Suchergebnisse

Explores the shifting perceptions of the importance of individual rights and community responsibilities in interwar Italy. Focusing on the proceedings of the case revealed in local documents and national court records, the account of the woman who pit Fascist officials against the national government engages legal scholars, historians, onomasticians, and theorists of Fascism, nationalism, and borderlands in debates over the nature of citizenship and the meanings of nationalism, patriotism, and justice. It explores Fascist legal reform and sheds light on the nature of Fascist authority, demonstrating the fragmentation of power, the constraints of dictatorship, and the limits of popular quiescence. The widow's triumph indicates that while Fascist dictatorship appeared in many guises, dissent adopted many masks. Winner of The Smith Prize [From Amazon.com] ; https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/history_books/1003/thumbnail.jpg

This article, by analyzing a major development initiative undertaken in upstate New York, seeks to broaden our understanding of a dominant model of economic development: industrial recruitment. Whereas prior studies have examined this model mainly within separate, individual communities, this article broadens the analysis to the regional level and examines how regional economic development organizations can help mediate local political fragmentation that can potentially undermine cross-jurisdictional economic development ventures. With this, we explore how these organizations can exploit the bonding and bridging social ties within and between communities to advance a project, the methods they employ to broaden cross-community consensus regarding a project, and how they can potentially mediate political conflict that may arise as a result of a development venture. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of the local tax mix in Spain. As the main local own revenues, we analyze the five local taxes -with the property tax as the main source- and fees and charges. The study relies on a sample of 130 municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants for the years 2005 and 2009. The results show the relevance of scale variables such as the population or total assets, but per capita income and grants are not significant. In political terms, we observe that ideology is important and fragmentation plays a limited role: the property tax share tends to be lower with left-wing governments, who favor revenues using the benefit principle. Adapted from the source document.

In March 2008, the six world leading agro-biotechnology companies, presented a private, international instrument for liability and redress to cover the environmental damage caused by genetically modified organisms. The proposal was rejected by governments, who instead adopted a binding supplementary liability and redress protocol to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, with no content transfer from the business initiative. Elaborating on this case study, it is explained how powerful business proposals can turn into a policy failure. Business conflicts are identified as one major explanatory factor. The fragmentation of business interests and the lackof business support for the six major firms' initiative have discredited the role of corporations as regulatory leaders. Business unity is found to be a decisive, necessary condition for the endorsement of corporate proposals by policymakers.

The international economic and financial crisis seems set to last for some time; its length is unpredictable and, above all, a considerable uncertainty looms regarding the world 'the day after'. The major stake seems to be the nature of the changing relationship between society and politics, the forms of representation of social interests, the new dividing lines within our societies, which no longer correspond to the traditional schemas of the 'class struggle'. One of the main dangers, in the current situation, is the growing fragmentation of the 'the spheres and modes of reaction' of the different social groups. Either politics reclaims its role, or there is nothing left for us to do, but to submit to the systemic diktat of the markets. Adapted from the source document.

The study of radicalization and de-radicalization, understood as processes leading towards the increased or decreased use of political violence, is central to the question of how political violence emerges, how it can be prevented, and how it can be contained. The focus section of this issue of the International Journal of Conflict and Violence addresses radicalization and de-radicalization, seeking to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the processes, dynamics, and mechanisms involved and taking an interdisciplinary approach to overcome the fragmentation into separate disciplines and focus areas. Contributions by Pénélope Larzillière, Felix Heiduk, Bill Kissane, Hank Johnston, Christian Davenport and Cyanne Loyle, Veronique Dudouet, and Lasse Lindekilde address repressive settings, legitimacy, institutional aspects, organizational outcomes, and dynamics in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North and South America.

This article examines how the structure of local political representation defines the interest of political actors and affects the outcomes of urban preservation. Although urban preservation is proposed as a strategy of community development in two Chicago neighborhoods (Pilsen and Bronzeville), the outcomes vary significantly. The author argues that the distinct boundaries of aldermanic power play a critical role in shaping the policy process of landmark designation. Aldermanic prerogative gives each alderman veto power over the preservation initiatives in his or her ward. The preservation initiatives within one ward are more likely to receive political support than those across multiple wards. By revealing the mismatch of boundaries between wards and community areas, the study demonstrates the negative impact of political fragmentation on urban preservation.

