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The paper focuses on language in transnational education and puts children's perspectives in the spotlight. In light of increasing transnational mobility, their voices are of particular significance: How do transnational children - children with migration experience - perceive the role of languages in educational trajectories? In order to answer these questions, a qualitative study was conducted with children of Soviet immigrants who were socialized in a Hebrew-speaking education system and who are today pupils in Germany. The findings from group conversation and language portraits allow deep insights into children's perspectives on multilingual practices and highlight the importance of the environment - in this case, a German school that became part of transnational education by offering opportunities for students with migration experience.

The island of Sardinia is a meeting point for three continents, receiving a constant migration since prehistoric times. The migration from the Iberian Peninsula was permanent and consistent between the 12th and 15th, as stated in Italian and Spanish sources. In this framework, our approach analyse the internal and external mobility of the population and the intense movement of people, ideas and goods that have profoundly marked the different territorial and urban features of the island. The paper shows the different sizes and types of Iberian migrations in Sardinia and emphasizes the distinction between the first migration (those who migrated to Sardinia taking part in the military conquest of the island by the Infante Alfonso) and the second one (those who participated in the subsequent occupation and domination of the island). ; La Sardegna, posta al centro del Mar Mediterraneo punto d'incontro di tre continenti, ha visto la costante presenza di correnti migratorie fin dai tempi preistorici. Attraverso l'utilizzo di fonti documentarie italiane e spagnole, il presente saggio prova a ricostruire l'andamento e la tipologia dei flussi migratori che dalla Penisola Iberica hanno interessato l'isola tra il XII e il XV secolo in maniera costante e consistente. Tale approccio non limita la visione del problema delle migrazioni all'epoca medioevale, ma cerca di approfondire quei fenomeni di mobilità interna ed esterna della popolazione e quel movimento intenso di uomini, idee e mercanzie che hanno profondamente caratterizzato le diverse realtà territoriali e urbane dell'isola. Lo studio intende riflettere sulle diverse dimensioni e tipologie delle migrazioni iberiche in Sardegna e sottolinea la distinzione fra il primo flusso migratorio, costituito da coloro che migrarono in terra sarda per partecipare alla conquista militare dell'isola al seguito dell'infante Alfonso e quelli che vi giunsero con una seconda diaspora per prendere parte effettivamente alla sua occupazione e dominazione.

