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International audience ; Bruno Kreisky, österreichischer Bundeskanzler von 1970 bis 1983, engagierte sich überaus stark in der Frage der Lösung (inter)nationaler Konflikte. 1959 österreichischer Außenminister geworden, war der erste Konflikt, mit dem er sich auseinanderzusetzen hatte, die sog. "Südtirolfrage". Überzeugt davon, dass sich diese nur im Rahmen der UNO lösen ließe, bestand der Chef der österreichischen Diplomatie 1960 darauf, das Problem den Vereinten Nationen vorzutragen. Die Vollversammlung der UNO verabschiedete in der Folge tatsächlich zwei Resolutionen, die sowohl Österreich wie Italien aufforderten, ihren Streit um Südtirol im Zuge von Verhandlungen beizulegen und so nach einer Lösung für das Problem zu suchen. Kreiskys großes Interesse für den Aufbau und die Erhaltung von Frieden resultierte aus seiner festen Überzeugung, Frieden und Demokratie seien auf das Engste miteinander verbunden. Aus dieser Haltung heraus erklärt sich auch sein Engagement im sog. "Ortstafelkonflikt" – eine Auseinandersetzung um die Aufstellung zweisprachiger Ortsschilder (deutsch und slowenisch) in Kärnten. Allerdings war Kreisky bei der Beilegung dieser Auseinandersetzung kein Erfolg beschieden. Im Oktober 1972 musste ein vorbereitetes "Ortstafelgesetz" zurückgenommen werden, und bis heute wurden die in ihm eigentlich vorgesehenen zweisprachigen Ortsschilder nicht aufgestellt. ; Bruno Kreisky, chancelier autrichien de 1970 à 1983 a, tout au long de sa carrière politique, manifesté un grand intérêt pour la construction de la paix et l'apaisement des conflits. Sa première action d'envergure eut lieu à partir de 1959, lorsqu'il devint ministre des Affaires étrangères autrichiennes et qu'il décida de s'emparer de la question du Tyrol méridional qui empoisonnait les relations entre l'Autriche et l'Italie depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Pour tenter de mettre un terme à ce conflit, Kreisky privilégia la discussion avec l'Italie directement, puis ensuite par l'intermédiaire des Nations unies, lorsque les ...

This article analyses the patterns of reform in care policies in Bismarckian welfare systems since the early 1980s. Based on a comparison of France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, the article shows that these reforms share similar logics and trajectories, which can be explained by the shared conservative and corporatist traits of Bismarckian labour markets and welfare state institutions and their impact on labour market adjustment possibilities and preferences. Indeed, we argue that care policy reforms have been very closely linked to specific employment strategies, and the politics of welfare without work and subsequent attempts to shift away from such a labour-shedding strategy go a long way in explaining both the nature and the timing of child- and elder-care policy reforms in Bismarckian welfare systems. The article also shows how a focus on promoting 'free choice' in all four countries has justified the introduction of measures that have simultaneously reinforced social stratification in terms of access to the labour market - meaning that some women have much more 'free choice' than others - and weakened certain labour market rigidities. To conclude, we argue that care policy reforms have provided a backdoor for the introduction of labour-cheapening measures and for increasing employment flexibility in otherwise very rigid labour markets.

International audience ; The increasing interaction between large cities and nature makes "urban water" an issue: water resources and water services - including public water supply, sewage collection and treatment, and in large cities, storm water control -, which had become separate issues thanks to the process of water transport and treatment technologies, are now increasingly interfering with each other. We cannot take nature for granted anymore, and we need to protect water resources, if only to reduce the long term cost of transporting and treating water. In this paper, we compare the historical development of water industry technologies in European and Brazilian metropolitan areas, in their socio-economic and political context, tracing it through three "ages" of water technology and services which developed under civil engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering perspectives: the "quantity of water" and civil engineering paradigm was developed on the assumption that water should be drawn from natural environments far from the cities; in the "water quality" and chemical/sanitation engineering paradigm, water treatment was invented and allowed cities to take water from rivers closer to them and treat it, but also to reduce sewer discharge impacts; finally, the environmental engineering paradigm proposes to overcome the supply side perspective, by introducing demand side management, water conservation, water allocation flexibilisation, and an integrated approach to water services, water resources management, and land use policies.

