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Thee, M. Arms Control and Security in Europe: Assumptions and Essentials for Alterna tive Strategies. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 211-221. The military build-up in Europe, contrary to the theory that it serves the maintenance of peace, undermines efforts at détente and is a threat to peace. It has become evident that arms control is in deep crisis. Rather than to be brought under control, the arms race tends to get out of control. The concern in Europe turns to the spread of 'grey area' weapons of a Eurostrategic range which are covered neither by SALT nor by M(B)FR negotiations. To achieve military détente basic new departures and initiatives are needed. A set of measures for short and long-term implementation, as a comprehensive security strategy, could include: (a) a conscious and resolute policy of political and military restraint, (b) confidence-building measures aimed at greater openness in military affairs, (c) risk-free unilateral and reciprocated tension-reduction and disarmament initiatives, (d) efforts at gradual military disengagement in Central Europe, and (e) possible denuclearization of Central Europe.

Research in social mobility in postcolonial Argentina has not benefitted from the sweeping changes in methodology and content found in histories of other periods and areas. The question of social mobility receives close attention in these studies partly because it offers such a variety of research opportunities and is measurable in several forms. Usually, the laboratory for these recent studies is the city—the place with the greatest opportunities for self-improvement. Since the nineteenth century, the city has become the locus of concentration for countless native and foreign migrants. With the appropriate data, urban social historians have investigated their spatial and economic dimensions of mobility. In addition, one of the bases of social change most often studied is the shifting within the occupational structure. The ties between occupation and social ranking are intimate. "Thus," writes Michael Katz, "to trace the movements of a man from occupation to occupation is, to a considerable extent, to trace his vertical movement within social space; the sum of those movements determines the patterns and rate of social mobility, the degree of openness, within a society."

In seeking to determine whether international interchanges produce favorable attitudes toward other nations, & whether such favorable attitudes have a bearing on international relations & the world order, the political relevance of such interchanges must first be considered. Such interchanges can have a meliorating impact on international conflict in 4 ways: (1) they develop networks of international relationships with cross-cutting loyalties, (2) they reduce polarization & thus create an atmosphere in which basic conflict negotiation can occur, (3) they render the development of cosmopolitan or internationalist ideologies more likely, & (4) they make openness in attitudes toward other nations more likely. A recent study (H. Kelman & R. Ezekiel, CROSS NATIONAL ENCOUNTERS, San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass, 1970) has shown that changes in cognitive structures as well as the development of more favorable images of the host country do indeed follow such interchanges. The key to fostering favorable attitude effects, however, is to insure genuine involvement in an enterprise & interpersonal involvement with members of the host or foreign country. New information in the context of positive interactions based on equal status contact seems most likely to facilitate favorable attitude changes. 1 Table. F. Hydoski.

En este artículo se examinan las políticas impulsadas por el ministro de Bienestar Social Francisco Manrique durante las presidencias de facto de los generales Roberto Levingston (1970-1971) y Alejandro Lanusse (1971-1973). En este sentido, se reconstruyen las políticas sociales y las estrategias desarrolladas por Manrique para construir los consensos necesarios frente a la futura apertura política, con el objetivo velado de lanzar su candidatura a presidente en las elecciones de 1973. ; The present paper examines the policies carried out by Minister of Social Welfare, Francisco Manrique throughout the de facto presidencies of Generals Roberto Levingston (1970-1971) and Alejandro Lanusse (1971-1973). I argue that the social policies and strategies implemented by Manrique aimed at building the consensus needed in view of the government's forthcoming political openness, and at the same time were leaded by his veiled intention of launching his presidential candidacy for the elections that would take place in 1973. ; Fil: Osuna, María Florencia. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

News agencies are facing a new international and market reality in the 21st century. Political, economic, technological and social changes provoked by the globalization phenomenon (as well as those still being produced) are forcing these media firms to adapt themselves to a far different environment from that which took place in the last century. Some key aspects which newswires must solve are their relationship with governments; their editorial, commercial and financial independence; and their openness to new products and customers different from the traditional media. ; Las agencias de noticias se enfrentan a una nueva realidad internacional y de mercado en el siglo XXI. Los cambios políticos, económicos, tecnológicos y sociales que ya ha provocado y sigue produciendo la globalización obligan a estas empresas de comunicación a adaptarse a un entorno muy diferente del que han vivido en el último siglo. Cuestiones clave que deben resolver de un modo estratégico son su relación con los gobiernos; su independencia editorial, comercial y financiera; y la apertura a nuevos productos y clientes distintos de los medios de comunicación tradicionales.

