Suchergebnisse

Прослідковано еволюцію становлення соціально-політичної ризикології; розкрито прикладну спрямованість ризикологічних досліджень у соціально-політичній сфері. Показано, що венчурне проектування варто розглядати як спеціальний напрям соціально-політичного ризик-менеджменту. Визначено, що учасники соціально-політичного процесу, які намагаються відіграти активну роль, вимушені шукати проривні ідеї і технології випереджувального розвитку для держави та суспільства, у той же час перевіряючи, наприклад, активність виборців за основними електоральними групами. Це дає змогу відчути нові соціально-політичні настрої населення та зробити актуальні соціально-політичні наголоси, що можуть принести значні соціальні та/або політичні дивіденди в майбутньому. ; It shows the evolution of the formation of social and political riskology; disclosed riskological applied focus of research in the social and political sphere. It is proved that the design venture should be regarded as a special area of social and political risk management. It was determined that members of social and political process, who are trying to play an active role, forced to seek breakthrough ideas and advanced technology development for the state and society, while at the same time checking, for example, the voter turnout for the main electoral groups. This makes it possible to feel the new social and political attitudes of the population and to place current socio-political emphasis, which can bring significant social and/or political dividends in future.As a risk factor of venture socio-political project considered risk of non profits by theproject, due primarily technological and organizational solutions project and random fluctuations in prices and demand for products. It is shown that the reasons due to technological and organizational solutions venture project, it is advisable to include the risk of erroneous actions and reasons caused by fluctuations in prices and demand for the products – a marketing risk. Proved that random fluctuations in food prices in the sociopolitical sphere are random changes in attitudes of voters caused by active sales «competitive ertain causes of ideas, technologies, pre-election promises of the project in the eyes voters. The high level of risk marketing venture projects because offering the latest ideas and technologies (and therefore the majority of voters they are unknown or unclear), thereby forming ventures «price» that does not sit well with many voters either can range from large amplitude. Reveals that the algorithm development of venture socio-political project involves the following steps: diagnosis of the current situation; analysis of potential investment partners (investment objects); correlation risk their investment with the results obtained during the diagnosis; the skills of effective communication with prospective venture partners. ; Показана эволюция становления социально-политической рискологии; раскрыта прикладная направленность рискологических исследований в социально-политической сфере. Доказано, что венчурное проектирование следует рассматривать как специальное направление социально-политического риск-менеджмента. Определено, что участники социально-политического процесса, которые пытаются играть активную роль, вынуждены искать прорывные идеи и технологии опережающего развития для государства и общества, в то же время проверяя, например, активность избирателей по основным электоральным группам. Это дает возможность почувствовать новые социально-политические настроения населения и расставить актуальные социально-политические акценты, которые могут принести значительные социальные и/или политические дивиденды в будущем.

In recent decades, a vast amount of literature has been published discussing the educational use of simulation games in higher education. Since their emergence in the 1960s, simulation games have had a substantial effect on the way we think about teaching and learning in higher education. One reason simulation games are regarded as superior to traditional teaching is that they encourage students to interact and collaborate. Simulation games can therefore be subsumed under Kolbs learning model of experiential learning referring to learning through experience. Experiential learning follows a recursive cycle of experiencing, reflecting, thinking and acting to increase students' learning motivation and learning success.

In the broader field of education, the added value of gaming in general is incrementally becoming more evident. A large number of articles from various fields have been published stating the benefits of simulation games in higher education. In spite of the success of gaming as a tool to foster learning, the way it affects learning success and learning motivation of students needs further clarification. In this paper, I want to contribute to the debate by critically examining whether, and if yes to what extent, the use of simulation games in higher education can lead to enhanced learning motivation and learning success. Based on the findings of existing literature, boosted students' interaction might be one key reason to explain the success of simulation games.

As a case study, I present empirical findings from the incorporation of a simulation game into a university course about climate change. The course is part of a Master program on interdisciplinary environmental science. The aim of the course is to teach students the basic knowledge about causes and effects of climate change with a special focus on the political understanding of the international negotiation process. The course is offered as a blended learning course combining a virtual collaboration phase with a three-day attendance seminar. For several years, this attendance seminar was comprised of students' presentations, scientific lectures and joint discussions. In 2015, we tested whether the use of a simulation game instead of classical teaching methods would affect the students' learning motivation and learning success. As our results indicate, the boosted student´s interaction increased through the use of the simulation games lead to an enhanced learning motivation and learning success.

