Suchergebnisse

Under a Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesia and Australia, traditional Indonesian fishermen are permitted access to fish in a designated area inside the 200 nautical mile Australian Fishing Zone (AFZ). However, crew and vessels are regularly apprehended for illegal fishing activity outside the permitted areas and, after prosecution in Australian courts, their boats and equipment are destroyed and the fishermen repatriated to Indonesia. This is an ethnographic study of one group of Indonesian maritime people who operate in the AFZ. It concerns Bajo people who originate from villages in the Tukang Besi Islands, Southeast Sulawesi. It explores the social, cultural, economic and historic conditions which underpin Bajo sailing and fishing voyages in the AFZ. It also examines issues concerning Australian maritime expansion and Australian government policies, treatment and understanding of Bajo fishing. The study considers the concept of "traditional" fishing regulating access to the MOU area based on use of unchanging technology, and consequences arising from adherence to such a view of "traditional"; the effect of Australian maritime expansion on Bajo fishing activity; the effectiveness of policy in providing for fishing rights and stopping illegal activity, and why Bajo continue to fish in the AFZ despite a range of ongoing restrictions on their activity.

We propose a magnetometer system fitted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, or drone) and a data-processing method for detecting metal antipersonnel landmines (M16) in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea, which is an undeveloped natural environment. The performance of the laser altimeter was improved so that the drone could fly at a low and stable altitude, even in a natural environment with dust and bushes, and a magnetometer was installed on a pendulum to minimize the effects of magnetic noise and vibration from the drone. At a flight altitude of 1 m, the criterion for M16 is 5 nT. Simple low-pass filtering eliminates magnetic swing noise due to pendulum motion, and the moving average method eliminates changes related to the heading of the magnetometer. Magnetic exploration was conducted in an actual mine-removal area near the DMZ in Korea, with nine magnetic anomalies of more than 5 nT detected and a variety of metallic substances found within a 1-m radius of each detection site. The proposed UAV-based landmine detection system is expected to reduce risk to detection personnel and shorten the landmine-detection period by providing accurate scientific information about the detection area prior to military landmine-detection efforts.

International audience ; The implementation of international standards for sustainable development encourages countries to develop participatory planning processes at local scale. This article aims at showing how the environment is taken into account in 19 local planning documents for three Mediterranean countries namely Algeria, Lebanon and Morocco. The environment remains marginal considering the strategic axes of the local development plans. It is better represented at project level, although under a utilitarian view; this means that the environment is considered only for human needs or to correct the adverse effects of the overexploitation of natural resources on nature. This assumption is related to both the institutional segmentation of development and environment authorities and to the lack of skillful players in the field of ecology and environment. ; La mise en place des normes internationales de développement durable incite les pays à organiser la planification à une échelle locale et de façon participative. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer de quelle manière l'environnement est pris en compte à cette échelle dans 19 documents de planification de trois pays méditerranéens, l'Algérie, le Liban et le Maroc. L'environnement reste marginal au niveau des axes stratégiques des plans locaux de développement ; il est mieux représenté à l'échelle des projets, mais essentiellement selon une vision utilitariste, c'est-à-dire prendre en compte le milieu naturel pour les besoins humains ou pour corriger les effets néfastes sur la nature suite à l'utilisation non rationnelle des ressources naturelles. Ce constat est mis en relation, d'une part, avec la segmentation institutionnelle des administrations du développement et de l'environnement et, d'autre part, avec un manque de compétences des acteurs de la planification dans le domaine écologique et environnemental.

International audience ; The implementation of international standards for sustainable development encourages countries to develop participatory planning processes at local scale. This article aims at showing how the environment is taken into account in 19 local planning documents for three Mediterranean countries namely Algeria, Lebanon and Morocco. The environment remains marginal considering the strategic axes of the local development plans. It is better represented at project level, although under a utilitarian view; this means that the environment is considered only for human needs or to correct the adverse effects of the overexploitation of natural resources on nature. This assumption is related to both the institutional segmentation of development and environment authorities and to the lack of skillful players in the field of ecology and environment. ; La mise en place des normes internationales de développement durable incite les pays à organiser la planification à une échelle locale et de façon participative. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer de quelle manière l'environnement est pris en compte à cette échelle dans 19 documents de planification de trois pays méditerranéens, l'Algérie, le Liban et le Maroc. L'environnement reste marginal au niveau des axes stratégiques des plans locaux de développement ; il est mieux représenté à l'échelle des projets, mais essentiellement selon une vision utilitariste, c'est-à-dire prendre en compte le milieu naturel pour les besoins humains ou pour corriger les effets néfastes sur la nature suite à l'utilisation non rationnelle des ressources naturelles. Ce constat est mis en relation, d'une part, avec la segmentation institutionnelle des administrations du développement et de l'environnement et, d'autre part, avec un manque de compétences des acteurs de la planification dans le domaine écologique et environnemental.

