Suchergebnisse

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a Université Moulay Taher ; This study was intended to evaluate the quality parameters of ten honey samples, from various regions in semi-arid region of Algeria. Different parameters such as the melissopalynological and the physicochemical properties of the honeys (moisture, color, electrical conductivity, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, pH, acidity, proline, and diastase activity) were determined, as well as the evaluation of sugars, minerals and phenolic compounds. Nutritional composition, antioxidant activity (reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging activity), anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity were also evaluated. Finally, antibiotics residues such as sulphonamides and tetracyclines antibiotics residues were screened. The melissopalynological results identified ten types of pollen, with Cytisus striatus pollen being identified as the most abundant, present in all samples with percentages between 26.0 % and 83.8 %. EC1, MF1 and MF2 (Sidi Belabes region) were classified as monofloral of Cytisus striatus honey. Additionally, although samples J1 to J3 were not considered as Jujube monofloral, they showed a high percentage of Ziziphus pollen. The remaining samples (EC2, EF1, EF2, and EF3) were classified as multifloral. Regarding the physicochemical parameters, no significant differences were found in the color of the samples which ranged between amber, light amber and extra light amber. Moisture content was found to be between 13.6% (EF1) and 18.3% (EC1), while pH values ranged between 4.2 and 5.1. Electrical conductivity values varied between 270 and 410 μS.cm-1, while 5- hydroxymethylfurfural content showed values between 0 and 36.5 mg.kg-1 and diastase values between 8.8 DN and 13.3 DN. Concerning the proline content, the samples showed proline levels between 2.2–4.7 mg/kg, indicating a good maturity of the honeys and absence of adulteration. All the honeys meet the standard required by the European legislation with exception of the diastase index. The sugar profile, analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography with refractive index detection (HPLC-RI), showed that all samples have higher fructose content than glucose, being the total more than 88.70 %, allowing the classification of all the samples as nectar honeys. Within the minerals, potassium was quantitatively the most important mineral (72.93% of total minerals quantified), having an average content 730.59mg/kg, followed by sodium, calcium and magnesium, with 17.05%, 4.43% and 4.22%, respectively, while cadmium and lead had the lowest concentration, 0.003 % and 0.04% respectively. The total phenolic content of the analyzed honey samples ranged between 0.7 mg GAE/g, for samples EF and J and 1.4 mg GAE/g, for samples EC, with an average of 0.9 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid content varied from 0.03 to 0.09 mg QE/g with the highest levels observed in J honey samples. The values obtained for DPPH ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/mL, without significant differences between the samples. The analysis of the phenolic profile was performed by UPLC/DAD/ESI-MSn, where nineteen phenolic compounds were identified, including six phenolic acids, nine flavonoids, two isoprenoids (abscisic acid isomers), one phenolic diterpenoid (carnosol) and one spermidine (N1, N5, N10-tri-p-coumaroyespermidine). The major quantity of phenolic compounds was found in sample EC1 with 202 mg/100 g, while sample EF3 showed the lowest amount with 59.85 mg/100 g. Concerning the anti-tumoral evaluation, all the studied extracts presented good activity, with MF1 showing the highest cytotoxicity, followed by EF1. Also, all the extracts under study showed anti-inflammatory capacity, with IC50 values between 8 and 400 μg/mL. Regarding the antibiotics residues, its presence was found in three of the samples (MF1 EF1 EF3) showed positive results for sulphonamides residues. ; Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade de dez amostras de mel, de várias regiões da região semiárida da Argélia. Neste âmbito foram determinadas as características melissopalinológicas e os parâmetros físico-químicos dos méis (humidade, cor, condutividade elétrica, 5-hidroximetilfurfural, pH, acidez, prolina e diástase), bem como efetuada a avaliação do perfil de açúcares, minerais e compostos fenólicos. A presença de resíduos de antibióticos como sulfonamidas e tetraciclinas foi também verificada. Paralelamente foi estudada a composição nutricional dos méis e a sua bioatividade através da atividade antioxidante (DPPH e poder redutor), anti-inflamatória e citotoxicidade. Os resultados melissopalinológicos identificaram dez tipos de pólen, sendo o pólen de Cytisus striatus o mais frequente, estando presente em todas as amostras com percentagens entre 26,0% e 83,8%. As amostras EC1, MF1 e MF2 (região de Sidi Belabes) foram classificados como méis monoflorais de Cytisus striatus. Já as amostras J1, J2 e J3, não tenham sido consideradas monoflorais de Jujube, apresentaram uma alta percentagem de pólen de Ziziphus. As restantes amostras (EC2, EF1, EF2 e EF3) foram classificadas como méis multiflorais. Em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na cor das amostras que variaram entre âmbar, âmbar claro e âmbar extra claro. Os resultados do teor de humidade encontrados ficaram entre 13,6% (EF1) e 18,3% (EC1), enquanto os valores do pH variaram entre 4,2 e 5,1. Os valores da condutividade elétrica variaram entre 270 e 410 μS.cm-1, enquanto o conteúdo de 5-hidroximetilfurfural apresentou valores entre 0 e 36,5 mg.kg-1 e a diástase variou entre 8,8 DN e 13,3 DN. Quanto ao conteúdo de prolina, as amostras apresentaram níveis de prolina entre 2,2–4,7 mg/kg, indicando boa maturidade dos méis e ausência de adulteração. Todos os méis presentaram valores dentro do requerido pela legislação europeia, com exceção do índice de diástase. O perfil de açúcares, analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta pressão com deteção de índice de refração (HPLC-RI), confirmou um maior teor de frutose do que glucose, sendo o total superior a 88,7%, permitindo a classificação de todas as amostras como méis de néctar. O potássio foi o mineral encontrado em maior quantidade (72,93% dos minerais totais quantificados), tendo um teor médio de 730,59mg/kg, seguido do sódio, cálcio e magnésio com17,05%, 4,43% e 4,22% respetivamente), enquanto o cádmio e o chumbo apresentaram a concentração mais baixa, 0,003% e 0,04%, respetivamente. O conteúdo fenólico total das amostras variou entre 0,7 mg GAE/g, para as amostras EF e J e 1,4 mg GAE/g, para as amostras CE, apresentando uma média de 0,9 mg GAE/g. O teor de flavonóides totais variou entre 0,03 e 0,09 mg QE/g, sendo as amostras J as que apresentaram um valor mais elevado. Os valores obtidos para o DPPH variaram entre 0,02 e 0,04 mg/mL, sem diferenças significativas entre as amostras. A análise do perfil dos compostos fenólicos foi realizada por UPLC/DAD/ESI-MSn, onde foram identificados dezanove compostos fenólicos, incluindo seis ácidos fenólicos, nove flavonóides, dois isoprenóides (isómeros do ácido abscísico), um diterpenóide fenólico (carnosol) e uma espermidina (N1, N5, N10-tri-p-coumaroyespermidina). A amostra EC1 apresentou a maior quantidade de compostos fenólicos com 202 mg/100g, enquanto a amostra EF3 apresentou a menor quantidade com 59,85 mg/100 g. Quanto à avaliação anti-tumoral, todos os extratos estudados apresentaram atividade, sendo o MF1 o que apresentou maior citotoxicidade, seguido do EF1. Além disso, os extratos apresentaram capacidade anti-inflamatória, com valores de IC50 entre 8 e 400 μg/mL. Em relação aos resíduos de antibióticos verificou-se a presença de três das amostras (MF1, EF1, EF3) com resultados positivos para resíduos de sulfonamidas.

