Suchergebnisse

Durant les dernières décennies, la Chine et l'Union européenne ont su relever des défis colossaux. Aujourd'hui, l'Empire du Milieu paraît s'imposer comme la superpuissance du XXIe siècle alors que l'UE, fragilisée, traverse une période cruciale de son histoire. Quant aux États-Unis, ils tournent le dos au multilatéralisme depuis l'arrivée de Donald Trump et sont engagés dans un rapport de force avec Bruxelles et Pékin. Ces évolutions interrogent sur les relations entre les trois Puissances, par ailleurs les trois premiers acteurs économiques du monde. La Chine semble vouloir récupérer le leadership américain et l'Union européenne cherche à se consolider et à s'affirmer sur la scène internationale. Cette période inédite peut-elle ouvrir une nouvelle ère dans les relations sino-européennes ? Quelles en sont les limites ? Ce mémoire tente d'apporter des éléments de réponses en analysant l'émergence de la République populaire de Chine et de l'UE, leurs forces et leurs faiblesses, la construction de leurs relations, les divergences politiques, économiques, géostratégiques, mais aussi les points de convergence et les partenariats qui ne cessent de s'intensifier. La situation conflictuelle entre Washington et Pékin est également abordée, tout comme l'unilatéralisme américain susceptible d'affaiblir l'alliance transatlantique. Enfin, une réflexion est portée sur le devenir de l'Union européenne.

Under the new premiership of Najib Razak in 2009, a fatwa obligating female circumcision for all Muslim women in Malaysia was issued. It was issued following the 2008 "Political Tsunami" despite the heightened promotion of global zero tolerance towards the practice. The dilemma between adhering to Malaysia's obligation under CEDAW and CRC and the need to regain control amidst domestic political upheaval has led the fatwa to be left on impasse, until date. Thus, this article aims to find the reason behind the Malaysian government's decision to leave the fatwa on the impasse focusing on two stages of public policy analysis. The analysis of cost and benefit in the policy formulation stage has resulted in equal cost and benefit to each policy option –to accept or reject the fatwa. The result of the equal cost and benefit analysis is also due to the variety of actors in the decision-making process with different positions, interests and bargaining positions. From using a rational model of the decision-making process, the reason why the Malaysian government leaves the fatwa on impasse was driven by the Malaysian goal under Najib Razak, which required not only domestic stability but also vast international support.

Pretendo en este artículo dar a conocer la labor política de un socialista poco conocido que fue, sin embargo, trascendental en momentos decisivos para el socialismo español, como son la organización de la huelga de 1917 y la escisión socialista que daría origen, en 1921, al Partido Comunista de España (PCE). Formado en el sindicalismo de UGT, a la que perteneció hasta su muerte, y masón, Anguiano eligió el camino de la III Internacional y lideró el grupo que abandonó el PSOE; perteneció a los cuadros iniciales del PCE, pero volvió al PSOE durante la Segunda República. ; This paper intends to draw attention to the political work of a little-known socialist who was nevertheless significant in key moments for Spanish socialism, such as the organization of the strike of 1917, and the socialist split that would give rise, in 1921, to the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). Shaped by the trade unionism of the UGT, to which he belonged until his death, and a mason, Anguiano chose the path of the Third International and led the group that left the PSOE; he belonged to the initial cadres of the PCE, but returned to the PSOE during the Second Republic.

Pretendo en este artículo dar a conocer la labor política de un socialista poco conocido que fue, sin embargo, trascendental en momentos decisivos para el socialismo español, como son la organización de la huelga de 1917 y la escisión socialista que daría origen, en 1921, al Partido Comunista de España (PCE). Formado en el sindicalismo de UGT, a la que perteneció hasta su muerte, y masón, Anguiano eligió el camino de la III Internacional y lideró el grupo que abandonó el PSOE; perteneció a los cuadros iniciales del PCE, pero volvió al PSOE durante la Segunda República. ; This paper intends to draw attention to the political work of a little-known socialist who was nevertheless significant in key moments for Spanish socialism, such as the organization of the strike of 1917, and the socialist split that would give rise, in 1921, to the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). Shaped by the trade unionism of the UGT, to which he belonged until his death, and a mason, Anguiano chose the path of the Third International and led the group that left the PSOE; he belonged to the initial cadres of the PCE, but returned to the PSOE during the Second Republic. ; 346 ; 327

This Essay argues that the battle over women's autonomy, especially their reproductive healthcare and decision-making, has always been about much more than simply women's health and safety. Rather, upholding patriarchy and dominion over women's reproduction historically served political purposes and entrenched social and cultural norms that framed women's capacities almost exclusively as service to a husband, mothering, reproducing, and sexual chattel. In turn, such social norms—often enforced by statutes and legal opinions—took root in rhetoric rather than the realities of women's humanity, experiences, capacities, autonomy, and lived lives. As such, law created legal fictions about women and their supposed lack of intellectual and social capacities. Law trapped women to the destinies courts and legislatures aspired for them and continues to do so. This Essay turns to the less engaged international sphere and the copious Congressional Record to unpack how the Helms Amendment and later, the Mexico City Policy (or Global Gag Rule), emerged from this type of lawmaking. This Essay shows how these harmful dictates on women's lives and bodies in developing nations result in a deadly rise of illegal abortions, criminal punishments, stigmatization, and sadly, deaths.

