Suchergebnisse

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main microorganism responsible for the fermentation of wine. Nevertheless, in the last years wineries are facing new challenges due to current market demands and climate change effects on the wine quality. New yeast starters formed by non-conventional Saccharomyces species (such as S. uvarum or S. kudriavzevii) or their hybrids (S. cerevisiae x S. uvarum and S. cerevisiae x S. kudriavzevii) can contribute to solve some of these challenges. They exhibit good fermentative capabilities at low temperatures, producing wines with lower alcohol and higher glycerol amounts. However, S. cerevisiae can competitively displace other yeast species from wine fermentations, therefore the use of these new starters requires an analysis of their behavior during competition with S. cerevisiae during wine fermentation. In the present study we analyzed the survival capacity of non-cerevisiae strains in competition with S. cerevisiae during fermentation of synthetic wine must at different temperatures. First, we developed a new method, based on QPCR, to quantify the proportion of different Saccharomyces yeasts in mixed cultures. This method was used to assess the effect of competition on the growth fitness. In addition, fermentation kinetics parameters and final wine compositions were also analyzed. We observed that some cryotolerant Saccharomyces yeasts, particularly S. uvarum, seriously compromised S. cerevisiae fitness during competences at lower temperatures, which explains why S. uvarum can replace S. cerevisiae during wine fermentations in European regions with oceanic and continental climates. From an enological point of view, mixed co-cultures between S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus or S. eubayanus, deteriorated fermentation parameters and the final product composition compared to single S. cerevisiae inoculation. However, in co-inoculated synthetic must in which S. kudriavzevii or S. uvarum coexisted with S. cerevisiae, there were fermentation performance improvements and the final wines contained less ethanol and higher amounts of glycerol. Finally, it is interesting to note that in co-inoculated fermentations, wine strains of S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum performed better than non-wine strains of the same species. ; JA was supported by a FPI grant from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (ref. BES-2013-066434). This work was supported by grants AGL2012-39937-C02-01 and AGL2015-67504-C3-1-R from the Spanish Government and FEDER to AQ, AGL2012-39937-C02-02 and AGL2015-67504-C3-3-R from the Spanish Government and FEDER to EB, and PROMETEO (project PROMETEOII/2014/042) from Generalitat Valenciana to AQ. We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). ; Peer reviewed

BACKGROUND: Gatekeeping involves a generalist doctor who controls patients' access to specialist care, and has been discussed as an important policy option to rebalance the primary care and hospital sectors in low- and middle-income countries, despite thin evidence. A gatekeeping pilot in a Chinese rural setting launched in 2013 has offered an opportunity to study the functioning of gatekeeping under such conditions. METHODS: In this qualitative study within a mixed-method evaluation of the gatekeeping pilot, we developed an innovative systems analysis method, combining the World Health Organisation categorisation of health system building blocks, the "Framework" approach of policy analysis and causal loop analysis. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 stakeholders from 4 groups (patients, doctors, health facility managers and government administrators) in the pilot area over two years. Based on information extracted from the interviews, we drew a causal loop diagram which highlighted the feedback loops within the system that had self-reinforcing or self-balancing characteristics, and used the diagram to examine systematically the mechanisms of intended and actual functioning of gatekeeping and analyse the systems level challenges that affected the effectiveness of gatekeeping. RESULTS: Had the gatekeeping pilot programme worked as intended, it would incentivize both providers and patients to increase service utilization at primary care level, as well as establish and enhance two reinforcing feedback loops to shift balance towards primary care. However, a performance-based salary policy undermined the motivation for clinical primary care. Furthermore, the primary care providers suffered from three reinforcing feedback loops (related to primary care capacity, human resource sustainability, patients' faith) that trapped primary care development in vicious cycles. At the interface between hospitals and primary care providers, there were also feedback loops exacerbating the existing hospital dominance. These feedback loops were intensified by the unintended consequences of concurrent policies (restrictions on technologies and medicines) and delayed reform in hospitals. Furthermore, the gatekeeping policy itself faced resistance to further development, due to the prevailing ineffective and ritualistic nature of gatekeeping, which formed a balancing loop. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the intended benefits of gatekeeping were illusionary largely due to weak and worsening primary care conditions, and delay, ineffectiveness or unintended consequences of several other ongoing reforms. One particularly dangerous development of the system, which deserves urgent attention, is the harming of the professional prospects of primary care doctors. Our findings highlight the need for coordination and prioritization in designing policies related to primary care and managing changes with multiple on-going reforms. The approach used here facilitates comprehensive study of intended and actual mechanisms, and demonstrates the challenges of a complex health system intervention in a dynamic environment.

