BACKGROUND: The recent drive towards accreditation of clinical laboratories in Africa by the World Health Organization-Regional Office for Africa (WHO-AFRO) and the U.S Government is a historic step to strengthen health systems, provide better results for patients and an improved quality of results for clinical trials. Enrollment in approved proficiency testing (PT) programs and maintenance of satisfactory performance is vital in the process of accreditation. Passing proficiency testing surveys has posed a great challenge to many laboratories across sub-Saharan Africa. Our study was aimed at identifying the causes of unsatisfactory PT results in clinical research laboratories conducting or planning to conduct malaria vaccine trials sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). METHODOLOGY: PT reports for 2009 and 2010 from the College of American Pathologists (CAP) for the laboratories were reviewed as part of the process. Errors accounting for unsatisfactory results were classified into clerical, methodological, technical, problem with PT materials, and random errors. A training program on good clinical laboratory practices (GCLP) was developed for each center to address areas for improvement. RESULTS: The major cause of PT failure in the four centers was methodological. The application of GCLP improved the success rate in the PT surveys from 58% in 2009 to 88% in 2010. It also decreased the error rate on PT by 35%. CONCLUSION: A previous report from the CAP- PT participating laboratories indicated that the major causes of error were clerical. These types of errors were predominantly made in laboratories in the US, with much more experience in quality control, and varied significantly from what we found. In our centers in sub-Saharan Africa, methodological errors, and not clerical errors, accounted for the vast majority of errors. A process was started for continuous improvement which has decreased methodological errors by 35%, but more improvement is needed.
Résumé L'analyse des politiques patrimoniales et des opérations de réhabilitation urbaine au Portugal fait ressortir, dans les quinze dernières années, une nette intensification des processus locaux de patrimonialisation. Cette intensification est marquée par trois processus : par une course au titre de patrimoine mondial, par l'importation des modèles mondialisés de gestion urbaine et par des formes exacerbées d'animation et d'esthétisation de l'espace. En prenant des exemples concernant les centres historiques de quatre villes portugaises (Coimbra, Guimarães, Porto et Santarém), nous essayons de mettre en évidence les spécificités des politiques patrimoniales et des opérations de réhabilitation urbaine au Portugal, afin de rendre compte du caractère expérimental qui les façonne et de questionner la « soutenabilité » culturelle de ces politiques et des centres urbains où elles sont adoptées.
The analysis of urban planning & of the rehabilitation of Portugal's architectural & urban historical heritage over the past fifteen years demonstrates a clear intensification of local processes aimed at preserving & enhancing historical sites. Three trends in particular are evident. The first is the effort to gain official recognition of world heritage sites. In addition, we note the spread of international methods of urban management. Finally there is a tendency towards excessive "packaging" or esthetic presentation of public spaces. Taking as examples the historic centers of four Portuguese cities, (Coimbra, Guimaraes, Porto, & Santarem) this article seeks to analyze the specificities of these policies with a view to understanding their experimental nature & to assessing the cultural sustainability as well of the policies themselves as of the urban centers that are their objects. Adapted from the source document.
