Suchergebnisse

Una primera versión de este material fue sometida a debate en el Seminario "Nuevos debates en Ética, Filosofía Política y Social", organizado el área de Filosofía Moral y Política del Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de Málaga (Campus de Teatinos, Fac. de Filosofía y Letras, Sala de Grados, 20 de abril de 2012). Una segunda versión actualizada se presentó en el Ciclo "Para Comprender Nuestro Tiempo" (Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Aula Federico García Lorca, 17 de mayo de 2012). ; La conceptualización del debate sobre la protección de los derechos de autor en términos de ciberseguridad introduce un sesgo inequívocamente autoritario en diversas propuestas legislativas presentadas al Senado y al Congreso de los EE.UU. entre 2011 y 2012. Numerosas organizaciones defensoras de los derechos civiles y de una Internet libre han advertido de las consecuencias, puesto que sus promotores tienen sobrada capacidad para presionar en las instancias de toma de decisiones de otros países. De ser aprobadas, supondrían el fin de una Internet libre y no fragmentada, donde los Estados, las agencias de seguridad y otras entidades públicas o privadas (incluidas las empresas que prestan algunos de los servicios de comunicaciones más demandados en la actualidad) tendrían mecanismos de control sin precedentes sobre las actividades de internautas y usuarios. En esta contribución propongo elementos para adoptar un enfoque más amplio del problema, atendiendo a los cambios que se han producido en las pautas de consumo de nuevas comunidades sociotécnicas y al impacto sociocultural de servicios con claras oportunidades de negocio asociadas, en un marco que garantice de manera efectiva la libertad política y los derechos civiles. ; The conceptualization of the debate on copyright protection in terms of cybersecurity brings an unmistakably authoritarian biases in several legislative proposals submitted to the Senate and U.S. Congress between 2011 and 2012. Civil rights organizations defending a free Internet have warned against its consequences, due to the well-known capacity of their sponsors to influence on the decision-making process in other countries. If approved, it would mean the end of an open, not fragmented Internet, where states, security agencies and other public or private entities (including companies providing some of the most popular communications services) will have unprecedented control over Internet activities and users. This contribution proposes some elements in order to adopt a broader approach to the problem, considering specific trends in consumption patterns of new socio-technical communities and evaluating the socio-cultural impact of services with important business opportunities associated, provided that political freedom and civil rights are unequivocally guaranteed.

This paper reviews what has been learned over many decades of foreign aid to education. It discusses what works and what does not and in this discussion draws attention to the fact that even a simple assessment requires more than providing a uniform check-list of inputs. It shows the positive contribution that aid has made to education in aid-recipient countries, the most tangible outcome of which is the contribution that aid makes to expanding enrolments especially of basic education. But the paper also indicates that there is a considerable gap between what aid does and what it could potentially achieve, especially in relation to its contribution to improvements in educational quality. Perhaps the paper's most important conclusion relates to the contribution of aid to capacity development in education - on the one hand an issue of central importance, but on the other, one in which the record has been one of systemic weaknesses and failures and in which few lessons seem to have been learned. This review shows that many of the lessons of what works in foreign aid to education are known, but they are not implemented. These lessons are of two sorts, the first cluster relates to the interface of aid with education systems in recipient countries. To make a difference, what is of paramount importance is to start at the level of the whole education sector - rather than to pick out the sub-sector most popular with donors and channel a disproportionate share of funds to make this 'work' better, for this distorts a government's sector-wide planning. The second cluster of lessons are those related to the 'nuts and bolts' of education systems themselves - what makes them work, how the different bits fit together and how aid monies can distort priorities, making the government's co-ordination efforts difficult as well as creating fragmented accountability. This review demonstrates the distortions caused by focusing on enrolments and insufficiently on quality, on products such as plans and educational management information systems (EMIS), and 'inputs' rather than processes and outcomes, what goes on in the classroom, what the students learn, whether the teachers' pay and status are sufficient to keep them in the classroom and continuing to teach. Sustainable education outcomes will not be achieved merely by reproducing yet more successful, but individual projects. Perversely, development agencies which focus only on demonstrable short-term impact may well be contributing, unwittingly, to an undermining of long-term impact on the education systems and their deepening development, to whose progress they are trying to contribute.