Розглянуто питання урбанізації як об'єкта кримінологічного дослідження. Аналізується взаємозв'язок урбанізації з процесами, які відбуваються в Україні, розглядається її криміногенний аспект. Окреслено найбільш вагомі чинники урбанізації, що існують у міських сферах суспільного життя. ; Рассматриваются вопросы урбанизации как объекта криминологического исследования. Анализируется взаимосвязь урбанизации с процессами, которые возникают в Украине, рассматривается её криминогенный аспект. Обозначены наиболее существенные факторы урбанизации, имеющие место в городских сферах общественной жизни. ; The article deals with the problem of urbanization as a factor that affects the crime in terms of political, military conflict and economic crisis.One of the most urgent and complex issues of public life in Ukraine is the problem of a crime: a level, a structure, and a growth rate. All the information we get from official statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and media indicates it. Even now changes in the dynamics and structure of crime occur, criminal situation in Ukraine is very complicated. A number of manifestations of deviant behavior, recession, deregulation of a financial system, shortage of money in the state treasury, political instability, low paying capacity – all of aforementioned issues go beyond the legal framework, and cause an emergence of various processes in the country, the effects of which then modern Ukrainian society feels.The criminal situation becomes more complicated because of the consequences of a military conflict in the East of the country. The migration process, that emerged today in the middle of our country, is more of a criminal nature, rather than brings stability to the state. In the estimation of experts, the number of urban population has increased dramatically, and from this criminality arises. It is mostly connected with the fact that people do not have financial security that can be reliable due to employment or various assistance provided for by a state. Also, a factor that induces a person to commit an offense is non-emotional resistance to new relationships in the surrounding society, difference of interests, poor living conditions and struggle for survival in a hostile environment. A person is a body that constantly works, but when it reaches a peak of an emotional state, there comes a time for restarting of life's important landmarks, that has a nature of positive and negative direction. The choice of further ways of existence depends not only on internal human characteristics, but also on driving force, which exists around it, and is important.This article defines the essence and meaning of urbanization and crime. The impact of this factor on people's lives, social relationships prevailing in cities where different socio-psychological relationships are concentrated.

Not Available ; Insects are by far the greatest challenge to human food security and existence. There are several historical examples of great devastations ranging from mass migrations to even the collapse of human civilization settlements due to insect outbreaks. The plant bug (P. maidis)-orchestrated the demise of the Classic Maya Civilization in the AD 9th century and a series of transcontinental locust outbreaks in the recent past are some of the archetypical examples of the destructive ability of insects. In Africa and central Asia, during 2003–05, an estimated US$500 million was spent on taming the onslaught of a locust plague. Even political instabilities seem to abet the pest outbreaks in some instances. The 2012 locust swarm in north African countries was articulated as "the fall of Gaddafi leading to the rise of desert locusts" and this was acknowledged by the FAO. Plants and insects radiated out to several lineages as a means of coevolution throughout the geological timescale. Artificial cultivation of plants for food at the dawn of human civilization brought in a new dimension to the millions of years old natural plant–insect association. Cultivated plants became the most preferred food courts for several new radiants of pestiferous insect guilds owing to the lack of natural selection against the herbivorous insect community. Insect pests swiftly respond to even a slight resistance in cultivars of crop plants by producing local populations or biotypes. Therefore, virtually any attempt against insects, either in the form of human interference or by way of plants themselves developing resistance, is decisively neutralized by insect pests. Such resilient capacity of insects leads to increased pest pressure especially on crop plants. Millets as a group of cultivated plants are no stranger to the insect pests. There are at least 450 insect species recorded globally on millets. The production economy of millets does not allow the farmer to take up cost-intensive pest control measures as the crops are cultivated in resource-deprived farms. Thus, the cost–benefit conundrum of pest control on one side and the ability of insects to overcome pest control attempts on the other side forms a critical combination in the millet production system. Such a special condition warrants a thorough understanding of the entire gamut of key insect pests associated with the millet ecosystem. We, in this volume, brought together all the scattered relevant research findings to provide a comprehensive understanding of insect pests of millets. This book is uniquely designed to provide all the available information on insects associated with millets in a lucid manner. The book also contains color images of insect pests, damage symptoms, and diagrammatic explanations to help the reader in identifying the pests. ; Not Available