Urban tourism, resulting from the renovation of historical centers or emblematicareas of the city, has experienced a strong development over the last years,becoming an important source of economic activity and employment. However, theconcentration of visitors in the historical and cultural heritage areas has shown undesirableeffects either on the urban layout, or on the population. Saturation of publicspaces, increase of noise and excessive concentration of tourist apartments are someof these effects, causing a continuous loss of population in historical areas as well asa breakdown of the urban habitat balance. This research analyzes the conflicts producedby the growth of tourism in historic centers, considering that they are one ofthe city neighborhoods and, at the same time, a symbolic reference for tourism. Thecase study is Malaga, which is currently transforming its tourist image, suffering thenegative impacts of its tourist success. This research contrasts the conflicts of tourismgrowth with the proposals of the General Plan of Malaga, the Historic Center RenovationPlan (PEPRI), the EU URBAN Programme and the recent Urban Agenda 2015,whose objectives include the promotion of population growth in the old city Center.The method analyzes data on population, land use, noise and density of restaurantsand bars, processed by ArcGIS program, QuGIS and GuSIC software. Other informationis provided, such as the routes of the visitors and the opinion polls of residents andtourists. The excessive concentration of tourism in the Historic Center is creating mismatchesand imbalances in the classic urban morphology of the city and conflicts withthe resident population and municipal urban policies are not solving these conflicts. ; El turismo urbano como consecuencia de la renovación de los centroshistóricos ha tenido un fuerte desarrollo en los últimos años, lo que supone unaimportante fuente generadora de actividades económicas y de empleo. Sin embargola masificación de visitantes en los ámbitos históricos y patrimoniales tienenefectos no deseados, tanto sobre la trama urbana, como sobre la población residente;saturación del espacio público, ruido, o excesiva concentración de apartamentosturísticos son algunos de ellos, que suponen una continua pérdida de poblaciónen la ciudad antigua, y la ruptura del equilibrio del hábitat urbano. Estainvestigación analiza los conflictos que produce el crecimiento del turismo en loscentros históricos, dado que, al mismo tiempo, son un barrio de la ciudad y unareferencia simbólica para el turismo. El caso de estudio es Málaga, que está trans -formando su imagen turística, a la vez que está padeciendo los impactos negativosde su éxito. Esta investigación contrasta los conflictos del crecimiento turístico conlas propuestas del PGOU de Málaga, el PEPRI del Centro Histórico, el ProgramaUrban y la reciente Agenda Urbana de 2015, entre cuyos objetivos está el de impulsarel crecimiento de la población en la Ciudad Antigua. El método de trabajo analizadatos de población, uso del suelo, ruidos y densidad de la hostelería, tratadoscon el programa ArcGIS, así como con los software Gusic y Qugis. Se aportan otrosdatos, como los recorridos de los visitantes y las encuestas de opinión a residentesy turistas. El exceso de concentración turística en el Centro Histórico está generandodesajustes y desequilibrios con la trama urbana clásica y conflictos con la poblaciónresidente, y las políticas urbanas municipales no están solucionando dichosconflictos.
Urban tourism, resulting from the renovation of historical centers or emblematicareas of the city, has experienced a strong development over the last years,becoming an important source of economic activity and employment. However, theconcentration of visitors in the historical and cultural heritage areas has shown undesirableeffects either on the urban layout, or on the population. Saturation of publicspaces, increase of noise and excessive concentration of tourist apartments are someof these effects, causing a continuous loss of population in historical areas as well asa breakdown of the urban habitat balance. This research analyzes the conflicts producedby the growth of tourism in historic centers, considering that they are one ofthe city neighborhoods and, at the same time, a symbolic reference for tourism. Thecase study is Malaga, which is currently transforming its tourist image, suffering thenegative impacts of its tourist success. This research contrasts the conflicts of tourismgrowth with the proposals of the General Plan of Malaga, the Historic Center RenovationPlan (PEPRI), the EU URBAN Programme and the recent Urban Agenda 2015,whose objectives include the promotion of population growth in the old city Center.The method analyzes data on population, land use, noise and density of restaurantsand bars, processed by ArcGIS program, QuGIS and GuSIC software. Other informationis provided, such as the routes of the visitors and the opinion polls of residents andtourists. The excessive concentration of tourism in the Historic Center is creating mismatchesand imbalances in the classic urban morphology of the city and conflicts withthe resident population and municipal urban policies are not solving these conflicts. ; El turismo urbano como consecuencia de la renovación de los centroshistóricos ha tenido un fuerte desarrollo en los últimos años, lo que supone unaimportante fuente generadora de actividades económicas y de empleo. Sin embargola masificación de visitantes en los ámbitos históricos y patrimoniales tienenefectos no deseados, tanto sobre la trama urbana, como sobre la población residente;saturación del espacio público, ruido, o excesiva concentración de apartamentosturísticos son algunos de ellos, que suponen una continua pérdida de poblaciónen la ciudad antigua, y la ruptura del equilibrio del hábitat urbano. Estainvestigación analiza los conflictos que produce el crecimiento del turismo en loscentros históricos, dado que, al mismo tiempo, son un barrio de la ciudad y unareferencia simbólica para el turismo. El caso de estudio es Málaga, que está trans -formando su imagen turística, a la vez que está padeciendo los impactos negativosde su éxito. Esta investigación contrasta los conflictos del crecimiento turístico conlas propuestas del PGOU de Málaga, el PEPRI del Centro Histórico, el ProgramaUrban y la reciente Agenda Urbana de 2015, entre cuyos objetivos está el de impulsarel crecimiento de la población en la Ciudad Antigua. El método de trabajo analizadatos de población, uso del suelo, ruidos y densidad de la hostelería, tratadoscon el programa ArcGIS, así como con los software Gusic y Qugis. Se aportan otrosdatos, como los recorridos de los visitantes y las encuestas de opinión a residentesy turistas. El exceso de concentración turística en el Centro Histórico está generandodesajustes y desequilibrios con la trama urbana clásica y conflictos con la poblaciónresidente, y las políticas urbanas municipales no están solucionando dichosconflictos.