Recent literature on no-till is reviewed with particular emphasis on research on commercial uptake and environmental concerns in northern, western and south-western Europe. Increased interest in no-till, and minimum or reduced tillage, results from changes in the economic circumstances of crop production, the opportunity to increase the area of more profitable autumn-sown crops and increased concern about environmental damage associated with soil inversion by ploughing. Highly contrasting soil and climate types within and between these regions exert a strong influence on the success of no-till. While no-till may often result in crop yields which equal or exceed those obtained after ploughing, modest reductions in yield may be tolerated if production costs are lower than with ploughing. The relative costs of fuel and herbicides have changed appreciably in recent years making no-till more attractive commercially. While effective weed control is an essential aspect of no-till, current herbicide technology may not yet fully achieve this. In northern regions no-till usually allows earlier drilling of winter-sown crops but will give lower soil temperature and higher moisture content in spring, causing delayed drilling of spring-sown crops. No-till soils have greater bulk density and bearing capacity than ploughed soils with a pronounced vertical orientation of macroporosity allowing penetration of roots and water, especially in view of the increased population of deep-burrowing earthworms. Particular care must be taken with no-till to minimise soil damage at harvest and to ensure the even distribution of crop residues prior to drilling. Reduced erosion and runoff after adoption of no-till are widely observed and are of particular importance in southwestern Europe. No-till reduces losses of phosphorus in runoff and, in some cases, reduces the loss of nitrate through leaching. Emissions of greenhouse gases CO2 and N2O from no-till soils are highly variable and depend on complex interactions of soil properties. Emission of CO2 from fuel during machinery usage is always appreciably reduced with no-till. Increased soil organic carbon in surface layers of no-till soils is widely found but may not be associated with increased carbon sequestration throughout the profile. The evaluation of the relative carbon balance for no-till and ploughing depends upon complex inter-relationships between soil and climate factors which are as yet poorly understood. Adoption of no-till could be encouraged by government financial assistance in recognition of environmental benefits, although future restrictions on the use of herbicides may be a deterrent. Opportunities for further research on no-till are outlined. 2 2

Desde la perspectiva teórica de la línea de investigación del pensamiento y acción docente se hace factible la aproximación a las concepciones y prácticas evaluativas manifestadas por los profesores del área curricular de Ciencia, Tecnología y Ambiente (CTA) que laboran en las Instituciones Educativas públicas de la provincia de Arequipa. En esa perspectiva, se identifica un entorno situacional caracterizado por una convivencia de enfoques evaluativos en las que son reconocibles discursos y rutinas consideradas como "tradicionales"; yuxtapuesto a las "modernas". Así, coexisten finalidades evaluativas centradas en la aprobación de los logros de aprendizaje (rendimiento) con las funciones políticas de la evaluación que priorizan el uso de la normatividad vigente; a la recurrencia a instrumentos evaluativos que enfatizan en las capacidades resolutivas y expositivas, en desmedro de otros medios y recursos fundando en la observación y reflexión; y a la exclusiva responsabilidad del docente como evaluador; junto al énfasis asignado a los contenidos actitudinales, en torno al cual se estructuran los demás contenidos; a la preferencia por una evaluación procesual extensiva y recuperadora de otras modalidades; y relegando a la evaluación normativa y optando por una criterial. Dichas concepciones y prácticas evaluativas devienen de la socialización profesional, donde la edad y la experiencia docente resultan incidentales en la configuración de una perspectiva tecnológica-conductual de la evaluación, lo mismo que la prevalencia de un modelo didáctico conductista y una perspectiva epistémica de la educación en ciencias. ; --- Considering the theoretical perspective of the research faculty of thought and action, it becomes feasible approach to the evaluative concepts and practices expressed by the teachers of the curriculum area of Science, Technology and Environment, working in the public schools of the province of Arequipa. From this perspective, we have identified a work environment characterized by a coexistence of evaluation approaches, which are recognizable speeches and routines considered "traditional" juxtaposed to "modern." Thus, evaluative purposes coexist focused on the adoption of learning outcomes (performance) with the political functions of assessment that emphasize the use of current regulations, the recurrence assessment tools that emphasize the problem-solving capacity and exhibition, at the expense of other means and resources based on observation and reflection, and the sole responsibility of the teacher as evaluator, with the emphasis given to the attitudinal content, around which are structured the other, the preference for an extensive evaluation process-and recovered from other modalities, relegating the normative evaluation and opting for a criterial. These concepts and assessment practices become professional socialization, where age and teaching experience are incidental to the configuration of a technology perspective, behavioral assessment, as well as the prevalence of behavioral and didactic model of education epistemic perspective in science. ; Tesis

