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1. Introduction 2. Major economic slowdowns of the past and the evolution of economic policies 3. Recent trends in economic growth. 4. What caused the slowdown? 5. Arresting the slowdown: The policy issues. 6. Economic policies and pandemics: The case of Covid19. 7. Where will the money come from? 8. Afterword: Headwinds and prognosis

This paper analyses the potential effects of the open method of co-ordination on pension reforms in the European Union from an economic point of view. The main results are: (1) For the first time, the Commission formally participates in the input of pension policy-formation of the member states, but without affecting their ultimate decision-making powers. (2) However, the OMC might foster yardstick competition and thus mutual learning from the reform experiences of other member states. (3) In contrast to that, no clear effects on the rent-seeking behaviour of special-interest groups and thus on their influence in shaping pension reforms can be derived.

Beschreibung des ASEAN-Australian Economic Co-operation Program (AAECP), dessen Idee im Januar 1974 entstand. Ziel des Programms ist es, durch verschiedene Projekte die regionale Zusammenarbeit zwischen den ASEAN-Ländern und Australien zu fördern, die Gründung von Firmen im Partnerland zu erleichtern und das gegenseitige Verständnis zu vergrößern. Dargestellt werden die verschiedenen Projekte und ihre bisherigen Ergebnisse. (DÜI-Xyl)

Although the Nordic countries are small, open economies, they were able to benefit considerably from the expansion of the world economy during the "Golden Age" of the 1950s and 1960s. They achieved industrial diversification and consolidated welfare-state reforms. Throughout this period, several economic policy routines were institutionalized. These routines may be analyzed as parts of a specific economic policy model, determined by the economic structure and the pattern of political mobilization. It seems more fruitful to distinguish five such models rather than to use the generalizing notion of a "Scandinavian model." In the 1970s, the world economic crisis posed new challenges for the Nordic countries. In the first phase of the crisis, economic policies continued to operate in accordance with the established routines. But structural problems, new patterns of political mobilization, and new forms of external pressure forced governments to shift towards austerity policies in the late 1970s. The extent and the specificities of these shifts are compared and the degree to which the economic policy models have changed assessed. Such an analysis is a first step to answer some crucial questions now facing the Nordic countries: Was their flexible adjustment merely the result of favorable conditions during the 1960s—or is it a permanent trait? Are they now trapped between large industrial nations and dynamic newly industrializingcountries? If so, what will be the fate of their advanced welfare sectors?

Broadly speaking, two schools of thought have emerged to interpret China's rapid growth since 1978: the experimentalist school and the convergence school. The experimentalist school attributes China's successes to the evolutionary, experimental, and incremental nature of China's reforms. Specifically, the resulting non-capitalist institutions are claimed to be successful in (a) agriculture where land is not owned by the farmers; (b) township and village enterprises (TVEs) which are owned collectively by rural communities; and (c) state owned enterprises (SOEs) where increased competition and increased wage incentive, but not privatization, have been emphasized. The convergence school holds that China's successes are the consequences of its institutions being allowed to converge with those of non-socialist market economies, and that China's economic structure at the start of reforms is a major explanation for the rapid growth. China had a high population density heavily concentrated in low-wage agriculture, a condition that was favorable for labor-intensive export-led growth in other parts of East Asia. The convergence school also holds that China's gradualism results primarily from a lack of consensus over the proper course, with power still divided between market reformers and old-style socialists; and that the "innovative" non-capitalist institutions are responses to China's political circumstances and not to its economic circumstances. Perhaps the best test of the two approaches is whether China's policy choices are in fact leading to institutions harmonized with normal market economies or to more distinctive innovations. In this regard, the recent policy trend has been towards institutional harmonization rather than institutional innovation, suggesting that the government accepts that the ingredients for a dynamic market economy are already well-known.

"Dem allerorts und vieldeutig interpretierten Parsons sind nach wie vor neue Seiten abzugewinnen." Obwohl Parsons sich kaum explizit mit der Titelthematik zusammenhängend befaßte, versteht es der Autor, Parsons' teilweise sehr abstraktes sozial-philosophisches System bezüglich seines Aussagewertes für die im vorliegenden Aufsatz behandelte Problematik zu befragen und entsprechend auszuwerten. "Sein Grundkonzept von Integration und Konflikt in der Gesellschaft, sein A-G-I-L-Schema, sein Verständnis sozialer Ordnung, die für die Beziehungen zwischen Gesellschaften erforderliche Koordination - all diese Punkte werden bezüglich ihrer Implikationen und Konsequenzen für das Heranreifen international bedeutsamer innerer Konflikte, aber auch für die Gestaltung der internationalen Beziehungen untersucht." (pmb)

The Sustainable Development Commission's response to the Welsh Assembly Government's economic renewal programme consultation. ; Publisher PDF