The Orthodox Church in America, a family of self-governing churches united by a common faith and worship, experienced little change in the 1960's—gradual consolidation, and fuller acclimation to the American environment being its chief tasks. Internally, the Orthodox church began to feel the need for liturgical renewal more acutely and to deal with the problem of visible disunity. Externally, while its faithful were successfully adapting to the American socioeconomic structure, its church leaders and theologians responded cautiously to the American milieu. Most Orthodox, proud of their ethnoreligious traditions and strongly oriented to ancestral lands, continued to possess a sense of uniqueness and mission in America, the land in which they, doubtlessly, feel at home. The sharpest tension with American culture was noted among church leaders and theologians, particularly on theological grounds. Although there were signs of openness, a firmly conservative theological outlook also created internal tensions as regards ecumenical relations with other churches. On the whole, however, the Orthodox church looks confidently to the future, while its lead ers and theologians explore its place and role in the New World.

The increasing income & expanding leisure proceeding from the continuing growth of productivity in our society are generating a deep-seated cultural transition from the values of work & production toward those associated with consumption & leisure. Recreation policy can be a useful instrument in effecting this transition with a minimum of cultural dislocation, but there is a need to develop more effective frameworks for recreation policy-making. Leisure activity can be viewed as a quasimarket system whose performance results from the interaction of demand & supply factors subject to analysis. When costs are measured in terms of both money & time, & when transportation costs are specified as variables, it becomes possible to construct a model of the space economy of recreation activity which should become an important analytical perspective for the recreation planner in the future. Because the 'openness' of the system in which he plans is growing, he will need to relate his plans to the larger world, where the federal recreation policies can play a valuable role in providing the context for the planning of local recreation activity. AA.

Secrecy as the intentional or unintentional concealment of information is the subject of investigation within the humanities, social sciences, journalism, law and legal studies. However, the subject it is not widely taught as a distinct social problem within higher education. In this article, I report personal experience with developing and teaching a graduate level course on a particular type of secrecy, government secrecy, at the School of Information, San Jose State University. This article includes discussion on selecting course materials, creating assignments, and navigating controversial histories. This article also sets the stage to this special issue of Secrecy and Society on the subject of teaching secrecy.

International audience ; Open research data, resulting both from the Open movement (software, public data, scientific publications) and from the encouragement of national and international institutional sponsors, raises not only technical but also epistemological, ethical and political questions. This article examines the questions raised when developing the research action and planning the opening of data, when collecting data requiring a description for storage, and when making them available from storage warehouses. It also discusses institutional incentive initiatives and accompanying measures that support the policy of opening up research data, and reviews the proactive attitude of decision-makers at the highest level of government. ; L'ouverture des données de la recherche, née à la fois de la mouvance « Open » (logiciel, données publiques, publications scientifiques) et de l'incitation des commanditaires institutionnels nationaux et internationaux, soulève des interrogations non seulement techniques, mais aussi épistémologiques, éthiques, politiques. Cet article étudie les questions posées lors de l'élaboration de l'action de recherche et de la planification de l'ouverture des données, lors de la collecte des données nécessitant leur description en vue de leur conservation, et lors de leur mise à disposition depuis les entrepôts de stockage. Ce texte revient également sur les initiatives d'incitation institutionnelles et les mesures d'accompagnement qui soutiennent la politique d'ouverture des données de la recherche, et fait le point sur l'attitude volontariste des décideurs au plus haut niveau de l'État.

