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SUMMARY: 1. Primary law (European Treaties)/2. Directives/3. Scope ratione personae/A. Concept of State/B. Concept of a body governed by public law/C. Extension of the concept of contracting authority/D. Sectors spéciaux/4. Scope ratione materiæ/5. Scope rationae summae/6. Passation/7 procedures. Transparence/8. Qualitative selection/A. Capacity of other entities/B. Number of candidates selected/C. Restrictive nature of the minimum conditions for participation/D. Requirements discriminatoires/9. Specifications techniques/10. Tenders abnormally basses/11. Award criteria/A. Compliance with award criteria/B. What award criteria? /12. Review of the conduct of contracting entities/A. Relating to the European judge/B. ; SOMMAIRE : 1. Droit primaire (Traités européens) / 2. Directives / 3. Champ d'application ratione personæ / A. Notion d'Etat / B. Notion d'organisme de droit public / C. Extension de la notion de pouvoir adjudicateur / D. Secteurs spéciaux / 4. Champ d'application ratione materiæ / 5. Champ d'application rationae summae / 6. Procédures de passation / 7. Transparence / 8. Sélection qualitative / A. Capacités d'autres entités / B. Nombre de candidats sélectionnés / C. Caractère limitatif des conditions minimales de participation / D. Exigences discriminatoires / 9. Spécifications techniques / 10. Offres anormalement basses / 11. Critères d'attribution / A. Respect des critères d'attribution / B. Quels critères d'attribution? / 12. Contrôle du comportement des entités adjudicatrices / A. Devant le juge européen / B. Devant le juge national

RESUMEN shows and analyses how certain perpetrators, advocates of abolitionist ideology about prostitution, produce, reproduce and use estimates of the number of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. Those authors establish their estimates on the basis of a complete lack of scientifically verified data and the alteration of the sources they copy. In doing so, they act irresponsibly, suffer from a lack of intellectual honesty, commit professional misconduct and disrupt anti-trafficking policies and actions, which end up having negative consequences for prostituted persons. In addition, these authors, who pass through experts without actually being so, resort to censorship to avoid debate, criticism and have to respond to their claims: they fear that their impositions and the intellectual fraud they commit will become apparent. In order to unmask these pseudo-experts and reveal their fakes and wills, there is an urgent need to develop a research programme in which their speeches and actions are taken as study objects. An article originally published, such as 'Le militant, l'idéologue et le chercheur', in Le Débat magazine, No 172, 2012, pp. 120-130. We thank Jean-Michel Chaumont for his kind and disinterested authorisation to translate his text into Spanish and to publish it in Gazeta de Antropology. Translation, adaptation and summary (abstract) by José Luis Solana Ruiz, University of Jaén, Spain. ; RESUMEN Se muestra y analiza el modo como determinados autores, defensores de la ideología abolicionista sobre la prostitución, producen, reproducen y utilizan estimaciones sobre el número de víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual. Dichos autores establecen sus estimaciones a partir de una absoluta carencia de datos científicamente verificados y de la alteración de las fuentes que copian. De ese modo, actúan de manera irresponsable, adolecen de falta de honradez intelectual, cometen una falta profesional y desencaminan las políticas y acciones contra la trata, las cuales terminan teniendo ...

The experiences of developing 'green' and 'responsible' policies were initially carried out by industrial sectors posing major risks to the environment and thus subject to very young environmental legislation. Then, the increasing pressure from all stakeholders contributed to their development in a large number of organisations. Thus, the recent environmental management function has its full legitimacy within the undertaking which causes nuisances and risks to human health and the environment, known as 'industrial-environmental risks' (EIRs). How should this new function be understood? In this respect, the question of risk perception is interesting because we can better understand how the company perceives EIRs and organises itself internally to better manage them. It is therefore essential to understand how risk perceptions are formed and then to consider effective ways of preventing and managing EIRs. The question of the role of risk perception in putting in place management policies within the company remains largely unaddressed in the management literature. The aim of this paper is to present, on the one hand, a multidisciplinary analysis of the literature on risk and risk perception, one of the ways in which the concept of risk can best be understood. The risk, an unseizable and multidimensional concept, has been approached by various disciplines from the humanities and social sciences as well as from hard sciences. In particular, the concept of risk perception is first necessary in cognitive sciences (psychology, artificial intelligence, anthropology, etc.) and then in mathematics, which now finds applications in economic and management sciences. The aim is to study the theoretical and empirical insights of these different patterns of thinking in understanding the perception of risk and the transition from 'perception' to 'representation of risk'. This dynamic raises, inter alia, the question of the existence of various more or less rational variables influencing the perception of risk and thus ...