Abstract. The Regional Budget (APBD) is established to improve the capacity of local government in providing services to the community. The Regional Budget (APBD) is an annual form of the Regional Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPD) as well as the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) are set up in accordance to the vision and mission of the regional head. The Regional Budget (APBD) is prepared by the Regional Government, discussed and approved by the Regional House of Representatives (DPRD). It is thus becoming a legal product, in form of Regional Regulation (Perda) and must be followed by all institutions in the region. This study aims to analyze the financial management of the Regional Government of Talaud Islands Regency. This is a qualitative exploratory research. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and documentation studies. Key informants are determined by purposive sampling to obtain accurate information. Interviews were conducted by using semi-structured in-depth interviews. The triangulation method was used in order to test the validity or credibility of data and data sources. Results showed that in the process of local government financial management from planning and budgeting and implementation process has been referring to Permendagri No. 13 of 2006 on Guidelines for Management of regional finances but there are still obstacles that are 1) Bureaucratic Structure, (2) Resources, (3) Communication, (4) Disposition or Attitude, (5) Budget Limitations. Keywords: Regional Financial Management, Obstacles.Abstrak. Dalam meningkatkan kapasitas pemerintah daerah dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat maka disusunlah Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD). Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) merupakan wujud tahunan dari Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah (RPJPD) serta Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) yang dibuat dari visi dan misi kepala daerah. Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) dipersiapkan oleh Pemerintah Daerah, dibahas dan disetujui oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD) sehingga pada akhirnya menjadi produk hukum berupa Peraturan Daerah (Perda) yang harus diikuti oleh segenap lembaga di daerah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengelolaan keuangan daerah Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud. Metode penelitian menggunakan kualitatif dengan pendekatan eksploratif. Data diperoleh melalui teknik wawancara mendalam dan studi dokumentasi. Informan kunci ditentukan secara purposive sampling untuk mendapatkan hasil informasi yang tepat dan akurat. Wawancara menggunakan In-depth interview jenis semi terstruktur. Metode triangulasi digunakan dalam pengujian validitas atau kredibilitas data dan sumber data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam proses pengelolaan keuangan daerah pemerintah daerah mulai dari proses perencanaan dan penganggaran dan pelaksanaan dilaksanakan berdasarkan ketentuan dalam Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 13 Tahun 2006 tentang Pedoman Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah belum optimal masih terdapat hambatan-hambatan yaitu 1) Struktur Birokrasi, (2) Sumber Daya, (3) Komunikasi, (4) Disposisi atau Sikap, (5) Keterbatasan Anggaran.Kata Kunci: Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah, Hambatan.

Key Findings and Policy Suggestions While much of the discussion on economic transformation centres on transforming agriculture and moving into manufacturing, services are an underexplored component of economic transformation strategies. Services play a vital role in economic transformation and job creation in poor countries, but the effects are different from those in agriculture or manufacturing. Services affect developing countries, directly in the form of significant shares in gross domestic product, trade and foreign exchange, but also indirectly through productivity growth and enabling linkages with other sectors. Trade in services can support economic transformation. Notable examples of successful expansion of trade in services include the development of diversified financial services hubs in Kenya, health and business tourism in Mauritius, information and communication technology services in India, air transport in Ethiopia, and hydropower transmission services in Lesotho. Donors should focus more on enhancing their knowledge and understanding the relevance of a competitive services sector for the achievement of development goals, specifically through economic transformation and job creation. They can do this by supporting improvements in market intelligence, trade and regulatory data related to services; developing national export strategies in services; building a conducive policy environment in developing countries, including by setting up public-private dialogue and coalitions supporting services reform; and strengthening country capacity to collect data on services. The lack of quality data is a particular hindrance to policy-making in the area of services. Some data have begun to be available, including through recent support by donors, but further improvements on trade in services should focus on: -capturing all the modes of trade in services; -tracking south-south trade in services; -reconciling firm-level and national-level data; and -improving information on applied services policies. Trade policy is important. Openness leads to higher productivity in services firms, especially in least developed countries (LDCs), especially with appropriate domestic regulation. International negotiations in services can also support services trade in the poorest countries, including by giving preferential access to LDC exports (for example, facilitating market access by reducing the cost of visas and putting in place domestic support mechanisms to assist LDC providers to deal with administrative requirements). However, very few meaningful preferential trade measures have so far been offered in areas of comparative advantage of LDCs such as tourism, travel, construction and Mode 4. Aid for Trade for services is generally limited as a share of total aid. Targeting more aid to facilitate trade in services has great potential to be effective. ; Chapter Abstract: The promotion of economic transformation and economy-wide productivity and employment effects in services requires the availability of reliable and consistent data on at least the macro dimensions of services – output, employment, trade – to enable successful monitoring of any aid efforts towards this end. This essay discusses current services data availability and priorities for improvement.