International audience ; The implementation of international standards for sustainable development encourages countries to develop participatory planning processes at local scale. This article aims at showing how the environment is taken into account in 19 local planning documents for three Mediterranean countries namely Algeria, Lebanon and Morocco. The environment remains marginal considering the strategic axes of the local development plans. It is better represented at project level, although under a utilitarian view; this means that the environment is considered only for human needs or to correct the adverse effects of the overexploitation of natural resources on nature. This assumption is related to both the institutional segmentation of development and environment authorities and to the lack of skillful players in the field of ecology and environment. ; La mise en place des normes internationales de développement durable incite les pays à organiser la planification à une échelle locale et de façon participative. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer de quelle manière l'environnement est pris en compte à cette échelle dans 19 documents de planification de trois pays méditerranéens, l'Algérie, le Liban et le Maroc. L'environnement reste marginal au niveau des axes stratégiques des plans locaux de développement ; il est mieux représenté à l'échelle des projets, mais essentiellement selon une vision utilitariste, c'est-à-dire prendre en compte le milieu naturel pour les besoins humains ou pour corriger les effets néfastes sur la nature suite à l'utilisation non rationnelle des ressources naturelles. Ce constat est mis en relation, d'une part, avec la segmentation institutionnelle des administrations du développement et de l'environnement et, d'autre part, avec un manque de compétences des acteurs de la planification dans le domaine écologique et environnemental.

International audience ; The implementation of international standards for sustainable development encourages countries to develop participatory planning processes at local scale. This article aims at showing how the environment is taken into account in 19 local planning documents for three Mediterranean countries namely Algeria, Lebanon and Morocco. The environment remains marginal considering the strategic axes of the local development plans. It is better represented at project level, although under a utilitarian view; this means that the environment is considered only for human needs or to correct the adverse effects of the overexploitation of natural resources on nature. This assumption is related to both the institutional segmentation of development and environment authorities and to the lack of skillful players in the field of ecology and environment. ; La mise en place des normes internationales de développement durable incite les pays à organiser la planification à une échelle locale et de façon participative. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer de quelle manière l'environnement est pris en compte à cette échelle dans 19 documents de planification de trois pays méditerranéens, l'Algérie, le Liban et le Maroc. L'environnement reste marginal au niveau des axes stratégiques des plans locaux de développement ; il est mieux représenté à l'échelle des projets, mais essentiellement selon une vision utilitariste, c'est-à-dire prendre en compte le milieu naturel pour les besoins humains ou pour corriger les effets néfastes sur la nature suite à l'utilisation non rationnelle des ressources naturelles. Ce constat est mis en relation, d'une part, avec la segmentation institutionnelle des administrations du développement et de l'environnement et, d'autre part, avec un manque de compétences des acteurs de la planification dans le domaine écologique et environnemental.

Two primary mechanisms for managing competitive interstate claims to maritime areas are evaluated: the creation of private ownership of maritime zones in the form of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and the creation of a global institution, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), to establish standards for maritime claims and dispute resolution procedures. Analyses of maritime claims in the Western Hemisphere and Europe from 1900 to 2001 show that declared EEZs help states reach agreements over maritime conflicts in bilateral negotiations, while membership in UNCLOS prevents the outbreak of new maritime claims and promotes third-party management efforts of maritime conflicts. Neither mechanism influences the probability of militarized conflicts over maritime areas.(International Interactions (London)/ FUB)

Haben Fesseha,1 Esmael Etana,2 Mesfin Mathewos1 1School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 2Malle District Veterinary Clinic, Malle, South Omo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Haben Fesseha Email haben.senbetu@wsu.edu.etBackground: Mange mites are economically damaging goat ectoparasites that cause skin rejection or downgrading in Ethiopian tanneries and leather industries.Methods: A study was done on 384 randomly selected goats to identify the proportion of mites and potential associated factors in the Malle district of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia using a cross-sectional survey. A questionnaire investigation was also performed to evaluate the knowledge and preventative measures taken by goat owners during mange mites infection. A skin scraping was employed to collect mange mites for identification.Results: Out of 384 examined goats, 34.6% (133/384) of goats were infected with a variety of mange mite species. Demodex (2.86%), Psoroptes (8.1%), and Sarcoptes (23.7%) were the three mange mite genera identified in three sites of Malle district. Goats with poor body condition score (BCS) were the most infected (43.6%) with mange mites compared with moderate (39.1%) and good body condition (17.3%) goats. Adult goats (37.6%) were more infested than young (32.3%) and old (30.1%), whereas there was a higher infestation in males (60.2%) than females (39.8%). However, age, sex, and BCS of the goats had no significant (p > 0.05) correlation with the occurrence of mange mites. Skin lesion due to mange mites infection was most frequently observed on the head region (26.3%), followed by legs (24.8%) and thoracic region (22.6%). The questionnaire survey indicated that 86.27% of the participants preferred to use modern acaricides to control mange mites, while 97.4% of participants have been involved in government-sponsored deworming programs.Conclusion: Mange mites especially Sarcoptes species were major skin problems in goats in the study, so the owners should be advised to improve their management and use mite control in goats regularly in the area.Keywords: mites, goats, Malle district, prevalence, South Omo Zone