En este artículo se explorará el rol que cumplen la vivienda y la actividad residencial en la configuración de los centros históricos en América Latina. Generalmente relegadas frente al monumentalismo, es necesario investigar, reflexionar y posicionar desde la academia y las políticas públicas, la importancia estructural que éstas tienen para su definición. Frente al peso que adquiere el turismo como eje de análisis central de los centros históricos, se trabajará aquí la importancia de ampliar la mirada sobre lo patrimonial, superando algunos vacíos y poniéndolo en discusión a partir de las realidades latinoamericanas. Con este trabajo se busca resaltar la importancia que tiene la función residencial y la vivienda para la nueva comprensión de los centros históricos y para las políticas públicas que deben diseñarse acorde a ellos. ; This paper will explore the role of dwelling and residential activity in the configuration of Latin America's historic districts. Generally relegated to monumentalism, it is necessary to investigate, reflect and position from academia and public politics, the structural importance they have for their definition. Against weight acquired by tourism as a central analysis axis of historic districts, will work here the importance of extend the view on the patrimonial, overcoming some empties and putting it in discussion from the Latin American realities. This paper seeks to highlight the importance that has the residential function and housing for the new understanding of historic districts and for public politics that must be designed according to them.
En México, son pocos los ejemplos exitosos de mejoramiento de condiciones de accesibilidad en centros históricos. No se ha conceptualizado la relación que hay entre las actividades cotidianas, el reconocimiento de la diversidad humana y la conservación del patrimonio. Tampoco se entiende que la accesibilidad es un derecho humano, encima de la estética y la priorización del monumento, ya que hay edificios antiguos que conservan sus usos originales y de afluencia diaria como los templos católicos, considerados a su vez recintos culturales ya que son contenedores de patrimonio, arte (bienes muebles) y practicas sociales con atracción turística.En Puebla, existe la experiencia de un proyecto participativo e incluyente de accesibilidad donde se involucraron a cinco inmuebles de interés patrimonial. Son templos históricos que forman un itinerario por su cercanía e importancia en el primer cuadro de la ciudad. En un primer tramo, están Santa Mónica, considerado un santuario que recibe a miles de fieles cada semana, el ex convento de Santo Domingo, donde se encuentra la capilla del Rosario, y la Basílica Catedral de la ciudad, conectados por la calle peatonal más importante de la ciudad, "La 5 de mayo". Hacia el sur, completando la ruta, se localizan San Juan de Letrán, "El Hospitalito", y La Soledad, con a su vez se comunican con el Museo Amparo. Todos los templos son antiguos, datan de los siglos XVI al XIX.Durante 2015 y 2016, a través de un trabajo conjunto entre autoridades locales, universidades y asociaciones civiles, además del apoyo económico de una entidad local municipal y otra internacional del gobierno chileno, se colocaron diversos elementos para la mejora de la accesibilidad, como rampas metálicas reversibles, y se intervinieron pavimentos en atrios y accesos. Hasta la fecha (2020), es un proyecto de alcance territorial para el beneficio de todos, no solo para las personas con movilidad reducida, que permite un desplazamiento autónomo y de fácil utilización, inclusive para aquellas personas que requieren ser asistidas por otra persona, ya que los porcentajes de pendientes en las rampas oscilan entre el seis y diez por ciento.La metodología desarrollada para abordar el trabajo fue mediante la incorporación de un equipo interdisciplinar, en este caso Re Genera Espacio, que difundió la importancia de reconvertir estos inmuebles patrimoniales en espacios accesibles, una acción promovida ante los custodios de los cinco templos, realizar un análisis diagnóstico de cada caso, desarrollar el proyecto y supervisar los trabajos con la finalidad de que cumplieran con las normativas y recomendaciones locales e internacionales.El proyecto fue recibido de buena manera por los custodios, después de un largo proceso de trabajo, así como por el resto de la población, lo que se refleja en un aumento considerable de personas con alguna discapacidad que acuden a los recintos, sean feligreses o turistas, y de otras personas con movilidad reducida que hacen uso de los espacios abiertos, como atrios y calles. Hacemos énfasis en que se requieren más intervenciones en otros espacios considerados menos importantes. Este es un primer paso hacia ciudades más accesibles, en este caso una zona