Suchergebnisse

Erdgas gewinnt weltweit immer größere Bedeutung bei der Umstrukturierung und Dekarbonisierung von Energiesystemen. Es ist flächendeckend verfügbar und flexibel einsetzbar in Verstromung, Industrie, Verkehr und im Haushaltsbereich. Im Vergleich zu anderen fossilen Energieträgern wird bei seiner Verbrennung relativ wenig CO2 emittiert. Aus diesem Grund kommt der Erdgaswirtschaft auch bei der europäischen Energiewende in Richtung erneuerbarer Energieträger eine wichtige unterstützende Rolle zu. Das DIW Berlin untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund das Potential des globalen Erdgasmarktes und analysiert modellgestützt mögliche Entwicklungsszenarien für verschiedene Klimaschutzziele. Die seit einigen Jahren zu beobachtende strukturelle Verschiebung der internationalen Erdgaswirtschaft wird sich auch mittel- und langfristig fortsetzen. Während die Staaten des arabischen Golfs, insbesondere Katar, aufgrund ihrer geographischen Lage als flexibler Anbieter (Swing Supplier) verbleiben, sinkt künftig die zentrale Bedeutung Russlands für die Versorgung Europas. Neue Techniken wie das Fracking, die die Erschließung sogenannter unkonventioneller Erdgasvorkommen ermöglichen, lassen die USA zur potenziellen Erdgasexportmacht aufsteigen und bieten anderen Weltregionen Hoffnung auf eigene Förderung. In Europa hingegen erscheint das Potential zusätzlicher einheimischer Gewinnung durch Fracking von Schiefergas aufgrund technischer Unsicherheiten und fehlender politischer Unterstützung im Kontext eines ausreichenden, internationalen Erdgasangebotes als gering. Immer mehr Nachfrage nach Erdgas wird aus Asien kommen, wo der wachstumsinduzierte Energiehunger kontinuierlich steigt. Diese mittelfristig dominante Nachfrageregion wird einen Großteil des zukünftigen Erdgashandels binden. In Europa sind mehrere Entwicklungspfade möglich, in Abhängigkeit davon, ob Erdgas als Brückentechnologie auf dem Weg zu erneuerbar-basierten Systemen genutzt wird, oder langfristig ein Komplement zur unsteten Einspeisung Erneuerbarer darstellt. ; With the restructuring and decarbonization of energy systems, the significance of natural gas is on the increase worldwide. It is widely available and flexible-natural gas can be used in electricity generation, manufacturing, transport, and private households. Compared to other fossil fuels, combustion of natural gas leads to relatively low carbon dioxide emissions. For this reason, the natural gas economy also has an important supportive role to play when it comes to the European energy transition towards renewable energies. Against this backdrop, DIW Berlin examines the potential of the global natural gas market and carries out model-based analyses of the possible scenarios for meeting different climate change targets. The structural shift in the international natural gas economy that has been observed for some years now is also set to continue in the medium and long term. While the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, particularly Qatar, will remain swing suppliers due to their geographical location, Russia's significance in upplying Europe will decline in future. New techniques such as fracking enable the exploitation of unconventional natural gas reserves, which could potentially see the US become a natural gas export leader and also give other regions around the world the opportunity to domestically extract natural gas. However, in Europe, the potential for additional exploitation of domestic reserves by extracting shale gas through fracking is rather limited for technical reasons and a lack of political support in the context of an adequate international natural gas supply. Asian demand for natural gas is expected to increase as a result of the burgeoning energy hunger generated by economic growth. This demand region, set to dominate in the medium term, will tie up the lion's share of future natural gas trade. In Europe, the situation could develop along a number of different paths, depending on whether natural gas is used as a bridging fuel in the transition towards systems based on renewable energies or, as a back-up fuel for intermittent renewable power generation in the long term.