"There is no longer a consensus on how to describe or declasse the tools or approaches that futurists use" affirmed there are now two years 2 Roy Amara, the founder of the Institute forthe Future, one of the frontrunners of American foresight, future-research. Having regard to France, this lack of 'consensus' is turning into a perception of a shift away from rigour towards what one would be tempted to describe, a priori, as entertaine.It is this phenomenon that we sought to better understand by forging links with American centres of foresight, as part of a fact-finding mission 3, which led us in May 1993, with Professor Michel Godet in Washington and San Francisco, drawing on participation in the XIIIth Congress of the World Futures StudiesFederation, and finally by the organisation in Ispra (Italy), with the help of the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the Commission of the European Union, an international seminar entitled "Methods and toolsin strategy: retrospective and outlook "4.Error this attempt to open up to what remains for those who are interested in the methodology of foresight "the Former World" actually missed a number of questions about the relevance of the tools used in foresight and the fashion effects which seem to fluid the practices in this area. ; "Il n'existe plus de consensus sur la manière de décrire ou declasser les outils ou les approches que les "futurists" utilisent" affirmaitil y a maintenant deux ans2 Roy Amara, le fondateur de l'Institute forthe Future, un des pionniers de la prospective américaine, la futuresresearch. Vu de France, ce manque de "consensus" se transforme en uneimpression de recul de la rigueur au profit de ce que l'on serait tenté dequalifier, a priori, de divertissement.C'est ce phénomène que nous avons cherché à mieux comprendreen tissant des liens avec les centres de prospective américains, d'aborddans le cadre d'une mission d'étude3 qui nous a conduit en mai 1993,avec le Professeur Michel Godet à Washington et à San Francisco, puispar une ...

International audience The PEFC system of forest certification has met with rapid success in Germany; in just one year, from August 2000 to October 2001, more than 4.9 million hectares have been certified. The certification scheme developed in Germany implements strong involvement by forest owners (public and private), a determination to be open to all the interested parties and a two-tiered monitoring mechanism The main reason for its rapid development however is the active central support provided to regional authorities. The article describes implementation procedures, provides a status report on PEFC certification in Germany and suggests a number of comparisons with France. ; La certification forestière PEFC a connu un succès rapide en Allemagne : en à peine plus d'un an, d'août 2000 à octobre 2001, plus de 4,9 millions d'hectares ont été certifiés. Le système de certification adopté se base sur une forte implication des propriétaires (publics et privés), sur une volonté d'ouverture à toutes les parties intéressées et sur un double contrôle. Mais ce développement rapide est surtout lié aux soutiens politiques reçus de la part des administrations régionales. L'article présente les procédures mises en ¦uvre, dresse l'état d'avancement de la certification PEFC en Allemagne et propose des éléments de comparaison avec la situation en France.

Agroecology is an alternative for social transformation that guarantees the sustainability of life in a world that periodically faces food crisis. There is a lack of studies regarding the applicability of agroecological principles by part of organizations carrying out sustainable agriculture as part of the so called Popular and Solidarity Economy in Azuay, Ecuador. For this reason, this study aims to analyze the meaningful differences found in the application of agroecological principles by these organizations considering their antiquity, number of members, and municipal division. ; La agroecología constituye una alternativa de transformación social, que garantiza la sostenibilidad de la vida frente a las crisis alimentarias que enfrenta el mundo. Existe un vacío de análisis sobre la práctica de principios agroecológicos por parte de organizaciones dedicadas a garantizar la agricultura sostenible del sector de la Economía Popular y Solidaria en la provincia de Azuay, Ecuador. Por ello, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las diferencias significativas en la práctica de principios agroecológicos por antigüedad, tamaño y cantón, en organizaciones de la provincia de Azuay.

Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմից հետո, երբ վերաձևվում են եվրոպական երկրների սահմանները, և Լեհաստանի արևելյան նահանգները` Լվով, Կամենից և այլ քաղաքներով, անցնում են Ուկրաինային, լեհերի և լեհահայերի մեծ մասը, թողնելով անշարժ գույքը (կալվածքներ, առանձնատներ, հոգևոր ու հասարակական շինություններ) և ամբողջ հարստությունը, շարժվում է արևմուտք և հիմնականում հաստատվում Կրակովում, Գդանսկում, Վարշավայում, Լյուբլինում, Պոզնանում, Կատովիցեում, Լոձում, Օլավում, Լիվիցեում, Բիելսկա-Բիալայում ; International audience After World War II, when Lvov and other cities became part of Ukraine, a number of Polish Armenians migrated to Poland. Prior to the fall of the USSR, there were 20.000 Polish people in Warsaw, Krakow, Lodz, and other cities who acknowledged their Armenian origin. From 1991 to 1998, according to unofficial sources, 80-120.000 Armenians moved from Armenia and other ex-Soviet republics to Poland veuse of the war and economic problems. Polish Armenians have their own public and cultural organisations, and they actively take part in political and social life of the country.

