Suchergebnisse

While service design has been highlighted as a promising approach for driving innovation, there are often struggles in realizing lasting change in practice. The issues with long-term implementation reveal a reductionist view of service design that ignores the institutional arrangements and other interdependencies that influence design efforts within multi-actor service systems. The purpose of this article is to build a systemic understanding of service design to inform actors' efforts aimed at intentional, long-term change in service systems. To achieve this aim, we inform the conceptual building blocks of service design by applying service-dominant logic's service ecosystems perspective. Through this process, we develop four core propositions and a multilevel process model of service ecosystem design . The conceptualization of service ecosystem design advances service design theory by illuminating previously taken for granted aspects; explaining how intentional, long-term change emerges; and expanding the scope of service design beyond projects. Furthermore, this research offers a foundation for future research on service design that involves extending the systemic conceptualization of service design, conducting more holistic empirical investigations, and developing practical methods and approaches for the embedded, collective processes of designing.

"Inequality in income and wealth has increased dramatically in the United States and many other advanced countries since the mid-1970s. It permeates all aspects of our lives, and is front and center in public and academic debates. Our societies have become more polarized perhaps than any time since the Gilded Age a hundred years ago: the super-rich co-exist with a well-to-do professional class, and the rest struggle in the neverland of big box stores and the gig economy. In The Great Polarization: Economics, Institutions and Policies in the Age of Inequality , the contributors comment on the claim that the rise in inequality in the US in all its facets has been facilitated and exacerbated by policy choices, rather than the 'natural' progression of the underlying forces of economics. Policy choices, in turn, are the outcome of political processes that are heavily influenced by the differential power that groups are able to exert. Opening with an essay by Joseph Stiglitz, he explicates that only this volume's central thesis is broadly consistent with the stylized facts of the increase in inequality in the US, implying that a return of truly progressive policy making, enabled by sufficient political power to enact meaningful reforms in a number of arenas, provides a feasible way forward. All subsequent chapters then expand on specific themes and issues raised in Professor Stiglitz's opening chapter. Section II covers the measurement of inequality and its contextualization vis-à-vis the central thesis; Section III surveys selected causes of inequality as they arise from distinct policy choices in specific areas of the economy within society; and Section IV embeds these developments in a broader political context, and outlines an agenda forward to fight for"

In this thesis, we seek to a better understanding about the potential place of parents in child protection institutions, through a developmental aim. Through historical, legislative, and conceptual contextualization, we found that working with families can be divided into four areas: substitute, support, family education, and coeducation. A paradigm change appears: the empowerment. By refocusing on the environmental aspect of the accompanying, we ask ourselves: Under what conditions can child protection institutions be enabling environments for parenthood?We hypothesize that two conditions must be met to create an enabling environment for parenthood: parents and their power to act must both have a symbolic place and a physical place in the relationship with professionals.In a hermeneutical and phenomenological approach, we opt for a research-intervention process with five institutions of the same Alsatian association. To verify our hypotheses, we use three methodological tools: a collection of data in the families' files, focus groups with professionals, semi-structured interviews with parents. Results show space, time and interrelation at the heart of designing of an enabling environment for parenthood, where the implicit meets the explicit. ; Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à mieux comprendre quelle pourrait être la place des parents dans les établissements de protection de l'enfance, au travers d'une visée développementale. Par une contextualisation historique, législative et conceptuelle, nous constatons que le travail avec les familles peut se situer dans quatre orientations : la suppléance, le soutien, l'éducation familiale et la coéducation. Un changement de paradigme apparait : la démarche de développement du pouvoir d'agir. Par un recentrage sur l'aspect environnemental de l'accompagnement, nous nous demandons : dans quelles conditions les établissements de la protection de l'enfance peuvent-ils être des environnements capacitants pour la parentalité ? Nous posons comme hypothèses que deux conditions ...

