Suchergebnisse

A look at mental health in the future reveals several dimensions: the pulpit or role of the predictor; the time frame, usually centering around the annual budget presentation to the Congress; the definition of mental health, a perennial and difficult subject; and methodology, the model used to look into the future. Until recently, in the mental health field, we have had to deal with the interplay of two forces: knowledge and politics. Now, we must also consider the ethics and values of our actions. As we look to the future, this interplay be tween power and politics, on the one hand, and science or sub stance on the other, has evolved from a bi-polar to a tri-polar view. We must build into the leadership, decision making and governance of our work the capability to deal with, not only the scientific and political issues, but the issues of ethics and values. This sensitivity is especially necessary now, as we contemplate such issues as: psychosurgery and the protection of individual rights in human experimentation; television and violence; marihuana and health; and the scientific aspects of crime and anti-social behavior. Our success in coping with these, and other issues, will depend on our ability to blend politics, science and systems with the demands of ethics and values. The future, as the present, depends on ethics and values to maintain the checks and balances between science and politics.

Conflicting forces within society provide the framework of market and political decision. This article examines the three most pervasive mechanisms causing communicative turbulence and thus affecting decision. These three forces, media, education, and planning, are dealt with as separate entities in view of their related but somewhat disparate character. Taken together they do, however, hold out the greatest hope in meeting the critical problems of the day. And, taken separately, they can each create turbulence of such intensity as to threaten nearly all constructive efforts toward meeting the challenges of urban change and reformation. Today, the media are forsaking their objectivity and their public service responsibility for an interpretative role which deprives society of a sound information source. Television in its present aspects is an active deterrent to successful public education. Public education is foundering from a complex of confused programs and interpolations from the various special interest groups and the interpositioning of the courts between the citizens and their elected local school boards. Solutions suggested are both new and old. Higher education is suffering from the effects of the student population explosion, further complicated by special interest pressures and by unwise quasi-dictation from certain federal agencies. The planning process, as prerequisite to improved management in all areas of social activity, is beginning to show advances in effectiveness owing to accumulated experience, increased and assimilated data, and growing public acceptance, particularly in the field of urban planning.

The Russians have been and still are Europeans, not less so than other peoples who—like the Spaniards—have lived part of their history under foreign domination—in Rus sia's case, this was Tatar domination. Hence, the Russians differ from the Chinese as much as other Europeans do. This fact is illustrated by comparison of the Chinese and the Rus sians with regard to their intellectual, spiritual, and emotional aspects. In some respects, the Russians are even remoter from the Chinese than other European peoples because they have been molded by a particularly emotional form of Christianity which is very far removed from the matter-of-factness of Con fucianism. In the field of social organization, the two main peculiarities of China—the power of the clan over its members and the formation of the ruling elite by examinations—have no counterpart in Russia. In turn, the slavelike position of the Russian peasant and the power of the hereditary nobility around the czar were unknown in China. The explanation for the victory of communism in the two vastly different countries is, thus, not to be found in a particular predisposition of the Chinese and the Russians to communism but in peculiar histori cal circumstances, forces, and personalities which operated in each country, largely as a result of the Western impact which hit both these huge, proud, gifted, and economically backward nations.

Since its beginning around 1920, traffic safety education has experienced phenomenal growth, not only in the number of schools involved but also in the scope of the program. In the lower grades, pedestrian safety and bicycle safety, as well as being valuable in themselves, help to form the attitudes of mind which will later produce safe drivers. In secondary schools, driver education with both classroom and practice driving instruction provides an invaluable program for the preparation of drivers. There are many aspects of a compre hensive safety program, including the use of student leadership through school patrols; the supervision of vehicle and instruc tion of driver and passengers in school transportation; the preparation of teachers for this relatively new field of instruc tion; and continued research. Safety education also entails re sponsibility for finance, law, and community relationships. Al though it is always difficult to measure the intangible effects of education, the visible trend of a lower accident rate among children of school age since the development of safety education testifies to its value. New activities now being introduced promise even greater benefits. Traffic safety education evolved to meet a real social need. Because of the urgency of this need and because the education profession recognized some measure of responsibility for the safety of school children, safety educa tion has developed on a scale equalled by few other areas of the school program.