"A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy". ; Despite the development of various frameworks to assist in the appraisal and selection of government projects, failures are still being recorded with government projects. In developing countries, where frameworks are rarely used, the problems are compounded. To improve the situation this study investigates the current practice of construction project selection processes within the Nigerian public sector in order to inform theories of decision making from the perspective of developing nations and project management practice. The study adopts approach that challenges the concepts of conventional scholars. More specifically, it adopts Activity Theory concepts in the development of a conceptual framework. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of 30 senior public sector management personnel within the five parallel case organisations between March 2015 and November 2017. The data obtained from the interviews were then compiled and analysed using qualitative software for content analysis. Using activity theory as the basis of the investigation, the findings identified a number of artefacts mediating project selection activity. Findings revealed that with the increase in population, incidence of infrastructure shortage has continued to increase in Nigeria, causing a severe challenge, especially to the Nigerian government. The citizens now depend largely on dilapidated and/or in some instances on low quality infrastructure and feel strongly that the shortage in infrastructure supply capacity and the rate of marginalisation of some regions in the provision of infrastructure is pushing the country towards disaster. This feeling is compounded by the fact that the majority of government projects have not delivered the anticipated benefits within time and cost expectations. A number of factors were identified as influencing the project selection process within the public sector and these have been grouped under six categories: technical factors, stakeholders' expectation factors, financial feasibility factors, social factors, strategic alignment factors and external factors. Findings emerging from this study reveal that a visible theoretical project selection framework to support public sector decision makers in making project decisions is still lacking. The thesis concludes by proposing a selection framework and guidelines/protocols that will aid decision makers to be consistent in assessing and selecting construction projects within the Nigerian public sector. The results from this study also indicate that the level of stakeholder participation is still low. This study supports positive stakeholder engagement by informing decision-maker the need to adopt bottom-up approach where stakeholders drive the project selection process rather than the top-down approach where the executive drives project selection process as is currently the practice in Nigeria.

Abstrak - Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh peran Pangkalan TNI AL dalam pemberdayaan wilayah pertahanan laut menghadapi maraknya kegiatan ilegal di wilayah perairan yurisdiksi nasional, khususnya perairan Tanjung Sengkuang Pulau Batam. Fenomena ini dapat dirumuskan bagaimana sinergitas Lanal Batam dengan Stakeholders dan masyarakat pesisir dalam pemberdayaan wilayah pertahanan laut melalui peningkatan kesadaran bela negara. Kemudian formulasi pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir yang dapat dikembangkan oleh Lanal Batam melalui peningkatan kesadaran bela negara. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data wawancara, observasi dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa belum ada sinergitas antara Lanal Batam dengan Stakeholders dalam pemberdayaan wilayah pertahanan laut terhadap masyarakat pesisir di Kelurahan Tanjung Sengkuang. Program pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir yang dilaksanakan masih bersifat sektoral oleh masing-masing instansi terkait. Faktor kendala lainnya, kurangnya kemampuan sumber daya manusia sebagai aparat pembina peningkatan kesadaran bela negara. Berdasarkan analisis data, sinergitas Lanal Batam dengan Stakeholders dan masyarakat pesisir Kelurahan Tanjung Sengkuang dapat lebih optimal, diperlukan formulasi pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir, melalui optimalisasi peran Lanal Batam dalam berkomunikasi dan koordinasi yang efektif, serta pembentukan regulasi dari Pemerintah Daerah tentang peningkatan kesadaran bela negara.Kata Kunci: Sinergitas, Pemberdayaan, Bela Negara Abstract - This research is focused on Indonesian Naval Base role in empowering the sea area of defense which notorious for the illegal activities inside the territorial sea area of Indonesia's national jurisdiction, particularly in the Tanjung Sengkuang waters, Batam Island. From the phenomenon above, the research question is how the synergism of Lanal Batam with stakeholders and seaside communities in order to empower the sea area of defense through raising the awareness to defend the country. And then, the formulation to empower the sea area of defense and could be developed by the Batam Naval Base through the enhancement of State Defense Awareness. This research methodology is qualitative descriptive design and using interview, observation and literature technique collection. The research outcome showed that there is no synergy between the Batam Naval Base with the stakeholders that related to empower the Tanjung Sengkuang seaside communities in the sea area of defense. The program to empower seaside communities is still divided by the agencies involved. Another limiting factor is the lack of capacity in human resources as officers to educate about defend the country awareness. Based on data analysis, the synergy between Lanal Batam, related stakeholders, and seaside communities of Tanjung Sengkuang village can be optimized by formulation of seaside community empowerment, through the optimization of the role of the Batam Naval Base in effective communication and coordination, also the establishment of local government regulation on the defend the country awareness.Keywords: Synergy, Empowerment, State Defense.