As for the structure of the paper: In the first section, I discuss the potential benefits of simulation games for teaching in higher education. In the second section, I present how the simulation game was integrated and conducted during the course. In the third section, I present and critically examine the influence of the simulation game on the students' performance. To this end, I compare data from previous course evaluations with the recent course evaluation. To secure the reliability of the findings, an additional survey was conducted to gauge whether the simulation game was decisive for the variances in the regular evaluation. In the last section, I discuss the results in the wider context of simulation games in education.

This thesis is an analysis of public policies based on the research carried out about the implementation of RASDA Program (local rice husbandry) in Kulonprogo in 2015. It is claimed as a new alternative offered to replace the Government RASKIN Program that is already running. This research aimed in determining how effective the implementation of the RASDA Program in Kulonprogo was and identifying the factors that cause RASDA program did not run as the expectation. The method used in this study was a qualitative method using two types of data, primary and secondary data. The data collection techniques used were observation, interview, and documentation with informants selection technique using the principle of purposive and snowball techniques. The data analysis technique was done through data reduction, data display, and data verification.The results showed that efforts to renew the RASKIN Program (cheap-priced rice) through RASDA program were not successfully done. The achievement of program outputs and outcome indicators were still far away from the expectation. The progress was not significantly improved, it still encountered the same problems as those in the implementation of the previous RASKIN Program. Meanwhile, farmers did not have any benefits from the uptake of the local rice because it was not optimally prepared.There are several factors that cause RASDA Program in Kulonprogro did not run well. The first reason was that it is difficult to link the concept of the program with the actual situation, seen from: (1) the farmers as the program target still thought conservatively causing the loss of the benefits that will be gained from the RASDA Program; (2) the intervention of political elites in the process of policy formulation; (3) the limited authority of the local government in the National RASKIN Program; and (4) the incoherency among the needs for resources in the factual conditions. The second cause, the conflict of interest among the holders cause the program implementation did not synchronize to each other, as seen from: (1) their efforts to make RASDA program as a springboard for "other" purposes; (2) the bias support of BULOG; (3) the lack of enthusiasm and initiatives among the holders/bureaucracy; and (4) the entrepreneurs' mindset of business that dominated farmers community. The third reason is that there was not awareness on the characteristics of the group target to anticipate problems that arise.Based on these findings, the researcher suggested the government to focus in optimizing the current mechanisms of the food subsidies. The government should also concern in looking for other alternatives to optimize the potential of the local foods. The government should also do some efforts to gain the welfare for farmers, by: (1) reconstructing values and norms in terms of social rules to support the program with the intensive socialization; (2) allocating the budget the APBD for the procurement of subsidized rice for poor households who are not registered; (3) monitoring the program up to the lowest level intensively; (4) encouraging small entrepreneurs to become BULOG's partners to seek an access to the Capital; (5) maintaining fair competition among rice traders; (6) conducting studies on the possibility of establishing a integrated rice husbandry regional company; (7) encouraging the local rice branding.

PurposeThis paper aims to identify the reasons for the lower ranking of the Online Service Index of Sri Lanka under the United Nations E-Government Readiness Index. The study is conducted as a comparative study on selected Asian countries and suggests remedial measures for the improvement of the status of e-government of Sri Lanka.Design/methodology/approachIn this regard, as the sample of websites ranked according to the Online Service Index of the United Nations, five government websites of Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh and Singapore were selected. They are the national portal and the websites of the five Ministries: The Ministry of Education, Finance, Health, Labor and of Social Services. Asian countries selected are India, Bangladesh and Singapore including Sri Lanka. Observation method was the mainly used method for data collection. The websites were evaluated in contrast with the help of the "Main features reviewed by the United Nations E-government Survey" as the checklist. Substantial description and scoring methods were used for the analysis of the data and the presentation of the findings of the study.FindingsThus, several weaknesses of the online services of the government websites of Sri Lanka were identified. Among them, the major reasons identified for the lower rank of the Sri Lankan Online Service Index were, for example, the inability to identify the exact website of national portal, the lack of accessibility or usability features, the weaknesses in the active maintenance of the "Contact us" feature, service-delivery capability features, citizen participation and also interconnectedness features. The above weaknesses have been the key/root causes for the decline of the rank of the Online Service Index of Sri Lanka.Research limitations/implicationsFrom five government websites, selected three foreign Asian countries were in focus because of practical limitations. Another difficulty faced in the analysis and comparison of the websites was that the information with regard to the United Nations evaluation methodology/criteria has not been adequately provided.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide information for the policy makers, web standards, evaluation criteria developers and almost all the government organizations to address key issues related to this field for the maximization of citizen participation, the enhancement of the service-delivery capabilities and accessibility features of websites to improve the online services of the government. This study unfolded several areas for the future researchers. Those researches can also be conducted based on sub indexes of the United Nations E-Government Readiness Index. The same method could be used to examine Human Capital Index, Telecommunication and Infrastructure Index and Citizen Participation Index. This research could also be expanded through observations of foreign countries.Originality/valueThis paper provides an overview of the quality of government websites of Sri Lanka compared to the selected Asian countries. Through the utilization of this scoring method, four major weaknesses that contribute to the lower ranking of the online service of Sri Lanka were identified with suggestions indented for the improvement of the government websites.

