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This paper is based on theories from critical linguistics, which view language not as a neutral medium for the description of reality but as actively shaping and giving meaning to human experience. It, therefore, argues that the linguistic factor be taken into account in the analysis of and prescription for problems deriving from social and ecological violence that challenge contemporary societies. To that end, it outlines the components of a linguistic framework that illustrates how language communicates ideologies, which shape group attitudes and justify social practices that sustain the use of such violence, and then it applies the framework to an analysis of two brief texts on environmental security and President Bush's September 20, 2001, address to Congress.

A selected set of accounting concepts was subjected to analysis using multidimensional scaling techniques to evaluate the intergroup perceptual differences between users of four various language groups, unilingual French, unilingual English, bi‐lingual English and bi‐lingual French groups. The linguistic relativism paradigm in accounting was used to justify the possible lack of consensus on the meaning of accounting concepts. The INDSCAL model applied to the matrix of similarity judgments enabled the identification of three dimensions and subjects' saliences. An analysis of variance applied to the individual saliences allowed the verification of the linguistic relativism paradigm for both the disjunctive and relational dimensions. Rival hypotheses were rejected. Basically, individuals from different language groups have a different perception of the same accounting concepts. Each linguistic group seems to develop its own "accounting language and repertoire.''RésuméUn ensemble choisi de concepts comptables a été analysé à l'aide de techniques de mesure multidimensionnelles, afin d'évaluer les différences de compréhension qui leur est attribuée par les groupes linguistiques suivants: unilingue français, unilingue anglais, bilingue français et bilingue anglais. On a eu recours en paradigme de la relativité linguistique afin d'expliquer d'éventuelles différences de signification des vocables de la comptabilité. Le modèle INDSCAL, appliqué à la matrice de la similarité des jugements, a permis d'isoler trois dimensions, ainsi que les termes principaux des définitions adoptées par les sujets de l'expérience. Une analyse de variance appliquée à ces définitions individuelles a permis de vérifier le paradigme de la relativité linguistique sur deux dimensions. Les hypothèses rivales ont été rejetées. En fin de compte, les membres de groupes linguistiques différents attribuent des compréhensions différentes aux měmes termes comptables. Chacun des groupes semble utiliser un langage et un répertoire comptables qui lui sont propres.

Linguistic minorities are everywhere, and they are diverse. In this context, linguistic mediation activities – whether translation or interpreting – are key to the social inclusion of any kind of linguistic minority. In most societies autochthonous linguistic minorities coexist with foreignspeaking minorities and people with (or without) disabilities who rely linguistically or medially adapted on texts to access information. The present volume draws on this broad understanding of the concept of linguistic minorities to explore some of the newest developments in the field of translation studies and linguistics. The articles are structured around three main axes:
• accessibility of content, especially audiovisual translation
• intralingual translation, including initiatives regarding plain language, easy-to-read and easy language
• mediation for minorities in a broader sense and language ideologies.

It is often assumed that Indo-Iranian cultural entanglements disappeared by the early twentieth century because of the rise of imperialism and colonialism, exclusionary forms of nationalism, and the accompanying loss of certain linguistic competencies. This article calls into question the supposed disappearance of exchange between Iran and India in linguistic, literary, and religious realms. Instead, it posits that earlier sets of debates between Iranian and Indian authors, particularly on the status of the Persian language, were now inflected through nationalism, imperialism, and cosmopolitanism. It traces how these new cultural articulations were often the outcome of crossings among Iran, India, and Europe for educational, journalistic, and missionary purposes. Through these crossings, cosmopolitan understandings of language, religion, and politics, albeit with their own hierarchies and exclusions, often coexisted paradoxically side by side with nationalism. Shared Indo-Iranian religious connections, either through Zoroastrianism or Islam, became grounds for new modes of imagining transnational solidarities, while viewing Persian as a beleaguered Asian lingua franca became a way of challenging the imperial hegemony of the English language.

"This is an engaging interdisciplinary guide to the unique role of language within ethnography. The book provides a philosophical overview of the field alongside practical support for designing and developing your own linguistic ethnographic research. It demostrates how to build and develop arguments and engages with practical issues such as ethics, transcription and impact. There are chapter-long case studies based on empirical research that will explain key themes and help you collect and analyse your own linguistic data. Drawing on the author's experience, they outline the practical, epistemological and theoretical decisions that researchers must take when planning and carrying out their studies"--Back cover

Current international Human Rights obligations and language rights declarations have not proved particularly effective. For a crime against humanity a person may be sentenced to life imprisonment (e.g., Ratko Mladić for the Srebrenica massacre), but other perpetrators often go unpunished: for instance, most of those States which assimilate their linguistic minorities through submersion education programs. In his call for this conference, Professor György Andrássy urged us to find new arguments that might help to raise international language rights standards, and clarify the role of arguments in general. In this context I will address a wider issue: Does security policy pose a threat to minority language rights? These challenges have been highlighted by conflicts in Ukraine over the past five years. If the Council of Europe, the European Union, and NATO become complicit in Ukraine's erosion of regional and minority languages, a precedent may be set whereby a linguistic minority can be deprived of the rights they previously enjoyed in their State. The example of Ukraine may be followed by other States in building homogeneous nation-states and could well lead to new conflicts in Europe. In this paper I will show that what has created a serious international conflict and paralysis in NATO could be handled quite straightforwardly by linguists.