Denne ph.d.- afhandling undersøger potentialet for en kontekstuel tilgang til energi politiker målrettet private husholdninger. De fem kapitler af afhandlingen består af en introduktion der motiverer afhandlingen samt danner et overblik over de inkluderede kapitler med en fælles konklusion, tre artikel-baserede kapitler tiltænkt publicering, og et metodeafsnit omhandlende udvidelser til den eksisterende sampleSelection pakke til det statistiske programme R. Afhandlingens hovedbidrag er primært til energipolitikker og {økonomisk litteratur, men dens bidrag er også relevant for beslægtede discipliner som; socialvidenskab, ingeniørkunst og psykologi. Da husholdninger udgør 25 procent af EU's samlede energiforbrug spiller energieeffektivisering af disse en vital rolle i opfyldelsen af EU's klimamål. Nybyggeri i EU udgør kun 1 procent, hvorved hovedparten af energieffektivisering skal realiseres energirenovationer samt adfærdsændringer. Resultater af incitamentsprogrammer fra de sidste årtier har været blandet, og vist at husholdninger er svære at in uere end hidtil antaget. Dette har ledt til en opfattelse af et "Energy Effciency Gap", som beskriver en situation hvori husholdninger er uvidende om de økonomiske besparelser som kan opnås via investering i energirenovering. Nyere studier indikerer at det økonomiske potentiale i husholdninger er overvurderet. Uagtet manglende konsensus om eksistensen af "Energy Effciency Gap", kan en pragmatisk kontekstuel tilgang med fokus på barriere ved- og fortalere for energirenovering være en farbar retning. Denne afhandling anvender forskellige metoder til at undersøge kontekst som ind ydelse på succes af energiincitamenter målrettet private husholdninger. En meta-analyse baseret på eksisterende litteratur, samt data analyse af afsluttede incitamenter, inklusive data fra afsluttet energirevisionsprogram fra Region Syddanmark, samt et nyt eksperimentelt økonomisk design har dannet baggrund for resultaterne. Den første analyse indikerer en positiv korrelation af indkomst, alder samt uddan nelsesniveau på en husholdnings tilbøjelighed til at udføre energirenoveringer, mens husstandstørrelsen har en negativ ind ydelse. Disse indikatorer er kun delvist signikante grundet begrænset sammenlignelig viden, hvilket understreger nødvendigheden af empiriske studier. Anden analyse viser at visse ændringer i livssituation/levebetingelser øger husholdningers villighed til energirådgivning og investering. Særligt nder vi at ytning og påbegyndelse af pension øger husholdningers villighed til at deltage i gratis energirådgivning, mens at blive gift og ytning korrelerer med husholdningers villighed til at investere. Dette indikerer muligheder for at målrette incitamentsprogrammer til speciffikke husholdninger ved rettidig kontakt til husholdninger. Den afsluttende analyse undersøger potentiallet for "spillover" effekter fremkaldt af indsatser specielt rettet mod adfærd, eksempelvis ved interventioner rettet mod specifik adfærd kan afføde anden positiv og negativ adfærd. I et økonomisk eksperiment finder vi evidens for positiv "spillover" fra sociale normer. Hovedbidragene fra denne analyse skal findes i nyt eksperimentelt design udviklet til systematisk analyse af "spillover" effekter. Overordnet set indikere resultaterne i denne afhandling at en mere kontekstuel tilgang til incitamenter, åbner for hvor husstandens aktuelle forhold som; socio-økonomi, signikante ændringer livssituation eller andet, kan bruges som motivation for energirenovering. Afhandlingens resultater er relevante for "policy design" men dens hovedbidrag omhandler "future policy" da den fremhæver nødvendigheden mere strukturerede energi incitaments forskning med større forankring i eksperimentelle metoder. ; This cumulative PhD thesis explores the potential of a more contextual approach for energy policies targeted at private households. The ve chapters of the thesis consist of an introduction, which motivates the thesis and gives a brief summary of the chapters with a joint conclusion, three paper-based chapters intended for publication, and a methodological chapter for an extension of the existing sampleSelection package in the statistics programme R. The thesis mainly contributes to the energy policy and economics literature, but it is also relevant to related disciplines, such as other social sciences, engineering, and psychology. Energy savings in private households play an important role in achieving reduction targets for the European Union and its member states, as the residential sector constitutes about 25 percent of total nal energy consumption. As only 1 percent is added to the building stock in new housing per year in the EU, the majority of savings must be realized through retrotting and changes in consumption habits. Evidence from policy programs in the last couple of decades has been mixed and it appears that households are harder to reach than previously thought. This has led to the perception that there is an Energy Efficiency Gap, describing a situation in which households are not aware of the nancial savings they could achieve by investing in more energy efficient technologies. However, more recent evidence indicates that the nancial potentials at the household level may have been overstated. While there is still no consensus on whether there is an Energy Efficiency Gap, a pragmatic way forward suggests a more contextual approach that pays closer attention to barriers and promoters of energy efficiency in private homes. Against this background, the thesis applies dierent methodologies to investigate the role of context in energy policies targeted at private households: a meta-analysis drawing on existing evidence in the literature, an ex-post policy analysis based on data from an energy audit programme in Southern Denmark, and a novel experimental economic framework. The rst analysis provides indicative evidence that income, age, and education positively in uence a household's propensity to invest, while household size has a negative effect. However, these ndings are only partly signicant due to a limited base of comparable evidence, highlighting a need for compatibility in empirical studies, and more repetition studies. The second analysis shows that changes in certain life situations increase the propensity for households to have an audit and make energy investments; specically we nd that moving and retiring make households more likely to join a free energy audit programme, while getting married and moving correlates with higher investments. This indicates opportunities to develop more efficient policy programmes that depend on a household response, by reaching out to households at a time when they are more likely to be encouraged. The nal analysis investigates potential spillover eects induced by behavioural policy interventions, i.e. when an intervention aimed at one behaviour may also aect another behaviour positively or negatively. In an economic experiment we nd evidence for a positive spillover induced by a social norms based intervention, but the primary contribution of this part of the thesis is the novel experimental framework developed for the purpose of a systematic analysis of spillovers. Overall, the results of this thesis indicate that a more contextual policy approach holds promise to encourage energy eciency improvements and savings by incorporating the context in which decisions are made, be it the socio-economic circumstances, changes in life situation, or the decision environment. Although the insights generated by the thesis are also relevant for policy design, its main contributions are to future policy research, as it highlights the need for energy policy research to be put on a more robust and evidence-based foundation, mainly through increased application of experimental methods.

This thesis contains three stand-alone essays on the operating segment disclosures that European multi-segment companies make under IFRS 8 Operating Segments. By examining various characteristics of disclosure about operating segments using manually-collected data from a range of public corporate documents, this thesis improves our collective understanding about managers' overall disclosure strategy for financial and accounting information. The findings in each essay have practical implications for standard setters and regulators in particular, as well as for capital market investors and financial analysts.Chapter I, entitled "The Interplay between Segment Disclosure Quantity and Quality," investigates managers' choices with respect to both disclosure quantity and disclosure quality, and the usefulness of these two characteristics for financial analysts. Focusing on segment disclosures under the management approach, I measure quantity as the number of segment-level line items and quality as the cross-segment variation in profitability, and argue that greater managerial discretion can be exercised over quality than over quantity. I hypothesize and find that managers solve proprietary concerns either by deviating from the suggested line-item disclosure in the standard, or if following standard guidance, by decreasing segment reporting quality. Moreover, financial analysts do not always understand the quality of segment disclosures, which suggests that a business-model type of standard creates difficulties even for sophisticated users. My results inform standard setters as they start working on a disclosure framework and as they seem to consider the business model approach to financial reporting. Chapter II is entitled "Inconsistent Segment Disclosure across Corporate Documents." Market regulators in the U.S. and Europe investigate cases of inconsistent disclosures when a company provides different information on the same topic in different documents. Focusing on operating segments, this essay uses hand-collected data from four different corporate documents of multi-segment firms to analyze the impact of inconsistent disclosure on financial analysts' earnings forecast accuracy. Inconsistencies that arise from further disaggregation of operating segments in some documents seem to bring in new information and increase analyst accuracy. However, when analysts must work with different, difficult-to-reconcile segmentations, their information processing capacity and forecasts are less accurate. These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of managers' disclosure strategy across multiple documents and have implications for regulators and standard setters' work on a disclosure framework. Chapter III is entitled "Management Guidance at the Segment Level." Prior research has found that managers add information to their earnings guidance to justify, explain, or contextualize their forecasts. I identify segment-level guidance (SLG) as a type of disaggregated information that multi-segment firms provide with their management guidance, and investigate its usefulness for financial analysts' earnings forecasting accuracy, as well as its influence on managers' earnings fixation. I further characterize the level of precision (point and range, maximum or minimum estimate, or simply narrative) and of disaggregation of SLG. I find that companies in high tech industries known for increased uncertainty in future performance are less likely to provide SLG, and that SLG is associated with better forecasting accuracy. However, while providing more item-disaggregated SLG improves accuracy, increased precision has no impact on forecast accuracy. From the manager's point of view, SLG creates incentives to engage in earnings management, and the more precise the SLG is the greater the incentive. In contrast, more item-disaggregated SLG discourages earnings management, perhaps by improving monitoring. In a context where qualitative, narrative, and disaggregated guidance is regarded as a solution to avoid earnings fixation and short termism, understanding which types of information achieve this goal, and how, is relevant for managers, investors, and regulators alike. ; Cette thèse contient trois essais distincts sur la publication d'information sectorielle que les entreprises européennes ayant plusieurs secteurs opérationnels effectuent en vertu des IFRS 8 Secteurs Opérationnels. Chaque essai vise à améliorer notre compréhension collective sur la politique de communication financière des cadres dirigeants en examinant diverses caractéristiques des informations sectorielles. Les résultats de cette thèse informent les normalisateurs en particulier, ainsi que les investisseurs sur les marches du capital et les analystes financiers.Le chapitre I, «L'interaction entre la qualité et la quantité des publications sur l'information sectorielle» examine le choix des cadres dirigeants à l'égard de la quantité et de la qualité, ainsi que l'utilité de ces deux caractéristiques pour les analystes financiers. J'utilise le nombre de segments opérationnels publiés comme mesure quantitative et la variation inter-sectorielle de la profitabilité comme mesure qualitative et soutiens que plus de pouvoir discrétionnaire peut être exercé par les dirigeants sur la qualité que sur la quantité. Je trouve que les cadres dirigeants résolvent les préoccupations liées aux renseignements commerciaux de nature exclusive soit en déviant de la quantité recommandée par la norme, ou, lorsqu'ils suivent la norme, en réduisant la qualité de l'information sectorielle. Les analystes financiers n'apprécient pas toujours la qualité de l'information sectorielle, ce qui suggère que le modèle business crée des difficultés même pour des utilisateurs avertis. Mes résultats informent les normalisateurs lorsque ceux-ci initient le développement d'un nouveau cadre conceptuel et lorsqu'ils semblent envisager l'approche du modèle business pour le reporting. Le chapitre II s'intitule «La non-conformité des secteurs opérationnels à travers des documents d'entreprise. » Les régulateurs de marché examinent des cas de présentations lorsqu'une entreprise fournit des informations différentes sur le même sujet dans différents documents. En mettant l'accent sur les secteurs opérationnels, cet essai utilise des données recueillies manuellement auprès de quatre documents d'entreprise afin d'analyser l'impact de la publication d'information non-conforme sur l'exactitude des prévisions de résultat des analystes financiers. La non-conformité qui découle de la déségrégation supplémentaire des secteurs semble introduire de nouveautés et contribue à l'exactitude des prévisions. La publication des segmentations difficilement réconciliables entraine une exactitude réduite des prévisions. Ces résultats contribuent à notre compréhension des effets de la politique de communication des dirigeants à travers plusieurs documents et ont des répercussions sur le travail les régulateurs. Le chapitre III s'intitule « Prévisions managériales au niveau sectoriel. » Je considère les prévisions au niveau sectoriel (PNS) comme un type d'information désagrégé que les entreprises fournissent ensemble avec leur stratégie de gestion. J'examine l'utilité de cette information pour l'exactitude des prévisions de résultat par les analystes ainsi que l'impact de cette information sur la manipulation du résultat. Je constate que les entreprises de haute technologie réputées pour l'incertitude supplémentaire liée à profitabilité sont moins susceptibles de fournir des PNS et que le PNS est associé à une prévision améliorée. Cependant, alors que la communication de davantage de PNS désagrégé par secteur a tendance à améliorer la précision, plus de précision ne semble pas avoir d'importance. Du point de vue des cadres dirigeants, les PNS les incitent à manipuler le résultat comptable, mais le PNS désagrégé par poste semble décourager la manipulation, fort probablement due à une surveillance supplémentaire. Dans un contexte où une orientation narrative et désagrégée est considérée comme la solution pour empêcher la vision à court terme, comprendre quel type d'information permet d'atteindre cet objectif, et de quelle manière, est tout autant pertinent pour les cadres dirigeants, les investisseurs et les régulateurs.

