On July 11, 2013, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration (Transparency Rules). The new Transparency Rules are the product of three years of negotiations in UNCITRAL. The Transparency Rules will be available in two forms: (1) as part of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, for use in arbitrations conducted under those rules, and (2) as a free-standing set of rules, available for use in arbitrations conducted under other arbitral rules, such as the Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), or in ad hoc proceedings. The Transparency Rules, as well as the new version of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules that incorporates the Transparency Rules, will come into effect on April 1, 2014. The Transparency Rules are for use only in treaty-based investor-State arbitration – not in traditional commercial arbitration.
We are witnessing an important evolution in Western society of the condemnation and legal justice as regard to sexual violence towards children, teenager especially girls, but also young boys. It is in this context that my research has been carried out. There has been a double investigation; legislative sociology; and judicial sociology. They put up to date the important placing of age reference, the evolution as regarding sexual norms and representations of illicit sexual relations.The first investigation of legislative historic sociology carries on the evolution of French penal codes dating from the French Revolution to today. It is censed on slow mutations of categories of incrimination that consent (no longer the matrimonial state) becomes the major point that separates permission and the forbidden. The second inquiry of judicial sociology was carried out int the archives of two correctional courts, two children correctional courts in the South of France. It carries upon the documentation of eighty-one judged cases from 2010 for sexual offences against minors. The aim is to put light upon penal qualification of facts, not only the problem of legal proof but also changes as regard to social and judicial norms. The point these two inquiries have in common i the update of two forms of sexual consent: statuary and situation.Throughout this research, the facts were analyzed from different angles: the social-juridical treatment of ages status (minors vs of age and minors vs minors). The meaning given to the age of consent, and legal responsibility; the legal difficulties as regard to incest and finally gender discrepancies between victims and aggressors. ; On assiste dans les sociétés occidentales à une évolution importante de la reconnaissance, de la condamnation morale et de la répression judiciaire des violences sexuelles faites aux enfants et aux jeunes, en particulier filles mais aussi garçons. C'est dans ce cadre général que s'inscrit cette recherche. A partir de deux enquêtes, l'une de sociologie ...
The author in this article analyses pre-socialism, socialism and current points of views towards object of crime. Object of crime is considered to be social relations guarded by criminal law, such concept is generally accepted. Personal point of view towards academic definition of object of crime is laid down on the basis of amplified grounds of the said concept. Also the author analyzes the aspects of subject of crime in the article. It is proposed to consider a subject of crime as optional element of a crime. In the article, the author analyzes the views of scientists who have studied the concept of the object of the crime. The concept of the object of the crime is recognized as justified, according to which the object of the crime is considered to be public relations protected by the criminal law. On the basis of the supplemented substantiation of the specified concept it is defined that the object of a crime is the most important public relations regulated by various social norms (rights, morals, local, customary), protected by norms of criminal law from concrete criminal encroachment, and which as a result of such criminal encroachment always causes significant damage. This significant damage to public relations is manifested in the form of deprivation or threat of deprivation of the subjects of relations to pursue their interests, meet their needs, benefit from any benefits. The article also analyzes the views of scholars in the field of criminal law, who expressed positions on the nature and concept of the subject of the crime. Based on the analysis of the views of scientists and based on the analysis of current criminal legislation of Ukraine, the author concludes that the subject of the crime can be considered not mandatory for all corpus delicti element, but mandatory only for one of the types of corpus delicti - substantive corpus delicti. The author argues that when the law on criminal liability indicates the subject of the crime, this corpus delicti should be recognized as substantive and without the presence in the specific case of the subject of the crime, the relevant corpus delicti will be absent. In addition, the author agrees with the conclusions that the criminal law provides certain types of information and energy features of the subject of the crime. Based on this conclusion, the author determines that the subject of the crime - an independent optional for all crimes, but necessary (mandatory) for the subject elements of the crime element of the crime, which can be any things, any information, any energy, which have a material expression, with the properties of which and with an indication of which the law on criminal liability connects the presence of a crime in the actions of a person. ; У статті автором, проводиться аналіз точок зору щодо поняття об'єкта злочину. Визнається обґрунтованою концепція об'єкта злочину, за якою об'єктом злочину вважаються охоронювані кримінальним законом суспільних відносин. На основі доповненого обґрунтування вказаної концепції викладається власна точка зору щодо загальнотеоретичного визначення поняття об'єкта злочину. Також в статті автором досліджується питання предмета злочину. Пропонується визнавати предмет злочину в якості необов'язкового для всіх злочинів елемента складу злочину.
Dieses Buch ist eine Open-Access-Publikation unter einer CC BY 4.0 Lizenz. Subsidiarität ist zu einem Schlüsselbegriff des Diskurses um die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK) geworden. Neben seiner vielbeachteten materiell-rechtlichen Funktion kommt dem Begriff auch eine verfahrensrechtliche Tragweite zu. Das vorliegende Buch widmet sich dieser prozessualen Dimension des Subsidiaritätsprinzips und beleuchtet das Verhältnis von nationalen Gerichten und Europäischem Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (EGMR) mit Blick auf die Tatsachenfeststellung. Konkret geht es einerseits um die Frage, wie der EGMR mit Tatsachen umgehen soll, die erst nach Abschluss des nationalen Verfahrens entstanden sind oder vor dem EGMR neu vorgebracht werden (echte und unechte Noven). Anderseits ist aufzuzeigen, ob und unter welchen Umständen der EGMR von den Tatsachenfeststellungen der nationalen Gerichte abweichen darf.
As science advances, researchers are learning more about the meaning of information that is contained in the human genome. Because we routinely shed DNA in public, this has significant implications for an individual's ability to keep genetic information private. If routinely shed DNA is found at a crime scene, there is a significant governmental interest to sequence the DNA in order to uncover suspects or potential witnesses. This Note analyzes the implications of advancing technology on an individual's right to privacy in one's own genetic information, and it argues that informational privacy should be protected for non-phenotypic information in routinely shed DNA at crime scenes.