Homophily, or the fact that similar individuals tend to interact with each other, is a prominent feature of economic and social networks. Most existing theories of homophily are based on a descriptive approach and abstract away from equilibrium considerations. I show that the equilibrium structure of homophily has empirical power, as it can be used to recover underlying preference parameters. I build a non-cooperative model of network formation, which produces a unique, empirically realistic equilibrium network. Individuals have homophilic preferences and face capacity constraints on the number of links. I develop a novel empirical method, based on the shape of the equilibrium network, which allows for the identification and estimation of the underlying homophilic preferences. I apply this new methodology to race-based choices regarding friendship decisions among American teenagers.

18 23 39 ; Senia ; [EN] Gypsophila tomentosa and G. struthium are closely related species, characteristic of two European priority habitats, salt and gypsum inland steppes, respectively. Germination strategies of the two taxa were investigated in plants from two nearby populations, growing under the same climatic conditions but on different types of soil, and belonging to different plant communities. Their germination patterns were studied at five constant temperatures in darkness: 5 degrees C, 10 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C, and the base temperature and the thermal time requirement were calculated. As the distribution area of both species is subjected to a Mediterranean continental climate with significant differences between day and night, the possible preferences for an alternating temperature regime (25/10 degrees C) were contrasted, as well as the influence of cold stratification and freezing. The effects on seed germination of light at constant 20 degrees C and a 12/12 h photoperiod were also compared in the two species. The main conclusions of the work are the similarity of behaviour of both species, with an absence of seed dormancy, their opportunistic germination strategy, and water availability as the principal limitation to seed germination and plant establishment. The base temperature and thermal time indicate higher competitiveness of G. struthium at low temperatures, but seed germination of G. tomentosa is the most efficient at temperatures higher than 13.3 degrees C. Optimal temperature and illumination conditions for nursery propagation depend on the species. The high viability of seeds observed after freezing prove the orthodox character of these seeds, providing additional information for long term seed conservation procedures. The experiments were conducted at the Botanical Garden of the University of Valencia and were co-financed by the European Union Interreg Project GENMEDOC (Création d'un reseau de centres de conservation du matériel génétique de la flore des ...

France is currently embarking on the path of personalized advertising on television. The idea is to give traditional media access to a financing model that is very common online and is considered much more lucrative than traditional "contextual" advertising. It requires a precise knowledge of the recipients' interests: it is a complete and individualized profile that is sold to the advertiser. At the same time, however, a number of decisions handed down by personal data protection authorities on the basis of the GDPR raise doubts as to whether this business model can continue. Although it is not expressly prohibited by European texts, it is caught in the vice by successive decisions rendered on the lawful basis of processing. It seems difficult to continue to base personalized advertising on the "consent" of Internet users or viewers. "Legitimate interest" also seems to be a dead end. What about "necessity for the performance of the contract"? The answer is complex and uncertain. Thus, in small steps, without much ado, we risk ending up with a de facto ban on a business model that is now titanic. Perhaps it would have been preferable to reach this result at the end of a frontal political and social debate, rather than as a result of a pile of apparently technical decisions.

International audience Cranial sutures play critical roles in facilitating postnatal skull development and function. The diversity of function is reflected in the highly variable suture morphology and complexity. Suture complexity has seldom been studied, resulting in little consensus on the most appropriate approach for comparative, quantitative analyses. Here, we provide the first comprehensive comparison of current approaches for quantifying suture morphology, using a wide range of two-dimensional suture outlines across extinct and extant mam- mals (n = 79). Five complexity metrics (sinuosity index (SI), suture complexity index (SCI), fractal dimension (FD) box counting, FD madogram and a wind- owed short-time Fourier transform with power spectrum density (PSD) calculation) were compared with each other and with the shape variation in the dataset. Analyses of suture shape demonstrate that the primary axis of variation captured attributes other than complexity, supporting the use of a complexity metric over raw shape data for sutural complexity analyses. Each approach captured different aspects of complexity. PSD successfully discrimi- nates different sutural features, such as looping patterns and interdigitation amplitude and number, while SCI best-captured variation in interdigitation number alone. Therefore, future studies should consider the relevant attributes for their question when selecting a metric for comparative analysis of suture variation, function and evolution.

