Suchergebnisse

The region of Epirus from the 13th to the 15th century is studied within several aspects linked to the notions of autonomy and heterogeneity by which the history of the region was marked during the examined period. First of all, the recapitulation of political historiography shows the agitation of this period interposed between the long periods of stability that are the byzantine period and the ottoman one. The above mentioned three centuries actually witnessed the succession of the Fourth Crusade (1204), the reigns of the Comnenian dynasty (1205-1340), then of the Cephalonian branch (1318-1340), the Serbian invasion and the Albanian migrations (1340's and 1350's), the expansion of Carlo I Tocco (beginning of the 15th century) and finally the progressive conquest by the Ottomans from 1418 to 1502.Then, the study of historical geography of the region (territory, vocabulary, administrative, political and ecclesiastical geography, official buildings) shows the interdependency between historical events and geographical conditions. Indeed we can notice that the heterogeneity of the territory existed before the various migrations.Finally, we have tried to learn which were the ideological reactions to the political upheavals undergone by the region. On the one hand a political pattern emerged both in rupture and continuity with the traditional byzantine political pattern. On the other hand, the various migrations put the ethnic issue on the political foreground. Nevertheless, the ethnical cleavages were not as determining as the social and political ones; anyway they did not lead to the anachronistic idea of Nation-State. ; La région de l'Epire du XIIIème au XVème siècle est étudiée sous plusieurs aspects liés aux thèmes de l'autonomie et de l'hétérogénéité qui ont marqué l'histoire de la région durant la période concernée.Tout d'abord, le bilan de l'historiographie politique montre l'agitation de cette période intercalée entre les longues périodes de stabilité que sont la période byzantine en amont et la période ...

This paper aims to illustrate the funding mechanisms of Perugia University in the Middle Ages, and how they have influenced the origins and the functioning of the institution itself. Perugia University was founded at the beginning of the fourteenth century by the local government, which in the second half of the thirteenth century had already established public Lectures of Physics and Law at the expense of the municipality. Starting from a general insight about the relationship between the city government and the local University, the present essay will analyse two different aspects of the University's funding: 1) the relationship between the city's economic and political situation and the University's funding; 2) the more technical questions, such as the records this funding study is based upon. ; Este artículo tiene como objetivo ilustrar los mecanismos de financiación de la Universidad de Perugia en la Edad Media y cómo han influido en los orígenes y el funcionamiento de la institución. La Universidad de Perugia fue fundada a principios del siglo XIV por el gobierno local, que en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII ya había establecido Conferencias de Física y Derecho a cargo de la ciudad. Partiendo de una visión general sobre la relación entre el gobierno de la ciudad y la Universidad local, el presente trabajo analizará dos aspectos diferentes de la financiación de la Universidad: 1) la relación entre la situación económica y política de la ciudad y la financiación de la Universidad; 2) las cuestiones más técnicas, como los registros en los que se basa este estudio de financiación.

AbstractThis note provides a nontechnical summary of a research paper (Bullard and DiCecio [2021, Classical policy benchmarks for economies with substantial inequality, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, unpublished manuscript]) that I presented as the NIESR 2021 Dow Lecture on 9 February 2021. In the paper, we construct a simple benchmark macroeconomic model with substantial heterogeneity among households, enough to generate empirically plausible Gini coefficients for the distributions of consumption, income and financial wealth. The model includes aggregate shocks as well as both permanent and temporary idiosyncratic uncertainties. Four policymakers—implementing monetary, fiscal, labour market and education policies—act in concert to achieve a first-best allocation of resources. We argue that the roles of these policymaker types are 'classic' and match up well with observed policymaker roles in OECD countries. We regard this simple economy as a benchmark for the study of other aspects of the interaction between policy and inequality.