International audience ; Although a global cap-and-trade system is seen by many researchers as the most cost-efficient solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the governments of developing countries refuse to enter into such a system in the short term. Many scholars and stakeholders, including the European Commission, have thus proposed various types of commitments for developing countries that appear less stringent, such as sectoral approaches. A macroeconomic assessment of such a sectoral approach is provided for developing countries. Two policy scenarios in particular are assessed, in which developed countries continue with Kyoto-type absolute commitments, while developing countries adopt an emissions trading system limited to electricity generation and linked to developed countries' cap-and-trade systems. In the first scenario, CO2 allowances are auctioned by the government, which distributes its revenues as a lump sum to households. In a second scenario, the auction revenues are used to reduce taxes on, or to give subsidies to, electricity generation. The quantitative analysis, conducted with a hybrid general equilibrium model, shows that such options provide almost as much emissions reduction as a global cap-and-trade system. Moreover, in the second sectoral scenario, GDP losses in developing countries are much lower than with a global cap-and-trade system, as is also the effect on the electricity price. ; Bien qu'un système mondial de quotas échangeables soit considéré par de nombreux chercheurs comme la solution la plus efficace pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, les gouvernements des pays en développement refusent d'entrer dans un tel système à court terme. De nombreux universitaires et d'autres parties prenantes, y compris la Commission européenne, ont de ce fait proposé pour les pays en développement plusieurs types d'engagements qui paraissent moins contraignants, comme les approches sectorielles. Nous fournissons une évaluation macroéconomique d'une telle approche sectorielle appliquée aux pays en développement. Nous examinons en particulier deux scénarios dans lesquels les pays développés maintiennent les engagements absolus de type Kyoto, tandis que les pays en développement adoptent un système d'échange de quotas d'émissions limité à la production d'électricité et lié au système de quotas échangeables des pays développés. Dans le premier scenario, les quotas de CO2 sont mis aux enchères par le gouvernement, qui distribue forfaitairement le produit des enchères aux ménages. Dans le deuxième scenario, les revenus de la vente aux enchères sont utilisés pour réduire les impôts sur la production d'électricité ou pour subventionner cette dernière. L'analyse quantitative présentée, obtenue par un modèle d'équilibre général, montre que ces options apportent presqu'autant de réductions d'émissions qu'un système mondial de plafonnement-échange. De plus, dans le second scenario sectoriel, les pertes de PIB dans les pays en développement sont bien plus faibles qu'avec un système mondial de quotas échangeables et il en est de même de l'impact sur le prix de l'électricité.

International audience ; Although a global cap-and-trade system is seen by many researchers as the most cost-efficient solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the governments of developing countries refuse to enter into such a system in the short term. Many scholars and stakeholders, including the European Commission, have thus proposed various types of commitments for developing countries that appear less stringent, such as sectoral approaches. A macroeconomic assessment of such a sectoral approach is provided for developing countries. Two policy scenarios in particular are assessed, in which developed countries continue with Kyoto-type absolute commitments, while developing countries adopt an emissions trading system limited to electricity generation and linked to developed countries' cap-and-trade systems. In the first scenario, CO2 allowances are auctioned by the government, which distributes its revenues as a lump sum to households. In a second scenario, the auction revenues are used to reduce taxes on, or to give subsidies to, electricity generation. The quantitative analysis, conducted with a hybrid general equilibrium model, shows that such options provide almost as much emissions reduction as a global cap-and-trade system. Moreover, in the second sectoral scenario, GDP losses in developing countries are much lower than with a global cap-and-trade system, as is also the effect on the electricity price. ; Bien qu'un système mondial de quotas échangeables soit considéré par de nombreux chercheurs comme la solution la plus efficace pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, les gouvernements des pays en développement refusent d'entrer dans un tel système à court terme. De nombreux universitaires et d'autres parties prenantes, y compris la Commission européenne, ont de ce fait proposé pour les pays en développement plusieurs types d'engagements qui paraissent moins contraignants, comme les approches sectorielles. Nous fournissons une évaluation macroéconomique d'une telle approche sectorielle appliquée aux pays en développement. Nous examinons en particulier deux scénarios dans lesquels les pays développés maintiennent les engagements absolus de type Kyoto, tandis que les pays en développement adoptent un système d'échange de quotas d'émissions limité à la production d'électricité et lié au système de quotas échangeables des pays développés. Dans le premier scenario, les quotas de CO2 sont mis aux enchères par le gouvernement, qui distribue forfaitairement le produit des enchères aux ménages. Dans le deuxième scenario, les revenus de la vente aux enchères sont utilisés pour réduire les impôts sur la production d'électricité ou pour subventionner cette dernière. L'analyse quantitative présentée, obtenue par un modèle d'équilibre général, montre que ces options apportent presqu'autant de réductions d'émissions qu'un système mondial de plafonnement-échange. De plus, dans le second scenario sectoriel, les pertes de PIB dans les pays en développement sont bien plus faibles qu'avec un système mondial de quotas échangeables et il en est de même de l'impact sur le prix de l'électricité.