Peer Reviewed ; Economic voting studies remain contentious in Spain. The notion is widely-held that there is no economic vote in that country, due to the pervasive and effacing influences of left-right ideology. Still, a growing number of investigations show a significant impact of economic evaluation on the vote choice in Spanish national elections. At least one possible exception here is the 2008 election, where the question has received no systematic treatment. In this study, we explore the impact of economic voting in that contest. We find, first, the presence of strong economic voting of the valence kind. Second, we find that two hitherto unstudied dimensions of economic voting - position and patrimony - have their own independent effect.

Community-level data, the type generated by an increasing number of metabarcoding studies, is often graphed as stacked bar charts or pie graphs that use color to represent taxa. These graph types do not convey the hierarchical structure of taxonomic classifications and are limited by the use of color for categories. As an alternative, we developed metacoder, an R package for easily parsing, manipulating, and graphing publication-ready plots of hierarchical data. Metacoder includes a dynamic and flexible function that can parse most text-based formats that contain taxonomic classifications, taxon names, taxon identifiers, or sequence identifiers. Metacoder can then subset, sample, and order this parsed data using a set of intuitive functions that take into account the hierarchical nature of the data. Finally, an extremely flexible plotting function enables quantitative representation of up to 4 arbitrary statistics simultaneously in a tree format by mapping statistics to the color and size of tree nodes and edges. Metacoder also allows exploration of barcode primer bias by integrating functions to run digital PCR. Although it has been designed for data from metabarcoding research, metacoder can easily be applied to any data that has a hierarchical component such as gene ontology or geographic location data. Our package complements currently available tools for community analysis and is provided open source with an extensive online user manual.

the issue of innovation in hospital is not new: many practitioners, specialists and other experts propose ways to prefigure "Hospital 2.0" 1. Our point here is to show that while profound changes are already underway, a number of conditions must be met in order for these innovations to take root, beyond the limited overall impact of local experimentation. Thus, technological and organisational innovations, which bring promises in terms of therapeutic progress and improved patient well-being, must be accompanied by courageous political and managerial innovations. ; International audience ; the issue of innovation in hospital is not new: many practitioners, specialists and other experts propose ways to prefigure "Hospital 2.0" 1. Our point here is to show that while profound changes are already underway, a number of conditions must be met in order for these innovations to take root, beyond the limited overall impact of local experimentation. Thus, technological and organisational innovations, which bring promises in terms of therapeutic progress and improved patient well-being, must be accompanied by courageous political and managerial innovations. ; La question de l'innovation à l'hôpital n'est pas nouvelle : nombreux sont les praticiens, spécialistes et autres experts à proposer des pistes permettant de préfigurer « l'hôpital 2.0 » 1. Notre propos, ici, est de montrer que si des transformations profondes sont d'ores et déjà à l'oeuvre, un certain nombre de conditions doivent être réunies pour que ces innovations puissent s'enraciner, au-delà de l'impact somme toute restreint d'une expérimentation locale. Ainsi, les innovations technologiques et organisationnelles, porteuses de promesses en termes de progrès thérapeutiques et d'amélioration du bien-être des patients, doivent s'accompagner d'innovations politiques et managériales courageuses.

Over the past decade, African agriculture sectors have been the object of numerous initiatives advancing a 'new' Green Revolution for the continent. The low productivity of African small-holders is attributed to the low use of modern, improved agricultural inputs. In short, African countries are expected to catch up with the Green Revolution in other parts of the world. This paper is a contribution to the debate on the new African Green Revolution. We analyse the Rwandan Crop Intensification Program (CIP) as a case-study of the application of the African Green Revolution model. The paper is based on research at the macro, meso and micro level. We argue that the CIP fails to draw lessons from previous Green Revolution experiences in terms of its effects on social differentiation, on ecological sustainability, and on knowledge exchange and creation. ; Pendant les dernières dix années, les secteurs agricoles des pays Africains ont connu un nombre important d'initiatives pour la promotion d'une 'nouvelle' Révolution Verte pour le continent. A cause de la faible productivité de leurs activités agricoles, en fait, il est demandé aux petits producteurs africains de rattraper leur désavantage par rapport aux pays de la Révolution Verte. Cet article est une contribution au débat sur la nouvelle Révolution Verte en Afrique. L'article analyse le Programme d'Intensification des Cultures rwandais (Crop Intensification Program, CIP) en tant qu'étude de cas de l'application du modèle de la Révolution Verte. La discussion présentée dans cet article dérive d'un effort de recherche à trois niveaux : macro, meso et micro. L'analyse révèle que le CIP ne prend pas en considérations les résultats des expériences précédentes de Révolution Verte, en particulier pour ce qui concerne des questions de différentiation sociale, de durabilité environnementale et de création et diffusion des connaissances.