World War I marks a well-known turning point in anthropology, and this volume is the first to examine the variety of forms it took in Europe. Distinct national traditions emerged and institutes were founded, partly due to collaborations with the military. Researchers in the cultural sciences used war zones to gain access to "informants": prisoner-of-war and refugee camps, occupied territories, even the front lines. Anthropologists tailored their inquiries to aid the war effort, contributed to interpretations of the war as a "struggle" between "races", and assessed the "warlike" nature of the Balkan region, whose crises were key to the outbreak of the Great War.

Water management plays a vital role in the agricultural economy and living conditions of people in Sri Lanka. Though government and non-government organizations have been readily contributing to water management, it is still inefficient, especially in terms of water allocation, consumption and conservation. To identify factors which could be used to implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), a socio-hydrological study was performed in five areas within the dry zone in Sri Lanka. The study covers a comprehensive analysis of how the household income, demography and education level correlating to water usage, purification and disposal methods. The average household income ranges from LKR 2500 to 15 000 per month. The results show that the average daily usage for drinking, cooking, washing, toiletries and bathing are 3, 5, 10, 7, and 85 L per person, respectively. Majority of the families use dug wells and pipe-borne water as the primary source. Correlation coefficients suggest that higher household income or level of education leads to increased water consumption ( R = 0.91, 0.94). There is no linear relationship between the level of education with the good practices of water purification and disposal. Though these results indicate preliminary assessments based on the dry zone practices, efficient water management could be enhanced by strong socio-hydrological implications through educating people on conservation, usage, disposal practices and health concerns.

Water management plays a vital role in the agricultural economy and living conditions of people in Sri Lanka. Though government and non-government organizations have been readily contributing to water management, it is still inefficient, especially in terms of water allocation, consumption and conservation. To identify factors which could be used to implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), a socio-hydrological study was performed in five areas within the dry zone in Sri Lanka. The study covers a comprehensive analysis of how the household income, demography and education level correlating to water usage, purification and disposal methods. The average household income ranges from LKR 2500 to 15 000 per month. The results show that the average daily usage for drinking, cooking, washing, toiletries and bathing are 3, 5, 10, 7, and 85 L per person, respectively. Majority of the families use dug wells and pipe-borne water as the primary source. Correlation coefficients suggest that higher household income or level of education leads to increased water consumption (R = 0.91, 0.94). There is no linear relationship between the level of education with the good practices of water purification and disposal. Though these results indicate preliminary assessments based on the dry zone practices, efficient water management could be enhanced by strong socio-hydrological implications through educating people on conservation, usage, disposal practices and health concerns.

The study was conducted in North- Western zone of Tigray region, in Humera District Northern part of Ethiopia; with the objective of to measure reproductive performances of "Begayt" sheep under farmers and ranch management conditions. The data on reproductive performance of Begayt sheep (n=150) kept at three different sheep farms in Western Zone of Tigray, Quafta Humera district, Government Ranch (GovR) (n=50), Privet Ranch (PrivR) (n=50) and Privet Farm (PrivF) (n=50), under semi-intensive management system, were analyzed. General linear model was used for analyzing the data. The fixed effects in the model included location of flock, age, type of birth, sex of lamb and their interactions. The overall findings of reproductive traits such as fertility, prolificacy, single lambing, twinning rate, lambs born alive and sex ratio (male: female) were 92.67, 101.33, 89.86, 10.14, 96.33% and 50.33:49.67, respectively. The highest value for twinning rate was recorded in GovR (13.04%) and the lowest in PrivF (6.52%). All traits were significantly different (P0.05) between flocks. The overall results revealed that age of dam, age at first service (AFS), service period (SP), age at first lambing (AFL) and lambing interval (LI) were 1078±2.2, 579.61±0.6, 206.25±0.2, and 731.67±0.3 and 256.60±0.3 days, respectively. The results of ANOVA showed that locations had significant effect (P<0.05) on AFS and SP; however lambing interval and age at first lambing were not affected. Age of ewe, type of birth, sex of lamb(s) born and interaction between these factors did not influence the traits significantly. It was concluded that reproductive performance of Begayt sheep was modest so it is vital to improve management, nutritional and breeding practices at the farm.