Desde la perspectiva teórica de la línea de investigación del pensamiento y acción docente se hace factible la aproximación a las concepciones y prácticas evaluativas manifestadas por los profesores del área curricular de Ciencia, Tecnología y Ambiente (CTA) que laboran en las Instituciones Educativas públicas de la provincia de Arequipa. En esa perspectiva, se identifica un entorno situacional caracterizado por una convivencia de enfoques evaluativos en las que son reconocibles discursos y rutinas consideradas como "tradicionales"; yuxtapuesto a las "modernas". Así, coexisten finalidades evaluativas centradas en la aprobación de los logros de aprendizaje (rendimiento) con las funciones políticas de la evaluación que priorizan el uso de la normatividad vigente; a la recurrencia a instrumentos evaluativos que enfatizan en las capacidades resolutivas y expositivas, en desmedro de otros medios y recursos fundando en la observación y reflexión; y a la exclusiva responsabilidad del docente como evaluador; junto al énfasis asignado a los contenidos actitudinales, en torno al cual se estructuran los demás contenidos; a la preferencia por una evaluación procesual extensiva y recuperadora de otras modalidades; y relegando a la evaluación normativa y optando por una criterial. Dichas concepciones y prácticas evaluativas devienen de la socialización profesional, donde la edad y la experiencia docente resultan incidentales en la configuración de una perspectiva tecnológica-conductual de la evaluación, lo mismo que la prevalencia de un modelo didáctico conductista y una perspectiva epistémica de la educación en ciencias. ; --- Considering the theoretical perspective of the research faculty of thought and action, it becomes feasible approach to the evaluative concepts and practices expressed by the teachers of the curriculum area of Science, Technology and Environment, working in the public schools of the province of Arequipa. From this perspective, we have identified a work environment characterized by a coexistence of evaluation approaches, which are recognizable speeches and routines considered "traditional" juxtaposed to "modern." Thus, evaluative purposes coexist focused on the adoption of learning outcomes (performance) with the political functions of assessment that emphasize the use of current regulations, the recurrence assessment tools that emphasize the problem-solving capacity and exhibition, at the expense of other means and resources based on observation and reflection, and the sole responsibility of the teacher as evaluator, with the emphasis given to the attitudinal content, around which are structured the other, the preference for an extensive evaluation process-and recovered from other modalities, relegating the normative evaluation and opting for a criterial. These concepts and assessment practices become professional socialization, where age and teaching experience are incidental to the configuration of a technology perspective, behavioral assessment, as well as the prevalence of behavioral and didactic model of education epistemic perspective in science. ; Tesis

Over the past decades, some extensive research and investments have taken place across Africa by a range of stakeholders to explore and capitalize on the potential of cassava in terms of both a basic food product and a strategic commodity to be processed and refined for trade on the regional, continental and international markets. Such research is multifaceted, and includes, e.g. efforts to improve cassava's resistance to pests and diseases, which have ravaged the crops in most of Africa in the past; increase drought tolerance; increase nutritional value; increase starch levels for industrial uses; bulking of planting material; and building community capacity in terms of planting and maintenance of cassava. Additionally, at a socio-economic level, there are also efforts to address attitudes and stigmas that identify cassava as a "poor man's crop", etc. The NEPAD Pan African Cassava Initiative (NPACI) through IITA recently commissioned the undertaking of an inventory of key initiatives in Africa in view of positioning cassava as a strategic commodity for investment. The findings of this study are threefold: first, the stakeholders and their interests are identified; second, networks are identified as well; and third, a SWOT analysis identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges in the cassava sub-sector has been carried out. This paper presents a synthesis of these findings before drawing important conclusions and recommendations. It is quite striking to note the recurrence of themes regarding the strengths and opportunities of cassava in Africa relating to its seemingly unlimited potential, even though its limitations (weaknesses and threats) most often refer to non-realization of this same potential. In fact, the tremendous promise of cassava as a strategic commodity for all of the regions under consideration relies on the coordinated actions and investments of all levels of stakeholders, which is presently a significant stumbling point for the development of cassava value chain in each region. Indications from the surveys conducted in the study insofar as the increasing buy-in from donors, governments, and research institutions concerning cassava's strategic role are very positive. However, this is not yet translating into a tangible reality for producers and marketers of cassava, who remain blocked at the market-entry point in all regions. Despite the high heterogeneity among the regions vis-à-vis the significance and status of cassava as a commodity, the challenges remain remarkably similar: access to funds and credit, access to technology, expertise and improved planting material, market access, processing capacities and coordination of initiatives for maximization of impact, etc. This is indicative of an inherent shortcoming in the approach to developing cassava value chain, as the gap between producers' and donors'/governments' visions for this commodity remains vast. ; Kellogg Foundation ; Peer Review