In this thesis, we seek to a better understanding about the potential place of parents in child protection institutions, through a developmental aim. Through historical, legislative, and conceptual contextualization, we found that working with families can be divided into four areas: substitute, support, family education, and coeducation. A paradigm change appears: the empowerment. By refocusing on the environmental aspect of the accompanying, we ask ourselves: Under what conditions can child protection institutions be enabling environments for parenthood?We hypothesize that two conditions must be met to create an enabling environment for parenthood: parents and their power to act must both have a symbolic place and a physical place in the relationship with professionals.In a hermeneutical and phenomenological approach, we opt for a research-intervention process with five institutions of the same Alsatian association. To verify our hypotheses, we use three methodological tools: a collection of data in the families' files, focus groups with professionals, semi-structured interviews with parents. Results show space, time and interrelation at the heart of designing of an enabling environment for parenthood, where the implicit meets the explicit. ; Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à mieux comprendre quelle pourrait être la place des parents dans les établissements de protection de l'enfance, au travers d'une visée développementale. Par une contextualisation historique, législative et conceptuelle, nous constatons que le travail avec les familles peut se situer dans quatre orientations : la suppléance, le soutien, l'éducation familiale et la coéducation. Un changement de paradigme apparait : la démarche de développement du pouvoir d'agir. Par un recentrage sur l'aspect environnemental de l'accompagnement, nous nous demandons : dans quelles conditions les établissements de la protection de l'enfance peuvent-ils être des environnements capacitants pour la parentalité ? Nous posons comme hypothèses que deux conditions ...

Cet article présente une recherche relative à l'impact de la structuration du territoire sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Particulièrement, il se focalise sur le lien entre morphologie urbaine et consommation énergétique du bâti résidentiel. Nous abordons successivement les données et hypothèses concernant la dynamique du parc bâti et sa caractérisation physique. La discussion se centre ensuite sur deux aspects : le croisement entre variables morphologiques et consommation énergétique, ainsi que les poids spécifiques des facteurs morphologiques et techniques influençant les consommations énergétiques. Nous défendons ici une approche pragmatique, basée sur une connaissance fine des types d'urbanisation observables sur le territoire. Notre analyse se base sur une modélisation de l'enveloppe de l'ensemble du parc bâti résidentiel wallon, soit 1.300.000 bâtiments, croisant données cadastrales (âge et fonction), photogrammétriques (emprise, hauteurs et mitoyenneté) et statistiques (variables techniques). Une telle approche semi-empirique nous démarque clairement d'un discours de transformation radicale basé sur des modèles théoriques, que nous jugeons mal adaptés à la réalité de nos territoires pour l'élaboration contextualisée de processus d'action aptes à répondre aux défis climatiques. La structure territoriale de la Wallonie est caractérisée par une dispersion importante de l'habitat en dehors des pôles d'activités économiques et de services qui, combinée à une forte périurbanisation, développe des tissus peu compacts. La région hérite, de plus, de deux caractéristiques peu compatibles avec les objectifs de réduction d'émissions de GES: d'une part, un parc de bâtiments ancien qui techniquement évolue peu malgré l'engagement de diverses politiques régionales de rénovation et, d'autre part, un faible taux de substitution. Une piste semble néanmoins se dessiner en première analyse: celle de la remobilisation des surfaces bâties existantes actuellement vacantes d'occupation. ; Peer reviewed

Governments, namely in the global North, are fostering the deployment of large-scale low carbon and associated energy infrastructures (EIs), such as power lines, to mitigate climate change. However, when infrastructures are to be deployed, opposition is often found. Environmental justice—involving issues of distributive and procedural justice and recognition—and associated inter-group relations, has been identified as a key aspect for local opposition. However, research has rarely examined local perceptions of environmental justice and associated practices, such as energy colonialism, within a global perspective. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, we examine if and how different-level intergroup relations and collective narratives shape people's social-psychological and geographical imaginaries and responses to EIs. Focus groups were conducted with community members affected by proposals to construct high-voltage power lines in the UK. Analyses suggest that narratives around England's colonial history—within Britain and beyond Britain—shape responses to EIs. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

