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Asking and answering questions about what culture entails and examines the fundamental properties and intertwining nature of language and culture. This text explores linguistic relativity, lexical differences among languages and intercultural communication, including high and low contexts. Changes to a variety of OER works were made by Manon Allard-Kropp in the Department of Language and Cultural Studies to tailor the text to fit the needs of the Languages and World View course at the University of Missouri–St. Louis. Materials from the original sources have been combined, reorganized, and added to by the current author, and any conceptual or typographical errors are the responsibility of the current author. Sources: Anderson, Catherine. Fundamental Properties of Language. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=IDNSZYXTXFk, 2018. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/8. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed) Anderson, Catherine. Mental Grammar. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLf0ZIkbUxE, 2018. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/12. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed) "Anthropological Culture Concept." In Cultural Anthropology. https://wikieducator.org/. Accessed December 20, 2019. https://wikieducator.org/Cultural_Anthropology/Anth_ Perspective/Key_Concepts. Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License Boroditsky, Lera. How Language Shapes the Way We Think. https://www.ted.com/talks/lera_ boroditsky_how_language_shapes_the_way_we_think, 2018. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/13. Creative Commons license, Attribution–NonCommercial–No Derivatives Calude, Andreea S., Alex Gendler, Mike Schell, and Addison Anderson. Does Grammar Matter? https://ed.ted.com/lessons/does-grammar-matter-andreea-s-calude, 2016. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/9. Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) Center for Deployment Psychology. Military Culture Iceberg. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=LBF6BCV1wlc, 2014. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/10. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed) Cultural Anthropology - Wikibooks, Open Books for an Open World. Wikibooks, 2018. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cultural_Anthropology. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Department of Communication, Indiana State University. "2.3: Understanding Intercultural Communication | Introduction to Public Communication." In Introduction to Public Communication. Pressbooks; Simple book Production, 2016. http://kell.indstate.edu/ public-comm-intro/chapter/2-3-understanding-intercultural-communication/. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Gasser, Michael. "2.6: Lexical Differences Among Languages." In How Language Works. http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/book.html: LibreTexts, 2015. https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anthropology/Linguistics/Book%3A_How_Language_Works_(Gasser)/2%3A_ Word_Meanings/2.6%3A_Lexical_Differences_Among_Languages. GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2. "Intercultural Communication." In A Primer on Communication Studies, 2012. https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/a-primer-on-communication-studies/s08-03- intercultural-communication.html. Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 Hahn, Laura K., and Scott T. Paynton. Survey of Communication Study - Wikibooks, Open Books for an Open World, 2019. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License Let'sTalkLanguage. Language Influences Thought? - Linguistic Relativity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxLBXP5sq3o, 2015. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/11. Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed) LibreTexts. "3.1C: Cultural Universals - Social Sci LibreTexts." In Sociology (Boundless), 2019. https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/3%3A_Culture/3.1%3A_Culture_and_Society/3.1C%3A_Cultural_Universals. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Light, Linda. "Language." In Perspectives: An Open Invitation to Cultural Anthropology, edited by Nina Brown, Laura Tubelle de González, and Thomas McIlwraith, 1st ed. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association. Accessed December 20, 2019. http://perspectives.americananthro.org/. Creative Commons License (CC-BY-NC) Pym, Anthony. Do Women and Men Use Language the Same Way? https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Txd93vZQHWU. Accessed December 20, 2019. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/15. Creative Commons Attribution license Pym, Anthony. What Is Diglossia? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvcM4mpNpqs. Accessed December 20, 2019. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/16. Creative Commons Attribution license TED-Ed and Krystian Aparta. One of the Most Difficult Words to Translate . . . https://www.ted.com/talks/krystian_aparta_one_of_the_most_difficult_words_to_translate/, 2016. https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/14. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. London: J. Murray, 1871. http://archive.org/details/ primitiveculture0171tylo. Public Domain Wikipedia contributors. "Speech Community." In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, August 23, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speech_community&oldid=912200358. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License

The Kingdom of Morocco utilizes multiple languages (Standard Arabic, Darija, Amazigh, Spanish, French, and others) in multiple ways. This brief research project with consider how this multilingualism effects how the government communicates with the populace.

In the context of several examples of problems associated with present budgetary conventions, I revisit Musgrave's conceptual division of the government's program into Allocation, Distribution and Stabilization Branch subbudgets. I suggest progress towards Musgrave's ideal of a more informative budgetary language, one less dependent on arbitrary institutional labeling, must be based on the nonarbitrary description of the individual's economic environment, as it is affected by government. As a first approximation, that environment can be summed up in terms of the individual's budget constraint and levels of public goods provided. Simple models suggest that an unambiguous budgetary language may be feasible but there remains much to clarify about both the objectives of the exercise and the specifics of methods to deal with particular problems.

Machine generated contents note: Introduction; 1. Whose America?; 2. The alien specter then and now; 3. Hyphenated identity; 4. Foreign accents and immigrant Englishes; 5. Multilingual practices; 6. Immigrant children and language; 7. American becomings

Language is a sensitive issue in the developing world, because language choice and behaviour are integral to the social, economic and political stability of multicultural societies. To what extent does this argument hold? Does language make a difference when it comes to development, and is there a perceptible difference in development between countries that is attributable to their choice of language? This book sets out to answer these questions by investigating how language has been and is being used in four countries of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (i.e. Cambodia, the Lao PDR, Myanmar and V

India's "official language controversy" spanned over two decades from 1946 to 1967, during which the proposal to replace English with Hindi met with resistance from various quarters. However, the inter-regional ethno-linguistic politics of India came together with the developmental vision for an industrialized postcolonial democracy to ensure its validation and continuance in as a co-official language of the republic. My analysis identifies a widespread perception, among supporters as well as detractors of English in India at the time, that the "international"/"foreign" credentials of the language made it an instrument of change across various regional, religious, caste, class, and ethnic communities. The language came to be reframed during this period due to the coming together of India's colonial past and its distinct regional and community histories with the views of leading public figures. Perhaps most surprising, however, is the complex part played by a "hybrid" minority constituency in public debate: the mixed race Anglo-Indian community, in dissociating from the former "home" country of England re-defined itself and its relationship with the new republic, and ultimately served as a catalyst in reframing the language as not merely international or colonial, but as Indian. ; ISSN:1613-3668 ; ISSN:0165-2516

A study of how critical discourse analysis can elucidate the relationship between language and peace. It argues that language is a factor to be considered, along with social and economic factors, in any examination of the social conditions and institutions preventing the achievement of peace

Language and Conceptualization. Jan Nuyts and Eric Pederson. eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.282 pp.

For over a century, the Canadian government suppressed the language and learning of its aboriginal peoples through a system of enforced schooling in 'civilised' culture. The system was only abandoned in 1986; the pain it inflicted, as well as the problems it created, live on

Through an approach informed by language ecology and linguistic ethnography, this book examines Hawaiʻi as a complex multilingual society. Focusing on situated language usage as well as underlying ideological beliefs, the book offers analyses of Hawaiian, Pidgin, Japanese, the languages of Micronesia, and the phenomenon of language mixing.

Language and Culture. David L. Shaul and N. Louanna Furbee. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1998. 305 pp.