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Karl Marx's concept of SC, which was constructed to define mid-nineteenth-century capitalist societies, is more broadly defined to adapt to ancient & modern societies. The presupposition propagated by Marx that class consciousness & political activity are essential features of SC & class conflict contradicts his view of slaves as a SC. The ancient Roman & Greek slaves lacked these features. Although he never provided a definition of SC, one can be derived from his works: SC is a relationship of exploitation; class conflict involves the resistance to exploitation, but not necessarily consciousness of SC or collective political activity. In this light, slaves can be seen as a SC. Exploitation is divided into two types: direct & individual (on a personal level), & indirect & collective (in the form of taxation, military conscription, & forced labor). Marxist historical analysis is compared to structuralism (which describes history, but fails to explain it) & to Weberian analysis (which rejects SC & exploitation as the basis for analyzing history). The establishment of definitions for the Marxist concepts of SC & class conflict, & the broadening of these nineteenth-century notions, makes them applicable to both ancient & modern history. D. Graves.

Update. Abstract. We publish in March this rather complex review of what already in our 1992 book, 'the extinction of man', we considered to be one of the 3 risks of extinction of mankind, all coming from 'lower scales of the 5th dimension of space-time', with 'faster' speeds of reproduction hence able to kill mankind: Biological faster reproductive 'virions' and metal nano-bacteria imitating them (Genetic risks); Self-feeding nuclear 'cosmic bombs', black holes and strangelets made of heavier quarks that reproduce exponentially and can be made in accelerators of the next plasma generation cheaply or now at CERN, which will provoke a Nova Explosion of Earth (Nuclear Risk) and Military AI and AI in general which is displacing with the robotic r=evolution humans from labor and war fields. The Genetic risk came and provoked with the evolution of genetic manipulation tools the present pandemic. The Nuclear risk is total extinction, and will happen at the speed of a nuclear bomb reaction, so when it happened it won't be chronicled. It just will take the world down. Hence its researchers cannot be blamed. The third risk is the slow process of atrophy and substitution of huminds by metal-minds and it is obviously already affecting our children. All of them will proceed for the profits of Technological industries. And all those risks are censored in peer reviewed magazines. So the suicidal species will go ahead without even talking about it, because in a capitalist society go(L)d and the machine are the supreme goods. This said, we have a much wider view and consider the 'entropic' extinction age of mankind unless the miracle of a change of culture or economic r=evolution happens, but we have preached for 30 years without results such changes, deterministic, as most process of life and death of organisms, in this case mankind. So we dedicate 3 final pages to the entropic age of History and the Earth, one to each of those risks: - The genetic risk of the present pandemics is this paper. - The Nuclear risk, which ...

Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution of the State of Washington guarantees, "Justice in all cases shall be administered openly, and without unnecessary delay." The Washington State Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to guarantee the public a right to attend legal proceedings and to access court documents separate and apart from the rights of the litigants themselves. Based on this interpretation, the court has struck down laws protecting the identity of both juvenile victims of sexual assault and individuals subject to involuntary commitment hearings. Its interpretation has also compromised the privacy rights of litigants wrongly named in legal proceedings. The court has supported these rulings by claiming that the public's right of access to the courts "is rooted in centuries-old English common law." Part I of this Article engages in a detailed exploration of the history of the right of public access to legal proceedings and court records, going back to Magna Carta of 1215 and other historical accounts of English common law. It also explores the tradition of publicly held proceedings, as well as the articulation of defendants' Sixth Amendment rights under the United States Constitution and other early colonial documents. The Article then considers the history of Article I, Section 10 of Washington's constitution, the "Open Courts Clause," and the early interpretations of the state constitution. From there, it examines the more recent precedent, where the independent right of the public is articulated. Part II of this Article urges Washington courts to reexamine the Experience and Logic Test, which has been adopted by the Washington State Supreme Court to guide the lower courts' application of the "Open Courts Clause." Finally, Part III of this Article contends that certain cases may need to be reexamined in light of the court's adoption of the Experience and Logic Test.