El envejecimiento de la población, los cambios en los deseos socioprofesionales de las mujeres y la pérdida de redes sociales que apoyen los cuidados familiares han desafiado la labor de la protección social y han evidenciado nuevas fórmulas de atención personal en los hogares. La aprobación de un marco estatal de regulación de la dependencia y la proliferación de transferencias económicas han sido las respuestas institucionales para la provisión de cuidados de larga duración. La contratación de una empleada de hogar como cuidadora ha sido la alternativa seguida por las familias, en algunos casos, animadas por el auge de estos subsidios monetarios. Ello ha supuesto un cambio en el régimen de cuidados español, donde la reorganización de los cuidados no pasa por una división sexual y generacional más equilibrada en las tareas asistenciales, sino en la mercantilización de estos trabajos. La aceleración de llegadas de población inmigrante, feminizada y en situación irregular, ha propiciado que este sector de cuidados dentro del servicio doméstico, se convierta en un nicho laboral para las personas extranjeras. El artículo explora las conexiones existentes entre la naturaleza de la protección social y la mercantilización de la asistencia, comparando las estrategias de provisión de cuidados de personas mayores en cada una de las comunidades autónomas según la implicación del estado, el modelo migratorio y la incorporación laboral femenina. ; This paper presents the link between the characteristics of the social protection system and the commodification of the assistance. In order to show this, the care providing strategies for the elderly are analysed in the Autonomous Regions in Spain according to the implication of the state social policy, the migratory model and the incorporation of female native population into the labour market. The aging of population, the changes in the socio-labour expectations of native women and the lost of social networks supporting family care have challenged the role of the social protection system and have shown new ways of personal attention within the households. The governmental replies for the provision of long term care have been based on the passing of the regulation of dependence within the framework of the Spanish state policy and the spread of cash transfers. The hiring of a female domestic worker as a care giver has been the alternative followed by the families, in certain cases encouraged by the raise of these economic benefits. This fact has changed the Spanish care system where the re-organization of care does not imply a more balanced sexual and generational division of assistance tasks, but in the commodification of this work. The sharp increase of feminized and irregular immigrant population has favoured that the care sector in the framework of domestic work becomes a relevant labour niche for foreigners.

International audience ; Although a global cap-and-trade system is seen by many researchers as the most cost-efficient solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the governments of developing countries refuse to enter into such a system in the short term. Many scholars and stakeholders, including the European Commission, have thus proposed various types of commitments for developing countries that appear less stringent, such as sectoral approaches. A macroeconomic assessment of such a sectoral approach is provided for developing countries. Two policy scenarios in particular are assessed, in which developed countries continue with Kyoto-type absolute commitments, while developing countries adopt an emissions trading system limited to electricity generation and linked to developed countries' cap-and-trade systems. In the first scenario, CO2 allowances are auctioned by the government, which distributes its revenues as a lump sum to households. In a second scenario, the auction revenues are used to reduce taxes on, or to give subsidies to, electricity generation. The quantitative analysis, conducted with a hybrid general equilibrium model, shows that such options provide almost as much emissions reduction as a global cap-and-trade system. Moreover, in the second sectoral scenario, GDP losses in developing countries are much lower than with a global cap-and-trade system, as is also the effect on the electricity price. ; Bien qu'un système mondial de quotas échangeables soit considéré par de nombreux chercheurs comme la solution la plus efficace pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, les gouvernements des pays en développement refusent d'entrer dans un tel système à court terme. De nombreux universitaires et d'autres parties prenantes, y compris la Commission européenne, ont de ce fait proposé pour les pays en développement plusieurs types d'engagements qui paraissent moins contraignants, comme les approches sectorielles. Nous fournissons une évaluation macroéconomique d'une telle approche sectorielle appliquée aux pays en développement. Nous examinons en particulier deux scénarios dans lesquels les pays développés maintiennent les engagements absolus de type Kyoto, tandis que les pays en développement adoptent un système d'échange de quotas d'émissions limité à la production d'électricité et lié au système de quotas échangeables des pays développés. Dans le premier scenario, les quotas de CO2 sont mis aux enchères par le gouvernement, qui distribue forfaitairement le produit des enchères aux ménages. Dans le deuxième scenario, les revenus de la vente aux enchères sont utilisés pour réduire les impôts sur la production d'électricité ou pour subventionner cette dernière. L'analyse quantitative présentée, obtenue par un modèle d'équilibre général, montre que ces options apportent presqu'autant de réductions d'émissions qu'un système mondial de plafonnement-échange. De plus, dans le second scenario sectoriel, les pertes de PIB dans les pays en développement sont bien plus faibles qu'avec un système mondial de quotas échangeables et il en est de même de l'impact sur le prix de l'électricité.

El text va ser presentat, el 14 de juny de 2010, com a Treball de Recerca del Màster en Estudis Territorials i de la Població-Demografia. La recerca va ser co-dirigida per Juan A. Módenes i Julián López-Colás. ; Se analiza el grado de homogeneidad del modelo residencial del Sur de Europa, que la literatura identifica como un grupo regional muy diferenciado en el contexto europeo. Mediante un enfoque comparativo, se estudia la estructura de tenencia por edad de la persona principal y otras características sociodemográficas, de los 4 países principales de este ámbito: Italia, España, Portugal y Grecia. Los datos proceden de la European Union Statistics on Income and Life Conditions (EU-SILC). Los resultados destacan los fundamentos comunes de los países del Sur de Europa, por el acceso rápido e intenso a la propiedad, pero aportan evidencias de una mayor heterogeneidad en el caso del comportamiento residencial de la inmigración reciente y de los grupos de rentas bajas. En el caso de que estos colectivos tengan un mayor protagonismo en el futuro, esta heterogeneidad puede evolucionar hacia una importante divergencia dinámica entre los países analizados. ; S'analitza el grau d'homogeneïtat del model residencial del Sud d'Europa, que la literatura identifica com un grup regional molt diferenciat en el context europeu. Mitjançant un enfocament comparatiu s'estudia l'estructura de tinença, per edat de la persona principal i altres característiques sociodemogràfiques dels 4 països principals d'aquest àmbit: Itàlia, Espanya, Portugal i Grècia. Les dades provenen de la European Union Statistics on Income and Life Conditions (EU-SILC). Els resultats destaquen els trets comuns dels països del Sud d'Europa, a causa de l'accés ràpid i intens a la propietat, però aporten evidències d'una més gran heterogeneïtat en el cas del comportament residencial de la immigració recent i dels grups de rendes més baixes. Si aquests col·lectius tenen un major protagonisme en el futur, aquesta heterogeneïtat pot evolucionar cap a una important divergència dinàmica entre aquests països analitzats. ; This research analyzes the degree of homogeneity of the Southern European housing system, which the literature identifies as a sharply differentiated regional cluster in the European context. Using a comparative approach, the housing tenure structure of the four major countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece) will be examined, breaking down the rates by age of householder and other demographic variables. Data are from the European Union Statistics on Income and Life Conditions (EU-SILC). The results highlight the common ground of Southern European countries, in relation with a strong and fast access to homeownership. But at the same time they show an important heterogeneity in the case of recent immigrants and low-income groups. In the event that the weight of these groups grows in the future, this specific heterogeneity may turn into a significant total divergence between the countries.