Abstract
In this article, I offer some comments on the general theme "The Study of Linguistic Sign Systems in the 21st Century" of this special issue of CSS and on the individual contributions therein. I comment on topics such as the shift from form to cognition in contemporary linguistics (Zhang & Yu), the faculty of language (Chomsky, Cowley), sign systems and their use by nonhuman organisms (Pable), the nature of the linguistic sign and its indeterminacy (Zhang & Yu, Pable, Liszka, and Cowley). One focus is the debate between "nativists" and "non-nativists", i.e. the question whether the language faculty is inborn or explainable by non-specialized cognitive learning mechanisms. My own conception of language and communication, which is inspired by cognitive linguistics and contemporary pragmatics, regards language as a sign system of conventional form-meaning pairs. Successful human communication requires socio-cultural skills such as cooperative behavior and the ability to infer non-coded meanings.

The linguistic diversity in The Thief, a novel written by the Swedish author, Göran Tunström, has as a central element the negative influence of the father figure. The evolution of the characters is profoundly connected to childhood and to the difference between the way they speak at home and the way they express themselves in society or among friends and teachers. The insertion of dialects as well as the use of comparisons and metaphors regarding the sacred / profane world, seem to point that cultural identity and unity is, paradoxically, acquired through diversity. We intend to tackle the relationship between the individual and the group / the family by using linguistic analysis of various fragments. Our aim is to show that the transition from childhood to adolescence is not only revealing for the child itself, but also for the entire community, as it insists on how we all have multiple social roles, while we never cease to be our true selves.

By analyzing linguistic utterances between teachers and students in a Persian heritage language class in the United States, this research study sought to illuminate what kinds of linguistic resources were used by these speakers to show different attitudes, moods and emotions. Furthermore, this study demonstrated possible functions of these linguistic markers and the way they were utilized to influence another party.

AbstractThis article takes its point of departure from the second (embodied) linguistic turn represented by the enactivist notion of humans as linguistic bodies, using resources from Hans Georg Gadamer in order to propose a view of the relation between art and everyday experience as one of symbolic transformation. Conceiving art as a form of linguistic phenomenon wherein one can engage in original situations of communication, this view rejects both autonomist and direct continuity views of the art-everyday relation. We start by situating the idea of linguistic bodies within the enactive approach, spelling out relevant aspects concerning the significance of language for human life and perception (Sect. 2). Then we embark on a discussion of aspects of Shaun Gallagher's and Alva Noë's enactivist perspectives on art experience, highlighting places where their views align with and depart from ours (Sect. 3). The last two sections aim to lay out the transformative view in more detail, proposing a pluralistic understanding of art media and a view of art and art experience as modes of ideational, embodied thought (Sects. 4 and 5).

AbstractIn this article we embrace the call that Flores and Lewis (this issue) put forth for situating research on linguistic "super-diversity" within particular historical, cultural and social contexts, challenging monolingual norms, and acknowledging ideological forces that drive the "sociopolitical emergence" of particular language practices. Using ethnographic and audiotaped data, we explore emergent linguistic practices in an after-school program in Los Angeles that in important ways both mimics and amplifies the diverse migration flows that characterize super-diversity. Focusing on linguistic interactions in this site, we question the tendency in research on super-diversity to celebrate translingual practices without consideration of power relations, including locally specific ideologies of language as manifested in both explicit and implicit forms. We examine linguistic practices that emerged and took shape as new members entered our space, identifying translingual and transcultural competencies that participants displayed as they "read" the local context and made choices about what language forms to utilize. We suggest that these may be largely unrecognized skills that are cultivated in contexts of super-diversity. At the same time, we sound a warning note about the constricted nature of the forms of language that came to predominate in this space. Finally, we highlight practices that were designed to disrupt hegemonic notions of language, support linguistic flexibility, and capitalize on the possibilities that super-diverse linguistic and cultural contexts offer.

Biographies make up a significant portion of Wikipedia entries and are a source of information and inspiration for the public. We examine a threat to their objectivity, linguistic biases, which are pervasive in human communication. Linguistic bias, the systematic asymmetry in the language used to describe people as a function of their social groups, plays a role in the perpetuation of stereotypes. Theory predicts that we describe people who are expected – because they are members of our own in-groups or are stereotype-congruent – with more abstract, subjective language, as compared to others. Abstract language has the power to sway our impressions of others as it implies stability over time. Extending our monolingual work, we consider biographies of intellectuals at the English- and Greek-language Wikipedias. We use our recently introduced sentiment analysis tool, DidaxTo, which extracts domain-specific opinion words to build lexicons of subjective words in each language and for each gender, and compare the extent to which abstract language is used. Contrary to expectation, we find evidence of gender-based linguistic bias, with women being described more abstractly as compared to men. However, this is limited to English-language biographies. We discuss the implications of using DidaxTo to monitor linguistic bias in texts produced via crowdsourcing. ; This work has been partly supported by the project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 739578 (RISE – Call: H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2) and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for European Programmes, Coordination and Development. Electronic version of a book chapter article published as Multilingual Text Analysis Challenges, Models, and Approaches, 2019, 411–440, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813274884_0012] © 2019 World Scientific Publishing Company, https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/11116 .