"Published some two decades ago, Elizabeth Comack's Women in Trouble explored the connections between the women's abuse histories and their law violations as well as their experience of imprisonment in an aged facility. What has changed for incarcerated women in those twenty years? Are experiences of abuse continuing to have an impact on the lives of criminalized women? How do women find the experience of imprisonment in a new facility? Drawing on the stories of forty-two incarcerated women, Coming Back to Jail broadens the focus to examine the role of trauma in the women's lives. Resisting the popular move to understand trauma in psychiatric terms--as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)--the book frames trauma as "lived experience" and locates the women's lives within the context of a settler-colonial, capitalist, patriarchal society. Doing so enables a better appreciation of the social conditions that produce trauma and the problems, conflicts and dilemmas that bring women into the criminal justice net. In Coming Back to Jail, Comack shows how--despite recent moves to be more "gender responsive"--the prisoning of women is ultimately more punishing than empowering. What is more, because the sources of the women's trauma reside in the systemic processes that have contoured their lives and their communities, true healing will require changing women's social circumstances on the outside so they no longer keep coming back to jail."--

"Complex systems are an inevitable part of business and socio-economic structures. We reach a breaking point, however, when social and organizational structures become cumbersome, and unintelligible as well. Entire new systems need to be constructed just to manage this complexity, with questionable or negative value to society at large. The outcome is high costs, poor results, deepening social inequality, and the erosion of public trust. Wholesale changes must be contemplated. This is particularly true in the USA today, where complexity is piled upon complexity in a number of critical sectors, such as health care, energy, finance, and government. The author takes a common, broad-based, and analytical approach to some of the most complicated issues facing the US today. He examines the costs of complexity through a wide-angle lens, provides analysis of the root causes involved, and explains what is necessary to improve results and lower costs. The ever-increasing level of complexity in the US is compared to that in other developed economies, and also to the country's own history. These contrasting paths are used to propose alternative approaches and new solutions. Beyond analyzing how incredibly complex socio-economic systems have emerged in recent years in the US, the author steps back, reflects on the fundamental values of this country, and offers a number of actionable proposals to improve the lives of all American citizens"--