histórica, que requiere intervenciones urgentes para crear redes de accesibilidad. El presente trabajo dio pauta a otros proyectos que se han venido desarrollando por parte del equipo, no solo con discapacidades motrices, también con personas con ceguera y debilidad visual. ; In Mexico, there are few successful examples of improving accessibility conditions in historic centers. The relationship between daily activities, the recognition of human diversity and the conservation of heritage has not been conceptualized. It has not been understood that accessibility is a human right, above the aesthetics and prioritization of the monument, since there are old buildings that retain their original uses and daily affluence such as Catholic temples, which are also considered cultural sites and containers of heritage, art (movable property) and social practices with tourist attraction.In Puebla, there is the experience of a participatory and inclusive accessibility project where five heritage buildings were involved. They are historical temples that form an itinerary due to their proximity and importance in the original area of the ancient city. In the first section, there is Santa Monica, considered a sanctuary that receives thousands of faithful every week, the former convent of Santo Domingo, where the Rosario chapel is located, and the city's Cathedral Basilica, connected by the pedestrian street more important of the city, "La 5 de mayo". Towards the south, completing the route, San Juan de Letrán, "El Hospitalito" and La Soledad are located, with the Amparo Museum near of them. All temples are ancient, dating from the 16th to 19th centuries.During 2015 and 2016, through joint work between local authorities, universities and civil associations, in addition to the financial support of a local municipal entity and another international entity from the Chilean government, various elements were put in place to improve accessibility, like metalic ramps reversibles, and there were intervened pavements in atriums and accesses. Even in 2020, it is a project of territorial scope for the benefit of all, not only for people with reduced mobility, which allows autonomous and easy-to-use travel, even for those people who need to be assisted by another person, since the percentages of slopes on the ramps range between six and ten percent.The methodology developed to the work was through the incorporation of an interdisciplinary team, Re Genera Espacio, which promoted the importance of reconverting these heritage buildings into accessible spaces, an action promoted before the custodians of the five temples, as well as establishing a diagnostic analysis of each case and develop the project, in addition to supervising the work in order to realize with local and international regulations and recommendations.The project was well received by the custodians, after a long process of work, as well as by the rest of the population, which is reflected in a considerable increase in people with disabilities who come to the temples, whether they are parishioners or tourists, and other people with reduced mobility who make use of open spaces, such as atriums and streets. We emphasize that more interventions are required in other spaces considered less important. This is a first step towards more accessible cities, in this case a historic area, which requires urgent interventions to create accessibility networks. This work gave guidelines to other projects that have been developed by the team, not only with motor disabilities, but also with people with blindness and visual weakness. ; A Mèxic, són pocs els exemples reeixits de millorament de condicions d'accessibilitat en centres històrics. No s'ha conceptualitzat la relació que hi ha entre les activitats quotidianes, el reconeixement de la diversitat humana i la conservació de l'patrimoni. Tampoc s'entén que l'accessibilitat és un dret humà, a sobre de l'estètica i la priorització de l'monument, ja que hi ha edificis antics que conserven els seus usos originals i d'afluència diària com els temples catòlics, considerats al seu torn recintes culturals ja que són contenidors de patrimoni, art (béns mobles) i practiques socials amb atracció turística.A Puebla, hi ha l'experiència d'un projecte participatiu i incloent d'accessibilitat on es van involucrar a cinc immobles d'interès patrimonial. Són temples històrics que formen un itinerari per la seva proximitat i importància en el primer quadre de la ciutat. En un primer tram, estan Santa Mònica, considerat un santuari que rep a milers de fidels cada setmana, l'ex convent de Sant Domingo, on es troba la capella del Rosari, i la Basílica Catedral de la ciutat, connectats pel carrer de vianants més important de la ciutat, «la 5 de maig». Cap al sud, completant la ruta, es localitzen