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Outlook for political and economic reform following defeat of the Liberal Democratic party. Focuses on Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa's initiatives to weaken the "iron triangle" of conservative politicians, senior bureaucrats, and big business leaders.

United States; 6 articles. Partial contents: Community values in Southwest water management, by Stephen P. Mumme and Helen M. Ingram; Recent trends in federal water resource management: are the "iron triangles" in retreat? by Tim R. Miller.

We present a spatial interaction entropy maximizing and structural dynamics model of settlements from the Middle Bronze (MBA) and Iron Ages (IA) in the Khabur Triangle (KT) region within Syria. The model addresses factors that make locations attractive for trade and settlement, affecting settlement growth and change. We explore why some sites become relatively major settlements, while others diminish in the periods discussed. We assess how political and geographic constraints affect regional settlement transformations, while also accounting for uncertainty in the archaeological data. Model outputs indicate how the MBA settlement pattern contrasts from the IA for the same region when different factors affecting settlement size importance, facility of movement, and exogenous site interactions are studied. The results suggest the importance of political and historical factors in these periods and also demonstrate the value of a quantitative model in explaining emergent settlement size distributions across landscapes affected by different socio-environmental causal elements.

Robert Mood – Served in South China Sea and bays, inlets and rivers of South Vietnam. Operation Junction City (Iron Triangle). Returned from Vietnam in 1967; experienced health issues arising from exposure to Agent Orange and asbestos which only became apparent after military service. ; https://vc.bridgew.edu/vhp_stories/1032/thumbnail.jpg

Books reviewed in this article:Jerry F. Hough. 1988. Opening Up the Soviet EconomyDaniel McCool. 1987. Command of the Waters: Iron Triangles, Federal Water Development, and Indian WaterCharles Wolf, Jr. 1988. Markets or Governments: Choosing Between Imperfect AlternativesRobert A. Hanneman. 1988. Computer‐Assisted Theory Building: Modeling Dynamic Social Systems

Critical Infrastructures (CI) are considered fundamental to the functioning of modern economies. This text looks at the 'iron triangle' within CI: power, telecom, and finance. It introduces the concept of CI's as industrial and enterprise 'risk conductors', highlighting the fact that a CI failure can propagate an impact in an enterprise

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Choosing Prime Ministers: Corruption and Culture -- 3. Japan's Dysfunctional Prime Minister -- 4. Back to the Future -- 5. The Constitution and Democracy -- 6. Bureaucracy-Dominated Iron Triangle -- 7. Forward from Basics -- Conclusion: Shigata ga nai Society -- Notes -- References and Publications Cited -- Index

Trade unions, political parties and municipal bureaucracy, the « iron triangle » of municipal government in a French Town (Toulouse, 1910-1970). In Toulouse, during the first decades of the twentieth century, the unionization of the workforce and the institutionalization of a co-management system were active factors in the modernization of municipal government. It contributed decisively towards the decline of patronage and political pressure that had hitherto characterized the relationship between local elected representatives and the municipal workforce. An established partnership involving the local union, the ruling party and the head of bureaucracy became a structural element in the city's municipal government for almost 50 years. An English version of this paper was published in : Dagenais Michèle, Maver Irene, Saunier Pierre-Yves, 2001, Municipal services and employees in the modern city , London : Ashgate. ; A Toulouse, pendant les premières décennies du vingtième siècle, la syndicalisation du personnel municipal et l'institutionnalisation d'un système de paritarisme ont été des facteurs très actifs de la modernisation de l'administration communale. Ce processus a contribué d'une façon décisive au déclin du patronage qui caractérisait les relations entre les élus et les employés municipaux. A partir des années trente et jusqu'aux années soixante-dix, un système de relations d'interdépendance entre le syndicat hégémonique, le parti politique dirigeant la coalition municipale et les cadres de la bureaucratie communale est devenu un élément structurel de l'organisation du gouvernement municipal. Ce "triangle de fer" a produit des effets importants sur le management des services et la gestion du personnel communal.

Trade unions, political parties and municipal bureaucracy, the « iron triangle » of municipal government in a French Town (Toulouse, 1910-1970). In Toulouse, during the first decades of the twentieth century, the unionization of the workforce and the institutionalization of a co-management system were active factors in the modernization of municipal government. It contributed decisively towards the decline of patronage and political pressure that had hitherto characterized the relationship between local elected representatives and the municipal workforce. An established partnership involving the local union, the ruling party and the head of bureaucracy became a structural element in the city's municipal government for almost 50 years. An English version of this paper was published in : Dagenais Michèle, Maver Irene, Saunier Pierre-Yves, 2001, Municipal services and employees in the modern city , London : Ashgate. ; A Toulouse, pendant les premières décennies du vingtième siècle, la syndicalisation du personnel municipal et l'institutionnalisation d'un système de paritarisme ont été des facteurs très actifs de la modernisation de l'administration communale. Ce processus a contribué d'une façon décisive au déclin du patronage qui caractérisait les relations entre les élus et les employés municipaux. A partir des années trente et jusqu'aux années soixante-dix, un système de relations d'interdépendance entre le syndicat hégémonique, le parti politique dirigeant la coalition municipale et les cadres de la bureaucratie communale est devenu un élément structurel de l'organisation du gouvernement municipal. Ce "triangle de fer" a produit des effets importants sur le management des services et la gestion du personnel communal.