As India strives to improve overall social and economic conditions and gender relations through policies such as the abolishment of dowry, increasing the legal age at marriage, and promoting educational opportunities for girls, serious challenges remain, especially in rural areas. Gender Equality and Inequality in Rural India focuses on the extent to which economic development has resulted in positive changes in women's empowerment and reproductive health, as well as in sex preference. Based on a study from a village in Maharashtra where impressive gains in economic development have occurred in recent decades, Carol Vlassoff examines the impact of son preference on fertility and rural women's economic empowerment and other aspects of reproductive behavior. She provides evidence of the added value of their employment beyond the traditional wage labor and domestic spheres, and argues that policies aimed at closing gender gaps in social inequalities must be complemented by policies fostering employment opportunities for women. While many studies have demonstrated the importance of social empowerment for improved reproductive health, this is the first to separate out the differential effects of social and economic factors. This work goes even further than economic arguments by demonstrating, on the basis of a robust statistical analysis, that women's education and their professional labor force participation contribute to better health and wellbeing of rural society, including through reductions in fertility, son preference, and infant and child mortality.

In 2005 and 2006 members of the John Howard led Coalition Government, including the Prime Minster and Federal Treasurer Peter Costello, questioned whether Muslim dress, such as the hijab, conformed with 'mainstream' Australian standards of secularism and gender equality. In doing so, Howard and Costello used a feminist-sounding language to critique aspects of Islam for purportedly restricting the freedom and autonomy of Muslim women. I argue that race is implicated in the construction of Islam as a "threat" to secularism and gender equality because an unnamed assumption of the Australian 'mainstream' as Anglo-Celtic and white informs the standards of normalcy the Government invokes and constructs Islam as a 'foreign' religion. Further, whilst the demand for Muslim women to conform with 'mainstream' norms potentially contradicts the Government's commitment to women's autonomy, such a contradiction is not peculiar to the Howard Government. Using the work of Jean-Luc Nancy and Stewart Motha, I place the 'hijab debates' within the tension in liberal democracies between fostering autonomy and requiring a universal civil law to guarantee (but exist above) individual autonomy.

Résumé Les nouvelles formes d'organisation du travail reposent sur un paradoxe : les conditions de travail se durcissent et l'autonomie dans l'exécution des tâches et des activités s'accroît. Le paradoxe se résout, le plus souvent, par la mise en exergue d'une nouvelle forme d'aliénation, dont la puissance repose sur le principe de l'engagement contraint et d'une ruse du management avec la notion du gagnant-gagnant. Le paradoxe peut être abordé et analysé sous un autre angle, à partir du travail lui-même, en tentant de comprendre le sens qu'il prend pour les salariés. Conclure à une forme renouvelée de l'aliénation suppose une structure cohérente capable d'imposer et d'articuler une ligne et un mode d'organisation, s'emboîtant parfaitement. Or, dans la réalité, la cohérence n'est qu'apparente et souvent fragile. L'incohérence permet d'envisager une cassure entre les intentions du travail et ce que vivent et éprouvent les salariés. Ce sont deux pièces d'un même puzzle, mais qui parfois s'emboîtent mal. Et c'est ce désajustement qui est à la source de l'expérience des salariés. Il y a un rapport dialectique entre ces deux aspects, qui permet de saisir le paradoxe des nouvelles formes d'organisation du travail.