Sant Joan del Laterà, «El Hospitalito», i La Soledat, amb al seu torn es comuniquen amb el Museu Amparo. Tots els temples són antics, daten dels segles XVI a l'XIX.Durant 2015 i 2016, a través d'un treball conjunt entre autoritats locals, universitats i associacions civils, a més del suport econòmic d'una entitat local municipal i una altra internacional de govern xilè, es van col·locar diversos elements per a la millora de l'accessibilitat, com rampes metàl·liques reversibles, i es van intervenir paviments en atris i accessos. Fins a la data (2020), és un projecte d'abast territorial per al benefici de tots, no només per a les persones amb mobilitat reduïda, que permet un desplaçament autònom i de fàcil utilització, inclusivament per a aquelles persones que requereixen ser assistides per una altra persona, ja que els percentatges de pendents en les rampes oscil·len entre el sis i deu per cent.La metodologia desenvolupada per abordar el treball va ser mitjançant la incorporació d'un equip interdisciplinari, en aquest cas Re Genera Espai, que va difondre la importància de reconvertir aquests immobles patrimonials en espais accessibles, una acció promoguda davant els custodis dels cinc temples, realitzar una anàlisi diagnòstic de cada cas, desenvolupar el projecte i supervisar els treballs amb la finalitat que complissin amb les normatives i recomanacions locals i internacionals.El projecte va ser rebut de bona manera pels custodis, després d'un llarg procés de treball, així com per la resta de la població, el que es reflecteix en un augment considerable de persones amb alguna discapacitat que van als recintes, siguin feligresos o turistes, i d'altres persones amb mobilitat reduïda que fan ús dels espais oberts, com atris i carrers.Fem èmfasi en que es requereixen més intervencions en altres espais considerats menys importants. Aquest és un primer pas cap a ciutats més accessibles, en aquest cas una zona històrica, que requereix intervencions urgents per crear xarxes d'accessibilitat. El present treball va donar pauta a altres projectes que s'han desenvolupat per part de l'equip, no només amb discapacitats motrius, també amb persones amb ceguesa i debilitat visual.
Los centros históricos de las ciudades mexicanas, en su mayoría, han pasado en las últimas décadas por diversos procesos de intervención en el espacio urbano con la intención de revitalizarlos, rescatar y revalorar el patrimonio histórico y cultural; esto responde a una intención muy clara y generalizada por parte de instancias gubernamentales de fomentar el turismo. A su vez, tales acciones habitualmente son legitimadas por políticas públicas –en algunos casos- por propaganda mediática Dichos procesos acontecidos en los centros históricos han generado fenómenos urbanos importantes como la expulsión de ciertos grupos sociales -principalmente hacia áreas periféricas o colonias aledañas al centro-; la elitización de algunas colonias centrales; cambios significativos en el uso del suelo; incremento en la renta del suelo y la plusvalía del lugar. La dinámica urbana ha provocado la gentrificación de zonas centrales, suscitando de forma aledaña notables desplazamientos de población -con todo lo que estos movimientos significan-. Es posible contrarrestar o disminuir el impacto de dichos procesos urbanos si se diseñan con antelación políticas públicas que prevean las hipotéticas consecuencias de cualquier intervención urbana y resguarden los intereses y bienestar de la población. Con esta investigación se propone realizar aproximaciones comparativas en distintos casos de estudio para entender los procesos de gentrificación en centros históricos de ciudades mexicanas, la relación que mantienen con los proyectos gubernamentales de rehabilitación y conservación del patrimonio, así como los contextos en los que se inserta cada uno, considerando aspectos históricos, socioespaciales, políticas públicas y economía local. ; In recent decades, most historical centers of Mexican cities have undergone various processes of intervention in their urban space. The main intention has been to revitalize, rescue and revalue their historical and cultural heritage. These actions respond to a very clear and general intention from government entities to promote tourism, generally legitimized by public policies and frequently accompanied and supported by the media. These processes have generated important urban phenomena, such as the expulsion of underprivileged social groups, mainly to peripheral areas, changes in land use, and a significant increase in rents and value of properties that lead to gentrification of central areas. To counteract or lessen the impact of these urban processes, strong public policies are in need to foresee and control the possible consequences of any intervention and safeguard the interests and well-being of the population. Through a comparative approach of different case studies, this research attempts to understand the gentrification process in historical centers of Mexican cities, studying the relationship between government projects and the rehabilitation and conservation of their heritage, in their specific historical, socio-spatial, political and economic contexts. ; Coordinación de Posgrado de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño
Considered in the framework of comparative capitalism, China presents the characteristics of a state-permeated variety of capitalism entirely focused on raising the country's global profile. Despite extensive interdependence, efforts at cooperation and pragmatic policy choices, the integration of Chinese capitalism into a weak world economy is thus a process entailing conflict. While the Chinese economy continues to be dependent on the historic centers of capitalism, this does not only imply smooth cooperation, a fact illustrated by increasing competition between emerging Chinese multinationals and long-established international companies, disagreements with the United States over currency policy and the disputes in which China is involved within international organizations and the East Asian regionalization process. Adapted from the source document.
The act of founding cities, a most characteristic human practice, responds to specific archetypes which has been studies by recognized authors. Their works consider the problem of the contemporary city as a metropolis, a construct well different from its foundational historic core. However, nowadays production of fiction narratives, based on foundational urban contexts, offers a field of research that connects ancient categories with design of interactive fictional spaces. The analysis of these categories in the work Metro 2033 by Dmitri Glujvski, a series of novels and video games published between 2002 and 2016, shows the use of foundational archetypes for the structuring of dystopic narrations with strong political messages. ; La fundación de ciudades, práctica humana por antonomasia, se estructura mediante elementos específicos llamados arquetipos en las obras de autores reconocidos. Dichos autores plantean el problema de la ciudad contemporánea como metrópolis, un ente diferenciado de su gérmen histórico. Sin embargo, la producción de ficciones contemporáneas basadas en entornos urbanos fundacionales ofrece un campo de estudio que conecta la categorías urbanas de la antigüedad con el diseño de espacios narrativos interactivos. El análisis de la presencia de estas categorías en la obra Metro 2033, serie de novelas y videojuegos publicados entre 2002 y 2016 por Dmitri Glujvski, visibiliza el uso de arquetipos fundacionales para la estructuración de narraciones distópicas con alta carga política.
The paper aims at investigating the viability of adaptive reuse of abandoned buildings (religious, Nobel Architecture, residential, commercial, and other) and the impact it has on the sustainability of existing environment in Bethlehem and Visby. There are many historic buildings in Bethlehem and Visby that are unique in their history, architecture, and built environment. This paper explores the importance of adaptive reuse by looking at several examples of reused historic buildings in both cities. The examples illustrate the viability of adaptive reuse in terms of sustainability; economic impact, affordable function, vitality of social life, and usability of existing urban resources and energy saving. The paper advocates policy makers is to increase the adaptive reuse policy within abandoned old cities as an integral tool of regeneration and sustainability policies. A comparative study of Palestine (Bethlehem) and Sweden (Visby) focuses on the experiences of two cities where conversions have registered a significant impact in terms of new facilities and businesses creation and has had a positive impact on the life both city centers. A survey of building owners, governors and local community leadership in Bethlehem old city and the old city of Visby, interviews, and a review of literature concerning adaptive reuse of historic buildings are used as a tool of conducting qualitative and comparative research. The researcher's perception is that adaptive reuse with social life regeneration, economic development activities, and energy efficiency serve the key concepts of sustainability; in addition to the local community perception of adaptive reuse as a viable option to demolition and redevelopment of existing facilities. The research recommends key implications for local governments in Sweden and Palestine as they eventually provide a theoretical framework that can be incorporated in the decision-making processes for adaptive reuse projects.