International health service research reveals a uniform tendency in practically all industrialised countries: an increasing shift of costs from solidarity-based financing to private households. Legislators and advisors usually justify this policy through the need to encourage cost-consciousness and especially individual responsibility. Economists consider cost-sharing in health care to be necessary to prevent abuse of the welfare state. They expect user charges and co-payments to motivate a more rational utilisation of health care and, thus, the financial stabilisation of health systems. Many politicians and economists base their assumptions about the health market on the theorem of demand-side moral hazard. This model transforms patients into rational utility maximisers consuming services beyond their needs thereby causing welfare losses to society as a whole. Moral hazard in health insurance belongs to the standard repertoires of economic textbooks. The present study analyses the extensive theoretical and empirical literature on patient cost-sharing published during the last forty years. The results show that persuasive evidence for demand-side moral hazard is still lacking. Furthermore, the claimed empiricism turns out to be inappropriate for providing evidence. Science health service research and clinical studies instead suggest that health insurance beneficiaries are not aiming to abuse the health system. In fact, introducing patient cost-sharing seems to endanger proper health care since it deters the sick from claiming benefits. The idea of rational use transpires to be out of touch with reality. After a systematic in-depth review of current research on the topic, the author concludes that moral hazard in health insurance is a bogey of academic economic theory. Adequate reality-based evidence for implementing patient user fees and co-payments is lacking. In view of the detrimental effects on health service utilisation, he advises cancelling existing co-payment arrangements and abandoning cost-sharing policies. ; Die internationale Gesundheitssystemforschung zeigt in praktisch allen Industrieländern einen einheitlichen Trend auf: die zunehmende Verlagerung der Kosten von der solidarischen Finanzierung auf die privaten Haushalte. Gesetzgeber wie Berater begründen dies üblicherweise mit der Stärkung von Kostenbewusstsein und vor allem der Eigenverantwortung. Wirtschaftswissenschaftler betrachten Selbstbeteiligungen in der Gesundheitsversorgung als notwendig, um dem Missbrauch der Solidargemeinschaft entgegenzuwirken. Von Gebühren und Zuzahlungen erwarten sie eine vernünftigere Inanspruchnahme der Gesundheitsleistungen und eine finanzielle Stabilisierung der Systeme. Die Sicht vieler Politiker und Wirtschaftsexperten auf den Gesundheitsmarkt ist durch das Theorem des versichertenseitigen Moral Hazard geprägt. Dieses Modell macht Krankenversicherte zu rationalen Nutzenmaximierern, die zum eigenen Vorteil über den Bedarf hinaus Leistungen in Anspruch nähmen und dadurch gesamtgesellschaftliche Wohlfahrtsverluste verursachten. Moral Hazard in der Krankenversicherung gehört zum Standard-Repertoire ökonomischer Lehrbücher. Die vorliegende Arbeit wertet die umfangreiche Literatur über Ansätze und Versuche der Kostenbeteiligung von Patienten aus, die in den letzten vier Jahrzehnten erschienen ist. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass belastbare Belege für das Moral-Hazard-Verhalten von Versicherten bzw. Patienten bisher fehlen und die üblicherweise angeführte Empirie für den Nachweis ungeeignet ist. Gesundheitswissenschaftliche, versorgungsbezogene und klinische Studien legen vielmehr nahe, dass die Versicherten das System nicht ausnutzen wollen oder können. Die Einführung von Kostenbeteiligungen für Patienten scheint eher die bedarfsgerechte Versorgung zu gefährden, weil sie Kranke von der Inanspruchnahme abhalten. Die Vorstellung von der rationalen Nutzung des Gesundheitswesens entpuppt sich als realitätsfremd. Nach gründlicher Auswertung des Forschungsstandes kommt der Autor zum Schluss, dass Moral Hazard in der Krankenversicherung ein Popanz der akademischen Wirtschaftstheorie geblieben ist. Für die Einführung von Kostenbeteiligungen für Patienten fehlt es an hinreichender realitätsbasierter Evidenz. In Anbetracht der schädlichen versorgungspolitischen Effekte erscheinen die Rücknahme aller Patientenzuzahlungen und der Verzicht auf Selbstbeteiligungen geboten.