¿Pueden las imágenes incidir en la historia? ¿Son fieles evidencias del pasado? Esta compilación aparece frente al renovado interés de la disciplina histórica y las ciencias humanas, por interpretar las fuentes visuales como producciones intencionalmente elaboradas y difundidas tanto en momentos como en espacios particulares. Alejándose de la vista inocente y contemplativa, los autores del libro proponen desde sus contribuciones, situar la función social de las imágenes en el centro de sus análisis de caso, los cuales abarcan un amplio conjunto de procesos latinoamericanos ocurridos entre los siglos XIX y XXI en países como Chile, Brasil, Perú, Colombia y Argentina. De esta manera, cada capítulo invita al lector a "pensar visualmente" temas como la propaganda política, la construcción de la nación, el ensamblaje de identidades o de memorias colectivas, etc., partiendo del supuesto metodológico que sugiere rastrear las imágenes desde su producción hasta su recepción, donde adquieren múltiples sentidos en su respectivo presente, así como en su preservación actual. Imaginando América Latina se presenta entonces como una iniciativa abierta a diferentes perspectivas disciplinares no solo limitadas a la lectura del historiador. Los doce capítulos contenidos en este libro, buscarán reflexionar sobre la capacidad de la imagen para conectar realidades en escalas globales y locales, insistiendo en mostrar la doble relación entre una historicidad de lo visual y una visualidad de la historia. ; Can images influence history? Are they true evidence of the past? This compilation appears in the light of the renewed interest showed by the discipline of history and human sciences in interpreting visual sources as productions that were intentionally elaborated and disseminated in specific times and spaces. Moving away from an innocent and contemplative view, the authors of the book, through their contributions, propose to place the social function of images at the center of their case analyses, which cover a broad set of Latin American processes that took place between the 19th and the 21st centuries in countries such as Chile, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Argentina. Thus, each chapter invites the reader to "visually think" about issues such as political propaganda, nation building, the assemblage of identities or collective memories, etc., based on the methodological assumption that suggests tracking images from their production to their reception, where they acquire multiple meanings in their respective presents, as well as in their current preservation status. Imagining Latin America is, then, an initiative open to different disciplinary perspectives that are not limited only to readings from historians. The twelve chapters included in this book seek to reflect on the capacity of the image to connect realities at global and local scales, insisting on demonstrating a double relationship between the historicity of the visual and the visuality of history.