Trade unions, political parties and municipal bureaucracy, the « iron triangle » of municipal government in a French Town (Toulouse, 1910-1970). In Toulouse, during the first decades of the twentieth century, the unionization of the workforce and the institutionalization of a co-management system were active factors in the modernization of municipal government. It contributed decisively towards the decline of patronage and political pressure that had hitherto characterized the relationship between local elected representatives and the municipal workforce. An established partnership involving the local union, the ruling party and the head of bureaucracy became a structural element in the city's municipal government for almost 50 years. An English version of this paper was published in : Dagenais Michèle, Maver Irene, Saunier Pierre-Yves, 2001, Municipal services and employees in the modern city , London : Ashgate. ; A Toulouse, pendant les premières décennies du vingtième siècle, la syndicalisation du personnel municipal et l'institutionnalisation d'un système de paritarisme ont été des facteurs très actifs de la modernisation de l'administration communale. Ce processus a contribué d'une façon décisive au déclin du patronage qui caractérisait les relations entre les élus et les employés municipaux. A partir des années trente et jusqu'aux années soixante-dix, un système de relations d'interdépendance entre le syndicat hégémonique, le parti politique dirigeant la coalition municipale et les cadres de la bureaucratie communale est devenu un élément structurel de l'organisation du gouvernement municipal. Ce "triangle de fer" a produit des effets importants sur le management des services et la gestion du personnel communal.

Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Note -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Governmental Justification of Capital Punishment -- 1.2 Research Background -- 1.3 Research Methodology -- 1.4 Outline -- Notes -- Chapter 2: The Two-Sided Triangle: Capital Punishment Policy Decision-Making- A Framework for Analysis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Existing Hypotheses on the Government's Retention of Capital Punishment -- 2.2.1 Historical Factors -- 2.2.2 External Factors -- 2.2.3 Internal Factors -- 2.3 Japanese Decision-Making: The Iron Triangle Model

"This book explores the origins of Japan's protectionist agricultural policies through an in-depth historical analysis of Japanese agricultural policies between the Meiji period and the end of WWII. It offers a constructivist account for the rise of protectionism, examining the policies of prewar agricultural bureaucrats who played critical roles in the policymaking process. It argues that protectionist agricultural policy in Japan was not originally generated by the 'iron triangle' (the Liberal Democratic Party, the Agricultural Ministry and farmers' organizations) but by a prewar agricultural bureaucrats' policy idea called shōnō ron (thoughts on small-scale farming). Ultimately the book reveals how, contrary to suggestions of previous scholarship, the protective measures based on shōnō ron forged the necessary conditions for the emergence of 'iron triangle' after the end of WWII, which in turn institutionalized Japan's subsequent protectionist agricultural regime. Examining such topics as the origin of protectionist policy, the formation of actors' preferences, and the broader effects of agricultural policy ideas this book will be valuable reading for scholars and students of Japanese politics, agricultural policy, and political economy."

Recent changes in Japan's civil society together with the current political and economic environment have created the first opportunity to develop a viable nonprofit sector that represents citizen interests and allows for public participation in Tokyo's urban development scheme. Tokyo's urban environment has failed to meet the social and cultural needs of its citizens due to unprecedented economic and industrial growth from the beginning of the Meiji era until the 1990s. Through this extended period of growth, the goal for urban development was solely to increase Tokyo's economic strength, while social needs were not addressed. While the City Planning Law of 1968 ("CPL") sought to require citizen participation in urban planning, the law was largely ineffective due to its narrow scope and weak legal remedies. During much of the twentieth century, Tokyo's governance was controlled by an iron triangle comprised of bureaucracy, government, and big business, which drove Tokyo's economic growth. This form of governance did not allow citizens to participate in the political process. The iron triangle lost its strength only after the collapse of the economic bubble in the 1990s. With urban development failing to meet the needs of the citizens and the iron triangle having lost its strength, citizens groups began to assert more influence over the city's governance. Successes for the citizens groups and growing media attention prompted the promulgation of the Nonprofit Organizations Law of 1998 ("NPO Law"). The NPO Law created a framework for a nonprofit sector and began to strengthen its legitimacy. Unlike past attempts to introduce a viable nonprofit sector, the NPO Law came at a time when the political and economic environments of the city allowed for outside influence in the political process. While the foundation has now been laid for a viable nonprofit sector, the sector must gain legitimacy and independence before it is a truly viable means to public participation. With increased legitimacy and independence, Japan's ...