International audience ; In the open science and open access to scientific publications movement, the availability of open research data is a recent trend, but one that is becoming increasingly important at the institutional level (European H2020 or ANR national research programs). The publication of research results is no longer sufficient, and it is now necessary to perpetuate, and as far as possible share, the raw or pre-processed data collected during research projects. In their daily professional lives, researchers in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are particularly confronted with this evolution, which is likely to influence both their practices and their research objectives. Indeed, from the collection of data - whose typology and very nature, even the conditions of production, often remain uncertain - to their valorisation (initial scientific publication, reuse in sometimes very different perspectives, various treatments.) via phases of description, structuring, analysis, conservation and communication, all aspects of the research in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are questioned: methodology, analysis and treatment, interpretation, dissemination, in addition to the ethical aspect. This issue of Études de communication intends to address and question those dimensions of information and communication science research. ; Dans la mouvance de la science ouverte (Open Science) et du libre accès aux publications scientifique, la mise à disposition des données de la recherche (Open Research Data) est un courant récent, mais qui s'affirme de plus en plus massivement au niveau institutionnel (programmes de recherches européens H2020 ou nationaux ANR). La publication des résultats de la recherche ne suffit plus, et il faut désormais pérenniser, et dans la mesure du possible partager, les données brutes ou prétraitées collectées au cours des projets de recherche. Dans leur quotidien professionnel, les chercheurs en SIC sont particulièrement confrontés à cette ...

International audience ; Open research data, resulting both from the Open movement (software, public data, scientific publications) and from the encouragement of national and international institutional sponsors, raises not only technical but also epistemological, ethical and political questions. This article examines the questions raised when developing the research action and planning the opening of data, when collecting data requiring a description for storage, and when making them available from storage warehouses. It also discusses institutional incentive initiatives and accompanying measures that support the policy of opening up research data, and reviews the proactive attitude of decision-makers at the highest level of government. ; L'ouverture des données de la recherche, née à la fois de la mouvance « Open » (logiciel, données publiques, publications scientifiques) et de l'incitation des commanditaires institutionnels nationaux et internationaux, soulève des interrogations non seulement techniques, mais aussi épistémologiques, éthiques, politiques. Cet article étudie les questions posées lors de l'élaboration de l'action de recherche et de la planification de l'ouverture des données, lors de la collecte des données nécessitant leur description en vue de leur conservation, et lors de leur mise à disposition depuis les entrepôts de stockage. Ce texte revient également sur les initiatives d'incitation institutionnelles et les mesures d'accompagnement qui soutiennent la politique d'ouverture des données de la recherche, et fait le point sur l'attitude volontariste des décideurs au plus haut niveau de l'État.

International audience ; In the open science and open access to scientific publications movement, the availability of open research data is a recent trend, but one that is becoming increasingly important at the institutional level (European H2020 or ANR national research programs). The publication of research results is no longer sufficient, and it is now necessary to perpetuate, and as far as possible share, the raw or pre-processed data collected during research projects. In their daily professional lives, researchers in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are particularly confronted with this evolution, which is likely to influence both their practices and their research objectives. Indeed, from the collection of data - whose typology and very nature, even the conditions of production, often remain uncertain - to their valorisation (initial scientific publication, reuse in sometimes very different perspectives, various treatments.) via phases of description, structuring, analysis, conservation and communication, all aspects of the research in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are questioned: methodology, analysis and treatment, interpretation, dissemination, in addition to the ethical aspect. This issue of Études de communication intends to address and question those dimensions of information and communication science research. ; Dans la mouvance de la science ouverte (Open Science) et du libre accès aux publications scientifique, la mise à disposition des données de la recherche (Open Research Data) est un courant récent, mais qui s'affirme de plus en plus massivement au niveau institutionnel (programmes de recherches européens H2020 ou nationaux ANR). La publication des résultats de la recherche ne suffit plus, et il faut désormais pérenniser, et dans la mesure du possible partager, les données brutes ou prétraitées collectées au cours des projets de recherche. Dans leur quotidien professionnel, les chercheurs en SIC sont particulièrement confrontés à cette ...