El crecimiento del número de vehículos en circulación ha experimentado un fuerte aumento en los últimos 20 años. La generalización del uso del automóvil ha tenido efectos muy positivos en la economía de los países. Sin embargo, también ha provocado grandes problemas debido la contaminación y a la cantidad de energía que consumen. Por otra parte, la mayoría de los vehículos emplean hidrocarburos, que no se encuentran disponibles en todas las regiones, provocando dependencias energéticas entre países. Además, su extracción tiene un impacto muy grande en el medioambiente. Los vehículos se han convertido en un problema importante para los gobiernos y los habitantes, que sufren enfermedades respiratorias provocadas por los gases que emiten. Ante estos inconvenientes, los gobiernos han desarrollado normativas para regular las emisiones de los vehículos. Las conductores también han empezado a exigir vehículos que consuman menos debido al aumento del precio del combustible, convirtiéndose en un factor muy importante a la hora de comprar un vehículo. Todo esto ha contribuido a que los fabricantes introduzcan en los vehículos mejoras orientadas a reducir el consumo de combustible como: optimización del motor, reducción del peso del vehículo, motores híbridos, mejoras aerodinámicas. Sin embargo, estas medidas resultan insuficientes porque el porcentaje de vehículos antiguos en circulación es muy alto. El consumo de combustible depende del vehículo, el entorno y el comportamiento del conductor. Recientemente ha surgido un método para reducir el consumo denominado "Eco-Driving". Esta técnica de conducción se basa en el control óptimo de las variables que controla el conductor como la velocidad, la aceleración, la desaceleración y la marcha. El ahorro se consigue al minimizar las pérdidas de energía. Este método para mejorar el consumo y reducir la emisión de gases contaminantes es muy útil porque es independiente de la tecnología del vehículo. Sin embargo, el conductor necesita contar con conocimientos sobre conducción eficiente. Esta tesis se centra en la necesidad de que los conductores aprendan cómo conducir eficientemente siguiendo unas normas, basadas en la física, que reducen las demandas innecesarias de energías. Para ello se propone el uso de un asistente que evalúa el comportamiento del conductor desde el punto de vista de la eficiencia, y le propone mejoras. Además, a diferencia de otras propuestas, el sistema proporciona información sobre el entorno cercano para que el usuario pueda tomar decisiones con la suficiente antelación. Esta información es muy importante porque la clave del "eco-driving" es la capacidad del conductor para predecir el estado de la carretera en un futuro cercano. Otro de los objetivos principales de este trabajo de investigación es desarrollar métodos para motivar al usuario a conducir eficientemente, ya que en muchos estudios previos se demuestra que el conductor tiende a volver a sus hábitos de conducción previos a pesar de haber recibido formación sobre "eco-driving". Los resultados obtenidos en la etapa de experimentación muestran un ahorro de hasta el 22.5% de combustible utilizando la propuesta descrita en esta tesis. No obstante, este porcentaje depende de la respuesta del usuario a las recomendaciones y de su estilo de conducción previo. Además se observó que es importante conocer el perfil de conducción del usuario para ajustar los consejos, y que el aprendizaje se haga de forma progresiva. En caso contrario, el conductor perderá el interés. Conocer el tipo de usuario también es relevante para elegir el incentivo que se usará como retroalimentación. Finalmente, se constata que es imprescindible emplear métodos para motivar al usuario a conducir eficientemente, siendo la gamificación una buena estrategia para conseguirlo. ; The growth in the number of vehicles in circulation has experienced a strong increase in the last 20 years. The widespread use of the automobile has had very positive effects on the economy of the countries. However, they have also led to major problems due to the pollution produced and the amount of energy required. On the other hand, most of the vehicles employ hydrocarbons, which are not available in all regions, causing energy dependencies between countries. In addition, its extraction has a very large impact on the environment. The vehicles have become an important problem for governments and residents who suffer from respiratory diseases caused by greenhouses emissions. In order to avoid these problems, governments have developed regulations to control the emissions from vehicles. The drivers have also begun to require efficient vehicles due to the increase in fuel prices. Currently, the fuel consumption is a very important factor to buy a vehicle. All this has caused manufacturers to introduce improvements in vehicles in order to minimize the fuel consumption such as: engine optimization, vehicle weight reduction, hybrid engines, aerodynamic improvements. However, these measures are insufficient because the percentage of older vehicles is still very high. Fuel consumption depends on the vehicle, the environment and the behavior of the driver. Recently, a method called "Eco-Driving" has gained popularity. This driving allows us to save fuel. It is based on the optimization of the parameters that the user controls such as: speed, acceleration, deceleration and gear. Fuel saving is achieved by minimizing the energy losses. This method to improve fuel consumption and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases is very useful because it is independent of the vehicle technology. However, the driver needs to know about efficient driving rules. This thesis is focused on the need to learn how to drive efficiently following a set of rules, based on physics, which reduce unnecessary energy demands. In this work, we propose the use of an assistant who evaluates the driver behavior from the point of view of efficiency, and recommends improvements in order to save fuel. Furthermore, unlike other proposals, the system provides information about the nearby environment. Therefore, the user can take decisions in advance. This information is very important because the key to "eco-driving" is the driver's ability to predict the road state in the near future. The other main objective is to develop methods to motivate the user for driving efficiently, since many previous studies demonstrates that the driver tends to return to their previous driving habits, even after having received training on "eco-driving". The results of the experimentation show a saving of up to 22.5% of fuel using the proposal described in this thesis. However, this percentage depends on user´s response to the recommendations and their previous driving style. We also highlight that is essential to know the driving profile in order to adjust the eco-driving tips, and make the learning progressively. Otherwise, the driver will lose interest. In addition, understanding the user type is relevant to choose the type of feedback. Finally, the work in this thesis demonstrates that it is essential to use methods for motivating the user. Gamification is a good strategy to get it. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the ARTEMISA project TIN2009-14378-C02-02 within the Spanish "Plan Nacional de I+D+I", from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme managed by REA-Research Executive Agency (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 286533 and from the Spanish funded HAUS IPT-2011-1049-430000 project. ; Programa en Ingeniería Telemática ; Presidente: José Vehi Casellas; Vocal: Antonio Cañas Vargas; Secretario: Pedro José Muñoz Merino