De la revisión bibliográfica se puede observar que existe un debate todavía abierto sobre comunidad, comunalidad, bienes comunes, gestión comunal. Numerosos autores sostienen que esta construcción social presenta potencialidades económicas, sociales y culturales que configuran formas de vida alternativas al capitalismo, mientras que otras líneas de pensamiento advierten sobre su desarticulación ante el avance de la mercantilización en las tierras comunales. Este trabajo está orientado a responder las siguientes preguntas de conocimiento: ¿Constituyen los sistemas comunales modelos alternativos de organización social bajo los cuáles es posible lograr una reproducción ampliada de la vida sin que impere la lógica capitalista como principio ordenador? ¿Bajo qué condiciones estructurales y de funcionamiento es esto posible? ¿Qué factores actúan como limitantes a la mercantilización total de la vida comunal? El trabajo se realizó a partir de un estudio de caso único que comprende la comunidad Colonia Jaime, ubicada en el departamento Robles de la provincia de Santiago del Estero. La estrategia metodológica giró alrededor de tres aspectos principales: 1) análisis de fuentes documentales; 2) entrevistas grupales e individuales y 3) observación participante. El trabajo de campo implicó estancias consecutivas en la comunidad pudiendo acceder a la biblioteca que contiene gran parte de la obra del fundador y vivenciar distintas actividades cotidianas. Tomando como referencia el enfoque de sistemas de producción y los teóricos de la comunalidad se diseñó una propuesta de abordaje de los sistemas comunales, identificando elementos estructurales y elementos de funcionamiento. A manera analítica, se expusieron estos elementos en forma separada, pero en la realidad se entremezclan manifestando la integralidad de la vida económica, social, cultural, política de los sistemas comunales. A partir de los resultados del caso se pueden extraer tres grandes reflexiones. La primera tiene que ver con la incorporación y utilización de los avances tecnológicos y del conocimiento de la sociedad moderna, pero tal adopción está subordinada a la lógica comunal que queda establecida previamente a partir de la discusión en Asamblea. La segunda reflexión se relaciona con el rol del Estado que ha venido actuando de catalizador e incluso como creador de propuestas tecnológicas que son transformadas al interior de la Colonia como alternativas contra hegemónicas. El éxito de tales alternativas se basó principalmente en la construcción en redes de colaboración y apoyo mutuo entre comuneros e instituciones del Estado, pero también en la capacidad de un sistema comunal que supo tomar ciertos aspectos de la modernización para asimilarlo a una visión comunal, donde la lógica capitalista perdió su centralidad. La tercera reflexión está en relación con el rol activo de los comuneros y su capacidad de toma de decisiones respecto a qué recibir y qué rechazar, a partir de los objetivos construidos en forma colectiva. A modo de cierre, el caso de Colonia Jaime pone en escena no solo las diversas formas de organización social que merecen ser rescatadas, sino también muestra posibilidades de generar procesos de acumulación en sistemas comunales diferentes a los históricamente conocidos. La problemática que surge al pensar en términos de aportes para las políticas públicas se refiere a su replicabilidad bajo condiciones sumamente adversas como las que caracterizan a importantes territorios rurales de América Latina y su viabilidad a más largo plazo sin un considerable apoyo externo. ; From the literature review it can be observed that there is still a debate open about community, commonality, common goods and communal management. Many authors argue that this social construction has economic, social and cultural potential life forms that make up alternatives to capitalism, while other lines of thought warn about their disarticulation before the advance of marketization on communal lands. This work is aimed at answering the following knowledge questions: Do communal systems constitute alternative models of social organization under which it is possible to achieve an enlarged reproduction of life without capitalist logic as a ruling principle? Under what structural and operational conditions is this possible? What factors act as constraints to the total commodification of communal life? The work was carried out from a single case study comprising the Colonia Jaime community, located in the Robles department of the province of Santiago del Estero. The methodological strategy revolved around three main aspects: 1) analysis of documentary sources; 2) group and individual interviews and 3) participant observation. The field work involved consecutive stays in the community, being able to access the library that contains a large part of the founder's work and experience different daily activities. Taking as a reference the approach of production systems and the communality theorists, a proposal for approaching the communal systems was designed, identifying structural elements and functioning elements. In an analytical way, these elements were exposed separately, but in reality, they intermingle, manifesting the integrality of the economic, social, cultural and political life of the communal systems. From the results of the case three great reflections can be extracted. The first has to do with the incorporation and use of technological advances and knowledge of modern society, but such adoption is subordinated to the communal logic that is previously established from the discussion in Assembly. The second reflection is related to the role of the State that has been acting as a catalyst and even as a creator of technological proposals that are transformed within the Colony as alternatives against hegemonic. The success of such alternatives was based mainly on the construction of networks of collaboration and mutual support between commoners and state institutions, but also on the capacity of a communal system that knew how to take certain aspects of modernization to assimilate it to a communal vision, where the capitalist logic lost its centrality. The third reflection is related to the active role of the commoners and their ability to make decisions about what to receive and what to reject, based on the objectives built collectively. To conclude, the case of Colonia Jaime enacts not only the various forms of social organization that deserve to be rescued, but also shows possibilities of generating processes of accumulation in various communal systems to historically known. The problem that arises when thinking in terms of contributions to public policies refers to their replicability under extremely adverse conditions such as those that characterize important rural territories in Latin America and their longer-term viability without considerable external support. ; Fil: Suarez, Maria Victoria. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Humanidades, Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud. Instituto de Estudios para el Desarrollo Social; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