Abstract:The author conducts a previous study on constitutional regulation concerning the Spanish constitutional reform, in order subsequently to establish guidelines to improve the reform procedure. To this end he bases his proposals in two principles: 1. The inclusion of intangibility clauses, regardless of the procedure to be followed. 2. The establishment of a single constitutional reform procedure, seizing the inertia of the current constitutional regulation, following either thequalified-majority system (similar to the one currently established in article 167) or the double legislature one (exemplified in article 168 stipulations), and resolving and simplifying in both cases the malfunctions that both procedures could present.Summary:Introduction: the housekeeper is evaluating the possibility of refurbishingthe kitchen. 1. Title X of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. 1.1. Constitutional reform initiative and its temporal limits (arts. 166 and 169). 1.2. The reform procedure under article 167. 1.3. The reform procedure under article 168. 2. Possible and desirable reforms or how the sleep of reason can produce monsters, although it should not. 2.1. Previous reflections. 2.2. Regarding the initiative in both procedures. 2.3. Regarding the considerations set out in article 167.2. 2.4. Regarding the stipulations set out in article 168. 3. Provided proposals. ; Resumen:El autor realiza un estudio previo de la regulación constitucional referida a la reforma constitucional en España, para posteriormente establecer pautas que puedan mejorar el procedimiento de reforma.Para ello basa sus propuestas en dos principios: 1. La inclusión de cláusulas de intangibilidad, independientemente del procedimiento a seguir. 2. Establecimiento de un único procedimiento de reforma constitucional, aprovechando la inercia de la actual regulación constitucional, bien siguiendo el sistema de mayoría cualificada (similar al establecido actualmente en el artículo 167 CE), bien el de doble Legislatura (ejemplificado en las previsiones prescritas en el artículo 168 CE), resolviendo las disfunciones que ambos procedimientos podrían atesorar, simplificando los mismos.Abstract:The author conducts a previous study on constitutional regulation concerning the Spanish constitutional reform, in order subsequently to establish guidelines to improve the reform procedure. To this end he bases his proposals in two principles: 1. The inclusion of intangibility clauses, regardless of the procedure to be followed. 2. The establishment of a single constitutional reform procedure, seizing the inertia of the current constitutional regulation, following either thequalified-majority system (similar to the one currently established in article 167) or the double legislature one (exemplified in article 168 stipulations), and resolving and simplifying in both cases the malfunctions that both procedures could present.Summary:Introduction: the housekeeper is evaluating the possibility of refurbishingthe kitchen. 1. Title X of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. 1.1. Constitutional reform initiative and its temporal limits (arts. 166 and 169). 1.2. The reform procedure under article 167. 1.3. The reform procedure under article 168. 2. Possible and desirable reforms or how the sleep of reason can produce monsters, although it should not. 2.1. Previous reflections. 2.2. Regarding the initiative in both procedures. 2.3. Regarding the considerations set out in article 167.2. 2.4. Regarding the stipulations set out in article 168. 3. Provided proposals.

