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This paper tests for real interest rate parity (RIRP) among the 17 major Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries over the period 1978:Q1-2006:Q1. The econometric methods applied consist of combining the use of panel data tests that are valid under cross-section dependence and the presence of multiple structural breaks. This feature is important because the misspecification errors due to not accounting for structural breaks and-or cross-section dependence can lead to misleading conclusions. Our results support the fulfilment of the weak version of the RIRP for short-term interest rate differentials once dependence and structural breaks are considered. Adapted from the source document.

THE TIME SPAN OF A 'GENERATION' HAS BEEN SUGGESTED TO CURRENTLY BE ONLY 5 YEARS LONG. THE YEARS 1968-73 HAVE BEEN MARKED BY RAPID CHANGE IN SEVERAL AREAS: (1) A SHIFT FROM INTEGRATION TO ETHNIC NATIONALISM, (2) THE REEMERGENCE OF A PLURALISTIC ETHNIC CONSCIOUSNESS, & (3) THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DEFINITION OF 'MINORITY' WHICH INCLUDES WOMEN, HOMOSEXUALS, THE AGED, THE YOUNG, STUDENTS, HIPPIES, EXCONVICTS, THE HANDICAPPED, ETC. THE 1970 CENSUS USING 6 RACIAL CATEGORIES FOUND 20% OF THE TOTAL US POPULATION TO BE OF RACIAL MINORITY. THESE CENSUS FIGURES FAILED TO INCLUDE NONRACIAL ETHNICITY, UNDERCOUNTED AREAS WITH HIGH BLACK OR SPANISH-SPEAKING POPULATIONS, & THUS MISREPRESENTED THE ACTUAL FIGURES FOR MINORITY CATEGORIZATION. CONTROVERSY HAS DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE BLACK & WHITE INTERPRETATION OF ECONOMIC, EDUCATIONAL, & INCOME MEASURES OF BLACK PROGRESS AS NOTED IN CENSUS FIGURES; WHITES CLAIM THERE HAS BEEN PROGRESS, BLACKS CLAIM STATISTICS DON'T TELL THE WHOLE STORY. MOST RESEARCH IN RACE & ETHNIC RELATIONS WERE CONCERNED WITH THE MEANING & MEASUREMENT OF GROUP ATTITUDES. LITERATURE DURING THIS 5 YEAR SPAN WAS CONCENTRATED ON THE BLACK STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY, POWER, & EQUALITY. BLACK ENGLISH HAS EMERGED & SO HAS EVIDENCE OF BLACK-WHITE STRATIFICATION DIFFERENCES. CONTROVERSY REGARDING INEQUALITY & INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT DIFFERENTIALS REDEVELOPED, & CENTERED AROUND THE VALIDITY OF THE TESTING ITSELF. PROGRAMS TO INTERVENE IN INEQUALITY WERE INSTITUTED: IE, OPERATION HEAD START, PLANNED INTEGRATION OF SCHOOLS & NEIGHBORHOODS, AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, & PREFERENTIAL QUOTAS. RED POWER REAWAKENED AWARENESS OF THE PLIGHT OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS SHIFTED FROM A WESTERN EUROPEAN TO A SOUTHERN & EASTERN EUROPEAN, LATIN AMERICAN, & ASIATIC TREND. ASIAN, HISPANIC, SLAVIC, & JEWISH MINORITY STATUS DEVELOPED INTO CONCEPTS OF PRIDE RATHER THAN ABNEGATION. RACIAL & ETHNIC CONVERGENCE IS PRESENTLY EMERGING THROUGH CONTINUED ASSIMILATION & INTERMARRIAGE. INTERMARRIAGE RATES OF ALL KINDS INCREASED DURING THIS PERIOD WITH RACIAL INTERMARRIAGE OCCURRING LEAST FREQUENTLY, RELIGIOUS INTERMARRIAGE OCCURRING MORE FREQUENTLY, & NATIONALITY INTERMARRIAGE MOST OF ALL. 5 TABLES. T. BABITSKY.

This article examines the effect of development assistance programs on Local Agenda 21 (LA21) programs in three municipalities of Thailand. First, the article examines institutional changes in Thailand geared toward decentralization. Second, the article analyzes the effect based on the frameworks of Noda and Ouchi for the level of participation. The results indicate that participation was a top—down participation of local residents who presumed some benefits from the municipality in exchange for their attendance in meetings. Third, the article evaluates the effect in terms of project efficiency. The results show that municipalities conducted most of the actions declared in their LA21 but the sustainability of these actions is questionable. It is contended that LA21 has its limitations as a planning guide for sustainable cities in developing countries. An assistance program should be designed that helps the government of a developing country to institutionalize meaningful involvement for a participatory environmental policy formation.

Abstract
After months of grandstanding amidst an economic crisis that has seen prices of basic goods skyrocketed, growing unsustainable public debt levels and the value of the local currency plummeting, the Government of Ghana made a U-turn on its earlier decision of not seeking an IMF bailout and announced on 1st July 2022, the intention to seek an IMF bailout. This paper tries to understand the initial government resistance to an IMF bailout. Using the qualitative research approach and analyzing speeches of political actors, the study makes the case that domestic politics was the main reason for the governments initial resistance to engaging the IMF. An IMF programme would be politically self-defeating for the government and provide a political tool for the opposition in the 2024 election since a similar deal in 2015 was portrayed as evidence of government failure. On the evidence of the current IMF bailout decision, the paper concludes that governments have political interest in making foreign economic policy choices in Ghana. Choices that may not enhance electoral chances are likely to be avoided in favour of those that enhance it. To derive the best outcome from foreign economic policy choices requires building national consensus, which would help to avoid adverse outcomes that may be occasioned by policy choices that enhance a political actor's electoral chances at the expense of the long-term interest of the state.

данная статья посвящена анализу формирования и изменения законодательной базы о приватизации государственной собственности в постсоветский период реформирования экономических отношений. ; this article describes organizational and changing analysis of regulatory framework about state property privatization during the post-Soviet time when economic relations were reformed.

In Lirang Islands border the fisherman was interact with Republic of Timor Leste Democratic because of difficult accessibility. Therefore, management and development of small islands were needed which fit with its potential, characteristic, and problems. The aim of this research were to analyze economic condition of Lirangs people using fishing rate analysis; to analyze policy of border and formalize the strategic of development Lirangs Island using public policy analysiss and SWOT Analysis. Commonly, Lirangs fisherman has fishing rate above 1 and it showed that they have well-being level to fulfill their need. A vew policies that support the development of Lirangs island as small island were: to improve their autonomy from fishing facilities and infrastructure (market, dock/jetty, base of landing base, ice factory, cold storage and water) and training for fisherman through founding, to improve their skills and control the technology; to improve the social and economic collaboration with Repubic of Timor Leste Democratic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has launched a rethink and rearrangement of people's priorities related to the protection of life, health, and body integrity, as well as responsible actions towards savings and investing funds for quality planning of the financial future. Fear of mortality, forced virtualization and blocked spending channels, such as savings, have aligned the role and importance of life insurance. The pandemic triggered a growth in life insurance related to investment funds.