There are three reasons why land policies in Africa are attracting greater amounts of attention. First, it is recognized that enhancing smallholder productivity is critical for sustainable and broad-based growth as well as poverty reduction (World Bank 2007). However, land-related investment, technology adoption, establishment of processing, markets, and value chains, all are unlikely to come about unless land tenure is secure. Moreover, increased productivity will be capitalized in land values and unless explicit attention is devoted to traditional land rights and land access by weaker groups, in particular women, interventions aiming to increase agricultural productivity may have negative social consequences. This is particularly relevant in contexts where current interpretations of customary systems define women's rights only through their relationship with men and women are often unable to inherit land which is considered the property of their husband's lineage. Negative implications for productivity can be severe, in particular if, as almost everywhere, women make a major contribution to agricultural production and its management. Second, demand for land, and in many cases land prices, have vastly increased with population growth, urbanization, and overall economic development. While higher land values makes land registration more rewarding, leaving land rights undefined increases the risk of having them appropriated by outsiders in a way that may neither be consistent with principles of equity nor conducive to the most productive use of this resource. Third, in a decentralized setting, land administration can not only help provide public goods and improve government finance but also that are rural areas will not develop based on agriculture alone. Nonagricultural development will imply migration of households out of agriculture that requires secure land rights so as to allow transfer of land rights, either through rental on a temporary basis or through sale, to others who are able to make more effective use of it without the fear of losing it. In many cases, this is now complemented by demand for land by investors who want to use it for food production, bio-fuels, or in anticipation of carbon payments has increased significantly in the wake of recent commodity price booms. It has highlighted that, without clear processes to process requests or assign of land rights, land acquisition by outsiders may end up fostering corruption and leading to inequality and dispossession of traditional land users rather than as a positive force for growth. This paper examines the theories identifying channels through which land rights can affect socioeconomic outcomes, points to realities which often prevent such effects from materializing, summarizes quantitative evidence on the actual impact of land registration interventions to assess the validity of theoretical arguments, and derives conclusions that can help guide applied work in this area. An example from Ethiopia is used to illustrate the potentially far-reaching impacts of 'new' models of formalizing land rights and a number of policy conclusions are drawn.

Die internationale Gesundheitssystemforschung zeigt in praktisch allen Industrieländern einen einheitlichen Trend auf: die zunehmende Verlagerung der Kosten von der solidarischen Finanzierung auf die privaten Haushalte. Gesetzgeber wie Berater begründen dies üblicherweise mit der Stärkung von Kostenbewusstsein und vor allem der Eigenverantwortung. Wirtschaftswissenschaftler betrachten Selbstbeteiligungen in der Gesundheitsversorgung als notwendig, um dem Missbrauch der Solidargemeinschaft entgegenzuwirken. Von Gebühren und Zuzahlungen erwarten sie eine vernünftigere Inanspruchnahme der Gesundheitsleistungen und eine finanzielle Stabilisierung der Systeme. Die Sicht vieler Politiker und Wirtschaftsexperten auf den Gesundheitsmarkt ist durch das Theorem des versichertenseitigen Moral Hazard geprägt. Dieses Modell macht Kran-kenversicherte zu rationalen Nutzenmaximierern, die zum eigenen Vorteil über den Bedarf hinaus Leistungen in Anspruch nähmen und dadurch gesamtgesellschaftliche Wohlfahrtsverluste verursachten. Moral Hazard in der Krankenversicherung gehört zum Standard-Repertoire ökonomischer Lehrbücher. Die vorliegende Arbeit wertet die umfangreiche Literatur über Ansätze und Versuche der Kostenbeteiligung von Patienten aus, die in den letzten vier Jahrzehnten erschienen ist. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass belastbare Belege für das Moral-Hazard-Verhalten von Versicherten bzw. Patienten bisher fehlen und die üblicherweise angeführte Empirie für den Nachweis ungeeignet ist. Gesundheitswissenschaftliche, versorgungsbezogene und klinische Studien legen vielmehr nahe, dass die Versicherten das System nicht ausnutzen wollen oder können. Die Einführung von Kostenbeteiligungen für Patienten scheint eher die bedarfsgerechte Versorgung zu gefährden, weil sie Kranke von der Inanspruchnahme abhalten. Die Vorstellung von der rationalen Nutzung des Gesundheitswesens entpuppt sich als realitätsfremd. Nach gründlicher Auswertung des Forschungsstandes kommt der Autor zum Schluss, dass Moral Hazard in der Krankenversicherung ein Popanz der akademischen Wirtschaftstheorie geblieben ist. Für die Einführung von Kostenbeteiligungen für Patienten fehlt es an hinrei-chender realitätsbasierter Evidenz. In Anbetracht der schädlichen versorgungspolitischen Effekte erscheinen die Rücknahme aller Patientenzuzahlungen und der Verzicht auf Selbstbeteiligungen geboten. ; International health service research highlights a uniform tendency in practically all industrialised countries: the increasing shift of costs from solidarity-based financing to private households. Legislators and advisors usually justify this policy through the need to encourage cost-consciousness and mainly self-responsibility. Economists consider cost-sharing in health care to be necessary for preventing abuse of the caring society. They expect user charges and co-payments to motivate a more rational utilisation of health care and, thus, the financial stabilisation of health systems. Many politicians and economists base their assumptions on the health market on the theorem of demand-side moral hazard. This model transforms enrollees into rational utility maximisers who are consuming services beyond their needs thereby causing welfare losses to the society as a whole. Moral hazard in health insurance belongs to the standard repertoires of economic textbooks. The present study analyses the extensive literature on approaches and experiments to introduce patient cost-sharing published during the last 40 years. Results show that persuasive evidence for demand- side moral hazard is still lacking. Furthermore, the usually quoted empiricism turns out to be inappropriate for proving evidence. Health science, service research and clinical studies rather suggest that health insurance beneficiaries are not aiming at or willing to abuse the health system. In fact, introducing patient cost-sharing seems to endanger adequate health care since they deter the ill from claiming benefits. The idea of rational use emerges as out of touch with reality. After a systematic in-depth review of current research on the topic, the author concludes that moral hazard in health insurance is a bogey of academic economic theory. Adequate reality-based evidence for implementing patient user fees and co-payments is lacking. In view of the detrimental effects on health service utilisation, it is advised to cancel existing co-payments and to abandon costsharing policies.