Este artigo pretende, por um lado, explorar as ordenações teóricas que traçam a formação da classe eleita – ou as elites – transcorrendo a sua afirmação da circulação das profissões que acedem ao campo político e, por outro, entrecruzando os estudos de Foucault sobre parresía e elutéria com a noção weberiana de fechamento partidário, compreender o modo como os profissionais da política articulam a sua existência entre a vida civil e a vida estatal. Assim, esta análise orienta-se para a compreensão dos traços distintos dos grupos profissionais, enquanto característica objetiva para acesso e uso do poder em benefício próprio. Assente num estudo, que tem por base o caso dos deputados da Assembleia da República Portuguesa e na constatação que nela predominam "economistas", "advogados" e "professores", enquanto membros ativos, escrutam-se duas ordenações em coabitação nesta classe eleita: por um lado, entre o desapego, a ausência de medo e a capacidade de agir francamente, enunciados como qualidades interiores constituintes do político, e por outro lado, as práticas exteriorizadas com fins acobertados nas estratégias dos aparelhos partidários, formam-se duas configurações de sentido – a do político inteiro e a do político fracionado, ambos cultivados numa coexistência hegemónica, que enuncia, como modo extensivo da política, a transmutação da solidariedade ideológica para a introdução do antagonismo económico. ; This article aims to explore the theoretical structures that influence the formation of the elite class – or the elites – analysing the affirmation of these structures within the circulation of professions that have access to the political sphere, while comparing Foucault's studies on parrhesia and eluteria with Weber's concept of social closure by means of politicl parties, to understand how political professionals articulate their existence between civil society and public service. This analysis is orientated towards understanding the distinct traits of professional groups, as an objective characteristic for access to, and use of, power for personal benefit. Based on a study of MPs of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic and the finding that "economists", "lawyers" and "teachers" are the predominant professions, detailed analysis is provided of two structures of cohabitation within this elite class: characterised on the one hand, by nonchalance, fearlessness and the capacity to act frankly, enunciated as constituent inner qualities of any politician, and on the other hand, by externalized practices, with hidden goals in the strategies of the party apparatuses. These two structures establish two configurations – that of the full-time politician and that of the fractioned politician, both of which are cultivated in a hegemonic coexistence, which expresses, as an extensive mode of politics, a transmutation of ideological solidarity for the introduction of economic antagonism.

Radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging) uses radio waves to detect the presence of a target and measure its position and other properties. This sensor has found many civilian and military applications due to advantages such as possible large surveillance areas and operation day and night and in all weather. The contributions of this thesis are within applied signal processing for radar in two somewhat separate research areas: 1) radar with array antennas and 2) radar with micro-Doppler measurements. Radar with array antennas: An array antenna consists of several small antennas in the same space as a single large antenna. Compared to a traditional single-antenna radar, an array antenna radar gives higher flexibility, higher capacity, several radar functions simultaneously and increased reliability, and makes new types of signal processing possible which give new functions and higher performance. The contributions on array antenna radar in this thesis are in three different problem areas. The first is High Resolution DOA (Direction Of Arrival) Estimation (HRDE) as applied to radar and using real measurement data. HRDE is useful in several applications, including radar applications, to give new functions and improve the performance. The second problem area is suppression of interference (clutter, direct path jamming and scattered jamming) which often is necessary in order to detect and localize the target. The thesis presents various results on interference signal properties, antenna geometry and subarray design, and on interference suppression methods. The third problem area is measurement techniques for which the thesis suggests two measurement designs, one for radar-like measurements and one for scattered signal measurements. Radar with micro-Doppler measurements: There is an increasing interest and need for safety, security and military surveillance at short distances. Tasks include detecting targets, such as humans, animals, cars, boats, small aircraft and consumer drones; classifying the target type and target activity; distinguishing between target individuals; and also predicting target intention. An approach is to employ micro-Doppler radar to perform these tasks. Micro-Doppler is created by the movement of internal parts of the target, like arms and legs of humans and animals, wheels of cars and rotors of drones. Using micro-Doppler, this thesis presents results on feature extraction for classification; on classification of targets types (humans, animals and man-made objects) and human gaits; and on information in micro-Doppler signatures for re-identification of the same human individual. It also demonstrates the ability to use different kinds of radars for micro-Doppler measurements. The main conclusion about micro-Doppler radar is that it should be possible to use for safety, security and military surveillance applications.

Woo Jin Kim,1 Jae-Joon Yim,2 Deog Kyeom Kim,3 Myung Goo Lee,4 Anne L Fuhlbrigge,5 Pawel Sliwinski,6 Iwona Hawrylkiewicz,6 Emily S Wan,7,8 Michael H Cho,7,8 Edwin K Silverman7,8 1Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 3Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 4Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea; 5Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; 62nd Department of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland; 7Channing Division of Network Medicine, 8Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, geographic differences in the clinical characteristics of severe COPD patients have not been widely studied. Methods: We recruited a total of 828 severe COPD cases from three continents. Subjects in Poland were enrolled by the Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Warsaw; subjects in Korea participated at several university hospitals in Korea; and subjects in USA were enrolled at two clinics affiliated with academic medical centers. All subjects were over the age of 30 with at least 10 pack-years of cigarette smoking history. Cases manifested severe to very severe airflow obstruction with post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) <50% predicted and FEV1/forced vital capacity <0.7. All subjects completed a detailed questionnaire and underwent standardized pre-bronchodilator and post-bronchodilator spirometry. Subjects with known tuberculosis (TB)-associated lung parenchymal destruction were excluded. Univariate and multivariate assessments of the impact of the country of origin on respiratory symptoms and respiratory illness were performed. Results: In both univariate and multivariate analyses, a history of TB (38.7%) and physician-diagnosed asthma (43.9%) were significantly more common in subjects with severe COPD from Korea than USA or Poland, while attacks of bronchitis (64.2%) were more common in subjects with severe COPD from Poland. COPD subjects from Poland had more severe dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council 3.3±1.0) and more frequently reported symptoms of chronic bronchitis (52.2%). A history of TB was also more common in Poland (10.8%) than in USA (0.3%) severe COPD patients. Conclusion: Respiratory symptoms and other respiratory illnesses associated with severe COPD differed widely among three continents. Keywords: COPD, epidemiology, respiratory symptoms, tuberculosis