Im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel und die endlichen Reserven fossiler Rohstoffe kombiniert mit der wachsenden Energienachfrage, gewinnt die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien an Bedeutung. Die Europäische Union hat beschlossen, die Treibhausgase um 20 Prozent zu reduzieren und den Anteil der erneuerbaren Energien am Gesamtenergieverbrauch bis 2020 auf 20 Prozent zu erhöhen. In Deutschland und Mitteleuropa wird vor allem die Windenergienutzung eine große Rolle spielen. Die Nutzung der Windenergie hat eine lange Tradition. Windkraft wird zum segeln, Wasser pumpen und Korn malen seit Jahrhunderten verwendet. Die ersten Windmühlen zur Stromerzeugung wurden im 19. Jahrhundert gebaut. Moderne Windkraftanlagen nutzen den Auftrieb um Windenergie in elektrische Energie umzuwandeln und existieren seit dem frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Üblicherweise haben moderne Windenergieanlagen drei aerodynamisch geformte Rotorblätter. Windenergieanlagen sind großen Kräften ausgesetz. Verschleiß tritt an Maschinenteilen, der Gondel, dem Turm und den Rotorblättern auf. Alle diese Teile müssen regelmäßig überprüft werden. Obwohl Unfälle an Windkraftanlagen sehr selten sind, ist immer ein großer finanzieller Schaden damit verbunden. Um Ausfallzeiten zu verringern, ist der Einsatz moderner Prüftechniken sinnvoll. Rotorblätter von Windkraftanlagen bestehen aus glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (GFK) und Leichtbaumaterialien wie Kunststoffschäumen oder Holz. Sie werden alle zwei bis vier Jahren von Sachverständigen begutachtet. Diese Untersuchungen sind auf Sichtprüfungen und einfache Klopfprüfungen beschränkt. Mit zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden können Schädigungen in den Rotorblättern bereits in einem frühen Stadium erkannt werden. Zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen an GFK sind in der Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik gängige Praxis. Leider können etablierte Techniken nicht unmittelbar auf die Nutzung an Rotorblättern übertragen werden. Darüber hinaus sind Schäden in Rotorblättern andersartig. Rotorblätter werden in Halbschalenbauweise gefertigt. Die Verklebungsbereiche sind sicherheitsrelevant und können nicht visuell von außen geprüft werden. Darüber hinaus können Delaminationen der unterschiedlichen Schichten im gesamten Blatt durch Erosion oder durch Ausbreitung von Vorschädigungen auftreten. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren vorgestellt, die Schall- und Ultraschallwellen verwenden. Das erste Verfahren ist das Ultraschall-Echo-Verfahren, das auch für die Schadensdetektion in Metallen oder Beton Anwendung findet. Der Einsatz an GFK erfordert spezielle Anpassungen. Aufgrund der Faserlagen werden die Ultraschallwellen im Material stark gestreut und gedämpft. Daher ist die Verwendung von niederfrequenten Ultraschallwandlern sinnvoll. Mit einem energiereichen Ultraschallimpuls können mehrere Zentimeter GFK durchdrungen und Schäden detektiert werden. Insbesondere die Verklebungen können mit diesem Verfahren geprüft werden. In dieser Arbeit werden die Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Ultraschallsensoren aufgezeigt. Ein trockener Ankopplung der Sensoren ist ein Vorteil beim Einsatz an Rotorblättern von Windenergieanlagen.Der Energieverlust durch eine trockenen Ankopplung im Vergleich zur Nassankopplungen wird in dieser Arbeit quantifiziert. Das Ultraschall-Echo-Verfahren wird an Rotorblattprobestücken und an einem kompletten Rotorblatt angewandt. Es wird deutlich, dass die Verklebungsbereiche detektiert und bewertet werden können. Schließlich wird das Messsystem mit einem automatisierten Prüfsystem verknüpft. Zur Detektion von oberflächennahen Delaminationen und Luftblasen wurde ein zweites Verfahren angewandt. Aus einfachen Klopfprüfungen wurde die sogenannte lokale Resonanzspektroskopie weiterentwickelt. Mit einem instrumentierten Impulshammer wird die Oberfläche abgeklopft und der erzeugte Klang mit einem Mikrofon aufgezeichnet. Aufgrund der Anregung beginnt die Struktur zu schwingen und ein Klang wird erzeugt. Dieser Klang hängt von der Kontaktsteifigkeit zwischen der Struktur und den Hammer ab. Eine Materialänderung bewirkt eine Änderung in der Kontaktsteifigkeit und somit eine Veränderung des erzeugten Klangs. Die Änderung kann über das Frequenzspektren der Mikrofondaten dargestellt werden. Darüberhinaus ist es möglich, die Anregungskraft und -dauer des Hammer auf der Oberfläche aufzeichnen. Eine Änderung der Kontaktsteifigkeit, bewirkt auch eine Änderung der Kontaktzeit. Dies liefert zusätzliche Informationen über den Zustand des Materials. Das Verahren ist sehr einfach anzuwenden und das Messystem ist klein, so dass es von Experten, auch beim Abseilen von der Rotornabe mitgeführt werden kann. Beide Verfahren werden verglichen und die Stärken und Schwächen werden in dieser Arbeit diskutiert. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick zur weiteren Verwendung der Verfahern, sowohl manuell als auch automatisiert, gegeben. ; Facing the climate change and the limited supplies of fossile fuels combined with the growing energy demand, the use of renewable energy sources gains in importance. The European Union has decided to reduce greenhouse gases by 20 percent and to increase the rate of renewables at the overall energy consumption to 20 percent by 2020. In Germany and Central Europe especially the use of wind energy will play a major role. The use of wind energy has a long tradition. Wind power is used for sailing, water pumps and mills for centuries. The first windmills for electricity generation were built in the 19th century. Modern wind turbines use buoyancy to convert wind energy into electric energy and are used since the early 20th century. Nowadays common wind energy plants have three aerodynamicly shaped turbine blades. Wind energy plants have to withstand great forces. The abrasion affects the machine parts of the nacelle, the tower and the turbine blades. All these parts have to be inspected at regular intervals. Although accidents at wind energy plants are quite rare and generally no persons get injured, a great financial loss is linked to every failure. To reduce down-times the use of advanced inspection techniques is preferable. Wind turbine blades are mainly built from glass fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) and sandwich-compounds containing plastic foams or wood. The blades have to be inspected every two to four years by experts. These surveys are limited to visual insepctions and simple tapping tests. The use of non-destructive testing techniques can help to detect damages which are not visible at the surface at an early stage and avoid blade breakdowns. Non-destructive testing at FRP is common in aerospace industries. Unfortunately the material thicknesses and qualities in aerospace industries are different and therefore the established techniques can't bei transfered directly to the use at wind turbine blades. Furthermore, damages in wind turbine blades are multifaceted. The blades commonly are manufactured as two halves and glued together afterwards. The bonding areas are critical areas and can't be inspected from outside the blade. Moreover, delaminations of fiber layers or sandwich layers can arise in the whole blade due to abrasion or previous smaller damages. In this thesis two non-destructive testing techniques using sonic and ultrasonic waves are presented. The first technique is the ultrasound-echo techniques, which is well established for damage detection in metals or concrete. The use at FRP required special adaptions. Due to the fiber layers within the material, ultrasonic waves are highly scattered and damped. Therefore the use of low frequnency ultrasonic transducers is sensible. Combined with a high energy ultrasonic pulse, several centimeters of GFRP can be penetrated and damages can be detected. Especially the bonding areas can be inspected using this technique. In this thesis the differences between ultrasonic transducers is shown. A dry coupling of ultrasonic transducers is an advantage for the use at wind turbine blades. A technique for a dry coupling is shown in this thesis. The energy loss due to the dry coupling compared to a wet coupling is quantified. The ultrasound-echo techniques then is applied to small turbine blade pieces and to a entire blade. It is shown, that the bonding areas can be detected and evaluated. Finally the measurement equipment is linked to an automated system. Measurements can take place without the direct presence of an expert. For the detection of near-surface delaminations and air bubbles a second technique was developed. Based on the common simple tapping tests, the so-called local resonance spectroscopy was applied. Using a special impact hammer, the surface is tapped and the excited sound is recorded by a microphone. Due to the impact the structure starts to vibrate and a sound is generated. The sound depends on the contact stiffness between the structure and the hammer. A material change causes a change in contact stiffness and therefore a change in the excited sound. The change can be visualized using the frequency spectra of the microphone data. Furthermore it is possible to record the contact force and contact time of hammer and surface. A change in contact stiffness also causes a change in contact time. This provides additional information about the health of the structure. The technique is very simple to apply and the equipment is small, so it can be carried by experts even when they are roping from the nacelle to inspect the turbine blades. Both techniques are compared and the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques are discussed in this thesis. Finally an outlook concerning the application at wind turbine blades as manual an automated techniques is given.

I was recently asked whether I'd like to share my thoughts on monetary policy in a post-pandemic world. Sure, why not? Thanks to Jan Eckhout for thinking of me. The panel was hosted by the European Economic Association last month and moderated by Diane Coyle. I was honored to speak alongside Ricardo Reis and Beata Javorcik, both of whom provided riveting presentations. For what it's worth, I thought I'd provide a transcript of my remarks here. Lunch Panel EEA-ESEM CopenhagenAugust 25, 2021I want to focus my discussion on the U.S. economy
and from the perspective of a Fed official concerned with the challenges the
Fed may face in fulfilling its Congressional mandates in a post-pandemic world.

First, to provide a bit of context, let me offer
a bit of history on policy and, in particular, on what I think were some
policy mistakes. Let me begin with the 2008-09 financial crisis, which is
something I think most people would agree should never have happened. Whether a sufficiently aggressive Fed lender-of-last-resort operation would have averted the crisis remains a open question. Even if it had been successful, such an operation would have had costs. It may, for example, have elicited
an even greater political backlash than we saw at the time--and who knows how this
may have manifested itself as undesirable changes to the FRA. As well, such an
intervention may have just pushed mounting structural problems down the road.
In particular, while it's now clear that some private sector lending practices
needed to change, it's not clear where the incentive to do so would have come
from absent a crisis. In any case, the crisis happened. How was it managed?