Si entendemos por gobernanza una forma de gobierno que promueve el desarrollo desde una opción pluridimensional y de gestión democrática de políticas que tienen ese objetivo, la Unión Europea sería un ejemplo de gobernanza. Y lo sería en una doble dimensión: la interna y la externa, ya que propone ser un actor civil global. Dentro de su papel como actor internacional ocupa un lugar destacado la política de desarrollo, donde la Unión Europea actúa en consonancia con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y la Agenda 2030 para transformar nuestro mundo. Pero el proceso de integración choca con varios obstáculos que ponen en cuestión ese objetivo, por lo que la Unión necesita de un nuevo impulso para hacer frente a los desafíos internos y a escala global. ; The European Union could be an example of governance because its government shears for development on a multidimensional level of democratic politics. And it is in two dimensions: domestic and external. In its role as an international actor, the European Union lines up with the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals to transform the world. But in the domestic scope, the European Union faces new obstacles and needs a new impetus to solve them.

Amid unprecedented growth in access to information communication technologies (ICTs), particularly in the developing world, how can international actors, governments, and civil society organizations leverage ICTs and the data they generate to more effectively prevent violence and conflict? New research shows that there is huge potential for innovative technologies to inform conflict prevention efforts, particularly when technology is used to help information flow horizontally between citizens and when it is integrated into existing civil society initiatives.1 However, new technologies are not a panacea for preventing and reducing violence and conflict. In fact, failure to consider the possible knock-on effects of applying a specific technology can lead to fatal outcomes in violent settings. In addition, employing new technologies for conflict prevention can produce very different results depending on the context in which they are applied and whether or not those using the technology take that context into account. This is particularly true in light of the dramatic changes underway in the landscapes of violence and conflict on a global level. As such, instead of focusing on supply-driven technical fixes, those undertaking prevention initiatives should let the context inform what kind of technology is needed and what kind of approach will work best.

International audience ; School is an important setting for health education and health promotion, and it has been recognised that teachers' conceptions play a crucial role for the effective implementation of school health education. With the European FP6 Biohead-Citizen project on "Biology Health and Environmental education for better citizenship" we analysed the potential differences between several countries by associating teachers' and future teachers' conceptions to controlled parameters, such as level of training, religion, political view. A questionnaire was constructed during the first year of the project, and following a pilot test, the final questionnaire was applied to 6379 teachers and future teachers. We then used well-suited statistical multivariate methods to investigate complex data featuring the conceptions of many individuals, according to many topics. We show that a prominent source of variation in teachers' conceptions is related to countries, and further suggest that there are differences in two kinds of conceptions: a) individual health responsibilities and abilities; b) social policies. Religion, academic level or training had also an impact in teachers' conceptions of health education. Another important feature is the gap between what teachers and future teachers say about their own health and what they say it should be taught in school. Results are then discussed.

International audience ; School is an important setting for health education and health promotion, and it has been recognised that teachers' conceptions play a crucial role for the effective implementation of school health education. With the European FP6 Biohead-Citizen project on "Biology Health and Environmental education for better citizenship" we analysed the potential differences between several countries by associating teachers' and future teachers' conceptions to controlled parameters, such as level of training, religion, political view. A questionnaire was constructed during the first year of the project, and following a pilot test, the final questionnaire was applied to 6379 teachers and future teachers. We then used well-suited statistical multivariate methods to investigate complex data featuring the conceptions of many individuals, according to many topics. We show that a prominent source of variation in teachers' conceptions is related to countries, and further suggest that there are differences in two kinds of conceptions: a) individual health responsibilities and abilities; b) social policies. Religion, academic level or training had also an impact in teachers' conceptions of health education. Another important feature is the gap between what teachers and future teachers say about their own health and what they say it should be taught in school. Results are then discussed.

