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Abstract
In recent years, both transitional justice and the role of the European Court of Human Rights in dealing with historical abuses have evolved. Transitional justice has begun to address widespread or systemic human rights abuses outside of the contexts of armed conflict and authoritarian regimes. In three key recent judgments, El-Masri v Macedonia, Janowiec v Russia and O'Keeffe v Ireland, the Court has clarified and expanded its approach to addressing historical human rights violations relevant to transitional justice in significant, if inconsistent, ways. To date, there is no exploration of the relationship between transitional justice, historical abuse outside the contexts of armed conflict or authoritarian rule and the European Convention of Human Rights. This article seeks to address that gap by considering the potential opportunities and obstacles for the use of the Convention to address historical abuse in consolidated democracies as a part of transitional justice.

The development of the Internet, social networks, and other information and telecommunications technologies has significantly contributed to the realization of freedom of expression. But, it has also made it easier and faster than ever before to spread disinformation, misinformation, propaganda and fake news. Although these phenomena are not new, the impact they have had in recent years on political processes in democratic societies (e.g. the 2016 U.S. presidential election and Brexit) and on human behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, has drawn attention to this issue. The aim of this paper is to highlight the problem of fake news as a human rights issue in the context of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees freedom of expression. The paper provides a terminological and historical overview of the term fake news and related concepts. It also provides an overview of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and clarifies the situations and conditions under which the restrictions on the freedom of expression are justified on the basis of Article 10(2). The authors also provide an insight into the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights.

The European Convention on Human Rights does not contain any explicit reference to the right to asylum. However, the European Court of Human Rights has provided protection of asylum seekers mainly through interpretation of Article 3 of the Convention. Moreover, even if there is no specific mention of non-refoulement in this Article, the Court has interpreted it to include the prohibition of refoulement. Today, the ECHR is one of the most important juridical instruments for protection of asylum seekers throughout Europe. The main reason for this is that the principle of nonrefoulement under the Convention extends to inhuman and degrading behavior. This paper has placed its focus on the applicability of the ECHR to asylum cases, particularly the development and treatment of the principle of non-refoulement, as a form of complementary protection to those seeking asylum. This will be elaborated mainly through analysis of the jurisprudence of the ECtHR. It will be shown that the principle of non-refoulement under the ECHR, as a barrier to removal, plays a significant complementary role regarding the protection of asylum seekers. It will also be shown that the jurisprudence of the ECtHR has important relevance to EU asylum law and policy. In this sense, a comparison between EU law and ECHR protection standards for asylum seekers will be elaborated as well. Finally, it will be concluded that EU Member States are faced with dual systems providing protection to asylum seekers, and a possible solution will be suggested in order to overcome this situation.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die gegenwärtige Praxis der Externalisierung in der europäischen Migrationspolitik zu durchleuchten und mögliche Beschränkungen diesbezüglich durch die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention zu identifizieren. Um den generellen Kontext aufzuzeigen, werden die jüngsten Entwicklungen in den Bereichen Migrations- und Grenzpolitik, vor allem als Antworten auf die Ereignisse des Jahres 2015, betrachtet. Daran anschließend werden einige Vorschläge bezüglich einer weiteren Externalisierung vorgestellt, um einen breiten Überblick über das Thema zu ermöglichen, der die Basis einer späteren rechtlichen Beurteilung sein wird. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit ist einer umfassenden rechtlichen Analyse der relevanten Menschenrechtsverpflichtungen gewidmet, welche die EU-Mitgliedstaaten in ihrer auswärtigen Migrationspolitik binden. In einem ersten Schritt wird die Europäische Menschenrechtkonvention als Grundpfeiler des europäischen Menschenrechtsystems vorgestellt und deren Geltungsbereich besprochen. Aufgrund der extraterritorialen Natur der meisten Externalisierungsmaßnahmen ist dabei der geographische Anwendungsbereich im Fokus, sowie etwaige Fragen der Verantwortung bei gemeinsamer Migrationskontrolle unter Einbindung relevanter Drittstaaten. Nach dieser allgemeinen Einführung werden einige inhaltliche EMRK-Normen betrachtet. Diese umfassen das Prinzip des non-refoulement als zentrale Norm für die Ausweisung von Drittstaatsangehörigen sowie weitere Rechte, die dadurch potentiell eingeschränkt werden. ; It is the objective of this thesis to shed light onto the current practice of externalisation in European migration policy and to identify possible limitations to this approach posed by the European Convention on Human Rights. In order to establish the relevant context, recent developments in European migration and border control policy, especially since the events of 2015, are being reviewed. Following that, a number of different policy proposals expressed in the last years involving different elements of externalisation are being introduced in order to facilitate a broad overview of the topic and the issues at hand and to from a basis for later legal assessment. The main part of the thesis is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the relevant human rights obligations held by EU Member States in the context of external migration control. First, the European Convention on Human Rights as the cornerstone of the European human rights system is being introduced, followed by an investigation of the scope of its application. Owing to the extraterritorial nature of most externalisation efforts, it is first of all its geographical scope that is of interest in this as well as questions regarding responsibility in the context of joint migration control operations involving third country officials or vessels. After this general introduction, several individual ECHR Articles containing substantive rights and obligations are being discussed. This covers the principle of non-refoulement as the central provision guiding the treatment of persons in the process of expulsion as well as other rights potentially infringed by returning migrants or denying them access to European territory. In a last part, these legal findings are structured and some general limitations to externalisation measures are formulated, allowing for an evaluation of individual policies with regard to the human rights obligations established in the course of this thesis. ; submitted by Joseph Buttinger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)5769854