International exchange has characterized the academic community for centuries (Charle & Verger, 1994). Students have moved to other countries to attend classes at universities with a good reputation and researchers have visited each other to collaborate. Today, the field of higher education is increasingly international. Students are becoming more internationally mobile (Findlay et al. 2011; EP-Nuffic 2015), researchers are increasingly collaborating internationally (e.g. through co-publications (Kamalski & Plume 2013)) and international mobility has become a very common phenomenon among researchers (Børing et al., 2015). Policy makers at the European, national and university levels increasingly focus on the process of internationalization within the field of higher education. It is regarded simultaneously as an opportunity (brain gain and diffusion of knowledge), a threat (brain drain) and a necessity (ongoing globalization) for their future development. A common aim at the national and university level is to attract the best and the brightest researchers in order to make their respective economies and institutions competitive in a perceived global 'war for talent'. On various levels policies are put in place in order to raise the attractiveness for good researchers and to prevent a brain drain. This raises the question how researchers' mobility behavior can be influenced and to what extent policies may raise the attractiveness of countries and their institutions. In the academic and grey literature scholars have studied the mobility behavior of researchers in various ways. In most studies mobile researchers are asked in surveys about their prime motivation to make an international move (Franzoni et al. 2012; MORE2 2013; Conchi & Michels 2014). Their academic career and research come out as the most important reasons to be mobile. Personal reasons and terms of employment are significantly less important. Other push and pull factors are in play to describe the mobility behavior of researchers. Geographical and cultural proximity is considered a good predictor of mobility behavior (Franzoni et al. 2012; Conchi & Michels 2014; Appelt et al. 2015). Economic decline is a push factor for many researchers, as shown by the recent researcher migration flows from Italy, Spain and Greece to countries in West and North Europe (MORE2 2013). However, despite the attention for the motivations and the push and pull factors, there is still little understanding of how different factors for international mobility interact. The relation between the more important and less important factors is rarely addressed. Furthermore, policies to stimulate international attractiveness are seldom part of the studies on mobility behavior. In this paper we will study the way in which various motivations of researchers to decide to be internationally mobile interact and the role internationalization policies play in these motivations. We study the motivations for international mobility in the Dutch policy context. This context is characterized by several politicians, policy makers and university directors who have showed their concern about a rising war for talent and the Dutch inability to attract and retain the best researchers. To prevent this from happening universities have set goals to attract more international staff. The national government hopes that the national excellence funding schemes will attract foreign talent and it has implemented several general policy measures to attract highly educated foreigners (e.g. tax benefits). In order to understand the interplay of different factors of the mobility behavior of researchers and the role of internationalization policies, we make use of three data sources. First, we did a document analysis of internationalization policies at the European, national and university level. Second, in addition to the document analysis, we interviewed 12 policy makers, covering almost half of the present Dutch universities, about their experiences with a global war for talent. We selected faculty policy makers that are said to experience the strongest competition on the academic labor market. And third, we have interviewed 19 foreign researchers that have come to work in The Netherlands in the last twelve years. They were asked about their decision making process concerning their move to their current research institution in The Netherlands. They were asked about their experiences with internationalization policies as well. Our preliminary results suggest that factors influencing mobility behavior are both intertwined and segmented. The reasons for researchers to be mobile form a complex iterative process involving several types of motivations at once. International mobility occurs in a 'window of opportunity' where every factor falls in place or it occurs when one of the factors is so dominant that other factors are trumped. Furthermore, we find that the global war for talent and the academic labor market is segmented. In general terms the process of supply and demand is segmented by disciplines and by positions. This means that academic disciplines all compete with different types of organizations over research talent. Similarly, the competition for excellent and recognized professors is different (war for talent) than the competition for young and inexperienced postdocs (war between talent (Van Arensbergen 2014)). The former can be described as a seller's market, the latter as a buyer's market. The segmentation of the academic labor market is visible in the mobility behavior of researchers. We recognize four types of mobility behavior. 1. The early career researchers who are strongly motivated to gain international experience. Their situation is paradoxical: since they usually are relatively unattached they can travel anywhere, but the war between talent forces them to accept almost any position that is offered to them. Their choice for their current research group is therefore somewhat, but not completely, random. 2. The researchers who were looking for a new job because of their discontent in a former position. They have no strong preference for an international move, but their built up expertise (niche) forces them to look abroad for positions. At the same time they are bound by personal circumstances, such as a partner, children and other family. They experience a push factor to leave their position, but have limited opportunities. 3. The researchers who were offered an excellent career opportunity. In many cases this concerns a move for a higher position, such as a professorship. To make such a career move, international mobility is necessary. In some cases this once in a lifetime opportunity trumps other influencing factors. 4. The researchers who were very happy in their previous position, but nevertheless accepted a new position because of the unique research possibilities. These researchers are mostly in a tenure position and do not feel the need to change jobs. The question remains to what extent the decisions of researchers are perceptive to specific internationalization policies. We find that the mobility behavior of researchers can only be influenced to a certain degree by policies explicitly directed at attracting foreign talent, such as migration support by universities or tax benefits. More important factors are the presence of high profile researchers and unique facilities, or general factors like the reputation of a university, the standard of living, a researcher's social and cultural preferences and the proximity to family and friends. All those factors can at most be influenced indirectly through policy measures and are long term investments. References Appelt, S., van Beuzekom, B., Galindo-Rueda, F. and de Pinho R. (2015). Which factors influence the international mobility of research scientists? in A. Geuna (ed.) Global Mobility of Research Scientists: The Economics of Who Goes Where and Why. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Børing, P., Flanagan, K., Gagliardi, D., Kaloudis, A., & Karakasidou, A. (2015). International mobility: Findings from a survey of researchers in the EU. Science and Public Policy, scv006. Charle, C., & Verger, J. (1994). Histoire des universités (Vol. 391). Presses universitaires de France. Conchi, S. and Michels. C. (2014), "Scientific mobility – An analysis of Germany, Austria, France and Great Britain", Fraunhofer ISI Discussion Papers Innovation Systems and Policy Analysis No. 41, Karlsruhe. EP-Nuffic (2015). Internationalisering in beeld 2015. Den Haag: EP-Nuffic. Findlay, A. M., King, R., Smith, F. M., Geddes, A. and Skeldon, R. (2012), World class? An investigation of globalisation, difference and international student mobility. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37: 118–131. Franzoni, C., Scellato, G. and Stephan, P. (2012). Foreign-born scientists: Mobility patterns for 16 countries. Nature Biotechnology 30(12): 1250-1253. Kamalski, J. & Plume, A. (2013). Comparative Benchmarking of European and US Research Collaboration and Researcher Mobility. Amsterdam: Elsevier. MORE2. (2013). Support for continued data collection and analysis concerning mobility patterns and career paths of researchers. EU Commission Report. Brussels: European Commission. van Arensbergen, P. (2014), Talent Proof: Selection Processes in Research Funding and Careers. Den Haag, Rathenau Instituut.