From initially placing the burden of injury almost exclusively on the injured employee, growing social awareness of the inherent risks in the workplace has seen an ever increasing willingness to hold the employer liable.1 This was initially driven by the courts, but developments were soon overtaken by the work of political activists and trade unions, which placed great pressure on business and the state to find more equitable systems of worker protection.2 This culminated in what is so often referred to as a new balance3 being struck in the form of comprehensive legislation to protect workers. In South Africa, this comprehensive legislation is the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act 3 of 1993 ('the COIDA'). The COIDA extinguishes an employee's common law rights to sue the employer for damages4 and instead introduces a no-fault system of compensation in which the employee is guaranteed an amount of compensation, when the harm from the accidents or occupational disease arises in the workplace.5 The compensation payable is in most situations significantly less to that which could be claimed at common law, being capped at a maximum of the total pecuniary loss to an employee.6 The employer thus avoids the risks associated with the possibility of costly damages claims while being obliged to fund the legislative compensation scheme through a tariff system. The tariffs payable are dependent on the risks associated with the class of industry and the safety record of the individual business.7 THE COIDA in recognition of the need to discourage employers from maintaining unsafe workplaces preserved a common law like8 fault based entitlement to what is termed 'increased compensation' under s 56 of the COIDA. 9 The significance of the provision lies in the ability of an injured employee or their dependents to claim back the difference between the no-fault compensation paid and their respective pecuniary loss.10 While potentially having a dramatic impact on the compensation received the section is completely underutilised.11 The reasons for this underutilisation are said to lie in potential claimants either being ignorant of the provisions or unable to institute claims.12 This thesis will examine the interaction between the law that regulates workmen's compensation and one aspect of how this modern system of law deals with the age old problem of negligently caused harm in the workplace. In particular, it argues that another important reason why claims for increased compensation are underutilised is because the common law defence of contributory negligence is said to apply to a claim for increased compensation. The result of this is that laws, which have since been abolished with the passing of the Apportionment of Damages Act 34 of 195613 ('the ADA') continue to apply in this one statute. The result is that cases developed over a century ago, which involved law on hobbled donkeys and steam powered trains, continues to have a major influence on whether a claim for increased compensation is successful or not.14 As will be shown, this position is untenable and a new interpretation of the provision for increased compensation is required.

Income inequality has been observed across both advanced and emerging market economies for the last thirty years. The neoliberal policies has resulted in a significant change in the distribution of income and wealth around the world in favour of the top income receivers. Uneven distribution of income has recently been one of the main issues for researchers and policy makers. The reason why income inequality has been so high on the agenda is that because it has important consequences that erode social justice and peace in society. Rising inequality might damage economic growth, might pose a serious barrier to social development and hamper well-being, and might cause political instability. Income inequality can be observed and analysed from various perspectives, such as regions, cities, gender, education, family size, occupations, factors, status, etc. A different way of analysis of income inequality can be made by comprising and harmonising three categories of income, namely income by occupations, income by employment status, and types of income (functional income). In this way, a relative income index has been constituted to demonstrate the top income receivers from every income category. It has been found that the managers from the first category, employers from the second category, and entrepreuners, rent and interest receivers from the third category constitute the top income receivers. The aim of this paper is to highlight that the top income receivers from aforesaid three income categories contribute to income inequality the most in Turkey. It has been concluded that pro-equal public policies should be devised to reduce inequalities. ; Income inequality has been observed across both advanced and emerging market economies for the last thirty years. The neoliberal policies has resulted in a significant change in the distribution of income and wealth around the world in favour of the top income receivers. Uneven distribution of income has recently been one of the main issues for researchers and policy makers. The reason why income inequality has been so high on the agenda is that because it has important consequences that erode social justice and peace in society. Rising inequality might damage economic growth, might pose a serious barrier to social development and hamper well-being, and might cause political instability. Income inequality can be observed and analysed from various perspectives, such as regions, cities, gender, education, family size, occupations, factors, status, etc. A different way of analysis of income inequality can be made by comprising and harmonising three categories of income, namely income by occupations, income by employment status, and types of income (functional income). In this way, a relative income index has been constituted to demonstrate the top income receivers from every income category. It has been found that the managers from the first category, employers from the second category, and entrepreuners, rent and interest receivers from the third category constitute the top income receivers. The aim of this paper is to highlight that the top income receivers from aforesaid three income categories contribute to income inequality the most in Turkey. It has been concluded that pro-equal public policies should be devised to reduce inequalities.

The article is dealing with theoretical and methodological issues related to the archaeology of the Sasanian period. Those issues which have been handled, too, have clearly always somewhat suffered from a complex of inferiority to other periods of the history of ancient Iran which are considered by far the most formative and important: the Achaemenid and the Islamic eras. For many scholars the archaeology of the Sasanian period and also that of the early Islamic period has always been considered a part of history, and especially of the history of art. This classification, set in stone, has had a long and respectable tradition so far but at last it has begun to be seen from a different perspective by a growing number of scholars. According to this view, the study of the Sasanian period should be seen as a fully-fledged part of an "archaeological" discipline, and therefore should belong to the history of the archaeology of the ancient Near East , even if of its later periods. We do not need to go into the details of the documentation at our disposal (regarding rural villages, settlements, cities, city layouts, buildings, territorial units of various types, architectural remains, bridges, dams, palaces, rock reliefs) in order to understand without difficulty that the archaeology of the Sasanian period still remains a blank, open page. Of course there were good reasons for the existence of such a low level of knowledge of territorial remains (rural villages, settlements, cities, city layouts, buildings, territorial units of various types), architectural (bridges, dams, palaces) and iconographic monuments (rock reliefs) and art objects (pottery, seals, clay sealings, coins, glass, silver textiles, mosaics, and/or simple items) belonging to this period . Much of this state of affairs, however, is to be considered as due to the methods and approaches which scholars took for archaeological research into the Sasanian period as they developed during the last century. For some reason scholars preferred to focus both on particular macroscopic evidence and on the direct importance of easily discovered self-emergent monumental remains, casual, incidental finds and objects located in museums and private collections. Only recently have all these documents been submitted to detailed scrutiny in order to develop an investigative strategy which is more compliant with a more modern understanding of the context and of the spatial and territorial aspects of individual finds. Studies should have given due consideration to the fact that apart from the dynastic successions, the political events concerned and the amount of official epigraphic, numismatic and sphragistic data, there are also archaeological horizons whose interpretation does not always coincide with the interpretations of data of the former kind. Several attempts to give a true picture were made in the 1970s and 1980s, but they do not appear to have achieved the desired aim, and still recently Whitcomb warned against considering dynastic successions and lists of kings as guiding elements for archaeological research!

