Suchergebnisse

This will be implemented in the Kurdistan Region, based on the Japanese and Korean model in the most successful development of recent times. The aim examined the industrialization of the economy of the two countries, which served as models for development in many newly industrialized economies. Two experiences will be used to research the market in the Kurdistan Area. The focus is initially on current policies and institutions in the Kurdistan Region. Strengths, weaknesses, management, and threats are explored and about available resources and needs in the region. With the experience gained and the current brain, the development strategy is planned and exposing suitable models for the industrialization of the Kurdistan Region. Industrialization will be completed and sent to be written. Following the discussion of possible industrial policy arguments to increase security and self-sufficiency, the presentation of infrastructure organizations and cooperation to implement the industrialization policy are monitored. The industrial policy of the Kurdistan Region includes the authority and additions of the Kurdistan Regional Government to manage certain sectors, industries, or policies that meet their economic survival, productivity, and competitiveness.

Das Deutsche Institut für Menschenrechte hält die Einführung eines Sorgfaltspflichtengesetzes neben den bereits bestehenden, freiwilligen Maßnahmen zum Schutz Betroffener in globalen Liefer- und Wertschöpfungsketten für menschenrechtlich sinnvoll und notwendig. Ein verbindlicher Standard ist ferner hilfreich, um Rechtssicherheit und gleiche Wettbewerbsbedingungen für Unternehmen zu schaffen.

In this paper, a study of the socio-economic situation of persons experiencing "sandwich syndrome" is carried out. The work includes a critical analysis of the literature on the impact of the "sandwich syndrome" on various aspects of human life, as well as an empirical analysis of the prevalence, demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the "sandwich syndrome" in Russia.

The performance of the banking sector is very critical for the survival of the financial system, especially in a developing country like Nigeria where productive economic activities rely more on the banking system compared to the stock market for finance. In this regard, the effect of required minimum shareholders' fund on banks' performance in Nigeria was ascertained over a period of seventeen years, that is, from 1999 to 2015 by distinctively assessing the effect of minimum capital requirement on profit before tax and net interest income of the banking sector. Controlling banks' specific factors: total assets plus off balance sheet engagements and ratio of non-performing loans to total credit proficient to debilitating performance, the Johansen cointegration depicts that minimum capital requirement and banking sector performance are co-integrated. The short run relationship between minimum capital requirement and profit before tax was negative and statistically insignificant while net interest income and minimum capital requirement was positive and significantly correlated. The result also reveals that minimum capital requirement has no significant effect on profit before tax but significantly affects the net interest income of the Nigerian banking sector. The findings of this study show that, for the period reviewed, banking reform has significant effect on financial performance reflected by net interest income but such is not the case for profit before tax of the banking sector. This portrays that increases in indexes of banking reforms has the potential on improving banking sector performance which ultimately results in economic growth and development. There is need for banks' to improve their assets quality and off balance sheet engagements by advancing loans to productive sectors of the economy rather than seeing oil and gas sector as the only fertile and profitable sector for large loans and advances. Banks' management should try as much as possible to reducing the ratio of non-performing loan to total credit as this negatively affects performance and increases credit risk associated bad debts.

The article is devoted to development of mathematical models of optimal control of foreign trade activities of the organization and determine the criteria for its effectiveness in a sanctions policy pursued by Western countries against Russia.

Contest or auction designers who want to maximize the overall revenue are frequently concerned with a trade-off between contest homogeneity and inclusion of bidders with high valuations. In our experimental study, we find that it is not profitable to exclude the most able bidder in favor of greater homogeneity among the remaining bidders, even if the theoretical exclusion principle predicts otherwise. This is because the strongest bidders considerably overexert. A possible explanation is that these bidders are afraid they will regret a low but risky bid if they lose and thus prefer a strategy which gives them a lower but secure pay-off. (author's abstract)

Article is devoted to modeling and optimization of a choice of effective solutions of performance of the external economic contracts of the organization in the conditions of uncertainty with use both quantitative, and quality standards of the foreign trade operations.

Este libro reúne a un equipo de especialistas peruanos y extranjeros que proponen un programa coherente de estabilización económica y ajuste estructural que permitirían al país iniciar una nueva fase de crecimiento con equidad. Para ello, realizan un análisis de base y un diagnóstico de los problemas económicos del país, explican cómo políticas populistas e inconsistentes y la consecuente crisis económica han causado un dramático deterioro de los niveles de vida de la población, ofreciendo un programa de ajuste sensato, acompañado por un programa de apoyo social para los más perjudicados por el desajuste del pasado. Es por ello un programa equitativo y políticamente sostenible.

