why have we been studying something we call "regional integration" for about fifteen years ? We were stimulated by two otherwise unrelated trends: the flowering in the United States of systematic social science and the blooming in Europe of political efforts to build a united continent, to "integrate" Western Europe at least. But the story of integration encompassed a mixed bag of heroes ranging from such regional "integrators"as Napoleon Bonaparte and Simón Bolívar to nation-building statesmen such as Otto von Bismarck and Camillo Cavour. Some saw even in Adolf Hitler and Hideki Tojo certain characteristics of the political actor who seeks to integrate nations into a regional unit. Are we then studying any kind of political unification ?

Cryptanalysis, linguistics, literary analysis, content analysis, and translation have been edging together in theory and in method for some years. Since World War II a new invention complex has appeared that emanates from and speeds up the amal gamation of fields. This is mechanical or machine translation, a socio-mechanical invention to promote trans-linguistic communication. Working largely with general purpose computers, a hundred men and a score of organizations have brought MT to the stage of rough models. If several of the fundamental problems are solved in the next generation, "One World" in the language of science, literature, and politics may begin to materialize. This article is based in part on the author's questionnaire survey of the organizations and individuals presently concerned with MT.

In the preparation of the trials for "war crimes" committed during the present global conflict, students of international law will indeed recognize that a milestone in the development of legal science has been reached. As will become apparent from some of the facts to be presented in this study, we are about to see a new legal principle adopted in international relations: Impossibile est quod universitas delinquat. In consonance with various plans for general postwar reconstruction, the principle so succinctly phrased by Pope Innocent IV, in times no less perturbed than the present, is finally defeating the entrenched adherents of its counterpart, first enunciated by the skilled Bartolus of Saxeferato. Individual criminals and their accomplices are to be held responsible, not "nations" or peoples.