La bimodalidad de la estructura agraria no sólo expresa una marcada concentración y polarización de la propiedad y otros problemas. Manifiesta procesos de conflictualidad con incertidumbre sobre los derechos de propiedad, bajo potencial de crecimiento, mercado de tierras ineficiente, poca inversión y escasa vinculación con la agroindustria, uso ineficiente del suelo, bajo nivel de tributación y una notoria exclusión económica, social y política, entre otros aspectos. Una estructura agraria bimodal con una fuerte presencia de explotaciones sin límites definidos, muestra aún más, profundas desigualdades en el acceso a la tierra con todo lo que ello implica y constituye una de las principales dificultades al momento de pensar en un ordenamiento territorial a favor del sector de la agricultura familiar. Pese a la importancia cuantitativa de las explotaciones sin límites precisos dentro de la estructura agraria santiagueña y también de la región del norte argentino, las mismas no han recibido aún mucha atención. Constantemente su verdadero significado, tanto en la magnitud del espacio geográfico que ocupan como en las actividades productivas involucradas en estos sistemas de producción, ha sido largamente subestimado por los sistemas institucionalizados como los de ciencia y tecnología, de registración de datos (censos) y los vinculados con programas de desarrollo rural. ; The bimodality in agrarian agriculture expresses a high concentration and polarization of property and other important problems. It also expresses conflict and uncertainty about ownership rights, low growth potential, insufficient land market, low investment and little linkage with agribusiness, inefficient use of soil, low level of tributation and a marked economic, social and political exclusion among other aspects. A bimodal agricultural structure with a strong presence of exploitations without defined limits, shows profound inequalities regarding land access with all the implications and difficlties to think a territorial plan that helps family agriculture. Despite the cuantitative importance of the exploitations without defined limits of agrarian structure in Santiago del Estero and the north of Argentina, they have not received much attention. The real meaning of its greographical extension and the productive activities they develope, have been underestimated by the institutionalized systems like cience and technology, census and those related to rural development programs. ; Fil: Paz, Raul Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Humanidades Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

In the parliamentary system of government, manifestos constitute and represent an important aspect of the democratic electoral politics as statements of a party's ideology, response and policy. This book offers an examination of election manifestos of different political parties in India at the national level. It explores the manifesto as an input to the policy process and presents a comparative perspective and understanding on the issues and approaches of the national political parties on key affairs. The book traces the evolution of the electoral system, political parties and party manifestos in India as they emerged and developed over time. It looks at the Statutes of 1909, 1919 and 1935 along with the party manifestos and elections until 1945–46. The author further analyses Constituent Assembly debates on the electoral system and the stances of political parties on national reconstruction through documents from parties, including the Indian National Congress, the Communist Party of India, the Socialist Party, Jana Sangh and the All India Scheduled Castes Federation. Covering manifestos of sixteen Lok Sabha Elections (from the first general election of 1952 to 2014), this book provides a comprehensive overview of how major political parties think on significant social, economic, political, foreign and defence-related issues. It will be useful to scholars and researchers of political science, election studies, modern Indian history, public administration, law and governance, sociology, media and journalism as also to legislators and policymakers.