In this article, offshore wind energy potential is measured around the Iberian Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands using the WRF meteorological model without 3DVAR data assimilation (the N simulation) and with 3DVAR data assimilation (the D simulation). Both simulations have been checked against the observations of six buoys and a spatially distributed analysis of wind based on satellite data (second version of Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform, CCMPv2), and compared with ERA-Interim (ERAI). Three statistical indicators have been used: Pearson's correlation, root mean square error and the ratio of standard deviations. The simulation with data assimilation provides the best fit, and it is as good as ERAI, in many cases at a 95% confidence level. Although ERAI is the best model, in the spatially distributed evaluation versus CCMPv2 the D simulation has more consistent indicators than ERAI near the buoys. Additionally, our simulation's spatial resolution is five times higher than ERAI. Finally, regarding the estimation of wind energy potential, we have represented the annual and seasonal capacity factor maps over the study area, and our results have identified two areas of high potential to the north of Menorca and at Cabo Begur, where the wind energy potential has been estimated for three turbines at different heights according to the simulation with data assimilation. ; This work has been funded by the Spanish Government's MINECO project CGL2016-76561-R (MINECO/FEDER EU), the University of theBasque Country (project GIU14/03) and the Basque Government (Elkartek 2017 INFORMAR project). SJGR is supported by a FPIPredoctoral Research Grant (MINECO, BES-2014-069977). The ECMWFERA-Interim data used in this study have been obtained from the ECMWF-MARS Data Server thanks to agreements with ECMWF and AEMET. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Spanish Port Authorities (Puertos del Estado) for kindly providing data for thisstudy. The computational resources used in the project were providedby I2BASQUE. The authors thank the creators of the WRF/ARW and WRFDA systems for making them freely available to the community. NOAA_OI_SST_V2 data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD,Boulder, Colorado, USA, through their web-site athttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/was used in this paper. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S.Department of Commerce. 2008, updated daily. NCEP ADP GlobalUpper Air and Surface Weather Observations (PREPBUFR format), May1997–Continuing. Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory.http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds337.0/were used. All thecalculations have been carried out in the framework of R Core Team(2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. RFoundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URLhttps://www.R-project.org/.