Abstract Background Sub-Saharan Africa suffers a disproportionate share of the world's burden of disease while having some of the world's greatest health care workforce shortages. Doctors are an important component of any high functioning health care system. However, efforts to strengthen the doctor workforce in the region have been limited by a small number of medical schools with limited enrolments, international migration of graduates, poor geographic distribution of doctors, and insufficient data on medical schools. The goal of the Sub-Saharan African Medical Schools Study (SAMSS) is to increase the level of understanding and expand the baseline data on medical schools in the region. Methods The SAMSS survey is a descriptive survey study of Sub-Saharan African medical schools. The survey instrument included quantitative and qualitative questions focused on institutional characteristics, student profiles, curricula, post-graduate medical education, teaching staff, resources, barriers to capacity expansion, educational innovations, and external relationships with government and non-governmental organizations. Surveys were sent via e-mail to medical school deans or officials designated by the dean. Analysis is both descriptive and multivariable. Results Surveys were distributed to 146 medical schools in 40 of 48 Sub-Saharan African countries. One hundred and five responses were received (72% response rate). An additional 23 schools were identified after the close of the survey period. Fifty-eight respondents have been founded since 1990, including 22 private schools. Enrolments for medical schools range from 2 to 1800 and graduates range from 4 to 384. Seventy-three percent of respondents (n = 64) increased first year enrolments in the past five years. On average, 26% of respondents' graduates were reported to migrate out of the country within five years of graduation (n = 68). The most significant reported barriers to increasing the number of graduates, and improving quality, related to infrastructure and faculty limitations, respectively. Significant correlations were seen between schools implementing increased faculty salaries and bonuses, and lower percentage loss of faculty over the previous five years (P = 0.018); strengthened institutional research tools (P = 0.00015) and funded faculty research time (P = 0.045) and greater faculty involvement in research; and country compulsory service requirements (P = 0.039), a moderate number (1-5) of post-graduate medical education programs (P = 0.016) and francophone schools (P = 0.016) and greater rural general practice after graduation. Conclusions The results of the SAMSS survey increases the level of data and understanding of medical schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. This data serves as a baseline for future research, policies and investment in the health care workforce in the region which will be necessary for improving health.

Over the last 30 years, California's prisoner population expanded eightfold, from roughly 20,000 in the early 1970s to 160,000 in mid-2000. For at least 11 years, prisons have operated at double of their intended capacity. It's created dangerously overcrowded prisons, making it nearly impossible for any sort of rehabilitation to occur.These conditions and 20 years worth of litigation led to the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark decision in May 2011 ordering California to release 46,000 inmates over the next two years. Now Governor Brown's prison population reduction strategy, or AB 109 Public Safety Realignment, is unfolding in what's been the most significant reform of the state's criminal justice system in more than three decades.In order to comply with the Supreme Court's decision, California is in process of reducing the number of inmates housed in state prisons from approximately 144,000 to 110,000 by mid-2013. AB 109 is the state's plan for satisfying this order by shifting many criminal justice responsibilities from the state to the county level.Realignment was implemented on October 1st, which means low-level offenders must serve their sentences locally with a jail term and/or probation. Before AB 109, convicted felons were sentenced to state prison. Inmates currently in state prison will remain there until their sentence is finished.With realignment and the option of no longer sending low-level offenders or parole violators to state prison, counties must use effective and economical alternatives to incarceration at all stages of the local criminal justice process. That means counties will be faced with the question of whether to spend more money on incarceration or use it for rehabilitation services.Four radio pieces, which have aired on KALW Public Radio, are taking a close look at how realignment is unfolding. The first piece looks how legislation in California is starting to respond to the Supreme Court's order by ending bans of public services like food stamps for drug offenders. The second piece takes a look at how San Mateo County is balancing their realignment priorities of building more jails or investing in programs like drug court. The third piece examines CDCR's Alternative Custody Program, a bill that puts women and parents with low-level offenses on early release. But it's been a slow moving process due to the lack of funding for wrap-around services like housing, substance abuse treatment and job training, which was not including in the bill. The fourth piece looks out how Contra Costa County's Sheriff and Probation Office are handling realignment with what they say is a flawed funding formula from the state.