The ensuing recession was deep and the recovery
dynamic very slow. The prime-age employment-to-population ratio did not reach
its pre-pandemic level until 2019, a full decade later. Nevertheless, on the
whole, I think the Fed followed an appropriate interest rate policy. There were
one or two times the FOMC exhibited a little too much enthusiasm for
"normalizing" policy, but I think the slow recovery dynamic had more to do with
insufficient fiscal stimulus—especially at the state and local level—rather
than a consequence of inappropriate monetary policy. The evidence for this can
also be seen by the fact that inflation remained below the Fed's 2% target for
most of the time the policy rate was close to its ELB. The Fed has interpreted
this low inflation episode as partly a monetary policy mistake, something its
new AIT regime is designed to address. But my own view is that persistently low
inflation—and the low money market yields that go along with it—have more to do
with the supply and demand for U.S. Treasury securities. This is something the
Fed does not have very much direct control over.

I know many people are skeptical of fiscal
theories of the price-level, but in virtually every economic model I know, a
fiscal anchor is necessary to pin down the long-run rate of inflation. Monetary
policy—specifically, interest rate policy—can, of course, influence the
price-level, so monetary policy can influence inflation dynamics. But it can do
so only in the "short run." Interest rate policy alone cannot, in my view,
determine the long-run rate of inflation, at least, not without appropriate
fiscal support.

Now, I know many of you may be asking how I can
think fiscal policy has very much to do with inflation given how rapidly the
debt has risen since the financial crisis and again with the C-19 crisis, all
with little apparent pressure on long-run inflation expectations and on
long-term bond yields. We should, however, keep in mind that an observed change
in the quantity of an object may entail both supply and demand considerations.
And one can easily point to several forces that have contributed to increases
in the global demand for UST securities in recent decades. For example, the
growing use of USTs as collateral in repo and credit derivatives markets
beginning in the 1970s and accelerating through the 1980s. The growing demand
for USTs as a safe store of value from EMEs. The evaporation of private-label
safe assets during the financial crisis that left a gaping hole for USTs to
fill. Next, we had a large increase in the regulatory demand for USTs coming
out of Dodd-Frank and Basel III. The Fed's SRF and FIMA facility should further
enhance the demand for USTs. On top of all this, we've witnessed an emergent
class of money funds called "stablecoins" that are further contributing to the
demand for USTs. These forces have been disinflationary, leading bond investors
to revise down their expectation of the future path of policy interest rates.
It is interesting to ponder a counterfactual here. In particular, think of what
may have transpired absent an accommodating U.S. fiscal policy. We may very
well have experienced the mother of all deflations. If this is correct, then an
elevated debt-to-GDP ratio, given a relatively stable inflation and interest
rate structure, reflects an elevated real demand for outside assets. The
problem is not that the debt-to-GDP ratio is going up. The problem is what
disruptions might occur if it goes down
owing to a sudden and unexpected inflation.

The recent rise in inflation is concentrated in
durable goods, and I think is mostly attributable to ongoing supply-chain
issues associated with the pandemic. This effect is likely to reverse itself,
the way lumber prices recently have. Some of what I think is temporarily high
inflation may not reverse itself, leading to a permanently higher price-level. In
this case, households will worry whether their wages will keep pace with the
higher the cost of living. There is even the possibility—though I think less
likely—that the rate of inflation itself will remain elevated and that
inflation expectations will rise well above the Fed's 2% target. This may
happen, for example, if the traditional bipartisan support for fiscal anchoring
in the new generation of Congressional representatives is perceived to wane, or
if the global demand for safe assets slows. If either or both of these things happen
and are persistent, then the Fed may find itself faced with what Sargent and
Wallace phrase an "unpleasant monetarist arithmetic." That paper, which was
published exactly 40 years ago, warned how tightening monetary policy without
fiscal support might actually make inflation go higher rather than lower.

The implications for U.S. monetary policy are
quite interesting should an event like this unfold. A determined Fed may try to
fight inflation by raising its policy rate. The result is likely to be a temporary
disinflation and recession.  Should fiscal policy remain unaltered, the
logic provided by Sargent and Wallace implies that inflation will return even
higher than before as the deficit must increase to finance a larger interest
expense on the debt. The best the Fed can do in this case is to lower its
policy rate, announce a temporarily higher inflation target, and hope that the
fiscal authority gets its house in order. The notion that a Volcker-like policy
would lower the long-run rate of inflation depends on fiscal capitulation. This
capitulation to some extent did happen under Volcker, although keep in mind he
had considerable Congressional support from both sides of the aisle. I do not
think this type of political support is something one can count on, especially
given today's political climate. So, you may want to buckle up, as we may be in
for some interesting times ahead.Related Readings:Is it Time for Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic? Link to blog post. Link to paper.

The study of the history of primary education in Azerbaijan expands the boundaries of pedagogical thinking. The re-introduction of the progressive aspects of the historical and pedagogical heritage of the 20th century into scientific circles plays an important role in the formation of modern educational culture. Historical and pedagogical heritage is a source of renewal of pedagogical knowledge, acquisition of qualitatively new content, as well as its sustainability. It is important to study the history of primary education, as it helps to solve two problems that are closely related to each other. Firstly, what happened when one first examined the historical pedagogical heritage? How did it happen? Why did it happen and what was the result? What was the significance of what happened during that period and further development? Secondly, by referring to the historical pedagogical heritage, it is possible to understand the theory and practice of today's education, the problems of modern pedagogical thinking and worldview. The article examines and compares the role of tradition and innovation in the development of the theory of primary education in Azerbaijan in the 1920s. For this purpose, the article analyzes the educational technologies used in that period, general scientific approaches, curricula and content of textbooks prepared for primary schools, and quality criteria in teacher training. It is argued that this period was politically complex, economically difficult, characterized by a general decline in the common cultural and educational level of the population, but was interesting in terms of the building of a new society and a new state. Reforms in the field of education in Russia were repeated in Azerbaijan. Although experiments in the field of education were aimed at raising the cultural level of society, eliminating illiteracy, establishing new approaches to education, innovations (application of "complex" approach, use of active learning methods, application of project method, etc.), they did not improve the quality of education. The introduction of innovations sometimes led to the denial and oblivion of traditions. The new teaching methods applied in Azerbaijani schools without any expertise, as they were brought from European and American schools, created serious problems in the formation of education because the new technology denied the tradition. The class-lesson system with strict regulations, exhaustive structure and function, and rich traditions were replaced by the laboratory-brigade method. The results of incorrect experiments became a serious obstacle to the development of education. For this reason, in the early 1930s, official government decisions banned experiments that hindered the development of education. ; El estudio de la historia de la educación primaria en Azerbaiyán amplía los límites del pensamiento pedagógico. La reintroducción de los aspectos progresivos del patrimonio histórico y pedagógico del siglo XX en los círculos científicos juega un papel importante en la formación de la cultura educativa moderna. El patrimonio histórico y pedagógico es fuente de renovación del conocimiento pedagógico, adquisición de contenidos cualitativamente nuevos, así como de su sostenibilidad. Es importante estudiar la historia de la educación primaria, ya que ayuda a resolver dos problemas estrechamente relacionados entre sí. En primer lugar, ¿qué sucedió cuando se examinó por primera vez el patrimonio histórico pedagógico? ¿Como paso? ¿Por qué sucedió y cuál fue el resultado? ¿Cuál fue el significado de lo que sucedió durante ese período y el desarrollo posterior? En segundo lugar, al referirse a la herencia histórica pedagógica, es posible comprender la teoría y la práctica de la educación actual, los problemas del pensamiento pedagógico moderno y la cosmovisión. El artículo examina y compara el papel de la tradición y la innovación en el desarrollo de la teoría de la educación primaria en Azerbaiyán en la década de 1920. Para ello, el artículo analiza las tecnologías educativas utilizadas en ese período, los enfoques científicos generales, los planes de estudio y el contenido de los libros de texto elaborados para las escuelas primarias, y los criterios de calidad en la formación docente. Se argumenta que este período fue políticamente complejo, económicamente difícil, caracterizado por un declive general en el nivel cultural y educativo común de la población, pero fue interesante en términos de la construcción de una nueva sociedad y un nuevo estado. Las reformas en el campo de la educación en Rusia se repitieron en Azerbaiyán. Aunque los experimentos en el campo de la educación tenían como objetivo elevar el nivel cultural de la sociedad, eliminar el analfabetismo, establecer nuevos enfoques de la educación, innovaciones (aplicación de un enfoque "complejo", uso de métodos de aprendizaje activos, aplicación del método de proyectos, etc.), no mejoraron la calidad de la educación. La introducción de innovaciones a veces condujo a la negación y al olvido de las tradiciones. Los nuevos métodos de enseñanza aplicados en las escuelas azerbaiyanas sin ningún conocimiento, ya que fueron traídos de escuelas europeas y americanas, crearon serios problemas en la formación de la educación porque la nueva tecnología negaba la tradición. El sistema de lecciones de clase con regulaciones estrictas, estructura y función exhaustivas y ricas tradiciones fue reemplazado por el método de brigada de laboratorio. Los resultados de experimentos incorrectos se convirtieron en un serio obstáculo para el desarrollo de la educación. Por esta razón, a principios de la década de 1930, las decisiones gubernamentales oficiales prohibieron experimentos que obstaculizaran el desarrollo de la educación. ; O estudo da história da educação primária no Azerbaijão expande os limites do pensamento pedagógico. A reintrodução dos aspectos progressivos do patrimônio histórico e pedagógico do século 20 nos círculos científicos desempenha um papel importante na formação da cultura educacional moderna. O patrimônio histórico e pedagógico é uma fonte de renovação do conhecimento pedagógico, de aquisição de conteúdo qualitativamente novo, bem como de sua sustentabilidade. É importante estudar a história da educação primária, pois ela ajuda a resolver dois problemas que estão intimamente relacionados um com o outro. Em primeiro lugar, o que aconteceu quando se examinou pela primeira vez o patrimônio histórico pedagógico? Como isso aconteceu? Por que aconteceu e qual foi o resultado? Qual foi o significado do que aconteceu durante esse período e do desenvolvimento posterior? Em segundo lugar, referindo-se ao patrimônio histórico pedagógico, é possível compreender a teoria e a prática da educação atual, os problemas do pensamento pedagógico moderno e a visão do mundo. O artigo examina e compara o papel da tradição e da inovação no desenvolvimento da teoria da educação primária no Azerbaijão nos anos 20. Para este fim, o artigo analisa as tecnologias educacionais utilizadas naquele período, abordagens científicas gerais, currículos e conteúdo de livros didáticos preparados para escolas primárias, e critérios de qualidade na formação de professores. Argumenta-se que este período foi politicamente complexo, economicamente difícil, caracterizado por um declínio geral no nível cultural e educacional comum da população, mas foi interessante em termos da construção de uma nova sociedade e de um novo estado. Reformas no campo da educação na Rússia foram repetidas no Azerbaijão. Embora as experiências no campo da educação visassem elevar o nível cultural da sociedade, eliminando o analfabetismo, estabelecendo novas abordagens para a educação, inovações (aplicação de abordagem "complexa", uso de métodos de aprendizagem ativa, aplicação de método de projeto, etc.), elas não melhoraram a qualidade da educação. A introdução de inovações às vezes levou à negação e ao esquecimento das tradições. Os novos métodos de ensino aplicados nas escolas azerbaijanesas sem nenhum conhecimento especializado, pois foram trazidos de escolas européias e americanas, criaram sérios problemas na formação da educação porque a nova tecnologia negou a tradição. O sistema de aulas de classe com regulamentos rigorosos, estrutura e função exaustivas e ricas tradições foram substituídos pelo método de brigada de laboratório. Os resultados de experimentos incorretos se tornaram um sério obstáculo ao desenvolvimento da educação. Por esta razão, no início dos anos 30, as decisões oficiais do governo proibiram os experimentos que dificultavam o desenvolvimento da educação.