International audience ; The main issue in this paper is cities' size distribution and urban hierarchy. The aim of the paper is to study whether different regions or countries follow Zipf's law in the long term. By applying this analysis on theBalkan Peninsula, a region which has gone through a major political, institutional and demographic upheaval, during the last thirty years, this paper shows that Zipf's law holds whatever the conditions of the evolution of an urban system. Meanwhile, it proposes an analysis on the most recent work in estimating Pareto exponent (the hierarchy coefficient), which is crucial in characterizing the shape of urban hierarchies. ; De nombreux auteurs se sont penchés, ces dernières années, sur le thème des hiérarchies urbaines et de leur évolution afin d'étudier et interpréter la régularité extraordinaire de la distribution des villes selon leur taille, connue, plus généralement, sous le nom de loi de Zipf. Tout en contribuant au débat méthodologique relatif à la détermination et au choix le plus efficace des méthodes d'estimation du coefficient de hiérarchisation d'une distribution rangtaille des villes, cet article tend à mettre en évidence la permanence de la validité de la loi de Zipf au sein des Balkans, une région qui a pourtant connu, durant ces trente dernières années une mutation politique, économique et institutionnelle majeure et dont les conséquences migratoires ont fortement affecté sa démographie.

Consumers and organisations are increasingly considering longer term sustainability issues when they purchase or supply goods or services: "green buying" appears to be gaining momentum. However, progress is slow and the percentage of green purchases has remained static at 2% for the last two years. This paper suggests that a network approach to the drivers of green purchasing and supply may provide a fruitful way of gaining a deeper understanding of the issues and of moving towards a greener future for individuals and organisations alike. Currently two parallel bodies of literature exist: consumer behaviour research investigating the values and behavioural motivations of green (and non-green) individuals; and strategic business research analysing the differential responses of firms to a range of pressures to operate in a sustainable fashion. However, there has been little attempt so far to view consumers, businesses and other stakeholders as interdependent actors within a network. In this paper we analyse and synthesis both sets of literature and produce a network picture which shows the links and bond between actors. We suggest that governments and business may find this (literally) joined up view of the green debate particularly useful in understanding how to effect network change in such a way as to nurture more sustainable organisations and, ultimately, societies.

24 páginas, 5 figuras, 1 tabla.-- El pdf del artículo es el manuscrito de autor. ; Rho/Rac proteins constitute a subgroup of the Ras superfamily of GTP hydrolases. Although originally implicated in the control of cytoskeletal events, it is currently known that these GTPases coordinate diverse cellular functions, including cell polarity, vesicular trafficking, the cell cycle and transcriptomal dynamics. In this review, we will provide an overview on the recent advances in this field regarding the mechanism of regulation and signaling, and the roles in vivo of this important GTPase family. ; Funding agencies: XRB's work is supported by grants from the US National Cancer Institute (5R01-CA73735-10), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (SAF2003-00028), the Castilla-León Autonomous Government (SA053A05), and the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RD06/0020/0001, Spanish Ministry of Health). VS was supported by an EMBO long term postdoctoral fellowship. IMB was partially supported by a Spanish Ministry of Education and Science FPU fellowship (FP2000-6489). The Centro de Investigación del Cáncer is supported by endowments from the CSIC, University of Salamanca, Castilla-León Autonomous Government, the Red Temática de Investigacián Cooperativa de Centros de Cáncer (C03/10, Spanish Ministry of Health), and the Foundation for Cancer Research of Salamanca. ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; The increasing interaction between large cities and nature makes "urban water" an issue: water resources and water services - including public water supply, sewage collection and treatment, and in large cities, storm water control -, which had become separate issues thanks to the process of water transport and treatment technologies, are now increasingly interfering with each other. We cannot take nature for granted anymore, and we need to protect water resources, if only to reduce the long term cost of transporting and treating water. In this paper, we compare the historical development of water industry technologies in European and Brazilian metropolitan areas, in their socio-economic and political context, tracing it through three "ages" of water technology and services which developed under civil engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering perspectives: the "quantity of water" and civil engineering paradigm was developed on the assumption that water should be drawn from natural environments far from the cities; in the "water quality" and chemical/sanitation engineering paradigm, water treatment was invented and allowed cities to take water from rivers closer to them and treat it, but also to reduce sewer discharge impacts; finally, the environmental engineering paradigm proposes to overcome the supply side perspective, by introducing demand side management, water conservation, water allocation flexibilisation, and an integrated approach to water services, water resources management, and land use policies.