This article draws from a mixed-methods approach to explore the relationship between sustainable urban renewal projects and the way Chinese urban residents perceive and act upon the environment. We examine sustainable urban renewal projects in the city of Chengdu, called Ecological Housing Estate projects. By collaborating with nongovernmental organizations and local officials, we used a two-step process, including collecting freelists and semi-structured interviews, to design a survey instrument used to interview 245 households in three Ecological Housing Estates and four Regular Housing Estates in Chengdu. Our findings demonstrate how recycling practices are reinforced by the Ecological Housing Estate projects but also explain why the rainwater collection aspect of the projects are not well matched with existing household water conservation practices. We argue that integrating mixed-methods research into the design of a sustainable urban renewal project will help mitigate the potential that projects will develop similar kinds of urban sustainable fixes.

Today as in the past, most often crises take people by surprise. This fact has recently provoked strong criticism of the ability of an economic theory to predict crises, to understand their course and to establish solutions to mitigate their effects. History can thus serve as a reservoir of facts and experiences, and the use of a broad chronological perspective has been recently highlighted as essential to providing a wider, comparative knowledge of past crises. Recent economic historiography has highlighted the importance of studying financial and commercial crises alongside agrarian and demographic crises, as well as questioning specific aspects of these shocks. Another important dimension stressed by recent historical studies is the importance of recognising that crises in the past occurred against a background in which uncertainty was the norm. In societies that experienced various forms of ordinary uncertainty (linked for example to the 'dead' season in food or textile production), crises constitute peaks of exceptional uncertainty.

ABSTRACTJohn Graunt's pioneering study,Natural and Political Observations Made upon on the Bills of Mortality (1662)has been overlooked as a source for ideas about the importance of child mortality in an urban environment. Graunt seems to have been the first to arrive at an infant mortality rate (IMR), but this has been little explored. Graunt helped to define 'the urban penalty', but not in terms of the IMR. The article explains Graunt's focus on other aspects of urban mortality in relation to his need to reassure those in government, his methodology, and above all his gender. For context, the article looks at attitudes to childhood among members of the influential Hartlib circle of reformers, with which Graunt was connected. These male writers were greatly concerned about children, but seem to have shared with Graunt the traditional idea that children under the age of about seven were the responsibility of women.

ABSTRACTThe consideration of the removals aspect of settlement law – that is, the moving on of paupers or potential paupers to the parish where they 'belonged' – has focused almost exclusively on working-age adults and labour migration. This article focuses on how removal law affected families with children in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in two large London parishes. It finds that children were a sizeable presence among the removed population but that there were notable differences in family type between the two parishes. Furthermore, while most young children were kept with their mothers even if they did not share a settlement, others were removed alone, even after a change in settlement law in 1795 that should have assured their common claim in certain cases. The study sheds light on attitudes to poor children and their families, as well as on the exigencies brought about by economic circumstances and employment opportunities in the parish.

Monetary policy should be guided by macroeconomic models with limited nominal rigidity; 'New Classical' or even for some issues just plain Classical (i.e. with no nominal rigidity at all) models are perfectly adequate for understanding various aspects of the economy that have previously led economists to believe in a high degree of nominal rigidity. On UK data these models account for the facts of inflation persistence and exchange rate 'overshooting'; their impulse responses are in line with the data; and a typical example, the Liverpool Model, is marginally accepted in its entirety by the data since 1979. Such models suggest that no increased macro instability would result from taking the rigours of monetary policy one stage further from inflation targeting and ensuring that the price level itself is returned to its long-run preset target path — so that the value of money over long periods of time would be utterly predictable.

The essays in this book explore the political, social and cultural complexity of the relations between the United States and Cuba in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They address aspects ranging from the Cuban exiles who from the States forged the independence of their homeland, the profound transformation of Cuban society during the American military occupation of 1898-1902, the coalitions and the conflicts between North American and Cuban feminism, and between the Afro-American racial identity and the Cuban national identity. At the crux of this relationship is the American military intervention of 1898, perceived in Europe at the time as a "war between civilisations", and the legacy of the thought of José Martí.