National audience ; This paper suggests to use the concept of "food securing" in order to take into account actions and processes that can improve a food situation, instead of the concept of "food security", which above all refers to the fulfilment of food needs. In the first part, the two concepts are specified and discussed. Food security is assessed through several dimensions: food availability, access, quality and stability but also social and political issues. "Food securing" is specified by the coexistence of intentional actions and no intentional processes, working at different scales. It calls for a systemic approach. In the second part, current issues of food securing are explored, leading to the definition of new research lines. Changes in food systems are making food securing more difficult, which is also facing financial, energy and ecological crises, and their huge consequences on food markets in 2008. Research on food securing can first rely on the reaffirmation of studies coping with the food security dimensions: increase of agricultural production, quality management along the food chain, food consumption analysis, new features of food governance. Research may also involve more specific approaches, which take into account "action systems" contributing to food securing, make clearer the debate on food, underline the diversity of food systems, and try to build the capacity of food securing in communities. ; L'article propose d'utiliser le concept de sécurisation alimentaire pour étudier les actions et processus qui améliorent une situation alimentaire, plutôt que celui de sécurité alimentaire qui se réfère avant tout à la satisfaction de besoins alimentaires. Dans une première partie, ces deux concepts sont précisés et discutés. La sécurité alimentaire est caractérisée selon plusieurs dimensions : disponibilités, conditions d'accès, qualités des aliments, stabilité, mais aussi objectifs sociaux et politiques. La sécurisation alimentaire est caractérisée par la coexistence d'actions intentionnelles et de processus non intentionnels, à plusieurs échelles, ce qui suppose une représentation systémique. Dans une seconde partie, les enjeux actuels de la sécurisation alimentaire sont développés, débouchant sur la définition de nouvelles lignes de recherche. Les transformations des systèmes agroalimentaires rendent plus difficiles les politiques de sécurisation, confrontées à une triple crise financière, énergétique et écologique, à l'origine de la crise alimentaire de 2008. Les recherches sur la sécurisation alimentaire peuvent s'appuyer sur la réaffirmation de travaux sur les dimensions de la sécurité alimentaire : accroissement des disponibilités, gestion de la qualité, caractérisation des situations alimentaires, gouvernance agroalimentaire. Mais ces recherches doivent aussi engager des démarches plus spécifiques qui identifient les systèmes d'actions de la sécurisation alimentaire, qui explicitent les débats sur l'alimentation, qui s'intéressent à la diversité des systèmes alimentaires et qui visent le renforcement des capacités des populations à se nourrir correctement.