Résumé L'argument central de cet article, c'est que la théorisation des rapports constitutifs des classes de sexe est essentielle à l'appréhension de la catégorie femmes, tant dans son hétérogénéité que dans son homogénéité. J'y montre comment et pourquoi cette approche, d'abord articulée par les féministes matérialistes en France, apporte une contribution capitale, voire indispensable. En cernant et en approfondissant le rapport constitutif de catégories, hommes et femmes, qui sont spécifiques et indissociables, le féminisme matérialiste échappe au substantialisme et au culturalisme, et parvient à surpasser l'apparente fragmentation des femmes. Aussi faut-il combiner, dans une analyse transversale enrichie, les apports des unes, les féministes postcoloniales, et des autres, les féministes matérialistes, pour saisir dans toute sa complexité une catégorie sociale aux articulations complexes et aux déterminations multiples.

International audience ; We study the impact of expenditure rules on the propensity for governments to deviate from their expenditure plans in response to surprising cyclical developments. Theoretical considerations suggest that due to political fragmentation in the budgetary process expenditure policy might be prone to a pro-cyclical bias. However, this tendency may be mitigated by strictly enforced expenditure rules. These hypotheses are tested against data from a panel of European Union (EU) Member States. Our key findings are that (i) deviations between actual and planned government expenditure tend to be positively related to output gap surprises, and (ii) expenditure rules reduce this pro-cyclical bias. These results are particularly pronounced when the analysis is confined to spending items with a high degree of budgetary flexibility.

O'Donnell's long government (1858-1863) supposed the most extend essay of conciliation politic sponsored by union liberal. To rise the political stability and coming to arliamentary practice was necessary the party system renovation, until then characterized by a politic dualism between progresistas and moderados, both of them absorbed in a fragmentation and dissolution intense process. Union liberal wasn't able to formulate a common and coherent discourse, including different proposes about his party condition and what politic project should be pursuit, making difficult the reformist strategy and causing dissensions in own files at a long time. The union liberal formulation as a new party inside party system and moderados and progresistas resistance to lose their own identity prevented, finally, the exit of the liberal conciliation project. Adapted from the source document.

This article seeks to further our understanding of how social structure affects the onset of civil war. Existing studies to date have been inconclusive, focusing only on single-cleavage characteristics of social structure, such as ethnic or religious fractionalization. This study argues that models that do not take into account the relationship between cleavages (or cleavage structure) are biased and thus reach faulty conclusions. With the focus on the cleavages of ethnicity and religion, the effects of two characteristics of cleavage structure on civil war onset (cross-cuttingness and cross-fragmentation) are defined and tested. A new index of ethno-religious cross-cuttingness (ERC), derived from national public opinion surveys, reveals that ERC is a significant determinant of civil war onset when interacted with ethnic fractionalization.

Les nouveaux pays membres de l'UE où les inégalités des revenus individuels étaient les plus élevées pendant la période communiste sont restés les plus inégalitaires de ce groupe dans les années 2000. Cet article vise à expliquer la persistance de ce phénomène qui semble avoir résisté au changement systémique. À cette fin, nous montrons que, pour l'ensemble des pays de l'UE, la fragmentation ethno-linguistique est, durant ces mêmes années, un frein à la redistribution des revenus par le système de protection sociale. Puis, dans une perspective historique, nous avançons que la présence de minorités ethno-linguistiques importantes est, tant aujourd'hui que sous le régime communiste, un des facteurs de la faiblesse de la redistribution et, au-delà, du niveau élevé des inégalités dans certains nouveaux pays membres.

Social trust in the European context . A multi-level analysis of 18 countries .This study investigates to what extent differences between European countries in the level of social trust may be explained by compositional and contextual factors. Hypotheses were derived with respect
to socioeconomic success, social engagement, social distance and religiosity. A multi-level analysis performed on 24,203 respondents from 18 countries in the 2002 European Social Survey shows that people express more social trust if they are socioeconomically more successful, are active participants
in social organizations, experience little social distance, and are religious. In addition, a society's context shapes social trust; people living in countries with high levels of social engagement, with low levels of ethnic fragmentation and with a large percentage of religious people
show more social trust.

Paul Krugman's work is much celebrated in the fields of international trade and economic geography, recognized with the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics. Although his work is less prominent in public administration, it has important implications for the study of political fragmentation, collaboration, economic development, and service delivery in metropolitan areas. The authors discuss how Krugman's core–periphery model adds a critical piece to the regional governance puzzle by explaining the concentration and dispersion of economic activity and the productive advantages of spatial closeness. They summarize the central propositions of Krugman's work to identify its policy inferences for intergovernmental coordination and strategies for successful management of urban growth, as well as its implications for public administration theories of governance, collaboration, and institutional collective action.