Proceedings on CD-ROM. ; International audience ; The private car currently dominates travel in large metropolitan areas and its use is on the increase, in spite of the fact that public opinion is generally in favour of the development of public transport and political statements which reflect this opinion. Furthermore, the available projections and an analysis of the potential effect of conventional policies indicate that although such policies are able to exert some control, it is limited. Then, the question, that this research directed by INRETS will attempt to answer, is: could a major metropolitan area operate with a radically different transport system that is based principally on the use of modes other than the automobile? By "radically different", we mean a system in which use of the conventional automobile would be reduced in a non-marginal manner, by, say, between a third and a half of all private car vehicle-kilometres. This research does not attempt to justify a move towards a radically different system a lot as already been said on it. Instead, the project will perform different transport simulations and assess on based-rules the effect on the use of modes. Transport scenarios have been designed to incorporate a progressive improvement in public transport supply in the following respects: increase in speeds on the roads, increase in service frequencies during off-peak periods, creation of exclusive public transport lanes, reserving radial roads for public transport, extension of metro and regional express rail and reorganisation of bus routes in response to this. We have also devised and simulated a set of appropriate accompanying strategies that are intended to improve the effectiveness of public transport supply, for example policies to encourage the use of the bicycle or park and ride schemes. The methodology, developed by INRETS has been applied on Paris and Lyon region based on the last household travel survey conducted in each area. For each transport scenario, Paris and Lyon models are used to calculate public transport time for all trips whatever is the actual mode of transport. We then applied the procedure of mode transfer to assess the effect of each of these scenario on mode choice. The procedure is based on automatic rules. Trips, or more precisely round trips, are assigned to one or other of the alternative modes on the basis of elimination rules (no walking for distances over 2 kilometres, no cycling over 8 kilometres, no modal transfer if the purpose of the round trip is for escorting purposes.) and on the basis of constraints (individual travel-time budgets, the length of each trip and round trips, the existence of transport supply.). This system of rules and constraints constitutes the core of the modal transfer procedure. The paper will present both the methodology and results obtain from Paris and Lyon case studies.