For almost 15 years the Army has been the mainstay of the missions within the scope of the German contribution to international crisis management and crisis prevenlion. Up until the early 1990s the missions of Army soldiers were primarily humanitarian relief efforts which was certainly also due to the decade- long paralysis of the East-West conflict. Since 1995 the stabilization operations were conducted at increasingly shorter intervals in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1999 in Kosovo, as of 2001 in Afghanistan, and in the past year there was the successful mission in Congo for supporting the democratization process in that country. When looking at this time period it becomes very quickly apparent that both the quantity and the quality of the missions have significantly changed especially for the Army soldiers. An example for the latter, that is the qualitative development, is last but not least Afghanistan. On the strategic level it is considered to be a stabilization operation; on the tactical level it is essential, however, to maintain the secure environment or to create one as it is the case in the South, for instance. In brief military terms this means: one must fight for it. This applies, with some restrictions, also to the North because there, too, it is necessary to actively preserve each and every day a secure environment as a prerequisite for the reconstruction. (Europäische Sicherheit / SWP)

Advisor to Javier Solana and a Director General at the European Council, Robert Cooper argues for an assertive European stance against threats while at the same time emphasising the importance of gaining international legitimacy for the EU's actions abroad. This paper outlines how elements of a colonialist worldview inform the first part of Cooper's proposed response to threats—force, preemptive if necessary, against terrorists and potentially aggressive 'modern' states. Yet Cooper is keenly aware that force by itself is unlikely to foster benign long term changes in unstable or potentially threatening parts of the world. Drawing on what he views as the 'postmodern' European achievement of peace and order between nations, Cooper argues that Europe and the West should strive to win legitimacy for their actions by consulting deeply with other countries and by making extensive financial and security commitments to the unstable regions where they intervene military. Fashioning a combination of realist, liberal and constructivist ideas, Cooper's broadly coherent worldview is nevertheless marked by tensions between his conceptions of force and legitimacy. Demonstrating Cooper's significant influence on the European Security Strategy, the paper concludes that the tensions in his thinking are significant not only for his individual worldview but also for an understanding of the conflicting impulses shaping the development of European foreign policy today.

International audience ; The increasing interaction between large cities and nature makes "urban water" an issue: water resources and water services - including public water supply, sewage collection and treatment, and in large cities, storm water control -, which had become separate issues thanks to the process of water transport and treatment technologies, are now increasingly interfering with each other. We cannot take nature for granted anymore, and we need to protect water resources, if only to reduce the long term cost of transporting and treating water. In this paper, we compare the historical development of water industry technologies in European and Brazilian metropolitan areas, in their socio-economic and political context, tracing it through three "ages" of water technology and services which developed under civil engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering perspectives: the "quantity of water" and civil engineering paradigm was developed on the assumption that water should be drawn from natural environments far from the cities; in the "water quality" and chemical/sanitation engineering paradigm, water treatment was invented and allowed cities to take water from rivers closer to them and treat it, but also to reduce sewer discharge impacts; finally, the environmental engineering paradigm proposes to overcome the supply side perspective, by introducing demand side management, water conservation, water allocation flexibilisation, and an integrated approach to water services, water resources management, and land use policies.

Voluntarism and relationships involving partnerships and other alliances are exerting an increasingly powerful influence over developments in environmental policy in Europe, USA and elsewhere but have yet to figure prominently on the environmental agenda in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong, there are problems such as the lack of relevant skills and knowledge, of sufficient and independent funding sources for non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and of trust and understanding between NGOs and businesses, as well as a relatively weak civil society compared to the high level of power exerted by business firms. Positive action is required by the relevant parties to ensure the long-term development of business-NGO relationships. Also required is more concerned environmental legislation, and corporate social responsibility education on the environment. Key needs are capacity building and funds for NGOs in order for them to establish balanced and meaningful relations with businesses in relation to environmental matters. These are matters addressed in this article on the basis of 31 in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, including environmental NGOs, businesses, government departments, business-related organisations, and a legislative councilor. The stakeholders' views highlight the current problems and possible roles of the government and business-related organisations in Hong Kong in assisting in the forging and sustaining of business-NGO relationships of significance to environmental conservation. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; At the time of Independence, India wished to provide universal public health care. Sixty years later, the private sector has become the main access to hospital care for Indian patients. Keeping in mind the territorial discontinuities that divide the country, this article examines the political, economic and social mechanisms leading to the privatization of Indian hospital care. We argue that this privatization has less to do with liberal health sector reform policies than with long-term endogenous changes in Indian hospital care. We also question the capacity of the Indian state to enforce new regulation schemes on private hospital care. ; Au moment de l'Indépendance, l'Inde souhaite s'orienter vers un système de soins public accessible à tous. Soixante ans plus tard, le secteur privé est devenu l'entrée privilégiée du système de soins pour le patient indien. À travers une approche sensible aux discontinuités territoriales, nous mettons en perspective les mécanismes politiques, économiques et sociaux à l'œuvre dans la privatisation des soins en Inde depuis 1947. La privatisation des soins hospitaliers n'a pas tant été le fait d'une réorientation des politiques de santé à l'échelle nationale, que le résultat d'une transformation endogène du secteur hospitalier. On s'interroge en conclusion sur la capacité de l'État indien à assurer sa nouvelle mission de régulation du secteur hospitalier privé.