This article examines the past and the present aspects of retirement income provision in Armenia, with an outlook for the future. It particularly looks at the main drivers behind the systemic reform and the structure and operation of the old and new systems. The public attitude towards and the discourse about reform are also analysed. An assessment is made whether the reformed system can better ensure retirement income provision.

This contribution gives an overview of the current state of the pension system in Azerbaijan, examining the regulation of the retirement age and disability pensions as well as the generosity of pension benefits. Major indicators are compared to those of other countries in the post-Soviet region. The contribution continues to assess reform needs and reform plans. The contribution concludes with brief recommendations for pension reform.

On 01 January 2019, a new pension plan was launched in Georgia. Oriented towards long-term accumulation and based on individual contributions, the plan represented a Georgian version of an otherwise typical private pension system where, together with the employee, the employer and the state (each contributing 2% of the employed person's taxed salary to the pension account) participate in pension accumulation. With this reform, apart from improving the social conditions of the pensioners in Georgia, the government should have responded to ongoing demographic and fiscal challenges, according to which the number of pensioners will be constituting a quarter of the population by 2030, while the number of hired workers (payers of income tax) is already lower than the number of existing pensioners (Geostat 2018). Thus, considering the current budgetary parameters, a substantial increase in basic non-contributory pensions seems to be out of reach. This article discusses why Georgia's pension reform cannot adequately meet the needs of current and future pensioners, the short- and long-term impacts that we should expect from ongoing reform, and what might be the real motivation behind this process. Additionally, we will contemplate the existing alternative and the problems with the political discussions around it.

Private Equity ist eine Investition auf Zeit, wobei der Ausstieg ("Exit") der Private-Equity-Gesellschaft eine wichtige Weichenstellung für das Portfolio-Unternehmen darstellt. Bislang ist umstritten, ob die Unternehmen damit in tragfähige Eigentümerstrukturen überführt werden. Der Beitrag untersucht die Eigentümerstrukturen für sämtliche Unternehmen, die in Deutschland in den Jahren 2012 bis 2015 von einer Private-Equity-Gesellschaft übernommen worden waren. Dabei konnte für 423 Unternehmen bis zum September 2020 ein Exit festgestellt werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass nur eine Minderheit der Unternehmen bei diesem Exit eine nachhaltige Eigentümerstruktur erhalten hat. Während mehr als zwei Fünftel der Unternehmen von einer weiteren Private-Equity-Gesellschaft übernommen worden ist, geriet ein Fünftel der Unternehmen in eine finanzielle Notsituation, die sich vor allem über Insolvenzanmeldungen abbildet. Zugleich ist mit dem Exit eine starke Internationalisierung der Eigentümerschaft verbunden, wobei die neuen Eigentümer aus anderen europäischen Ländern (29%), Asien (20%) sowie aus den USA oder Großbritannien (19%) stammten.

Innovation means change. In a case of food and agriculture, it can be the application of new proposals for raw material processing technology, packaging of products, new food additives, and new agricultural technologies. Innovation may lead to reducing or preventing adverse changes caused by microorganisms, oxidation of food ingredients, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions, as well as ensuring safety by inhibiting the development of some pathogenic microorganisms. Change can also provide healthier and more nutritious food. The food is tastier because of the prevention of adverse qualitative changes in food composition, including organoleptic changes, and changes in the perception and pleasures from eating food. In addition, crops can be more abundant thanks to reduced exposure to diseases, adapted agricultural treatments, or higher resistance to changing weather conditions.

This paper examines to what degree organizations use strategies that focus on maximizing shareholder value (Theory E) or if they use strategies emphasizing the development of organizational capability (Theory O). Applying a cognitive perspective in strategic choice, our main goal was to investigate to what extent cognitive biases influenced strategic choices. A survey was developed that measured different aspects of the cognitive perspective in strategic choice. It was distributed to managers of several medium-sized organizations in Scandinavia (n = 119). The results indicated that managers used mixed strategies (Theory E and O) contrary to recommendations. Results also revealed that illusions of control together with beliefs about change processes skewed the application of strategies towards Theory E. Theoretical and practical implications of the results were finally discussed enlightening the cognitive perspective in strategic choice.

Issues including the immigration flows, increased diversity of the society, and alienation of parts of the population are not necessarily new phenomena for the European Union. As an illustration, Frontex, the EU Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders, was founded in 2004 in the light of the uncontrolled immigration from Africa to control the cooperation between national border guards securing its external borders, or EUROSUR (the European Border Surveillance System) has come to effect since 2013.