Resumen ¿Cómo es que llegamos a escribir el cuerpo? El gesto de la escritura es de por sí corporal, sin embargo las literaturas, incluso la filosófica, luchan siempre por apresar una corporeidad que les escapa y excede. En tanto cuerpos estamos todos expuestos, vulnerables, dependientes primariamente entre otros y constituidos por esa relacionalidad y por el desposeimiento que nos provocan dichas relaciones. Somos seres por definición físicamente dependientes unos de otros y vulnerables los unos frente a los otros, aunque la violencia que sufrimos como cuerpos está siempre distribuida –políticamente- de forma diferencial. ¿De qué forma aparecen las marcas de esas violencias en la escritura? ¿Cómo plasmamos nuestra vulnerabilidad en la palabra? ¿Qué relatos podemos tematizar, y cuáles aparecen como inenarrables, o cubiertos bajo el velo de la ininteligibilidad? Siguiendo algunos desarrollos conceptuales propuestos por la filósofa Judith Butler, nos proponemos atender a los marcos de inteligibilidad que hacen que ciertos cuerpos sean considerados como normales, y otros no, y cómo estos cuerpos irreconocibles son ignorados en su capacidad de habla, privados de la circulación de la palabra, y difícilmente escuchables en los relatos, por ejemplo, de la violencia que se les infringe, de manera física y hasta epistemológica.Palabras clave: escritura- cuerpo – violencia. How do we get to write our bodies? The gesture of writing is itself physical, corporal; yet all literatures, even the philosophical one, always struggle to capture the essence of a body that escapes and exceeds the writing. Existing under the shapes of bodies, we are all exposed, vulnerable, primary dependent on each other and we are as well built up by this relationality, and by the dispossession that those relationships cause on us. We are, by definition, beings physically dependent one on each other and vulnerable face to the others. Nevertheless, the violence we suffer as the bodies we are is always politically distributed in different ways. How do these traces of violence appear in writing? How do we embody our vulnerability in the written word? Which stories can we discuss, and which of them appear as unspeakable, or covered by the veil of unintelligibility? Following some conceptual developments, proposed by the philosopher Judith Butler, we aim to go through the frames of intelligibility that allow certain bodies to be considered as normal, and others as not normal at all. Furthermore, we will question the way in which these unrecognizable bodies are ignored in their capacity of speaking, deprived of the circulation of the speech and hardly listened in the stories of the violence that they suffer, physically and even epistemologically. Key words: writing – body – violence.

Apart from the UK where it has been widely discussed in the 2011 Electricity Market Reform, energy experts communities are still unaware of the impacts that carbon policies directly focused on the development of low carbon technologies produce on the electricity market regime. Public co-ordination with long term arrangements needs to be introduced as a substitute to long term co-ordination by the market. Indeed, the current market co-ordination makes carbon prices ineffective at orienting investors towards low carbon technologies : fossil fuel generation technologies are preferred because their investment risks are much lower in the market regime. So, in order to avoid delayed investment aiming at the decarbonisation of electricity systems, a number of new market arrangements which lower the investment risk of these technologies are being selected by governments. But, as these low carbon equipments develop, long term co-ordination by the market for the other technologies (peaking units, CCGT) will fade away. That means that in the future, public co-ordination and planning will completely replace market players' decisions, not only for low carbon technologies, but for every capacity development. ; La communauté des économistes de l'énergie et du climat n'est pas encore complètement consciente des changements que les politiques climatiques focalisées sur les technologies bas carbone vont entraîner sur le régime de marché des industries électriques. De telles politiques doivent introduire une coordination publique forte, combinée avec des arrangements de long terme, coordination, qui se substitue à la coordination de long terme par le marché. Cette coordination par le marché est actuellement inefficace car elle ne permet pas au prix du carbone d'orienter les investisseurs vers les technologies bas carbone à coût fixe élevé. On montre que les technologies émettrices sont préférées à ces dernières car la gestion du risque d'investissement est beaucoup plus aisée avec elles et que ce critère prend le pas sur celui du moindre coût marginal de long terme. Aussi, afin d'éviter de retarder la décarbonation des systèmes électriques, les pays doivent adopter rapidement de nouveaux arrangements de marché qui diminuent radicalement le risque d'investissement en technologies bas carbone. Mais, au fur et à mesure que les équipements bas carbone tirés artificiellement dans le marché occupent la majorité du système, les autres technologies flexibles (CCGT) et de pointe à combustibles fossiles et dont on a besoin ne peuvent plus se développer par le marché. En conséquence, à long terme, coordination publique et planification vont complètement remplacer les décisions d'investissement des agents décentralisées pour tous les équipements et pas seulement les équipements bas carbone, reléguant le marché dans une simple fonction de coordination horaire dans l'exploitation des équipements électriques.