Les "bandes de jeunes" ont toujours été traversées par trois dimensions : le partage de secrets qui attachent les jeunes les uns aux autres, une stigmatisation qui les renvoient perpétuellement à leur appartenance à la bande, et enfin la liberté que donne toute différenciation par rapport aux normes sociales dominantes. Ces trois dimensions (l'attachement, la stigmatisation et la différence) sont le lot commun de la plupart des bandes à des degrés divers. Cependant, ces dernières évoluent, une dimension prenant le pas sur les autres. Comment expliquer ces différences et ces évolutions ? Qu'est-ce qui donne le mouvement de ces bandes, au quotidien comme sur le long terme, dans le temps et dans l'espace ? Enfin, dans quelle mesure la nature des pratiques, des conflits et des régulations quotidiennes qui donnent la dynamique de ces regroupements, peut-elle nous permettre de mieux comprendre la violence qui les traversent et qui s'est exprimée lors des émeutes de novembre 2005 ? Nous interrogeons d'abord dans cet article ces pratiques, puis les représentations qui portent sur ces regroupements, pour enfin montrer le rôle essentiel du travail de légitimation réalisé au quotidien par ces jeunes. Il s'agit nous semble-t-il d'une clé indispensable de compréhension de la dimension publique et politique, de ces rassemblements et de ces émeutes.

In this paper on "Targeting Development Assistance, Including International Core Version for Finding Durable Solutions for Protected Refugee Situations" the gap between refugee & returnee assistance programs and protective, & the long-term development efforts is identified as a central hurdle in the way both sustainable repatriation and countries of origin and the promotion of self-reliance & local integration and countries are identified. The UNHCR's Framework for Durable Solutions from the Agenda for Protection has emerged as the means for better integrating refugees into development planning & responding to the problem of protected refugee situations. The Countries of Origin advocates the "4R's" concept of repatriation, reintegration, rehabilitation & reconstruction to improve sustainability of voluntary repatriation. The Host Countries addresses the concerns of refugee hosting States in which the Framework for Durable Solutions are Development Assistance for Refugees (DAR) & Development to Local Integration (DLI). The section on donor trends identifies the reluctance of donor states to provide more resources, & commitments of States to the UN Millennium Development Goals. Inter-agency collaboration addresses of the fostering of inter-agency partnerships with the UN Development Group, the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, & the World Bank. These initiatives are concluded to highlight the importance of mainstreaming the needs of the displaced across the use and system, particularly with in a development context. References. J. Harwell

Les "bandes de jeunes" ont toujours été traversées par trois dimensions : le partage de secrets qui attachent les jeunes les uns aux autres, une stigmatisation qui les renvoient perpétuellement à leur appartenance à la bande, et enfin la liberté que donne toute différenciation par rapport aux normes sociales dominantes. Ces trois dimensions (l'attachement, la stigmatisation et la différence) sont le lot commun de la plupart des bandes à des degrés divers. Cependant, ces dernières évoluent, une dimension prenant le pas sur les autres. Comment expliquer ces différences et ces évolutions ? Qu'est-ce qui donne le mouvement de ces bandes, au quotidien comme sur le long terme, dans le temps et dans l'espace ? Enfin, dans quelle mesure la nature des pratiques, des conflits et des régulations quotidiennes qui donnent la dynamique de ces regroupements, peut-elle nous permettre de mieux comprendre la violence qui les traversent et qui s'est exprimée lors des émeutes de novembre 2005 ? Nous interrogeons d'abord dans cet article ces pratiques, puis les représentations qui portent sur ces regroupements, pour enfin montrer le rôle essentiel du travail de légitimation réalisé au quotidien par ces jeunes. Il s'agit nous semble-t-il d'une clé indispensable de compréhension de la dimension publique et politique, de ces rassemblements et de ces émeutes.