International audience ; Since 2009, the European Commission through "The Task Force for Smart Grid" deliberate the agenda of Smart Grid & Smart Meter, digital technology solution is set to make energy systems across the European countries more connected, intelligent, and sustainable and more importantly are capable to tie the new and renewable energy within the network. The advances in data analytics, connectivity and interoperability are enabling a range of new digital applications such as smart appliances (Interview TL Smart Grid DG Energy, EU, 2018). In 2012, EDF launched smart meter experimentation project in Lyon metropolis area. The project established a consortium named Smart Electric Lyon (SEL). The main purpose of SEL is to analyze the rapid stream of data that are being generated from the smart meter equipment sensor installed in 25,000 homes in Lyon. These devices could produce fine-grained data of household electricity consumptions in a real time basis. It reveals the new "data revolution" [Kitchin 2014, Townsend 2013, Cukier and Mayer-Schoenberger 2013] shifted beyond traditional quantifying methods (Desrosières 2000), and englobe both the traceability and the interoperability of people's behaviors [Boullier 2015, Lupton 2016]. Entitled as the biggest project in terms of investment, it hybrids the fund both EDF and national government via the l'ADEME (The Environment and Energy Management Agency). It aims to provide a wider choice for city managers to develop city energy tools [Ademe Smart Grid Report, 2011]. While in the meantime, the Greater Lyon is pushing the bar high to institutionalized digital intelligent governance. New direction, the "Energy Mission (EM)" and its instrument Schema Directeurs des Energies (SDE) were established. Lyon is reshaping their internal institutional structure towards the new way to conduct public action with the purpose to keep pace with the inevitable digital ecosystems that comes penetrating every aspect of the city' activities (Severo and Romele 2015). This ...

International audience ; Les horaires et les calendriers d'activité des hommes battent le rythme de nos agglomérations, règlent l'occupation de l'espace et dessinent les limites de nos territoires vécus, maîtrisés ou aliénés. Cette dimension temporelle constitue un aspect essentiel de la dynamique des villes, qui a longtemps été négligé par les chercheurs, les édiles et les techniciens. Des villes et des temps La ville n'est pas une entité unidimensionnelle et figée. Elle évolue dans le temps et dans l'espace selon des rythmes quotidiens, hebdomadaires, mensuels, saisonniers, séculaires, et s'adapte également aux événements et aux accidents. Si la matérialité urbaine, cette carapace artificielle de l'homme constituée par les bâtiments, se transforme lentement, des populations s'y succèdent selon des rythmes et des temporalités diverses souvent difficiles à articuler. Certains espaces s'animent, d'autres s'éteignent, certains se vident alors que d'autres s'emplissent, certains ouvrent alors que d'autres fonctionnent en continu. Dans la même journée, les villes attirent puis expulsent les hommes et les femmes venus pour leur travail, leurs études, leurs achats ou leurs loisirs [Gwiazdzinski, 1996]. À l'échelle hebdomadaire, le calme dominical fait souvent regretter l'animation des jours de semaine mais permet aussi de récupérer des « fièvres du samedi soir ». En juin, les touristes qui envahissent certains lieux annoncent la période estivale pendant laquelle de nombreux habitants auront déserté la ville. Peu de personnes échappent à la frénésie d'achats de la rentrée. En fin d'année, nombreux sont ceux qui ouvrent des yeux d'enfants vers les illuminations de Noël des centres-villes. Les jours froids d'hiver, les rues désertes contrastent avec le souvenir rassurant de la foule qui s'agglutine sur les terrasses dès les premiers rayons de soleil du printemps. On rit parfois des photos jaunies de notre enfance qui nous rappellent que les modes évoluent et que même les plus grands bâtiments ne sont pas éternels. Au ...

International audience ; Les horaires et les calendriers d'activité des hommes battent le rythme de nos agglomérations, règlent l'occupation de l'espace et dessinent les limites de nos territoires vécus, maîtrisés ou aliénés. Cette dimension temporelle constitue un aspect essentiel de la dynamique des villes, qui a longtemps été négligé par les chercheurs, les édiles et les techniciens. Des villes et des temps La ville n'est pas une entité unidimensionnelle et figée. Elle évolue dans le temps et dans l'espace selon des rythmes quotidiens, hebdomadaires, mensuels, saisonniers, séculaires, et s'adapte également aux événements et aux accidents. Si la matérialité urbaine, cette carapace artificielle de l'homme constituée par les bâtiments, se transforme lentement, des populations s'y succèdent selon des rythmes et des temporalités diverses souvent difficiles à articuler. Certains espaces s'animent, d'autres s'éteignent, certains se vident alors que d'autres s'emplissent, certains ouvrent alors que d'autres fonctionnent en continu. Dans la même journée, les villes attirent puis expulsent les hommes et les femmes venus pour leur travail, leurs études, leurs achats ou leurs loisirs [Gwiazdzinski, 1996]. À l'échelle hebdomadaire, le calme dominical fait souvent regretter l'animation des jours de semaine mais permet aussi de récupérer des « fièvres du samedi soir ». En juin, les touristes qui envahissent certains lieux annoncent la période estivale pendant laquelle de nombreux habitants auront déserté la ville. Peu de personnes échappent à la frénésie d'achats de la rentrée. En fin d'année, nombreux sont ceux qui ouvrent des yeux d'enfants vers les illuminations de Noël des centres-villes. Les jours froids d'hiver, les rues désertes contrastent avec le souvenir rassurant de la foule qui s'agglutine sur les terrasses dès les premiers rayons de soleil du printemps. On rit parfois des photos jaunies de notre enfance qui nous rappellent que les modes évoluent et que même les plus grands bâtiments ne sont pas éternels. Au ...