Der Beitrag beschreibt bildungspoltische Maßnahmen von EU-Organen für die Kinder von Migranten, die Ende der 50er Jahre eingleitet wurden und dem Ziel einer erfolgreichen Integration dieser Kinder dienten. Im weiteren werden Fragen der Migration und Immigration unter politischen, sozialen und politischen Aspekten besprochen und Auswirkungen auf das Mit- und Gegeneinander der verschiedenen sozialen und nationalen Gruppierungen erörtert. (DIPF/St.).

Der Beitrag betrachtet das Phänomen der Migration bzw. Wanderungsbewegungen und die damit verbundenen Probleme im Zuge des derzeit zu beobachtenden Globalisierungsprozesses. So wird in einem ersten Schritt zunächst der Begriff 'Globalisierung' präzisiert, sodann die Migration klassifiziert (Wanderungen in die reichen Industriestaaten, zwischen Staaten mittleren Reichtums und zwischen den armen Staaten) und nach Weltreligionen unterschieden. In einem zweiten Schritt werden schließlich Handlungsmöglichkeiten zur Eindämmung der Wanderungsprobleme analysiert, etwa das in den letzten Jahren häufig diskutierte Konzept der 'Global Governance' bzw. die Installierung internationaler Regime für MigrantInnen und Flüchtlinge. Die entscheidende Frage ist hier, inwieweit die Staaten bereit sind, zur gemeinsamen Steuerung von Wanderungsbewegungen auf nationale Souveränität zu verzichten. Für die Perspektive einer Global Governance in der Asyl- und Migrationspolitik lassen die aktuellen Entwicklungen der bestehenden internationalen Regime nur pessimistische Schlussfolgerungen zu: Hinsichtlich der Migrationspolitik achten die Nationalstaaten nachdrücklich darauf, dass ihre Souveränität, zu entscheiden, wer unter welchen Bedingungen zuwandern darf, nicht durch völkerrechtliche Verbindlichkeiten eingeschränkt wird. Eine internationale Kooperation, gar der Aufbau eines entsprechenden internationalen Regimes, wird auf absehbare Zeit nur unter dieser Prämisse stattfinden. (ICG2)

1. Introduction -- 2. Citizenship and Money: Historical Snapshots -- 3. To sell or not to sell: the ethics of ius pecuniae -- 4. A Classification of Investment-Based Citizenship Programmes -- 5. 'Long-Distance Citizens': Strategies and Interests of States, Companies and Individuals in the Global Race for Wealth -- 6. Ius pecuniae in a Multilevel System: The European Experience -- 7. Conclusion

Over the past decades Europe has witnessed fundamental changes of its population dynamics and population structure. Fertility has fallen below replacement level in almost all European countries, while childbearing behavior and family formation have become more diverse. Life expectancy has increased in Western Europe for both females and males, but has been declining for men in some Eastern European countries. Immigration from non-European countries has increased substantially, as has mobility within Europe. These changes pose major challenges to population studies, as conventional theoretical assumptions regarding demographic behavior and demographic development seem unfit to provide convincing explanations of the recent demographic changes. This book, derived from the symposium on "The Demography of Europe" held at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock, Germany in November 2007 in honor of Professor Jan M. Hoem, brings together leading population researchers in the area of fertility, family, migration, life-expectancy, and mortality. The contributions present key issues of the new demography of Europe and discuss key research advances to understand the continent's demographic development at the turn of the 21st century