This article reviews the empirical research literature on campaign and media effects on vote choice at national elections in European countries for the post-World War II period. Particular efforts are undertaken to obtain a comprehensive picture by including publications in many different languages. With regard to the amount of research, but also the topics addressed, the survey reveals considerable differences between countries. Studies of campaign effects have focused on the temporal dynamics of campaigns, on the modes of campaign communications (such as personal contacts at the local level, advertising on TV and in the press or online social media) and on certain aspects of its content. Research on media effects has explored the role of partisan bias and certain topical categories of news (climate of opinion, issue and candidate coverage) as well as specific new media formats, notably televised candidate debates and vote advice applications (VAA). Overall, the review reveals that there is little in the way of an integrated and consolidated body of campaign and media effects research on national elections in Europe. While political communication research increasingly acknowledges the potential importance of news media and political parties' electioneering for voting behaviour, there appears as of yet to be little convergence regarding approaches and research findings. Particularly striking is the degree to which research questions are guided by national institutional contexts. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The principal mission of a pharmacist is to listen to his patients, to advise them and distribute their prescribed medication, always having constantly to mind the very human dimension of his work. However, in order to deliver this service well, the managing pharmacist has to take up the daily challenge of having a well organized and managed "back office" to his pharmacy. This challenge results not only from the large variety of fields in which he has to have proven expertise, but also from their interaction and necessary integration within the much larger system of Health in France. This thesis proposes a non-exhaustive analysis of essentiel areas necessary for an efficient functionning of a pharmacy: IT system, médicine management, staff management. Each of these areas has been reviewed making a clear distinction between those aspects linked to any commercial activity and those linked specifically to a pharmacy. The IT system ! describes, amongst other aspects, the tools necessary for the integration of a pharmacy within the French Public Health system: third-party payer, pharmacist/médicine/drug data-base, pharmaceutical files. Médicine management includes domains such as - automated médicine management, heat-sensitive product management, the preparation of prescription doses, the financial management of the products. Within staff management, all the elements necessary for good team management are analysed - tasks to be performed, functions, recrutement, vacation leave, salaries - based on, amongst other elements, the legislation governing pharmacies(Social Security Code, Labor Law, Collective Bargaining Agreement). The analysis of the legal and regulatory aspects, fundamental to a pharmacy, is a common denominator to all the chapters. ; La mission principale du pharmacien d'officine est d'être à l'écoute des patients, de les conseiller et d'effectuer la dispensation des médicaments en ayant constamment à l'esprit la dimension humaniste de son travail. Mais pour bien remplir cette mission, le pharmacien titulaire doit relever un challenge quotidien d'organisation et de gestion à l'arrière de l'officine, en "back office". Ce challenge découle de la variété des domaines dans lesquels il doit faire preuve d'expertise, mais aussi de leur interaction et de leur intégration dans un système plus vaste qui est celui de la santé en France. Ce travail propose une analyse non exhaustive de domaines essentiels pour le bon fonctionnement de l'officine: la gestion informatique, la gestion des médicaments, la gestion du personnel. Chacun de ces domaines a été investigué en distinguant les éléments liés à toute activité commerciale de ceux spécifiques à! la gestion de l'officine. La gestion informatique décrit, entre autre, les outils d'intégration de l'officine dans le système de gestion de la santé en France: tiers payant, base de données du médicament, dossier pharmaceutique. La gestion des médicaments aborde des domaines tels que la gestion automatisée, la gestion des produits thermosensibles, la préparation des doses à administrer, la gestion financière des produits. Dans la gestion du personnel sont analysés l'ensemble des éléments constituant la gestion d'une équipe: tâches, fonctions, recrutement, congés, salaires, en s'appuyant entre autres sur les législations spécifiques à l'officine (droit du travail, code de la sécurité sociale) et sur la convention collective. L'analyse des aspects légaux et réglementaires, importants en officine, est un dénominateur commun à tous les chapitres.