International audience ; Outil d'optimisation des politiques publiques, l'évaluation est devenue, dans les pays développés, un instrument de transparence sur la gestion des administrations et d'enrichissement du débat public. Dans les pays en développement, elle est utilisée par les institutions financières internationales pour légitimer la liquidation des secteurs d'économie traditionnelle. Les pays en développement connaissent souvent une situation duale, juxtaposition d'une société traditionnelle et d'une société moderne. La théorie économique réduit le dualisme à la coexistence de deux modes de production et méconnaît ses aspects sociaux. Elle sous-estime ainsi les obstacles structurels à des stratégies de transition macro-économiquement rationnelles et sociétalement absurdes. Le schéma de croissance des pays développés ne peut être transposé : les échanges intersectoriels étant quasi inexistants, le décollage du secteur moderne n'en-clenche aucune croissance dans le secteur traditionnel, qu'au contraire il déstructure. La modélisation des économies duales utilisée par les institutions financières internationales (notamment FMI et Banque Mondiale) dérive du modèle de W. A. Lewis, qui postule l'inefficacité économique du secteur traditionnel. Dès lors, les contraintes liées aux politiques d'ajustement structurel sont considérées comme un outil macroéconomique d'accélération de la disparition du secteur traditionnel, au profit d'une organisation économique et sociétale standard. Au regard des critères de durabilité (croissance économique, cohésion sociale et protection de l'environnement), ce modèle standard présente des défauts majeurs : sur-valorisation des échanges marchands au détriment des ressources naturelles ; sous-estimation des externalités négatives du processus de modernisation économique.Élaborées dans le même cadre conceptuel, les méthodes d'évaluation préconisées par les institutions financières internationales ne prennent en compte que des paramètres choisis pour leur cohérence avec le modèle ...

Business is generally viewed as a means to generate personal or corporate wealth, but business transactions can also sacrificially serve the common good. In conversation with contemporary social theorists, Joshua S. Nunziato in this book critically evaluates the spiritual significance and aims of economic exchange. Inspired by Augustine's vision of the Church as a 'universal sacrifice', he explores how Augustine's approach teaches us detachment - both personal and collective - which releases us from illusory claims of ownership and reframes business as an exercise in loving and letting go. Nunziato's volume engages with the big questions of economic life and considers both why and how we acknowledge people through business in a way that results in collective well-being. It will be of interest to scholars and students of Augustinian studies, philosophy of exchange, and economic ethics.

Piracy can lead to risks so high that they, according to the International Maritime Organization, are tolerable only if risk reduction is not practicable or is disproportionate to the benefits achieved. Therefore, there is a need for reducing ship security risks in relation to antagonistic threats such as piracy. The aim of this study is to identify challenges for ship operators when developing their ship security management. Furthermore, this study also investigates two central aspects in the analysis: understanding the threat and understanding how a security threat affects the crew and operation of the ship. It is clear from the analysis that the importance of subjective aspects beyond a ship operators' direct control is high. This seems to be the fact for all aspects of the risk management process. The situation is also dynamic as the security risk, as well as the risk perception, can change dramatically even though there are no actual operational changes. As a result, the ship security management process is highly iterative and depends on situations on board as well as conditions out of the ship operator's control. In order to make ship security manageable, the risk management has to put particular focus on methodological understanding, relevant system understanding and well-defined risk acceptance criteria as well as on including all levels of the organization in the risk reduction implementation and on a continuous monitoring.