International audience ; School is an important setting for health education and health promotion, and it has been recognised that teachers' conceptions play a crucial role for the effective implementation of school health education. With the European FP6 Biohead-Citizen project on "Biology Health and Environmental education for better citizenship" we analysed the potential differences between several countries by associating teachers' and future teachers' conceptions to controlled parameters, such as level of training, religion, political view. A questionnaire was constructed during the first year of the project, and following a pilot test, the final questionnaire was applied to 6379 teachers and future teachers. We then used well-suited statistical multivariate methods to investigate complex data featuring the conceptions of many individuals, according to many topics. We show that a prominent source of variation in teachers' conceptions is related to countries, and further suggest that there are differences in two kinds of conceptions: a) individual health responsibilities and abilities; b) social policies. Religion, academic level or training had also an impact in teachers' conceptions of health education. Another important feature is the gap between what teachers and future teachers say about their own health and what they say it should be taught in school. Results are then discussed.

L'article pose l'enjeu d'une régulation de l'échange international climat-compatible. Une mesure d'ajustement aux frontières ne constituerait qu'un instrument au sein d'un dispositif global visant à articuler le régime commercial de l'OMC au régime de lutte contre le changement climatique tel que défini par la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) et le protocole de Kyoto. L'instauration d'une politique environnementale de protection, à laquelle renvoie le projet d'une taxe CO2, ne représente pas la solution unique et suffisante. Au contraire, il convient de la concevoir dans le cadre d'une architecture globale de la gouvernance climatique. Après un rappel des enjeux des mesures d'ajustement aux frontières, puis une analyse des difficultés considérables à la mise en œuvre de solutions fiscales, nous identifierons quatre stratégies alternatives pour l'Union. La première est celle d'une offre de libéralisation commerciale comme incitation à la lutte contre le changement climatique. La deuxième s'appuierait sur la rénovation de certaines dispositions des accords commerciaux multilatéraux. La troisième serait l'option d'une dérogation à la norme multilatérale. Enfin, la dernière solution consisterait à élargir la perspective en vue de l'élaboration d'un système de gouvernance combinée OMC-CCNUCC.

International audience ; School is an important setting for health education and health promotion, and it has been recognised that teachers' conceptions play a crucial role for the effective implementation of school health education. With the European FP6 Biohead-Citizen project on "Biology Health and Environmental education for better citizenship" we analysed the potential differences between several countries by associating teachers' and future teachers' conceptions to controlled parameters, such as level of training, religion, political view. A questionnaire was constructed during the first year of the project, and following a pilot test, the final questionnaire was applied to 6379 teachers and future teachers. We then used well-suited statistical multivariate methods to investigate complex data featuring the conceptions of many individuals, according to many topics. We show that a prominent source of variation in teachers' conceptions is related to countries, and further suggest that there are differences in two kinds of conceptions: a) individual health responsibilities and abilities; b) social policies. Religion, academic level or training had also an impact in teachers' conceptions of health education. Another important feature is the gap between what teachers and future teachers say about their own health and what they say it should be taught in school. Results are then discussed.

L'article pose l'enjeu d'une régulation de l'échange international climat-compatible. Une mesure d'ajustement aux frontières ne constituerait qu'un instrument au sein d'un dispositif global visant à articuler le régime commercial de l'OMC au régime de lutte contre le changement climatique tel que défini par la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) et le protocole de Kyoto. L'instauration d'une politique environnementale de protection, à laquelle renvoie le projet d'une taxe CO2, ne représente pas la solution unique et suffisante. Au contraire, il convient de la concevoir dans le cadre d'une architecture globale de la gouvernance climatique. Après un rappel des enjeux des mesures d'ajustement aux frontières, puis une analyse des difficultés considérables à la mise en œuvre de solutions fiscales, nous identifierons quatre stratégies alternatives pour l'Union. La première est celle d'une offre de libéralisation commerciale comme incitation à la lutte contre le changement climatique. La deuxième s'appuierait sur la rénovation de certaines dispositions des accords commerciaux multilatéraux. La troisième serait l'option d'une dérogation à la norme multilatérale. Enfin, la dernière solution consisterait à élargir la perspective en vue de l'élaboration d'un système de gouvernance combinée OMC-CCNUCC.

India's growing economic strength of recent years has seen it adapting its foreign policy to increase its global influence and status and to meet the challenges of the 21st century. In the past few years, New Delhi has expanded its strategic vision, most noticeably in Asia, and has broadened the definition of its security interests. As a result, India-Japan relations have over the past several years undergone a paradigmatic shift which has seen the attempt to build a strategic and global partnership between them.India and Japan share a special relationship as fellow democracies without hegemonic interests and with a similar propensity to seek peaceful resolution of conflicts and greater economic engagement within the Asian continent. This paper puts forward the argument that while there are certainly problems of communication and distance between the two countries, the changing international order - including most notably, the rise of China - will see the two countries increasingly thrown together on a variety of issues, some of which have been identified in the present work. Current and future economic and population dynamics in both the countries mean that India-Japan relations will continue to improve not just politically but also in economic terms.