Proceedings on CD-ROM. ; International audience ; The private car currently dominates travel in large metropolitan areas and its use is on the increase, in spite of the fact that public opinion is generally in favour of the development of public transport and political statements which reflect this opinion. Furthermore, the available projections and an analysis of the potential effect of conventional policies indicate that although such policies are able to exert some control, it is limited. Then, the question, that this research directed by INRETS will attempt to answer, is: could a major metropolitan area operate with a radically different transport system that is based principally on the use of modes other than the automobile? By "radically different", we mean a system in which use of the conventional automobile would be reduced in a non-marginal manner, by, say, between a third and a half of all private car vehicle-kilometres. This research does not attempt to justify a move towards a radically different system a lot as already been said on it. Instead, the project will perform different transport simulations and assess on based-rules the effect on the use of modes. Transport scenarios have been designed to incorporate a progressive improvement in public transport supply in the following respects: increase in speeds on the roads, increase in service frequencies during off-peak periods, creation of exclusive public transport lanes, reserving radial roads for public transport, extension of metro and regional express rail and reorganisation of bus routes in response to this. We have also devised and simulated a set of appropriate accompanying strategies that are intended to improve the effectiveness of public transport supply, for example policies to encourage the use of the bicycle or park and ride schemes. The methodology, developed by INRETS has been applied on Paris and Lyon region based on the last household travel survey conducted in each area. For each transport scenario, Paris and Lyon models are used to calculate public transport time for all trips whatever is the actual mode of transport. We then applied the procedure of mode transfer to assess the effect of each of these scenario on mode choice. The procedure is based on automatic rules. Trips, or more precisely round trips, are assigned to one or other of the alternative modes on the basis of elimination rules (no walking for distances over 2 kilometres, no cycling over 8 kilometres, no modal transfer if the purpose of the round trip is for escorting purposes.) and on the basis of constraints (individual travel-time budgets, the length of each trip and round trips, the existence of transport supply.). This system of rules and constraints constitutes the core of the modal transfer procedure. The paper will present both the methodology and results obtain from Paris and Lyon case studies.

Proceedings on CD-ROM. ; International audience ; The private car currently dominates travel in large metropolitan areas and its use is on the increase, in spite of the fact that public opinion is generally in favour of the development of public transport and political statements which reflect this opinion. Furthermore, the available projections and an analysis of the potential effect of conventional policies indicate that although such policies are able to exert some control, it is limited. Then, the question, that this research directed by INRETS will attempt to answer, is: could a major metropolitan area operate with a radically different transport system that is based principally on the use of modes other than the automobile? By "radically different", we mean a system in which use of the conventional automobile would be reduced in a non-marginal manner, by, say, between a third and a half of all private car vehicle-kilometres. This research does not attempt to justify a move towards a radically different system a lot as already been said on it. Instead, the project will perform different transport simulations and assess on based-rules the effect on the use of modes. Transport scenarios have been designed to incorporate a progressive improvement in public transport supply in the following respects: increase in speeds on the roads, increase in service frequencies during off-peak periods, creation of exclusive public transport lanes, reserving radial roads for public transport, extension of metro and regional express rail and reorganisation of bus routes in response to this. We have also devised and simulated a set of appropriate accompanying strategies that are intended to improve the effectiveness of public transport supply, for example policies to encourage the use of the bicycle or park and ride schemes. The methodology, developed by INRETS has been applied on Paris and Lyon region based on the last household travel survey conducted in each area. For each transport scenario, Paris and Lyon models are used to calculate public transport time for all trips whatever is the actual mode of transport. We then applied the procedure of mode transfer to assess the effect of each of these scenario on mode choice. The procedure is based on automatic rules. Trips, or more precisely round trips, are assigned to one or other of the alternative modes on the basis of elimination rules (no walking for distances over 2 kilometres, no cycling over 8 kilometres, no modal transfer if the purpose of the round trip is for escorting purposes.) and on the basis of constraints (individual travel-time budgets, the length of each trip and round trips, the existence of transport supply.). This system of rules and constraints constitutes the core of the modal transfer procedure. The paper will present both the methodology and results obtain from Paris and Lyon case studies.

Proceedings on CD-ROM. ; International audience ; The private car currently dominates travel in large metropolitan areas and its use is on the increase, in spite of the fact that public opinion is generally in favour of the development of public transport and political statements which reflect this opinion. Furthermore, the available projections and an analysis of the potential effect of conventional policies indicate that although such policies are able to exert some control, it is limited. Then, the question, that this research directed by INRETS will attempt to answer, is: could a major metropolitan area operate with a radically different transport system that is based principally on the use of modes other than the automobile? By "radically different", we mean a system in which use of the conventional automobile would be reduced in a non-marginal manner, by, say, between a third and a half of all private car vehicle-kilometres. This research does not attempt to justify a move towards a radically different system a lot as already been said on it. Instead, the project will perform different transport simulations and assess on based-rules the effect on the use of modes. Transport scenarios have been designed to incorporate a progressive improvement in public transport supply in the following respects: increase in speeds on the roads, increase in service frequencies during off-peak periods, creation of exclusive public transport lanes, reserving radial roads for public transport, extension of metro and regional express rail and reorganisation of bus routes in response to this. We have also devised and simulated a set of appropriate accompanying strategies that are intended to improve the effectiveness of public transport supply, for example policies to encourage the use of the bicycle or park and ride schemes. The methodology, developed by INRETS has been applied on Paris and Lyon region based on the last household travel survey conducted in each area. For each transport scenario, Paris and Lyon models are used to calculate public transport time for all trips whatever is the actual mode of transport. We then applied the procedure of mode transfer to assess the effect of each of these scenario on mode choice. The procedure is based on automatic rules. Trips, or more precisely round trips, are assigned to one or other of the alternative modes on the basis of elimination rules (no walking for distances over 2 kilometres, no cycling over 8 kilometres, no modal transfer if the purpose of the round trip is for escorting purposes.) and on the basis of constraints (individual travel-time budgets, the length of each trip and round trips, the existence of transport supply.). This system of rules and constraints constitutes the core of the modal transfer procedure. The paper will present both the methodology and results obtain from Paris and Lyon case studies.