A partir de la revisión de documentos institucionales, se identificaron dificultades en la promoción de la innovación, especialmente hacia las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes); se muestra como resultado que una gran parte de las empresas no son innovadoras. Las políticas públicas son acciones gubernamentales que pueden enfrentar esta problemática, razón por la cual es importante identificar el papel que tienen las políticas del país para fortalecer la innovación en las Pymes. El objetivo de esta tesis fue establecer los desafíos de la política de innovación frente a las Pymes colombianas. Se desarrolló una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo, en donde se revisaron documentos de fuentes nacionales e internacionales y se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a expertos del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia para profundizar en el tema. Como resultados, se obtuvieron algunas tendencias internacionales en la generación de política de innovación para las Pymes, la identificación de políticas y programas de Colombia relacionados con el tema de estudio entre los años 2009 a 2015, los aspectos que estas promueven o dificultan la innovación en las Pymes y por último los desafíos. Se concluyó que se han implementado esfuerzos de manera general, pero no hay un enfoque explícito hacía las Pymes y estas empresas tienen dificultad de acceder a los pocos instrumentos creados para beneficiarlas, razón por la cual las políticas deben enmarcarse en realizar drásticas acciones relacionadas con recursos, voluntad política y estrategia, para enfrentarse a superar la baja financiación, la escasa capacidad de desarrollo y la baja cultura de innovación en el país. ; Universidad Militar Nueva Granada ; From the review of institutional documents, were identified difficulties in innovation promotion, especially to small and medium enterprises (SMEs); which shows as a result that a large part of the companies are not innovative. Public policies are government actions that can face this problem, reason why it is important to identify the role that the country's policies to strengthen innovation in SMEs. The aim of this thesis was to establish the challenges of innovation policy against Colombian SMEs. An investigation was developed with qualitative approach, of descriptive type, where documents from national and international sources are reviewed and semi-structured interviews with experts from the National System of Science, Technology and Innovation of Colombia were made to deepen the subject. As results, were obtained some international trends in generating innovation policy for SMEs, identifying policies and programs of Colombia related to the subject of study between the years 2009 to 2015, the aspects that these promote or hinder innovation in SMEs and finally the challenges. It was concluded that efforts have been implemented generally, but there is no explicit approach to SMEs and these companies have difficulty in accessing the few instruments created to benefit them, reason why policies should be framed in making drastic actions related with resources, political will and strategy, to face overcome low funding, low capacity development and low culture of innovation in the country.

