Suchergebnisse

Les prairies permanentes représentent 57 millions d'hectares dont 16,9 millions de landes et parcours ; la prairie temporaire occupe 10 millions ha. Les surfaces en prairie ont fortement régressé depuis 1960, la perte étant estimée à environ 30 % soit plus de 7 millions ha au niveau de l'Europe et 4 millions en France, mais il semble que les surfaces se stabilisent depuis 2003. Les prairies européennes se caractérisent par une grande diversité : couverts semés ou végétation indigène, leur niveau de production est très variable de même que leur répartition entre les différents pays. Elles assurent de nombreux services écosystémiques dont la séquestration de carbone, le maintien de la biodiversité et la qualité des sols et de l'eau. Ces services, de mieux en mieux reconnus par la société, sont progressivement pris en compte par les politiques publiques. ; This text specifies the current status and recent evolution of permanent grassland in Europe and in France, and reviews the main services provided by grassland. Grassland covers over 40 % of European agricultural land. Permanent grassland covers 57 million ha and temporary grassland, 10 million ha. Total grassland acreage dropped significantly between 1960 and 2003. Total loss is estimated at 30 %, which is to say over 7 million ha lost in Europe and 4 million ha lost in France. Grassland in Europe is characterized by a rich biodiversity, sown grassland and indigenous vegetation, its level of production is highly variable, as is its distribution in different countries. This agricultural cover is all the more important because it is multifunctional and has a considerable environmental and social impact. Grassland provides a wide range of ecosystem services (carbon sequestration, protecting biodiversity, preserving soil quality and purifying drinking water.) which are increasingly being recognized and taken into account by public bodies in charge of policy making.

This collection of essays by ten leading British and French Renaissance specialists explores, for the first time, differing conceptions of Europe in Renaissance France. Four essays concentrate on problems of definition in ideological, chronological, geographical and linguistic terms, concentrating on the relationship between Christendom and Europe, Antiquity and its Renaissance heirs, and Latin and the vernacular languages of south-western France. A further three essays address cultural exchange and political collaboration (and, inevitably, conflict) between France and England at the time of t.

This is the summary policy report of the Eunamus project. Drawing together findings from all of the other project reports and conferences, it reflects upon the way histories are constructed and deployed in Europe's national museums. It sets out to address two questions: In what ways do national museums, and the histories they display, contribute to social division and cohesion? How might national museums be a force for greater social cohesion in Europe in the future? The report discusses how national museums perform, interpret and narrate meaningful pasts and how these acts of communication are perceived by visitors and citizens. The report concludes with eight policy implications: National museums need to be autonomous creative institutions National museums need to understand and be open about their performances National museums need to overcome national constraints National museums need to develop and share tools for establishing bridge-building narratives National museums need to review their impact on perceptions of citizenship National museums need to reach new audiences Regional and local museums hold great potential for international bridge building National museums can act as forums for contested issues The three-year research programme, EuNaMus – European National Museums: Identity Politics, the Uses of the Past and the European Citizen, is coordinated at Tema Q at Linköping University (www.eunamus. eu). EuNaMus explores the creation and power of the heritage created and presented at European national museums to the world, Europe and its states, as an unsurpassable institution in contemporary society. National museums are defined and explored as processes of institutionalized negotiations where material collections and displays make claims and are recognized as articulating and representing national values and realities. Questions asked in the project are why, by whom, when, with what material, with what result and future possibilities are these museums shaped.

La France et l'Allemagne occupent une place particulière dans l'histoire de l'Europe. Au XIX e et au XX e siècle, leurs affrontements ont entraîné des conséquences dramatiques, pour les deux Etats comme pour leurs voisins. Depuis la Déclaration Schuman (9 mai 1950), la réconciliation franco-allemande constitue la pierre angulaire de l'unification de l'Europe. Après le traité de l'Élysée (22 janvier 1963), leur partenariat s'est intensifié pour former un « couple » dont la capacité de proposition est indispensable au progrès de l'intégration européenne. Le traité d'Aix-la-Chapelle (22 janvier 2019) constitue une nouvelle étape pour former un espace franco-allemand commun. Tirant les conséquences de l'a nouvelle situation géopolitique, l'accord couvre tous les thèmes de l'action publique, mais élargie aussi cette ambition aux collectivités territoriales et aux opérateurs privés. Avec la création de l'Assemblée parlementaire franco-allemande (APFA), l'assemblée nationale et le Bundestag ont donné une dimension démocratique au dialogue entre les deux nations. Paris et Berlin doivent s'engager résolument en faveur de la modernisation des institutions héritées du traité de Rome (1957) et des accords intervenus depuis la mise en place de la CECA ; l'élargissement de l'UE et l'instauration de la zone euro exigent une réforme en profondeur pour plus de transparence et d'efficacité dans le système décisionnel de Bruxelles. Cet enjeu est particulièrement important pour la crédibilité de l'UE dans la mondialisation et pour les questions de sécurité. Ouverte durant la présidence allemande du Conseil de l'UE (PAUE) la Conférence sur l'avenir de l'Europe (automne 2020) offrira aux citoyens la possibilité d'un large débat qui devrait porter à la fois sur la finalité et la gouvernance de l'Union et sur ses champs de compétences ; au premier semestre 2022, la Présidence française sera invitée à en tirer les conclusions.

The trend toward interdisciplinary study is becoming well-established, despite inevitable conflicts arising from our traditional university divisions. The development of a course or seminar attempting to draw parallels between the political and literary behavior of a given period and country might well have been opposed by either or both of the departments of history and language, not to mention curriculum committees. New structures, however, now facilitate such investigations, both within and outside existing terms and programs. Thus, during the regular term, General Studies, Honors Classes, or similar relatively recent additions to the curriculum roster offer courses created by groups of instructors or even by students and instructors. Interim Terms, on the other hand, as a sort of pause in the academic calendar, more easily lend themselves to the pooling of students and instructors wishing to widen their experience in particular subjects or periods without draining the staff or equipment necessary for the maintenance of operating programs. ; N/A