Cet article propose une lecture des transformations ayant affecté le corps des femmes et, en particulier des femmes gestantes, au cours du XXe siècle. Il s'agit de pointer les tendances de longs termes à l'œuvre et le rôle des technologies biomédicales dans la redéfinition des possibles en matière de reproduction humaine. Les liens entre procréation, science et politique sont mis en évidence pour la période de l'entre deux guerres (natalisme, eugénisme) et celle de la guerre froide (birth control, explosion démographique). L'article tente de donner une profondeur historique qui permette de nuancer les récits toujours très positifs à propos de l'ère contemporaine en rappelant la diversité des agendas politiques de ces pratiques scientifiques. A partir des travaux micro sociologiques sur les pratiques médicales contemporaines, il souligne la variété des usages sociaux des techniques de reproduction ainsi que des interprétations sociales et politiques qu'il est possible d'en donner. Essayant de mesurer les aspects émancipateurs et contraignants des technologies biomédicales actuelles pour les femmes, il s'interroge sur la possibilité d'une appropriation plus ferme par les actrices des scénarios médicaux existants. L'auteur suggère, suivant en cela les propositions de Donna Haraway, que c'est en multipliant les récits sur les 'façons de faire' avec les technologies médicales qu'il est possible de contribuer à la définition de ressources collectives en vue d'agencements plus satisfaisants.

Cet article propose une lecture des transformations ayant affecté le corps des femmes et, en particulier des femmes gestantes, au cours du XXe siècle. Il s'agit de pointer les tendances de longs termes à l'œuvre et le rôle des technologies biomédicales dans la redéfinition des possibles en matière de reproduction humaine. Les liens entre procréation, science et politique sont mis en évidence pour la période de l'entre deux guerres (natalisme, eugénisme) et celle de la guerre froide (birth control, explosion démographique). L'article tente de donner une profondeur historique qui permette de nuancer les récits toujours très positifs à propos de l'ère contemporaine en rappelant la diversité des agendas politiques de ces pratiques scientifiques. A partir des travaux micro sociologiques sur les pratiques médicales contemporaines, il souligne la variété des usages sociaux des techniques de reproduction ainsi que des interprétations sociales et politiques qu'il est possible d'en donner. Essayant de mesurer les aspects émancipateurs et contraignants des technologies biomédicales actuelles pour les femmes, il s'interroge sur la possibilité d'une appropriation plus ferme par les actrices des scénarios médicaux existants. L'auteur suggère, suivant en cela les propositions de Donna Haraway, que c'est en multipliant les récits sur les 'façons de faire' avec les technologies médicales qu'il est possible de contribuer à la définition de ressources collectives en vue d'agencements plus satisfaisants.

Cet article propose une lecture des transformations ayant affecté le corps des femmes et, en particulier des femmes gestantes, au cours du XXe siècle. Il s'agit de pointer les tendances de longs termes à l'œuvre et le rôle des technologies biomédicales dans la redéfinition des possibles en matière de reproduction humaine. Les liens entre procréation, science et politique sont mis en évidence pour la période de l'entre deux guerres (natalisme, eugénisme) et celle de la guerre froide (birth control, explosion démographique). L'article tente de donner une profondeur historique qui permette de nuancer les récits toujours très positifs à propos de l'ère contemporaine en rappelant la diversité des agendas politiques de ces pratiques scientifiques. A partir des travaux micro sociologiques sur les pratiques médicales contemporaines, il souligne la variété des usages sociaux des techniques de reproduction ainsi que des interprétations sociales et politiques qu'il est possible d'en donner. Essayant de mesurer les aspects émancipateurs et contraignants des technologies biomédicales actuelles pour les femmes, il s'interroge sur la possibilité d'une appropriation plus ferme par les actrices des scénarios médicaux existants. L'auteur suggère, suivant en cela les propositions de Donna Haraway, que c'est en multipliant les récits sur les 'façons de faire' avec les technologies médicales qu'il est possible de contribuer à la définition de ressources collectives en vue d'agencements plus satisfaisants.

