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This article enframes `risk' as a biopolitical security technology. It explains how biopolitics of security take life as their referent object of security; how the grid of intelligibility for biopolitics is economic; and how, in the second half of the 20th century, life also came to be understood as emergent being. Contingency is constitutive especially of the life of emergent being, and so the article argues that a biopolitics of security that seeks `to make life live' cannot secure life against contingency but must secure life through governmental technologies of contingency. Risk is one of these technologies. The article also explains how risk has come to pervade the biopolitics of security of the 21st century, and how, through the way in which it is traded on the capital markets, it has begun to acquire the properties of money. The article closes by describing how the biopolitics of security differ from traditional prophylactic accounts of security, and how these biopolitics of security exceed the liberal political thinking that rationalizes and legitimates them.

The role of historical change in international relations has been an important issue, especially regarding the `ahistoricism' of mainstream theories. In this context, security studies has suffered from a lack of analysis of the state and its relation to historical change. When this attitude is challenged, it can be seen that the particular `state' of security studies fits into a particular historical logic that structured states which is susceptible to change. A historical sociological analysis of the development of the state-society complexes surrounding security can provide a historical analysis of the state, in order to better articulate its continuing relevance to political life and security, its relationship with individuals and society, and the complexities of contemporary citizenship. The 20th century saw the development of the `security state', where the western state became the centre of security provision, the protector against external threat and provider of domestic well-being.

While widely considered a core pillar of the peace and security architecture, Security Sector Reform (SSR) is coming under fire. SSR theory and practice are criticized for being overly focused on traditional conflict and post-conflict settings and for being unable to adjust to unconventional settings marked by chronic crime and terrorism. SSR tends to be disproportionately focused on national institutions and less amenable to engaging at the subnational scale. Drawing on the experiences of so-called 'citizen security' measures in cities across Latin America and the Caribbean, this paper offers some opportunities for renewing and revitalizing SSR. The emphasis of citizen security interventions on multiple forms of insecurity, data-driven and evidence-informed prevention, the promotion of social cohesion and efficacy and designing crime prevention into the social and built environment are all insights that can positively reinforce comprehensive SSR measures in the 21st century

Intro -- HOMELAND SECURITY: 2011 APPROPRIATIONS -- HOMELAND SECURITY:2011 APPROPRIATIONS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 HOMELAND SECURITY DEPARTMENT: FY2011 APPROPRIATIONS -- SUMMARY -- MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- Continuing Resolutions -- Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- President's FY2011 Budget Request Submitted -- Note on Most Recent Data -- BACKGROUND -- Department of Homeland Security -- 302(a) and 302(b) Allocations -- Budget Authority, Obligations, and Outlays -- Discretionary and Mandatory Spending -- Offsetting Collections -- APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY -- DHS Appropriations Trends -- Summary of DHS Appropriations -- TITLE I: DEPARTMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS5 -- President's FY2011 Request -- Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- Personnel Issues -- Personnel and the President's FY2011 Request -- Personnel and the Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- Analysis and Operations -- President's FY2011 Request -- Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- TITLE II: SECURITY, ENFORCEMENT, AND INVESTIGATIONS -- Customs and Border Protection -- President's FY2011 Request -- Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- Issues for Congress -- Immigration and Customs Enforcement -- President's FY2011 Request -- Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- Issues for Congress -- Transportation Security Administration -- President's FY2011 Request -- Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- Issues for Congress -- United States Coast Guard4 -- President's FY2011 Request -- Issues for Congress -- United States Secret Service -- President's FY2011 Request -- Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- Issues for Congress -- TITLE III: PROTECTION, PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, AND RECOVERY -- Federal Emergency Management Agency -- President's FY2011 Request -- Senate-Reported S. 3607 -- Issues for Congress -- Disaster Relief Fund -- President's FY2011 Request -- Senate Reported S. 3607 -- Issues for Congress

The literature compiled in this four-volume collection explores the real and potential linkages between environmental change and security. Early formulations of environmental security date to antiquity, whilst contemporary formulations of environment-conflict-peace linkages grew in part from the environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s. The ensuing flood of academic enquiry has been diverse and extensive, and the objective of this major work is to organize this important but polysemous literature in order to provide a comprehensive, historically rich and global overview of its key concepts, findings, contributors and methodologies