International audience ; In the open science and open access to scientific publications movement, the availability of open research data is a recent trend, but one that is becoming increasingly important at the institutional level (European H2020 or ANR national research programs). The publication of research results is no longer sufficient, and it is now necessary to perpetuate, and as far as possible share, the raw or pre-processed data collected during research projects. In their daily professional lives, researchers in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are particularly confronted with this evolution, which is likely to influence both their practices and their research objectives. Indeed, from the collection of data - whose typology and very nature, even the conditions of production, often remain uncertain - to their valorisation (initial scientific publication, reuse in sometimes very different perspectives, various treatments.) via phases of description, structuring, analysis, conservation and communication, all aspects of the research in Communication Science and Library and Information Sciences are questioned: methodology, analysis and treatment, interpretation, dissemination, in addition to the ethical aspect. This issue of Études de communication intends to address and question those dimensions of information and communication science research. ; Dans la mouvance de la science ouverte (Open Science) et du libre accès aux publications scientifique, la mise à disposition des données de la recherche (Open Research Data) est un courant récent, mais qui s'affirme de plus en plus massivement au niveau institutionnel (programmes de recherches européens H2020 ou nationaux ANR). La publication des résultats de la recherche ne suffit plus, et il faut désormais pérenniser, et dans la mesure du possible partager, les données brutes ou prétraitées collectées au cours des projets de recherche. Dans leur quotidien professionnel, les chercheurs en SIC sont particulièrement confrontés à cette ...

International audience ; Open research data, resulting both from the Open movement (software, public data, scientific publications) and from the encouragement of national and international institutional sponsors, raises not only technical but also epistemological, ethical and political questions. This article examines the questions raised when developing the research action and planning the opening of data, when collecting data requiring a description for storage, and when making them available from storage warehouses. It also discusses institutional incentive initiatives and accompanying measures that support the policy of opening up research data, and reviews the proactive attitude of decision-makers at the highest level of government. ; L'ouverture des données de la recherche, née à la fois de la mouvance « Open » (logiciel, données publiques, publications scientifiques) et de l'incitation des commanditaires institutionnels nationaux et internationaux, soulève des interrogations non seulement techniques, mais aussi épistémologiques, éthiques, politiques. Cet article étudie les questions posées lors de l'élaboration de l'action de recherche et de la planification de l'ouverture des données, lors de la collecte des données nécessitant leur description en vue de leur conservation, et lors de leur mise à disposition depuis les entrepôts de stockage. Ce texte revient également sur les initiatives d'incitation institutionnelles et les mesures d'accompagnement qui soutiennent la politique d'ouverture des données de la recherche, et fait le point sur l'attitude volontariste des décideurs au plus haut niveau de l'État.

International audience ; Open research data, resulting both from the Open movement (software, public data, scientific publications) and from the encouragement of national and international institutional sponsors, raises not only technical but also epistemological, ethical and political questions. This article examines the questions raised when developing the research action and planning the opening of data, when collecting data requiring a description for storage, and when making them available from storage warehouses. It also discusses institutional incentive initiatives and accompanying measures that support the policy of opening up research data, and reviews the proactive attitude of decision-makers at the highest level of government. ; L'ouverture des données de la recherche, née à la fois de la mouvance « Open » (logiciel, données publiques, publications scientifiques) et de l'incitation des commanditaires institutionnels nationaux et internationaux, soulève des interrogations non seulement techniques, mais aussi épistémologiques, éthiques, politiques. Cet article étudie les questions posées lors de l'élaboration de l'action de recherche et de la planification de l'ouverture des données, lors de la collecte des données nécessitant leur description en vue de leur conservation, et lors de leur mise à disposition depuis les entrepôts de stockage. Ce texte revient également sur les initiatives d'incitation institutionnelles et les mesures d'accompagnement qui soutiennent la politique d'ouverture des données de la recherche, et fait le point sur l'attitude volontariste des décideurs au plus haut niveau de l'État.