[Background] Acclimation to abiotic challenges, including decreases in O2 availability, requires physiological and anatomical phenotyping to accommodate the organism to the environmental conditions. The retention of a nucleus and functional mitochondria in mature fish red blood cells makes blood a promising tissue to analyse the transcriptome and metabolic responses of hypoxia-challenged fish in an integrative and non-invasive manner. ; [Methods] Juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) were reared at 20–21 °C under normoxic conditions (> 85% O2 saturation) followed by exposure to a gradual decrease in water O2 concentration to 3.0 ppm (41–42% O2 saturation) for 24 h or 1.3 ppm (18–19% O2 saturation) for up to 4 h. Blood samples were collected at three different sampling points for haematological, biochemical and transcriptomic analysis. ; [Results] Blood physiological hallmarks remained almost unaltered at 3.0 ppm, but the haematocrit and circulating levels of haemoglobin, glucose and lactate were consistently increased when fish were maintained below the limiting oxygen saturation at 1.3 ppm. These findings were concurrent with an increase in total plasma antioxidant activity and plasma cortisol levels, whereas the opposite trend was observed for growth-promoting factors, such as insulin-like growth factor I. Additionally, gene expression profiling of whole blood cells revealed changes in upstream master regulators of mitochondria (pgcβ and nrf1), antioxidant enzymes (gpx1, gst3, and sod2), outer and inner membrane translocases (tom70, tom22, tim44, tim10, and tim9), components of the mitochondrial dynamics system (mfn2, miffb, miro1a, and miro2), apoptotic factors (aifm1), uncoupling proteins (ucp2) and oxidative enzymes of fatty acid β-oxidation (acca2, ech, and hadh), the tricarboxylic acid cycle (cs) and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The overall response is an extensive reduction in gene expression of almost all respiratory chain enzyme subunits of the five complexes, although mitochondrial-encoded catalytic subunits and nuclear-encoded regulatory subunits of Complex IV were primarily increased in hypoxic fish. ; [Conclusions] Our results demonstrate the re-adjustment of mitochondrial machinery at transcriptional level to cope with a decreased basal metabolic rate, consistent with a low risk of oxidative stress, diminished aerobic ATP production and higher O2-carrying capacity. Taken together, these results suggest that whole blood cells can be used as a highly informative target tissue of metabolic condition. ; This work was financially supported by a grant from the European Commission of the European Union under the Horizon 2020 research infrastructure project AQUAEXCEL2020 (652831). Additional funding was provided by Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/085). JAMS received a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (Juan de la Cierva-Formación, Reference FJCI-2014-20,161) from MINECO. ; Peer reviewed

Abstrak Pulau Lombok memiliki potensi aneka kerajinan anyaman bambu yang cukup baik pada sentra-sentra kerajinan anyaman bambu, tapi belum dikembangkan secara optimal. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan strategi prioritas dalam pengembangan kerajinan anyaman bambu di Pulau Lombok. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pulau Lombok dengan lokasi penelitian pada Kabupaten Lombok Barat, Lombok Tengah, Lombok Timur dan Lombok Utara. Metode penelitan menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data primer melalui wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) dengan stakeholders dari dinas instansi terkait dan pelaku usaha, serta wawancara terstruktur dengan pengrajin anyaman bambu terpilih pada lokasi penelitian. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan menggunakan analisis SWOT (Strength, Weaknesess Opportunities dan Treath). Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa strategi pada tingkat pengrajin adalah : (1) Meningkatkan kerjasama antara stakeholders terkait baik pengepul maupun pengusaha untuk pengembangan produk agar dapat bersaing di pasar (5,657); (2) Meningkatkan kemampuan SDM dengan mengikuti pelatihan dari dinas instansi terkait (5,099) dan (3) Memperkuat organisasi dan kelompok-kelompok pengrajin (3,482). Sedangkan strategi pada tingkat pemerintah adalah : (1) Mengembangkan infrastruktur (6,756); (2) Mempermudah perijinan (5,889); (3) Menerapkan kebijakan pemerintah pusat melalui peraturan yang dapat dipedomani oleh pemerintah daerah (5,614); (4) Memfasilitasi pelatihan keterampilan pengrajin (5,097); (5) Memperluas akses informasi (4,634); (6) Mengundang investor baru (3,837); (7) Memperluas akses pasar (3,426) dan (8) Memperbesar kredit untuk investasi (2,572). Abstract Lombok woven bamboo handicraft industry has the potential, but has not yet been developed optimally. This research aims to : analysis and recommend strategies for the development of these craft industry in Lombok Island. This research was conducted on the island of Lombok, in the locations of the West Lombok, Central Lombok, East Lombok and North Lombok. The study used a descriptive method. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with stakeholders from related institutions as well as businessmen, and structured interviews with woven bamboo craft workers. Data was analyzed in accordance with the objectives of the research, SWOT (Strenght, Weaknesess, Opportunities and Treath) analysis to strategies for the industry development. This research concludes that the strategies for developing the bamboo woven crafts are (1) Enhance the cooperation between relevant stakeholders both collectors and entrepreneurs to develop products that can compete in the market (5.657); (2) Increasing the capacity of the training of the human resources department related institutions (5.099) and (3) Strengthen organizations and groups of artisans (3.482). While the strategy at government level are: (1) Develop infrastructure (6.756); (2) Facilitate the permitting (5.889); (3) Implement policies of the central government through legislation that can be guided by the local government (5.614); (4) To facilitate training in the skills of craftsmen (5,097); (5) Expanding access to information (4.634); (6) Inviting new investors (3.837); (7) Expanding market access (3.426) and (8) Zoom credit for investment (2.572).