La recherche canadienne sur le vote des classes a surtout fait ressortir l'importance des forces structurelles qui contribuent à faire naître l'appui au Nouveau Parti démocratique (NPD) en insistant moins sur l'idéologie des classes. Le présent article contient un modèle LISREL faisant état des relations entre les positions des classes, leur idéologic et le vote en faveur du NPD selon la base de données provenant de l'étude des élections nationales du Canada de 1984. Les observations soulignent l'importance que revêtent, en tant que sources des suffrages des classes, trois dimensions de l'idéologie des classes qui repré‐sentent en partie le résultat de la position de ces dernières. L'idéologie égalitaire et l'appui au maintien des syndicate forts ont des effete directs et prononcés sur le vote en faveur du NPD alors que l'identifi‐cation à une classe exerce un effet indirect par le biais de deux autres variables. Même si la position objective des classes agit indépendam‐ment sur les suffrages accordés au NPD, ses répercussions semblent limitées comparativement à celles que produisent les trois variables liées à l'étude. En modélisant les effete de la position et de l'idéologie des classes, les auteurs ont employé trois variables non encore utili‐sées dans les analyses précédentes des suffrages des classes, soit l'appui des père et mère au NPD, la présence d'un syndiqué (autre que le répondant) dans le ménage et l'appartenance à une «classe nouvelle». Chacune de ces variables a un effet majeur sur le soutien donné au NPD. Quant aux répercussions attribuables à la région, elles semblent assez limitées une fois que l'on a tenu compte du vote des père et mère en faveur du NPD et de l'appui accordéà ce dernier à l'occasion des élections de 1980.Canadian research on class voting has primarily emphasized structural forces that produce support for the NDP, with less attention to class ideology. This paper presents a LISREL model of relationships among class position, class ideology, and voting for the NDP, based on data from the Canadian National Election Study of 1984. The findings point to the importance of three dimensions of class ideology, produced in part by class position, as sources of class voting. Egalitarian ideology and support for union strength have strong direct effects on NDP voting, and class identification exerts an indirect effect through the other two variables. Although objective class position has an independent effect on NDP voting, its impact appears to be modest in relation to that of the three attitudinal variables. In modelling the effects of class position and ideology, three variables not used in previous Canadian analyses of class voting have been employed: parental support for the NDP, presence of a union member (other than the respondent) in the household, and membership in a "New Class." Each has a solid effect on NDP support. The effects of region appear as quite modest, after controlling for parental support for the NDP and for NDP support in the 1980 election.

"Health, United States, 2009 is the 33rd report on the health status of the Nation and is submitted by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to the President and the Congress of the United States in compliance with Section 308 of the Public Health Service Act. This report was compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics served in a review capacity. The Health, United States series presents national trends in health statistics. Each report includes an executive summary, highlights, a chartbook, trend tables, extensive appendixes, and an index."--preface. ; Complete report -- Executive summary -- Highlights -- Chartbook -- Trend tables -- Appendixes -- Index -- In brief edition -- 2009 special feature: medical technology. ; National Center for Health Statistics. ; Title from resource home page (National Center for Health Statistics, viewed March 29, 2010) ; "Overall responsibility for planning and coordinating the content of this edition of Health, United States rested with the Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), under the direction of Amy B. Bernstein, Diane M. Makuc, and Linda T. Bilheimer."--acknowledgements. ; "January 2010." ; "Disability is a complex concept and can include the presence of physical or mental impairments that limit a person's ability to perform an important activity and affect the use of, or need for, supports, accommodations, or interventions required to improve functioning. Information on disability in the U.S. population is critical to health planning and policy. Several current initiatives are under way to coordinate and standardize measurement of disability across federal data systems. This year's report introduces the first detailed trend table (Table 55) using data from the NCHS National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to create disability measures consistent with two of the conceptual components that have been indentified in disability models and disability legislation: basic actions difficulty and complex activity limitation. Basic actions difficulty captures limitations or difficulties in movement and sensory, emotional, or mental functioning that are associated with some health problem. Complex activity limitation describes limitations or restrictions on a person's ability to participate fully in social role activities such as working or maintaining a household. Data on health insurance coverage from NHIS for persons with basic actions difficulty or complex activity limitation have been added to Tables 137-140. Health, United States also includes the following disability-related information for the civilian noninstitutionalized population: vision and hearing limitations for adults (Table 56), and disability-related information for Medicare enrollees (Table 144), Medicaid recipients (Table 145), and veterans with service-connected disabilities (Figure 3 and Table 147)." - p. iii-iv ; National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2009: With Special Feature on Medical Technology. Hyattsville, MD. 2010. ; Includes bibliographical references and index.