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In this paper we analyse the role of the international trade network for the strength of the global recession across countries. The novelty of our paper is the use of value-added trade data to capture the importance of trade network structure. We estimate with BMA techniques how far network indicators measuring interlinkages in terms of value added trade has explanatory power both for the length and the depth of the recent crisis once we control for pre-crisis macroeconomic fundamentals. Our main findings are that the macroeconomic control variables with the strongest explanatory power for the length and the depth of the crisis are the growth rates of credit and of the real effective exchange rate in the pre-crisis period and, though to a lesser extent, GDP and inflation growth over the same period and pre-crisis foreign exchange reserves. Government debt, the GVC participation index and net foreign assets have very little explanatory power in the BMA estimations. The models' performance increases when we introduce interaction terms of credit growth with other vulnerability measures. The results demonstrate that the coincidence of vulnerabilities matters a lot. Credit growth deepens the crisis mainly if accompanied with pre-crisis GDP growth or low reserves, while the crisis tends to be longer if credit growth has led to large leverage or the accumulation of net foreign liabilities. Finally, we find evidence that value added trade linkages have an impact on the severity of the crisis. While the increasing connectivity or openness of the country makes the crisis longer, the same characteristics of the neighbours makes it also deeper. The tendency to interact with already connected countries lowers or increases the impact of the crisis depending on the position of the country. Altogether we have mixed results on the direct trade channel, but we demonstrate the importance of network structure beyond the countries' own openness. In addition, we are also able to improve results by using gross value added instead of gross trade data.

International relations have always been related to a particular sense of living together, both as a concept and as an academic field shaped by some practices of being-together. The question of how international relations perceive a way of living together (as being-together in a common space) has been addressed from the early forms of post-structuralist quests by trying to deal with the issues such as inside/outside, identity/difference, but has not been intensely focused on the issue of common and its alternative perceptions by approaching the fundamental relationship between the ontological status of being-in and being-together. In this article, with focusing on how a particular way of being-in-a-common is related to a certain ontology of international relations, I will utilize French philosopher Jean Luc Nancy's re-writing of Heideggerian notion of Mitsein (being-with) in order to problematize the phenomenon of the international as an intermediate category that defines our meanings of living-together and our relationship with this world.

Fish farming has been carried out for centuries and is essentially fairly simple. It becomes a challenge when it is used for commerce. This brochure highlights the major complications associated with intensive and cost-efficient fish farming. In Armenia, there are a number of pro and cons to its relationship with fish farming. Armenia has abundant clean water sources. The water has limited suspended solids and little to no dissolved nitrogen. The effect of urbanization is also very limited, and water availability varies based on geographic location. However, Armenia's geographical location presents a challenge. Feed, eggs, and equipment have to be imported, mainly from the United States (U.S.) and European Union (EU), which adds extra transportation costs that have significant impact especially on the cost of feed. To obtain a competitive farm gate price, several topics have to be addressed and are discussed in this report, along with common perspectives of fish farming.

Sumario: Introduction and structure of the report: Global context and employment and social trends in the developing world -- Growth patterns in developing countries -- Employment patterns and their link with economic development -- Decomposing growth patterns: The roles of investment, consumption, government expenditure, exports and education -- Policies for developing with jobs

Governments have begun legislating against cage egg production and a growing number of major food retailers, restaurant chains, and foodservice providers worldwide are switching to cage-free eggs. Extensive scientific evidence strongly suggests this trend will improve food safety. All fifteen scientific studies published in the last five years comparing Salmonella contamination between caged and cage-free operations found that those confining hens in cages had higher rates of Salmonella, a leading cause of food poisoning worldwide. This has led prominent consumer advocacy organizations, such as the Center for Food Safety, to oppose the use of cages to confine egg-laying hens.