Climate change has led to many low-water years and, consequently, a decrease of the volume of water to dilution anthropogenic pollution. Thus, research aimed at identifying the main sources of pollution to regulate them immediately is becoming increasingly important. Moreover, according to the EU Water Framework Directive, which, according to the Association Agreement with the EU, Ukraine is obliged to comply with, it is necessary to develop a set of actions soon to achieve or stabilize at least good environmental status in all water bodies. In Ukraine, as in many other European countries, the water quality monitoring system does not provide a sufficient amount of regular observation data for localization in space and time of all, including unregistered, sources of increased pollution, which complicates the implementation of the policy of their regulation. Therefore, it is important to create information technology to find possible sources of increased anthropogenic pressure on the river according to regular observations of water quality in the basin of a given river. The analysis showed that such data is characterized by a change in the frequency of observations (especially in the long run for decades), there is a practice of one-time observations (once a quarter or six months, each time at different times), many missed data, etc., which makes it impossible to use typical similar problems of multiple regressions and time series models based on autoregression and integrated moving average (ARIMA). It is proposed to use Facebook's Prophet model and package for R and Python, which is devoid of all these short-comings and is optimal for solving this problem. The methodology of its application is developed and characterized, which consists in the modeling of monitoring data with filtering of different types of seasonality and allocation of a linear trend between change points, the first approximation of each of which is set at the beginning of intervals in one or several years, depending from the amount of available data. The identified trends between these points are compared by different indicators at each observation post and a specially developed algorithm reveals the largest increases in trends ("pulses"), which then cause a monotonous increase in pollution up to this time. The detected dates of such "pulses" are scaled and aggregated by different indicators, which allows to determine the date of occurrence of the source of pollution at each section between posts and then, according to other data with the involvement of relevant control services, more accurately identify the source of increased river pollution, at present. A program in Python was developed, which tested the efficiency of the technology to detect such "impulses" on the example of the Southern Bug River from its source to Vinnytsia according to the state water quality monitoring system for 2002-2019 and presents the successful results of its work. ; Изменения климата обусловили ряд маловодных лет и, соответственно, уменьшение количества воды для разбавления антропогенных загрязнений. Поэтому, все более актуальными становятся исследования, направленные на выявление основных источников загрязнения с целью немедленного регулирования. Более того, согласно с Водной рамочной директивой ЕС, которую, в соответствии с Соглашением об ассоциации с ЕС, обязана выполнять и Украина, необходимо в ближайшее время выработать комплекс действий для достижения или стабилизации не ниже хорошего экологического состояния во всех массивах вод. В Украине, как и во многих других странах Европы, система мониторинга качества вод не обеспечивает достаточного количества данных регулярных наблюдений для локализации в пространстве и времени всех, в т.ч. незарегистрированных, источников повышенного загрязнения, что затрудняет реализацию политики их регулирования. Поэтому важно создать информационную технологию поиска возможных источников повышенной антропогенной нагрузки на реку по данным регулярных наблюдений качества воды в бассейне заданной реки. Проведенный анализ показал, что таким данным присуще изменение периодичности наблюдений (особенно в долгосрочной перспективе в десятки лет), существует практика одномоментных наблюдений (раз в квартал или полгода, каждый раз в разное время), много пропущенных данных и др., что делает невозможным применение типичных для подобных задач множественных регрессий и моделей временных рядов на основе авторегрессии и проинтегрированного скользящего среднего (АРПСС). Предложено использовать модель и пакет программ Prophet компании Facebook для R и Python, лишенную всех указанных недостатков и являющуюся оптимальной для решения поставленной задачи. Разработаны и охарактеризованы методология ее применения, заключающаяся в моделировании данных мониторинга с фильтрацией различных видов сезонности и выделении линейного тренда между точками изменения, первое приближение каждой из которых задается в начале интервалов в один или несколько лет, в зависимости от количества имеющихся данных. Идентифицированные тренды между этими точками сопоставляются по разным показателям на каждом посту наблюдений и по специально разработанному алгоритму выявляются самые большие приросты трендов «импульсы», вызывающие затем монотонное нарастание загрязнения до сего времени. Обнаруженные даты таких «импульсов» масштабируются и агрегируются по разным показателям, что на каждом участке между постами дает возможность определить дату появления источника загрязнения и затем, по другим данным, с привлечением соответствующих контролирующих служб, более точно идентифицировать источник повышенного загрязнения реки в настоящее время. Разработана программа на Python, на которой проверена эта способность созданной технологии выявлять такие «импульсы» на примере участка р. Южный Буг от истока до г. Винница по данным государственной системы мониторинга качества вод за 2002—2019 гг. и приведены успешные результаты ее работы. ; Зміни клімату зумовили низку маловодних років та, відповідно, зменшення кількості води для розбавлення антропогенних забруднень. Отже, актуальнішими стають дослідження, спрямовані на виявлення основних джерел забруднення з метою їх негайного регулювання. Більше того, відповідно до Водної рамкової директиви ЄС, яку, згідно з Угодою про асоціацію з ЄС, зобов'язана виконувати й Україна, необхідно найближчим часом виробити комплекс дій для досягнення чи стабілізації не нижче доброго екологічного стану в усіх масивах вод. В Україні, як і в багатьох інших країнах Європи, система моніторингу якості вод не забезпечує достатньої кількості даних регулярних спостережень для локалізації у просторі та часі усіх, у т.ч. незареєстрованих, джерел підвищеного забруднення, що ускладнює реалізацію політики їх регулювання. Отже, важливо створити інформаційну технологію пошуку можливих джерел підвищеного антропогенного навантаження на річку за даними регулярних спостережень якості води у басейні заданої річки. Проведений аналіз показав, що таким даним властива зміна періодичності спостережень (особливо у довгостроковій перспективі у десятки років), існує практика одномоментних спостережень (раз на квартал чи півроку, щоразу в різний час), багато пропущених даних тощо, що унеможливлює застосування типових для подібних задач множинних регресій та моделей часових рядів на основі авторегресії та проінтегрованого ковзного середнього (АРПКС). Запропоновано використовувати модель та пакет програм Prophet компанії Facebook для R та Python, яка позбавлена усіх зазначених недоліків і є оптимальною для розв'язання поставленої задачі. Розроблено та охарактеризовано методологію її застосування, яка полягає в моделюванні даних моніторингу з фільтруванням різних видів сезонності та виділенні лінійного тренду між точками зміни, перше наближення кожної з яких задається на початку інтервалів в один чи декілька років, залежно від кількості наявних даних. Ідентифіковані тренди між цими точками зіставляються за різними показниками на кожному посту спостережень та за спеціально розробленим алгоритмом виявляються найбільші прирости трендів («імпульси»), які потім спричиняють монотонне наростання забруднення аж до сьогодні. Виявлені дати таких «імпульсів» масштабуються та агрегуються за різними показниками, що дозволяє на кожній ділянці між постами визначити дату появи джерела забруднення і потім, за іншими даними, із залученням відповідних контролюючих служб, точніше ідентифікувати джерело підвищеного забруднення річки у певний час. Розроблено програму на Python, на якій перевірена працездатність створеної технології виявляти такі «імпульси» на прикладі ділянки р. Південний Буг від витоку до м. Вінниця за даними державної системи моніторингу якості вод за 2002—2019 роки та подано успішні результати її роботи.