This project is meant to be a follow-up to the experiences gained in the pre-study on Greening Supply Chains as an attempt to make a "Market Readiness Analysis" regarding potentials for Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP). As the pre-study was carried out mainly as a literature review, this project will focus on experiences from case studies based on practical work. The pharmaceutical industry was chosen as the sector to review due to the complexity of procurement of pharmaceuticals and in order to identify different types of obstacles for procurers in their daily work. The project includes different sub-studies with the specific objectives to:  Understand the current knowledge of procurement of pharmaceuticals in the literature  Review the use of public procurement in Sweden  Understand the implications of public procurement applied to case studies Another main objective with this project is to suggest amendments to the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) Compass, which now focuses on the social dimension, with relevant information taking also into account the environmental dimension. By adding the environmental dimension into the CSR Compass it will cover a much broader context in line with the definition of sustainability. Hence, the combined approach including both the social and the environmental dimension might very well lead the final achievement of a Sustainability Compass. Environmental information is sparsely involved in current practices when procuring pharmaceuticals. One important reason is that the primary focus when evaluating risks and benefits with pharmaceuticals are linked to human health aspects and not impacts on the environment. Another equally important reason is the multiple obstacles for going public with environmental information linked to the manufacturing and use of pharmaceuticals following the market-induced secrecy necessary for original pharmaceutical producers to maintain their competitive edge as well as strict rules to adhere to with regard to "green" claims. However, there exist some future possibilities to broaden the use of environmental information in public procurement. These possibilities include the following areas:  Developing a more structured overview of what the market can offer and the environmental work at potential suppliers through the Market Analysis  Make use of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) to facilitate the identification of products with superior environmental performance  Stimulate the provision of more traditional product-related environmental information to be publicly available in www.Fass.se  Start to routinely request environmental information from manufacturing and packaging as a part of an Environmental Management Systems in contract clauses  Secure sufficient resources to carry-out follow-up activities to get a better control of deliverables according to contracts and to secure continuous improvements by suppliers and sub-suppliers  Enhance the cooperation and the dialog between different actors/ target groups along the value chain Any attempt to make better use of environmental information in public procurement has most likely a better chance to be operational and used in practice if they are related to legislation or to widely recognized management systems on a global scale, e.g. via the new EU directive for public procurement or ISO 14001.

Теневая экономика объединяет в себе понятие любых нелегальных экономических отношений в сфере производства, потребления, услуг, а также сокрытие доходов этой деятельности от налогообложения и операции с «черными» наличными деньгами. Под ней подразумевают сокрытие экономической деятельности субъекта хозяйствования. Подобное сокрытие может быть выражено в различных формах от сокрытия некоторых договоров до сокрытия самого существования предприятия. Теневая экономика выступает как реальная угроза экономической безопасности и возникает из-за пренебрежения со стороны государственной экономики реальными экономическими интересами населения. Полезные виды деятельности в свое время были загнаны в подполье политикой командно-административной системы политикой принудительного огосударствления. Если государство не в силах обеспечить насыщение соответствующими благами сферы потребления, а общество не может без них обойтись, неизбежно возникает подпольная экономическая деятельность, и борьба с ней не может увенчаться успехом. Структура и масштабы теневой экономики во многом находятся в прямой зависимости от экономической политики страны, а увеличение данного сектора, несмотря на временные выгоды, наносит значительный ущерб экономической безопасности государства, органам власти необходимо стремиться его свести до безопасных размеров. При исследовании теневой экономики как угрозы экономической безопасности государства необходимо обратить внимание на следующие вопросы: выявить причины теневой экономики; проанализировать масштабы теневой экономической деятельности; рассмотреть меры борьбы с теневой экономикой как угрозой экономической безопасности государства. В данной статье рассматриваются основные причины возникновения теневой экономики. Представлены основные подходы к решению данной проблемы. ; The shadow economy unites in itself concept of any illegal economic relations of the sphere of production, consumption, services, and also concealment of the income from this activity from the taxation and operation with «black» cash. This is a concealment of economic activity of the subject of managing. Similar concealment can be in various forms from concealment of some contracts before concealment of the existence of the enterprise. The shadow economy acts as real threat of economic security and arises because of neglect from the state economy real economic interests of the population. The policy of a command management system in due time policy of compulsory nationalization put useful kinds of activity into the underground. If the state can't provide saturation with the corresponding benefits of the sphere of consumption, and society can't do without them, inevitably there is an underground economic activity, and fight against it can't be successful. The structure and scales of shadow economy in many respects are in direct dependence on economic policy of the country, and increase in this sector, despite temporary benefits, causes a significant damage to economic security of the state, authorities need to seek to reduce him to the safe sizes. During the research of shadow economy as threat of economic security of the state, it is necessary to pay attention to the following questions: to establish the reasons of shadow economy; to analyze scales of shadow economic activity; to consider measures of fight against shadow economy as threat of economic security of the state. In this article authors considered the main reasons for emergence of shadow economy and presented the main approaches to the solution of this problem.