Beginning around 2014, some significant changes in the livelihoods among many younger men from the Island of Balobaloang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, emerged. This study describes and explains how it is that approximately 50 working-age adult men (out of a total population of about 900) have turned away from interisland shipping and trade and artisanal fishing and toward wage employment aboard tourist ships, working out of distant ports in Indonesia. This case study uses a qualitative approach to explore and describe the socio-economic life of community members on the island village of Greater Balobaloang as they continue to be affected by economic and environmental changes. Field data collection was carried out through observation, government documents, and in-depth interviews with respondents. In particular, this study focuses on the adaptive strategies of younger men as opportunities for making a living have shifted in recent years away from artisanal fishing and interisland shipping and trade to adventure travel aboard modified traditional sailing ships. It contributes to discussions of internal skilled migration, social mobility and adaptation to the domestic and international tourist industry.

In 1990, the migration of the inhabitants of the Hidalgo state to the United States was intensified, becoming an emergent social phenomenon. In response to this, in 1999, the authorities of the state of Hidalgo made some intervention efforts. The aim of this document is to describe the antecedents of the public policies developed by the Hidalgo government in the care of its migrants in the United States, through a methodology of historical and qualitative analysis that investigate three governmental periods of management and various initiatives developed by the state. ; A partir de 1990 la migración hacia los Estados Unidos de los hidalguenses se intensificó, posicionándose entonces como un fenómeno social emergente. En respuesta al mismo, las autoridades del estado de Hidalgo, en el año 1999, hicieron esfuerzos de intervención. El objetivo de este documento es describir los antecedentes de las políticas públicas desarrolladas por el gobierno de Hidalgo en atención a sus migrantes en Estados Unidos, esto a través de una metodología de análisis histórico y cualitativo para investigar tres períodos gubernamentales de gestión y las diversas iniciativas desarrolladas por el gobierno estatal.

Few political transformations have attacked social inequalities more thoroughly than the 1959 Cuban Revolution. However, as the survey data in this paper shows, 60 years on, structural inequalities which echo the pre-revolutionary socio-ethnic hierarchies are returning. While official Cuban statistics are mute about social differences along racial lines, the authors were able to conduct a unique, nationwide survey which shows the contrary. If the revolutionary, state-run economy and radical social policies were the main social elevators for the formerly underprivileged classes in socialist Cuba, the economic crisis and depressed wages of the past decades have seriously undercut these achievements. Moreover, previously racialised migration patterns have produced highly unequal levels of access to family remittances, and the gradual opening of the private business sector in Cuba has largely disfavoured Afro-Cubans, due to their lack of access to pre-revolutionary property and remittances in the form of start-up capital. While social and racial inequalities have not yet reached the levels of other Latin American countries, behind the face of socialist continuity a profound restructuring of Cuban society is taking place.

International audience ; The aim of this chapter is to describe and analyze these border schemes in accordance with the questions concerning the people who die in the process of migration, and to see how these border controls are responsible – either directly or indirectly – for the deaths of migrants at the borders and how they influence the displacement of these tragedies. This chapter will also present the advantages of a quantitative approach, which is made possible by the clustering of these situations in the Mediterranean Sea. This approach allows the creation of brand new cartographic representations of what can be referred to as a 'border hotspot' in order to give a new perception of this border, not to be seen as a limit between two territories but rather as a space betweenthese two zones: a completely separate space where personal stories and tragedies occur. The chapter is original in that it bases its analysis on the social, political and spatial interaction surrounding the maritime area over which the borders of the Mediterranean Sea stretch out, giving it an unprecedented complexity.

International audience ; The aim of this chapter is to describe and analyze these border schemes in accordance with the questions concerning the people who die in the process of migration, and to see how these border controls are responsible – either directly or indirectly – for the deaths of migrants at the borders and how they influence the displacement of these tragedies. This chapter will also present the advantages of a quantitative approach, which is made possible by the clustering of these situations in the Mediterranean Sea. This approach allows the creation of brand new cartographic representations of what can be referred to as a 'border hotspot' in order to give a new perception of this border, not to be seen as a limit between two territories but rather as a space betweenthese two zones: a completely separate space where personal stories and tragedies occur. The chapter is original in that it bases its analysis on the social, political and spatial interaction surrounding the maritime area over which the borders of the Mediterranean Sea stretch out, giving it an unprecedented complexity.