Often neglected by the practice of urban planning, this thesis explores the forms of representation of the sensitive aspects of urban life in a process of urban design. Through two field surveys we show how the inhabitants participate in the production of a creative and resilient public space. By public space we understand its double theoretical filiation: physical and political. We target the observation in the transformation processes of the public places through the modification of the practices and the meanings that these places have for the inhabitants. We also handle the public space as the place of the political debate, the meeting and the conflict in the shape of a democratic practice. This particular public space will be named: "spontaneous public space". It is spontaneous, because it is not designed and it is not planned. As it appears spontaneously, it can disappear in the same way. It is produced from real-life experiences and from local conditions. An ethnographical field survey focused on the experiences and perception of public spaces by the inhabitants and the communities, give an intentionality to the analysis of the sensitive experience, because it does not limit itself to the dimensions of the sensitive experience but integrates what is observed or either found by inhabitants. After the earthquake and the tsunami that occurred on February 27, 2010, off the coast of south-central Chile, we noticed how in a situation of upheaval and reconstruction of the spaces of representation, the sensitive plays a key-role. The catastrophic situation generates spontaneous public spaces; it generates a practical commitment of the inhabitants, mobilizes sensitive reactions and makes the public space more hospitable and resilient. From the study of two concrete cases -corresponding to the emergency camp El Molino of Dichato and to the city of Talca after the disaster- we focus the observation in the practices of implication of the inhabitants during all the process of reconstruction of their public and private spaces as well as their intimate spheres. These practices include all the actions of the inhabitants, from their most spontaneous and short-lived actions to face the reconstruction and the state of emergency and vulnerability of the situation post-disaster, to the most formalized actions. We want to complete the idea of a "participative" urban design with the notion of a spontaneous public space - autonomous of the participative plans - as an inclusive third space capable of introducing sensitive aspects in the debate. This research gives rise to questioning the urban design as a common space of expression and understanding, where the decoupling existing between the expertise and the novice can be surpassed ; Souvent négligées dans les pratiques urbanistiques, la thèse explore les formes de représentations des aspects sensibles de l'habiter mobilisables dans un processus de conception urbaine. À travers deux enquêtes de terrain nous montrons comment les habitants participent à la production d'un espace public créatif et résilient. Par espace public nous entendons sa double filiation théorique : lieu physique et espace politique. Nous ciblons l'observation sur les processus de transformation des lieux publics à travers la modification des usages et des significations que ces lieux ont pour les habitants. Nous traitons également l'espace public comme le lieu du débat politique, de la rencontre et du conflit dans la forme d'une pratique démocratique. Cet espace public particulier sera nommé : « espace public spontané ». Il est public et aussi spontané : il n'est pas conçu à l'avance, il n'est pas prémédité ou planifié. Lorsqu'il surgit spontanément, il peut disparaître de la même manière. Il est produit à partir des conditions et des vécus locaux. Une enquête ethnographique dont l'objet porte sur les espaces publics et sur les perceptions issues de l'expérience vécue et perçue par les habitants et les communautés, donne une intentionnalité à l'analyse de l'expérience sensible, car elle ne se limite pas aux dimensions de l'expérience sensible mais intègre également des aspects observés ou bien relevés par les habitants. Après le tremblement de terre et le tsunami du 27 février 2010 au Chili, nous avons remarqué comment dans une situation de bouleversement et de reconstruction des espaces de représentation, la dimension sensible joue un rôle clé. La situation catastrophique est génératrice d'espaces publics spontanés, elle génère un engagement pratique des habitants, mobilise des réactions sensibles et exacerbe le caractère hospitalier et résilient de l'espace public. À partir de l'étude de deux cas concrets, illustré par le campement d'urgence El Molino de Dichato et par la ville de Talca après la catastrophe, nous avons ciblé l'observation sur les pratiques d'implication des habitants pendant tout le processus de reconstruction de leur environnement, de leurs espaces publics et privés, ainsi que de leurs sphères d'intimité. Ces pratiques englobent l'ensemble des actions des habitants, depuis leurs actions les plus spontanées et éphémère visant à faire face à la reconstruction, à l'état d'urgence et aux vulnérabilités générées par les situations post-catastrophe, jusqu'aux actions les plus formalisées. Nous voulons compléter la compréhension d'une conception urbaine « participative » par cette notion d'investissement d'un espace public spontané, vécu comme un tiers inclus et capable d'introduire dans le débat des variables sensibles. Cette recherche donne lieu à des interrogations sur la conception urbaine en tant qu'espace commun d'expression, d'entendement et de traduction des aspects sensibles de l'expérience des habitants, où la distinction existante entre expert et novice peut être surpassé

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) include community-based organizations as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), do not include business or for-profit associations. As the COVID-19 pandemic swept the globe, CSOs have a significant role for providing frontline help and defending the rights of people across the world. There are significant corruption risks during times of crisis. Civil society has an important role to play in ensuring funds to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic reach their destination.it has reshaped the megatrends buffeting the $900 billion-a-year packaging industry. Therefore, this paper aimed to increase awareness to support civil society by applying innovative marketing methods such as changing the visual identity of the institution in order to support the principle of social distancing. In addition to, Providing treatment to Corona patients by sending packaging that also supports the principle of social distancing through the innovative packaging to help the state's efforts in facing the Corona crisis. The level of consumers' knowledge of the concept and role of civil society organizations During the covid-19 pandemic was evaluated by using a questionnaire was prepared in Google Forms, comprising 11 questions five of this questions on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Finally, this study shows the responses of target group on aspects of role of civil society organizations, the branding and packaging role during the Covid-19 pandemic, growth of online shopping, and the most important initiatives by civil society organizations during the corona virus pandemic. From this point, we start with the practical study by presenting proposals for different marketing tools to support the role of civil society organizations during crises