The project starts from the study and implementation of an intervention methodology on the transversal urban spaces of the Guadalmedina river in the city of Malaga. The main objectives of the study are defined as the development of an intervention methodology capable of allowing the architectural discipline responses that work on new ways of inhabiting and living these spaces. The results applied to this approach show the need to define real and valid strategies, based on a series of actions that are developed in future planning and whose direct impact will be on the population. Bearing in mind that one of the main challenges that cities currently face is the rehabilitation of historic centers and their habitability, our research project focuses its attention on the reconsideration of public spaces where unresolved mobility issues are present. accessibility, problems derived from gentrification, sustainability.
The paper reviews the key objectives for the rehabilitation and adaptation of the cultural Resources Management in the Arab world. It is working for the creation of techniques of the information gathering, and methods of information sharing. Such objectives must be reached simultaneously for the projects to be considered successful. The paper presents some innovative to classify the contemporary users of the historic centers into different categories. The study of the relationship between culture and technology has taken several direction cultural anthropology. It is essential for young archaeologists to be trained in the specialized skills of Cultural Resources Management, learn the principles of international archaeological heritage management, antiquates legislation, methods of surveying and inventorying threatened sites. Nevertheless, they should have knowledge about how to coordinate and communicate techniques of site conservation and monuments.
After the restoration of independence of Lithuania the legal basis and administrative structures of heritage preservation were changed many times, though the maintenance, use and state of heritage were not improved, and its decay did not decrease. Undemocratic and inhumane legal basis and management of heritage preservation based on restrictions, prohibitions and penalties without any compensatory incentives for imposed restrictions and economic disadvantages increasingly raises discontent not only from society but also from heritage owners and users.The owners and users of land where heritage objects are situated realize that their property can be used more efficiently and profitably and that social and economic restrictions imposed by heritage protection regulations contravene their rights. Instead of investing into preservation of heritage objects, owners usually attempt to get rid of them.Conflicts between heritage preservation institutions, owners of heritage objects and society are especially inherent in historic city centers where commercial interests are expanding and master plans and development projects propose intensive modernization and development of high rise buildings.Countries with long-lasting democracy traditions are looking for solutions how, without contradicting heritage preservation ethics and social justice, to encourage owners and users of heritage objects to protect and use rationally the legacy inherited from the past simultaneously retaining and stimulating vitality of historic centers and improving quality of life of their inhabitants.The problem is multipartite and ambivalent. Only changes and improvements in heritage preservation systems enacted in latter years in the countries of stable democracy, emphasizing the problem of development and protection ethics, the questions of respect of heritage values and implementation of social justice in juridical and practical heritage preservation activities are discussed in the paper.
After the restoration of independence of Lithuania the legal basis and administrative structures of heritage preservation were changed many times, though the maintenance, use and state of heritage were not improved, and its decay did not decrease. Undemocratic and inhumane legal basis and management of heritage preservation based on restrictions, prohibitions and penalties without any compensatory incentives for imposed restrictions and economic disadvantages increasingly raises discontent not only from society but also from heritage owners and users.The owners and users of land where heritage objects are situated realize that their property can be used more efficiently and profitably and that social and economic restrictions imposed by heritage protection regulations contravene their rights. Instead of investing into preservation of heritage objects, owners usually attempt to get rid of them.Conflicts between heritage preservation institutions, owners of heritage objects and society are especially inherent in historic city centers where commercial interests are expanding and master plans and development projects propose intensive modernization and development of high rise buildings.Countries with long-lasting democracy traditions are looking for solutions how, without contradicting heritage preservation ethics and social justice, to encourage owners and users of heritage objects to protect and use rationally the legacy inherited from the past simultaneously retaining and stimulating vitality of historic centers and improving quality of life of their inhabitants.The problem is multipartite and ambivalent. Only changes and improvements in heritage preservation systems enacted in latter years in the countries of stable democracy, emphasizing the problem of development and protection ethics, the questions of respect of heritage values and implementation of social justice in juridical and practical heritage preservation activities are discussed in the paper.