This thesis is an analysis of public policies based on the research carried out about the implementation of RASDA Program (local rice husbandry) in Kulonprogo in 2015. It is claimed as a new alternative offered to replace the Government RASKIN Program that is already running. This research aimed at determining how effective the implementation of the RASDA Program in Kulonprogo was and identifying the factors that cause RASDA program did not run as the expectation. The method used in this study was a qualitative method using two types of data, primary and secondary data. The data collection techniques used were observation, interview, and documentation with informants selection technique using the principle of purposive and snowball techniques. The data analysis technique was done through data reduction, data display, and data verification.The results showed that efforts to renew the RASKIN Program (cheap-priced rice) through RASDA program were not successfully done. The achievement of program outputs and outcome indicators were still far away from the expectation. The progress was not significantly improved, it still encountered the same problems as those in the implementation of the previous RASKIN Program. Meanwhile, farmers did not have any benefits from the uptake of the local rice because it was not optimally prepared.There are several factors that cause RASDA Program in Kulonprogro did not run well. The first reason was that it is difficult to link the concept of the program with the actual situation, seen from: (1) the farmers as the program target still thought conservatively causing the loss of the benefits that will be gained from the RASDA Program; (2) the intervention of political elites in the process of policy formulation; (3) the limited authority of the local government in the National RASKIN Program; and (4) the incoherence among the needs for resources in the factual conditions. The second cause, the conflict of interest among the holders cause the program implementation did not synchronize to each other, as seen from: (1) their efforts to make RASDA program as a springboard for "other" purposes; (2) the bias support of BULOG; (3) the lack of enthusiasm and initiatives among the holders/bureaucracy; and (4) the entrepreneurs' mindset of business that dominated farmers community. The third reason is that there was not awareness on the characteristics of the group target to anticipate problems that arise.Based on these findings, the researcher suggested the government focus in optimizing the current mechanisms of the food subsidies. The government should also concern in looking for other alternatives to optimize the potential of the local foods. The government should also do some efforts to gain the welfare for farmers, by: (1) reconstructing values and norms in terms of social rules to support the program with the intensive socialization; (2) allocating the budget the APBD for the procurement of subsidized rice for poor households who are not registered; (3) monitoring the program up to the lowest level intensively; (4) encouraging small entrepreneurs to become BULOG's partners to seek an access to the Capital; (5) maintaining fair competition among rice traders; (6) conducting studies on the possibility of establishing an integrated rice husbandry regional company; (7) encouraging the local rice branding.

Fil: Schneider, Julio Luis Ramón. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina. ; Los gastos tributarios, son una herramienta alternativa de intervención estatal y persiguen objetivos económicos, sociales o medioambientales similares a los que persigue el gasto público directo. En cuanto suponen una exoneración total o parcial de la carga impositiva para determinados contribuyentes, económicamente resultan equiparables a los gastos públicos directos. Por eso, requieren de un proceso de control y evaluación similar al que son sometidos estos últimos. A los fines de evaluar la efectividad de los incentivos tributarios en relación con otros instrumentos (como los subsidios y gastos directos), la presupuestación de los gastos tributarios debe perfeccionarse y exponerse en su doble situación como recurso y como gasto. El beneficiario de la franquicia tributaria debe ser equiparado a un "Responsable ante la Administración" en los términos de la ley y 12510 de Provincia de Santa Fe Se vuelve imprescindible en el caso analizado un proceso de evaluación riguroso y periódico, por lo que se insiste en la necesidad de su implementación. Se propone el siguiente esquema de evaluación: a) verificación de la existencia de una razón para una intervención estatal de excepción, b) comprobación de la efectividad del gasto tributario para conseguir el objetivo fijado, c) determinación de los beneficios y costos de la aplicación del gasto tributario para alcanzar el objetivo y verificación si sus beneficios resultan superiores a sus costos, d) comparación con otros instrumentos alternativos que permitan alcanzar el objetivo a los fines de determinar si el gasto tributario es la herramienta más eficiente. ; Tax expenditures, are an alternative tool for State intervention and pursue economic, social or environmental objectives similar to that pursues direct public expenditure. Insofar as they represent a total or partial exemption of the tax burden for certain taxpayers, are economically comparable to direct public expenditures. For this reason, they require a process of monitoring and evaluation similar to which are subjected these last. For the purposes of assessing the effectiveness of tax incentives in relation to other instruments (such as subsidies and direct expenses), budgeting of tax expenditures should be perfected and exposed in their dual status as a resource and as an expense. The beneficiary of the tax exemption should be equated to a "responsible before the Administration" under the terms of the law 12510 of province of Santa Fe. Is again essential in the case analyzed a process of evaluation rigorous and regular, by what is insists in the need of its implementation. It proposes the following scheme of assessment: (a) verification of the existence of a reason for an intervention State of exception, (b) verification of the effectiveness of the expenditure tax to get the target set, (c) determination of them benefits and costs of the application of the expenditure tax to achieve the objective and verification if their benefits are superior to their costs, (d) comparison with other instruments alternative that allow achieve the objective to them late of determine if the expenditure tax is the tool more efficient.