The influence of technology in today's classroom is undeniably ubiquitous and scattered, and though the practice of conceptualizing technological application emerges from within an already contested and highly politicized field of human relations, when approached in the context of curriculum, this contestation takes on new significance. In this paper, I construct a claim that, when introduced into the sphere of education, technology brings its own curricular shadows. I argue that while certain technologies seem to place restrictions on a learner's capacity for expression and experimentation, these restrictions are by no means absolute or immovable, and that to think through technology aesthetically is to posit the presence of alternative possibilities and meanings. The performative potential of technology is here considered as within a dialogue with the curriculum-as-lived-experience, where learning necessarily exclaims its ambiguity as a forever-fluctuating relationality.LA TECHNOLOGIE ET LES PROGRAMMES: OMBRES ET MACHINESDe nos jours, l'influence de la technologie au sein des classes est indéniablement perméable et répandue. L'utilisation d'applications technologiques conceptuelles émerge d'un domaine des relations humaines largement politisé et déjà contesté. Cependant, cette contestation, lorsqu'étudiée dans le contexte des programmes, prend un tout nouveau sens. Dans cet article, j'énonce que la technologie, une fois introduite dans la sphère éducationnelle, crée des zones ombres sur le programme. Je soutiens que, même si certaines technologies semblent restreindre la capacité de l'apprenant à s'exprimer et expérimenter, ces restrictions ne sont en aucun cas absolues et inébranlables. En fait, considérer la technologie de manière esthétique équivaut à postuler l'existence de possibilités et sens alternatifs. Le potentiel performant de la technologie est considéré ici comme faisant partie d'un dialogue avec le programme comme expérience vécue, au cœur de laquelle l'apprentissage exprime son ambiguïté comme relation toujours fluctuante. ; De nos jours, l'influence de la technologie au sein des classes est indéniablement perméable et répandue. L'utilisation d'applications technologiques conceptuelles émerge d'un domaine des relations humaines largement politisé et déjà contesté. Cependant, cette contestation, lorsqu'étudiée dans le contexte des programmes, prend un tout nouveau sens. Dans cet article, j'énonce que la technologie, une fois introduite dans la sphère éducationnelle, crée des zones ombres sur le programme. Je soutiens que, même si certaines technologies semblent restreindre la capacité de l'apprenant à s'exprimer et expérimenter, ces restrictions ne sont en aucun cas absolues et inébranlables. En fait, considérer la technologie de manière esthétique équivaut à postuler l'existence de possibilités et sens alternatifs. Le potentiel performant de la technologie est considéré ici comme faisant partie d'un dialogue avec le programme comme expérience vécue, au cœur de laquelle l'apprentissage exprime son ambiguïté comme relation toujours fluctuante.

Defence date: 4 June 2012 ; Examining Board: Professor Hans W. Micklitz, European University Institute (Supervisor) Professor Dennis Patterson, European University Institute Professor Daniela Caruso, Boston University Professor Stephen Weatherill, Oxford University ; This thesis inquires into the Legitimacy of Harmonisation of European Private law (EPL) against the background of the broader debate on the Legitimacy of the EU, and its socalled Social and Democratic deficits. While the 'Social' deficit has a fundamental importance for the 'self-understanding' of the EU and its role in private law, the 'Democratic' deficit impacts on the capacity of the democratic self-government in private law, which in the past proved fundamental for pulling out the market re-embedding function of private law. The legitimacy concerns increase with the expanding powers of the EU. In private law, the main triggers have been the attempts by the EU to become an exclusive locus of private lawmaking through 'full' or 'maximum' harmonisation of big parts of private law, which gave rise to concerns regarding the impact of such a competence shift on the content of private law. This thesis can be understood both as a critique of the current efforts in EPL, equally as an exploration of how to address the normative challenges of private law making in the context of a postnational polity such as the EU, which as a matter of broader concern needs to compensate for the mismatch between its factual powers and its legitimacy resources at the 'macro' level. The Legitimacy 'Deficits' of the EU are the consequence of its postnational origin – both the functional character of the EU and the mode of governance adjusted to its functional purpose. It is also for this reason that, despite all 'democratisation' efforts, our normative concerns regarding the legitimacy of the EU have still not been satisfied at the macro level and we need to shift our attention to legitimacy at a different scale of observation - at the micro level. The postnational entities more broadly need to seek additional legitimisation for their actions on an ad hoc basis, through the micro legitimacy of rules, decisions and procedures that lead to them. At this level, we have also a better chance to overcome the limitations of the double democratic deficit of the EU (economic rationality on the one hand, and the lack of republican dimension of its democratic institutions on the other) through designing legitimate micro procedures. Such micro legitimate procedure shall enable the co-existence of both market and non-market rationalities in the decision-making of the EU, fundamental for allowing private law to fulfil its market re-embedding function.