The North Anatolian fault (NAF), a 1000 km-long dextral fault zone is known for its strong seismic hazard. It accommodates the westward motion of Anatolia, relative to Eurasia. In its western part, the NAF splits into three strands, one of which passing south of the Marmara sea and the Iznik lake. This NAF middle strand (MNAF) shows nowadays a very low seismic activity. However, this area has been characterized by a significant earthquake hazard over the last two millennia. Several ancient authors mention the occurrence of more than six destructive earthquakes that impacted Iznik (old Nicaea), which was an important political and religious centre during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Our study aims to constrain the recent seismic activity on the MNAF in the Iznik area at different time scales through a multidisciplinary approach coupling earth science and archeology.The first goal of this thesis is to develop the study of ancient buildings as archives of the historical seismicity by observing their successive damages and repairs. The city of Nicaea is appropriate for this kind of study as it presents several well preserved ancient buildings that bear traces of numerous repairs. I focus my study on the critical infrastructures for the city such as the 3 km-long protecting walls. This also includes the aqueduct that provided the city with water and is crossed by a segment of active fault, and a Roman basilica recently discovered underwater in the Iznik lake 20 m far from the shore. Applying different dating techniques (stratigraphy of the archaeological building, 14C) to the various materials of these buildings (terra cotta, mortar, concretions on the aqueduct), I was able to identify at least three damaging earthquakes since the 6th century AD. The amount of damage on these buildings allows to estimate local intensities at VIII on the European macroseismic scale (EMS98). Thanks to numerical simulations, I show that the current deformation visible on a Roman obelisk north of Iznik is compatible with magnitudes close to Mw 7 for epicentral distances smaller than 15 km.The second goal of this thesis is to constrain the Quaternary slip rate on the MNAF and better understand the formation of Iznik Lake, a 313 km²-large lake located just west of the city, which is the largest freshwater lake in the Marmara region. The main faults around the lake were mapped using a high-resolution DEM derived from Pleiades images. Geomorphic markers offset by the MNAF were systematically measured. The statistical analysis of the offsets revealed six major ruptures preserved in the landscape, with coseismic displacements between 2 and 6 m. The ages of three levels of lacustrine terraces north of the lake were quantified by radiocarbon and in-situ produced 10Be. A minimal horizontal slip rate of 2.9 mm/yr was estimated. The southward tilting of the lake paeloshorelines is compatible with a high vertical slip rate on the MNAF around 6 mm/yr.While working on the morphology and lithologies of the Iznik area, we have discovered significant evidence for LGM glacial events. The U-shaped morphology of several successive valleys east of Iznik Lake separated by topographic highs is interpreted as the print of past glaciers. This is confirmed by the presence of moraine deposits on the sides of the valleys, erratic blocks from various lithologies and glacio-lacustrine sediments. The geographical distribution of these morphological and lithological markers enabled us to reconstruct the former location and eastward retreat of this glacier. The absolute ages obtained from glacial deposits and alluvial sediments postponing the glaciation are compatible with paleoenvironmental proxies in Iznik Lake and previous studies of other Turkish LGM glaciers. This constitutes the first evidence of glaciation at low elevations in Turkey. ; La faille nord anatolienne (NAF), une zone de faille dextre longue de 1000 km est caractérisée par un fort aléa sismique. Elle accommode le mouvement vers l'ouest de l'Anatolie par rapport à l'Eurasie. Dans sa partie ouest, la NAF se divise en trois branches, dont une borde le sud de la mer de Marmara et du lac d'Iznik. Ce segment médian de la NAF (MNAF) présente aujourd'hui une très faible sismicité. Pourtant, cette zone se caractérise par un risque sismique élevé à l'échelle des deux derniers millénaires. Plus de six séismes sont décrits par les auteurs anciens et causèrent des destructions dans la ville d'Iznik (ancienne Nicée), un centre politique et religieux important aux époques hellénistique et romaine. Notre étude a pour but de contraindre l'activité sismique récente de la MNAF dans la région d'Iznik à plusieurs échelles de temps, par une approche pluridisciplinaire combinant géosciences et archéologie.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de développer l'étude des bâtiments anciens comme archives de la sismicité historique en observant leurs endommagements et réparations successifs. La ville de Nicée est appropriée pour ce type d'étude puisqu'elle présente plusieurs bâtiments préservés portant les traces de nombreuses réparations. J'ai concentré mon travail sur des infrastructures critiques comme la muraille défensive longue de 3 km. Cela inclut aussi l'aqueduc de la ville, recoupé par une faille active, ainsi qu'une basilique romaine découverte récemment sous les eaux du lac d'Iznik à 20 m de la côte. En appliquant plusieurs techniques de datation (stratigraphie des édifices, 14C) sur les bâtiments, j'ai pu identifier au moins trois séismes sources d'endommagement depuis le 6e siècle. La répartition des dommages sur les bâtiments permet d'estimer des intensités locales de VIII sur l'échelle macrosismique européenne (EMS98). Grâce à des simulations numériques, je montre que les déformations visibles sur un obélisque romain au nord d'Iznik sont compatibles avec des magnitudes proches de Mw 7 pour des distances épicentrales inférieures à 15 km.Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse est de contraindre la vitesse de glissement quaternaire sur la MNAF et de mieux comprendre la formation du lac d'Iznik à l'ouest de la ville. Ce lac de 313 km² est le plus grand lac d'eau douce de la région de Marmara. Les principales failles autour du lac ont été cartées avec un MNT de haute résolution dérivé d'images Pléiades. Les marqueurs géomorphologiques décalés par la MNAF ont fait l'objet de mesures systématiques. L'analyse statistique de ces décalages a mis en évidence six ruptures majeures préservées dans le paysage, avec des déplacements cosismiques entre 2 et 6 m. Les âges de trois niveaux de terrasses lacustres au nord du lac ont été quantifiés par radiocarbone et 10Be produit in situ. J'ai pu déterminer un taux de glissement horizontal minimum de 2.9 mm/yr. Le basculement vers le sud des paléorivages est compatible avec un taux de glissement vertical élevé sur la MNAF autour de 6 mm/yr.En travaillant sur la morphologie et les lithologies de la région d'Iznik, nous avons découvert des preuves d'épisodes glaciaires LGM. La morphologie en U de plusieurs vallées à l'est du lac d'Iznik, séparées par des sauts topographiques correspond à l'empreinte d'anciens glaciers. Cette hypothèse est confirmée par la présence de moraines en bord de vallée, de blocs erratiques aux lithologies variées, et de sédiments glacio-lacustres. La distribution spatiale de ces marqueurs morphologiques et lithologiques nous permet de reconstruire l'emplacement et le retrait vers l'est de ce glacier. Les âges absolus des dépôts glaciaires et des alluvions postérieurs à la glaciation sont compatibles avec des proxies paléoenvironnementaux provenant du lac d'Iznik et les études réalisées sur d'autres glaciers turcs LGM. Il s'agit de la première découverte de glaciers à si basse altitude en Turquie.