對於吳越文化,以往研究者多將精力集中於先秦時期以及永嘉南渡後該地區的治亂興衰。前者著重於吳越兩地與中原截然不同之文明現象和其在與中原交往過程中發生的歷史事件,而後者著眼於中原文化入主此地,使得當地漢化程度不斷加深這一歷史事實。然而,文明間的交融絕非一日之功,我們可以發現,對於從在保存自身文化到全盤接受中原文明影響的這一過程中,即秦漢兩代漫長的數百年間,學界並未給予足夠的關注,多從史料方面評判漢武帝移民會稽之事之真偽,而並未從全局角度對吳越之地民風轉變加以考量。本文僅對會稽一地於秦漢時代的變化作為研究對象,從反映中央政府治理會稽郡的歷史事件入手,嘗試從多角度剖析會稽文明發生顯著變化的原因。 ; Previous researchers focused on the pre-Qin period of the Wu-Yue cultures after the rise and fall of the empire. The former investigations have focused on the Wu-Yue people who lived far from the central civilization, both in their own way of life and their relations with the central government as a historical event, while the latter research is done on the Huang He River culture, which is the local centre of civilization focusing on the way people lived in the capital. However, the cultural blending is doomed to be a long process since the two mentioned cultures are separated, causing both cultures to accept the central ideology of the government. However, although the researchers discussing the Wu-Yue people accept the central discourse, and the emperor immigrating to KuaiJi, they fail to consider the reasons why these two cultures have accepted the ideology of the ruler, while at the same time lost the authenticity of their own culture because of mingling with the Han culture. Therefore, previous researchers have yet to investigate the Wu-Yue in a broader sense. From reflecting on the central government view, as well as the historical events in the period, the author attempts to find out the reasons for the civilization change from multiple perspectives.

The article is dedicated to linguistic research of the term elements used in military sphere to research their dialectic connection to related terms. taking into account the conceptual burden analysis, the article offers next terminological sequence: attribute, property, characteristic, capability, ability, quality, effectiveness. The conceptual burden of the term "combat capabilities" is clarified, and for this reason, use of the term "combat potential" is proposed, which interpretation is taken from foreign languages. Crossline between the terms "combat potential" and "combat potential" is drawn. Considering the intended function of military formations, the article proposes to determine the applicability to perform combat mission with the use of term "quality". Also, the terms "quality" and "effectiveness" are proposed to use in the following manner: "quality" is used to describe the object feasibility, "effectiveness" – to depict the object adaptiveness to reach the object mission. Thus, the mentioned division would allow perform the researches including object description in relation to the functioning missions (quality) and object functioning purpose achievement process (effectiveness). ; Статья посвящена лингвистическому исследованию составляющих терминов, которые используются в военной сфере для исследования явлений и процессов, а также определению их диалектической связи с другими сопряженными терминами. Принимая во внимание результаты анализа понятийной нагрузки, в статье предложена следующая терминологическая последовательность: признак, свойство, характеристика, способность, возможность, качество, эффективность. В статье уточнена понятийная нагрузка термина "боевая способность", и на почве этого предложено использовать его вместо термина "боевой потенциал", трактование которого позаимствовано из иностранных языков. Также в статье проведено разграничение терминов "боевые способности" и "боевые возможности". Принимая во внимание на целевое предназначение воинских формирований в статье предложено определять его пригодность для выполнения боевых задач с использованием термина "качество". Также, термины "качество" и "эффективность" предлагается использовать так: "качество" – при описании пригодности для выполнения задач объекта исследования, а "эффективность" – при описании приспособленности объекта исследования для достижения цели задачи, которая возлагается на объект. Таким образом, показанное разделение позволяет проводить исследования с учетом описания объекта исследования по отношению к задачам функционирования (качество) и процесса достижения объектом исследования цели функционирования (эффективность). ; The article is dedicated to linguistic research of the term elements used in military sphere to research their dialectic connection to related terms. taking into account the conceptual burden analysis, the article offers next terminological sequence: attribute, property, characteristic, capability, ability, quality, effectiveness. The conceptual burden of the term "combat capabilities" is clarified, and for this reason, use of the term "combat potential" is proposed, which interpretation is taken from foreign languages. Crossline between the terms "combat potential" and "combat potential" is drawn. Considering the intended function of military formations, the article proposes to determine the applicability to perform combat mission with the use of term "quality". Also, the terms "quality" and "effectiveness" are proposed to use in the following manner: "quality" is used to describe the object feasibility, "effectiveness" – to depict the object adaptiveness to reach the object mission. Thus, the mentioned division would allow perform the researches including object description in relation to the functioning missions (quality) and object functioning purpose achievement process (effectiveness).