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In spite of antidiscrimination laws, women still earn only about 70% of what men do. Here, three strategies to further reduce the wage gap are considered in detail: affirmative action, pay equity, & policies to make it easier to combine work & family life. Implications of these strategies for the future of the women's movement are also considered. Adapted from the source document.

Although there was no separate women's peace movement before World War I, women were active in the movement almost from its inception at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Before the Civil War, male leaders of the American Peace Society and its predecessors were ambiguous in their attempts to recruit women into the movement. They encouraged women to join peace groups, contribute financially, and influence other women and children but not to take leadership positions or direct movement policy. Women joined the mixed‐gender groups and formed their own peace societies. They also worked individually and in groups outside of the societies, writing on peace issues, influencing others, and acting as citizen‐diplomats by forming networks with women internationally.

From Veterans for Peace to the Nonviolent Peace Force, from UN initiatives to local actions by women in Colombia and Kenya, and from citizen diplomats to creative conflict resolvers to survivors of genocide, this set tells the stories of ideas, people, and worldwide organizations striving to help humanity realize its never-ending yearning for peace

AbstractThe question of whether social movements can catalyze change has preoccupied researchers but an understanding ofhowsuch change can be created is equally important. Specifically, there has been little investigation of how women's movements engage in the process ofimplementationof women's rights laws. We use a case study of Ghana's Domestic Violence Coalition to examine the challenges that movements face in the policy implementation process. The Domestic Violence Coalition, a collective of women's rights organizations, was instrumental to the passage of Ghana's Domestic Violence Act in 2007. Our study investigates the coalition's subsequent attempts to influence the act's implementation. Drawing from the social movement literature, we apply an analytical framework consisting of three internal factors (strategies, movement infrastructure, and framing) and two external factors (political context and support of allies) that have mediated the coalition's impact on implementation. We find that changes in movement infrastructure are most significant in explaining the coalition's relative ineffectiveness, as these changes adversely affect its ability to employ effective strategies and take advantage of a conducive political context and the presence of allies. This article advances the literature on rights advocacy by women's movements by analyzing the challenge of translating success in policy adoption to implementation and explaining why women's movements may have less impact on implementation processes.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- World Map -- Chapter 1 Historical Background on the Women's Liberation Movement -- 1. An Overview of the Women's Liberation Movement -- 2. Discrimination Against Women Was Considered Normal in the 1960s -- 3. The National Organization for Women Aims to Change Women's Status -- 4. Civil Rights and Antiwar Activists Work Toward Women's Liberation -- 5. Women's Liberation Activists Protest the Miss America Pageant -- 6. Women Go on Strike for Equal Opportunities in Jobs and Education -- 7. The Women's Liberation Movement Is Having an Impact on American Society -- Chapter 2 Controversies Surrounding the Women's Liberation Movement -- 1. The Claims of the Women's Liberation Movement Are Unjustified -- 2. Liberation Is of Benefit to Women, Although Some Doubt the Need for It -- 3. Congress Must Enact an Equal Rights Amendment to the US Constitution -- 4. Injustice to Women Is the Result of Outdated Myths -- 5. The ERA Would Eliminate Women's Existing Privileges -- 6. Women Throughout the World Have Lower Status than Men -- 7. The ERA Alone Will Not End Discrimination Against Women -- 8. The Debate Over the ERA Led to Major Changes in the Status of Women -- 9. Women's Liberation Advocates Were Active in Britain During the 1970s -- 10. A United Nations Treaty Forbids Discrimination Against Women -- 11. Some Women Were Not Happy with How Liberation Changed Their Lives -- Chapter 3 Personal Narratives -- 1. An Activist Tells Why She Supports the Women's Liberation Movement -- 2. A Young Woman Tells Why She Stopped Opposing Women's Liberation -- 3. An Author of Novels About Women's Liberation Recalls Her Involvement -- 4. A Black Feminist Recalls the Publication of Her First Book -- Chronology -- For Further Reading -- Index -- Back Cover