El futuro de la agricultura, y en particular de la producción animal, es objeto de un intenso debate público y científico que gira alrededor de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción. La sostenibilidad implica la capacidad de autorreproducción de los elementos esenciales —económicos, ambientales y sociales— de una determinada explotación o sector productivo, teniendo en cuenta las relaciones con el entorno socio-económico, cultural, político, de mercado, etc., que es crecientemente determinante y está sometido a cambios constantes y frecuentemente imprevisibles. En este trabajo se presentan dos ejemplos ilustrativos de metodologías aplicadas al análisis sistémico en ganadería de rumiantes en el norte de España. En el primer caso, se aplica el marco de evaluación MESMIS de sostenibilidad y manejo de recursos en sistemas ovinos con diverso grado de intensificación y orientación productiva. Se describe someramente el proceso de recogida de información, elección de puntos críticos e indicadores y valoración de atributos de sostenibilidad en las áreas ambiental, social y económica. En el segundo caso, se describe brevemente el programa de simulación dinámica NODRIZA para rebaños de vacuno de carne y se presentan resultados de evaluación de alternativas de manejo de rebaño y recursos de pastoreo en condiciones de montaña desde diversas perspectivas: técnica, económica, mano de obra y uso de la tierra. ; The future of agriculture and animal production in particular has become a fundamental issue of public and scientific debate. Sustainability of farming systems is placed in the centre of this debate. Sustainability implies the capacity of self-reproduction of any essential component –economic, environmental and social- of a farm, region or industry in relation of its socio-economic, cultural, political, and market environment. This environment is increasingly influential and changes occur frequently and often are unpredictable. In this paper we present two examples illustrating methodologies applied to the systemic analysis of ruminant farming systems in the north of Spain. In the first example, we use the MESM IS framework to assess the sustainability of a number of sheep farms with different degree of intensification and productive orientation. We briefly describe the data collection, the identification of critical points and indicators, and the assessment of sustainability attributes in environmental, social and economic dimensions. In the second example, we present the software NODR IZA for simulation of beef cattle herds and its application to the evaluation of longterm performance of mountain farms under diverse feeding, reproductive and land use management strategies. Trade-offs between production, economics, land use and labour are briefly discussed ; análisis de sistemas ; MESMIS ; programa NODRIZA ; ovino ; vacuno de carne ; España ; systems analysis ; NODRIZA software ; sheep ; beef cattle ; Spain ; Published

SIPRI Yearbook 2012 includes contributions from 39 experts from 17 countries who chronicle and analyse important trends and developments in international security, armaments and disarmament. Their analysis points to three persistent contemporary trends that underpin a more dynamic and complex global security order: constraints on established powers; the continuing emergence of new powers and non-state actors; and struggling norms and institutions. Constraints on established powers In 2011 established powers in the world system -- especially the United States and its major transatlantic allies -- continued to face constraints on their economic, political and military capacities to address global and regional security challenges. These constraints were primarily imposed by budget austerity measures in the wake of the crisis in public finances experienced throughout most of the developed world. At the same time, uprisings and regime changes in the Arab world drew international attention and responses, including the United Nations-mandated and NATO-led intervention in Libya. The widespread support for and expansion of traditional peace operations over the past decade are also facing constraints in the years ahead. Moreover, the world's major donors to peace operations are largely looking to cut support to multilateral institutions and to focus on smaller and quicker missions. Continuing emergence of new powers and non-state actors States around the world outside the traditional US alliance system are building greater economic, diplomatic and military capacity to affect regional and, in some cases, global security developments. In-depth tracking of armed violence around the world also reveals the destabilizing role of non-state actors in prosecuting conflicts and engaging in violence against civilians. Unfortunately, the global community has yet to fully grapple with the ongoing structural changes that define today's security landscape -- changes that often outpace the ability of established institutions and mechanisms to cope with them. It will certainly take time for established and newly emergent powers to reach an effective consensus on the most important requirements for international order, stability and peace, and on how to realize and defend them. Struggling norms and institutions Multilateral organizations tasked with promoting and enforcing norms for stability and security continue to face difficulties in generating the political will and financial resources needed to meet their mandates, and gaps remain which require new or more effective mechanisms. A far greater focus will need to be placed on less militarized solutions to the security challenges ahead. Perhaps most crucially, many of the most important security challenges in the years ahead will not readily lend themselves to traditional military solutions. Instead, what will be needed is an innovative integration of preventive diplomacy, pre-emptive and early-warning technologies, and cooperative transnational partnerships. Adapted from the source document.