Drawing on social science and communications theory, Gonzo Governance offers a new interpretation of presidential power that shifts focus to the media dynamics that surrounded Donald Trump. The former president's unhinged behavior and skilled media and digital manipulations changed the nature and process of significant governance at the federal and state levels, including denying election results and restricting voting opportunities. He went "Gonzo" - promoting himself without regard for conventional norms and practices - and blasted ideological fault lines into explosive political fragments, resulting in so much dissensus that numerous legislators would not recognize the newly elected President Biden, nor would they agree to take a potential life-saving vaccine because it had been associated with a politicized virus, COVID-19. Nurtured by media logic and a communications ecology that has wedded people to digital technologies and formats that govern the structure, grammar, form, expectations, and meanings of messages that can entertain, enlighten, and disinform, this form of governance alters the fundamental way that information is communicated. David L. Altheide emphasizes how these changes informed Donald Trump's electoral strategies as well as the insurrection attempt on the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.

Background: Latin America, and Chile in particular, has a rich tradition of community mental health services and programs. However, in vivo community-based psychosocial interventions, especially those with a recovery-oriented approach, remain scarce in the region. Between 2014 and 2015, a Critical Time Intervention-Task Shifting project (CTI-TS) was implemented in Santiago, Chile, as part of a larger pilot randomized control trial. CTI is a time-limited intervention delivered at a critical-time to users, is organized by phases, focuses on specific objectives and decreases in intensity over time. CTI-TS, which combines both the task-shifting strategy and the use of peers, introduces a novel approach to community mental health care that has not yet been tried in Chile. Aims: We aim to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and applicability of such a community-based psychosocial intervention in urban settings in Latin America – specifically, in Santiago (Chile) from a user perspective. Method: We analyzed 15 in-depth interviews ( n = 15) with service users who participated in the intervention about their perceptions and experiences with CTI-TS through thematic analysis. Results: Three themes were revealed. The first was related to the structural characteristics of CTI-TS, especially regarding the timing, duration and phasic nature of the intervention. The second pertained to the acceptability of the in vivo community-based approach. The third theme dealt with the task-shifting aspect, that is, users' perceptions of the peer support workers and the community mental health workers. Conclusions: CTI-TS was generally acceptable in this Latin American context. Users' perspectives pointed to the need to make adjustments to some of the structural characteristics of the CTI model and to combine this type of intervention with others that can address stigma. Thus, future adaptations of CTI-TS or similar psychosocial interventions in Latin American contexts are feasible and can enhance community mental health in the region.

Background: Persons with serious mental illnesses (SMI) can lead productive lives, and the majority want to work. Mental health providers can play an important role in helping their clients gain and maintain employment. Aims: The Provider Survey was developed to shed additional light on providers' views toward employment and recovery, and the utilization of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) supported employment (SE) services for people with SMI. Methods: A total of 1,306 providers of the State of Connecticut participated in the survey. Four main questions were addressed in the survey: what do providers do, what do they view as most important regarding employment, what are their views when it comes to what promotes recovery and what barriers do providers face in attempting to refer their clients to IPS services. Results: Referring clients to additional supports was rated as the most important aspect of what providers do; encouragement was rated as the most important component to enable clients in gaining and maintaining employment; agency, belonging and medical care were rated as most important in promoting recovery; and expectations that clients would be discriminated against at work was the most important barrier to referring clients for SE. Also, employment and finances were seen as the least important factors in promoting the recovery of people with SMI. Conclusion: This survey suggests that one reason that more clients may not be referred to IPS programs is that clinicians do not view employment or financial self-sufficiency as important factors in recovery, further compounding the historical view that these persons are unable to, and uninterested in, working. Such findings call for a provider education and training campaign to highlight the fact that most persons with SMI – like most persons in general – do want to work and, with supports, most are capable of doing so.