Suchergebnisse

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die gegenwärtige Praxis der Externalisierung in der europäischen Migrationspolitik zu durchleuchten und mögliche Beschränkungen diesbezüglich durch die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention zu identifizieren. Um den generellen Kontext aufzuzeigen, werden die jüngsten Entwicklungen in den Bereichen Migrations- und Grenzpolitik, vor allem als Antworten auf die Ereignisse des Jahres 2015, betrachtet. Daran anschließend werden einige Vorschläge bezüglich einer weiteren Externalisierung vorgestellt, um einen breiten Überblick über das Thema zu ermöglichen, der die Basis einer späteren rechtlichen Beurteilung sein wird. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit ist einer umfassenden rechtlichen Analyse der relevanten Menschenrechtsverpflichtungen gewidmet, welche die EU-Mitgliedstaaten in ihrer auswärtigen Migrationspolitik binden. In einem ersten Schritt wird die Europäische Menschenrechtkonvention als Grundpfeiler des europäischen Menschenrechtsystems vorgestellt und deren Geltungsbereich besprochen. Aufgrund der extraterritorialen Natur der meisten Externalisierungsmaßnahmen ist dabei der geographische Anwendungsbereich im Fokus, sowie etwaige Fragen der Verantwortung bei gemeinsamer Migrationskontrolle unter Einbindung relevanter Drittstaaten. Nach dieser allgemeinen Einführung werden einige inhaltliche EMRK-Normen betrachtet. Diese umfassen das Prinzip des non-refoulement als zentrale Norm für die Ausweisung von Drittstaatsangehörigen sowie weitere Rechte, die dadurch potentiell eingeschränkt werden. ; It is the objective of this thesis to shed light onto the current practice of externalisation in European migration policy and to identify possible limitations to this approach posed by the European Convention on Human Rights. In order to establish the relevant context, recent developments in European migration and border control policy, especially since the events of 2015, are being reviewed. Following that, a number of different policy proposals expressed in the last years involving different elements of externalisation are being introduced in order to facilitate a broad overview of the topic and the issues at hand and to from a basis for later legal assessment. The main part of the thesis is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the relevant human rights obligations held by EU Member States in the context of external migration control. First, the European Convention on Human Rights as the cornerstone of the European human rights system is being introduced, followed by an investigation of the scope of its application. Owing to the extraterritorial nature of most externalisation efforts, it is first of all its geographical scope that is of interest in this as well as questions regarding responsibility in the context of joint migration control operations involving third country officials or vessels. After this general introduction, several individual ECHR Articles containing substantive rights and obligations are being discussed. This covers the principle of non-refoulement as the central provision guiding the treatment of persons in the process of expulsion as well as other rights potentially infringed by returning migrants or denying them access to European territory. In a last part, these legal findings are structured and some general limitations to externalisation measures are formulated, allowing for an evaluation of individual policies with regard to the human rights obligations established in the course of this thesis. ; submitted by Joseph Buttinger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)5769854

The development of the Internet, social networks, and other information and telecommunications technologies has significantly contributed to the realization of freedom of expression. But, it has also made it easier and faster than ever before to spread disinformation, misinformation, propaganda and fake news. Although these phenomena are not new, the impact they have had in recent years on political processes in democratic societies (e.g. the 2016 U.S. presidential election and Brexit) and on human behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, has drawn attention to this issue. The aim of this paper is to highlight the problem of fake news as a human rights issue in the context of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees freedom of expression. The paper provides a terminological and historical overview of the term fake news and related concepts. It also provides an overview of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and clarifies the situations and conditions under which the restrictions on the freedom of expression are justified on the basis of Article 10(2). The authors also provide an insight into the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights.

AbstractThe introduction of Security Council targeted financial and travel sanctions against individuals involves a qualitative change in Security Council sanctions policy, which has previously been directed against governmental entities. Targeted sanctions can be a useful weapon in the international community's attempts to pressurize repressive regimes into accepting change. However, there is a problem in using against individuals, a powerful international law mechanism designed for pressurizing states. Individuals' rights under domestic and international law can be severely affected by such sanctions. The blacklists created under Resolutions 1333 and 1390 cause particular problems, as these are quasi-criminal in nature and in practice entail an allegation that the targeted persons are terrorists or terrorist associates. However, there is no international legal mechanism for checking or reviewing the accuracy of the information forming the basis of a sanctions committee blacklisting or the necessity for, and proportionality of, measures adopted. The implementation against non-governmental or quasi-governmental entities of targeted Security Council sanctions in European states is almost certainly contrary to European human rights norms, in particular, the right of access to court under Article 6 ECHR. There is thus a conflict between obligations under the United Nations Charter (UNC) on the one hand and the ECHR (and for EU states, EC law) on the other. Mechanisms can, however, be created which provide a broadly similar level of protection to that provided by Article 6 ECHR while maintaining whatever effectiveness targeted sanctions possess, so there is no logical incompatibility between obligations under the ECHR and Security Council sanctions.

A review of the current state of legal regulation in the field of human rights is likely to give the disappointing impression that international legislation is unequal to the task of checking widespread disregard for human dignity. Despite the vast proliferation of instruments setting standards on human rights, imposing obligations as regards the observance of those standards and establishing procedures to deal with breaches of those obligations, violations of human rights continue, their perpetrators apparently undeterred.