The North Anatolian fault (NAF), a 1000 km-long dextral fault zone is known for its strong seismic hazard. It accommodates the westward motion of Anatolia, relative to Eurasia. In its western part, the NAF splits into three strands, one of which passing south of the Marmara sea and the Iznik lake. This NAF middle strand (MNAF) shows nowadays a very low seismic activity. However, this area has been characterized by a significant earthquake hazard over the last two millennia. Several ancient authors mention the occurrence of more than six destructive earthquakes that impacted Iznik (old Nicaea), which was an important political and religious centre during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Our study aims to constrain the recent seismic activity on the MNAF in the Iznik area at different time scales through a multidisciplinary approach coupling earth science and archeology.The first goal of this thesis is to develop the study of ancient buildings as archives of the historical seismicity by observing their successive damages and repairs. The city of Nicaea is appropriate for this kind of study as it presents several well preserved ancient buildings that bear traces of numerous repairs. I focus my study on the critical infrastructures for the city such as the 3 km-long protecting walls. This also includes the aqueduct that provided the city with water and is crossed by a segment of active fault, and a Roman basilica recently discovered underwater in the Iznik lake 20 m far from the shore. Applying different dating techniques (stratigraphy of the archaeological building, 14C) to the various materials of these buildings (terra cotta, mortar, concretions on the aqueduct), I was able to identify at least three damaging earthquakes since the 6th century AD. The amount of damage on these buildings allows to estimate local intensities at VIII on the European macroseismic scale (EMS98). Thanks to numerical simulations, I show that the current deformation visible on a Roman obelisk north of Iznik is compatible with magnitudes close to Mw 7 for epicentral distances smaller than 15 km.The second goal of this thesis is to constrain the Quaternary slip rate on the MNAF and better understand the formation of Iznik Lake, a 313 km²-large lake located just west of the city, which is the largest freshwater lake in the Marmara region. The main faults around the lake were mapped using a high-resolution DEM derived from Pleiades images. Geomorphic markers offset by the MNAF were systematically measured. The statistical analysis of the offsets revealed six major ruptures preserved in the landscape, with coseismic displacements between 2 and 6 m. The ages of three levels of lacustrine terraces north of the lake were quantified by radiocarbon and in-situ produced 10Be. A minimal horizontal slip rate of 2.9 mm/yr was estimated. The southward tilting of the lake paeloshorelines is compatible with a high vertical slip rate on the MNAF around 6 mm/yr.While working on the morphology and lithologies of the Iznik area, we have discovered significant evidence for LGM glacial events. The U-shaped morphology of several successive valleys east of Iznik Lake separated by topographic highs is interpreted as the print of past glaciers. This is confirmed by the presence of moraine deposits on the sides of the valleys, erratic blocks from various lithologies and glacio-lacustrine sediments. The geographical distribution of these morphological and lithological markers enabled us to reconstruct the former location and eastward retreat of this glacier. The absolute ages obtained from glacial deposits and alluvial sediments postponing the glaciation are compatible with paleoenvironmental proxies in Iznik Lake and previous studies of other Turkish LGM glaciers. This constitutes the first evidence of glaciation at low elevations in Turkey. ; La faille nord anatolienne (NAF), une zone de faille dextre longue de 1000 km est caractérisée par un fort aléa sismique. Elle accommode le mouvement vers l'ouest de l'Anatolie par rapport à l'Eurasie. Dans sa partie ouest, la NAF se divise en trois branches, dont une borde le sud de la mer de Marmara et du lac d'Iznik. Ce segment médian de la NAF (MNAF) présente aujourd'hui une très faible sismicité. Pourtant, cette zone se caractérise par un risque sismique élevé à l'échelle des deux derniers millénaires. Plus de six séismes sont décrits par les auteurs anciens et causèrent des destructions dans la ville d'Iznik (ancienne Nicée), un centre politique et religieux important aux époques hellénistique et romaine. Notre étude a pour but de contraindre l'activité sismique récente de la MNAF dans la région d'Iznik à plusieurs échelles de temps, par une approche pluridisciplinaire combinant géosciences et archéologie.Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de développer l'étude des bâtiments anciens comme archives de la sismicité historique en observant leurs endommagements et réparations successifs. La ville de Nicée est appropriée pour ce type d'étude puisqu'elle présente plusieurs bâtiments préservés portant les traces de nombreuses réparations. J'ai concentré mon travail sur des infrastructures critiques comme la muraille défensive longue de 3 km. Cela inclut aussi l'aqueduc de la ville, recoupé par une faille active, ainsi qu'une basilique romaine découverte récemment sous les eaux du lac d'Iznik à 20 m de la côte. En appliquant plusieurs techniques de datation (stratigraphie des édifices, 14C) sur les bâtiments, j'ai pu identifier au moins trois séismes sources d'endommagement depuis le 6e siècle. La répartition des dommages sur les bâtiments permet d'estimer des intensités locales de VIII sur l'échelle macrosismique européenne (EMS98). Grâce à des simulations numériques, je montre que les déformations visibles sur un obélisque romain au nord d'Iznik sont compatibles avec des magnitudes proches de Mw 7 pour des distances épicentrales inférieures à 15 km.Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse est de contraindre la vitesse de glissement quaternaire sur la MNAF et de mieux comprendre la formation du lac d'Iznik à l'ouest de la ville. Ce lac de 313 km² est le plus grand lac d'eau douce de la région de Marmara. Les principales failles autour du lac ont été cartées avec un MNT de haute résolution dérivé d'images Pléiades. Les marqueurs géomorphologiques décalés par la MNAF ont fait l'objet de mesures systématiques. L'analyse statistique de ces décalages a mis en évidence six ruptures majeures préservées dans le paysage, avec des déplacements cosismiques entre 2 et 6 m. Les âges de trois niveaux de terrasses lacustres au nord du lac ont été quantifiés par radiocarbone et 10Be produit in situ. J'ai pu déterminer un taux de glissement horizontal minimum de 2.9 mm/yr. Le basculement vers le sud des paléorivages est compatible avec un taux de glissement vertical élevé sur la MNAF autour de 6 mm/yr.En travaillant sur la morphologie et les lithologies de la région d'Iznik, nous avons découvert des preuves d'épisodes glaciaires LGM. La morphologie en U de plusieurs vallées à l'est du lac d'Iznik, séparées par des sauts topographiques correspond à l'empreinte d'anciens glaciers. Cette hypothèse est confirmée par la présence de moraines en bord de vallée, de blocs erratiques aux lithologies variées, et de sédiments glacio-lacustres. La distribution spatiale de ces marqueurs morphologiques et lithologiques nous permet de reconstruire l'emplacement et le retrait vers l'est de ce glacier. Les âges absolus des dépôts glaciaires et des alluvions postérieurs à la glaciation sont compatibles avec des proxies paléoenvironnementaux provenant du lac d'Iznik et les études réalisées sur d'autres glaciers turcs LGM. Il s'agit de la première découverte de glaciers à si basse altitude en Turquie.

2011/2012 ; Il progetto di ricerca ha lo scopo di analizzare la terminologia giuridica in lingua inglese e italiana relativa alla figura della vittima di reato e radicata nello spazio giuridico europeo, caratterizzato dalla coesistenza dell'ordinamento giuridico sovranazionale dell'Unione europea (UE) e degli ordinamenti giuridici nazionali del Regno Unito e dell'Italia. Secondo l'ipotesi principale alla base del progetto, il linguaggio giuridico è intrinsecamente caratterizzato da un certo grado di dinamismo terminologico, che si esprime sia a livello linguistico, con una serie di termini utilizzati per riferirsi a uno stesso concetto, sia a livello concettuale, dove si riflettono le diverse concettualizzazioni della stessa area del diritto. Poiché la terminologia giuridica analizzata nella presente tesi si colloca in uno spazio giuridico che vede il sovrapporsi di vari ordinamenti, si presume che detto dinamismo si manifesti in due diversi contesti linguistici. Nel primo contesto, che è di tipo intralinguistico, viene presa in considerazione la terminologia utilizzata nelle varianti nazionale e sovranazionale della stessa lingua, mentre nel secondo contesto, di tipo interlinguistico, la terminologia è esaminata da una prospettiva multilingue. Al fine di verificare la veridicità di tale ipotesi, è stata sviluppata una metodologia per l'analisi della terminologia giuridica in cui la distinzione tra genotipi e fenotipi introdotta da Sacco (1991) si unisce ai principi metodologici proposti da Cabré (1999a) per il lavoro terminografico. Per poter applicare detta metodologia è stato necessario costruire un corpus bilingue di testi dell'Unione europea e una collezione di testi di origine nazionale, entrambi incentrati sulla figura della vittima di reato. L'analisi della terminologia estratta ha rivelato che, nel primo contesto linguistico, il dinamismo intralinguistico si riflette nella variazione terminologica, che può interessare sia la sfera linguistica della terminologia (variazione denominativa) sia la sfera concettuale (variazione concettuale). La variazione denominativa consiste nell'esistenza di più unità terminologiche per designare uno stesso concetto, che però non comporta modifiche sostanziali nei relativi fenotipi. Nel caso della variazione concettuale, invece, è possibile riscontrare un certo anisomorfismo nei fenotipi. In entrambi i casi, tuttavia, tutti i termini interessati dal fenomeno della variazione terminologica mantengono la relazione con uno stesso genotipo. Si è proposta una classificazione della variazione denominativa prendendo in considerazione quattro variabili, ossia il livello di specializzazione, il periodo temporale, l'ordinamento giuridico e la valenza giuridica. Visto l'approccio metodologico adottato nel presente progetto di ricerca, in cui la terminologia giuridica dell'Unione europea è presa come punto di partenza ai fini dell'analisi terminologica e della strutturazione preliminare del sistema concettuale relativo al dominio, la variazione concettuale è stata riscontrata con minor frequenza rispetto alla variazione denominativa. Nell'analisi del secondo tipo di variazione terminologica, ossia della variazione concettuale, è stata presa in considerazione un'unica variabile, ovvero l'ordinamento giuridico. In base a tale variabile, la variazione concettuale è stata classificata come intra-sistemica, qualora sia riscontrata nell'ambito dello stesso ordinamento giuridico, ed inter-sistemica, qualora l'ordinamento sovranazionale e quello nazionale elaborino due fenotipi concettualmente diversi che, a prescindere dalle divergenze concettuali, possono essere ricondotti allo stesso genotipo. Nel secondo contesto linguistico, ovvero quello multilingue, la terminologia giuridica si è dimostrata caratterizzata da diversi gradi di equivalenza interlinguistica. Essendo la terminologia esaminata radicata in tre sistemi giuridici diversi, sono stati individuati due diversi tipi di equivalenza terminologica, ossia l'equivalenza intra- e inter-sistemica, e tre diversi gradi di equivalenza terminologica, ovvero l'equivalenza assoluta, l'equivalenza relativa e la non equivalenza. Altro scopo della presente tesi era quello di registrare le informazioni terminologiche raccolte in una base di conoscenza terminologica orientata alla traduzione giuridica. Giacché la terminologia esaminata è caratterizzata da un alto tasso di dipendenza dall'ordinamento giuridico a cui fa riferimento, la base di conoscenza terminologica MuLex è stata concepita specificamente come ausilio alla traduzione giuridica. MuLex ha quindi lo scopo di esplicitare le differenze riscontrate tra i sistemi giuridici esaminati e spiegare le peculiarità dell'uso di tale terminologia giuridica agli utenti finali. Al fine di ottimizzare la rappresentazione della conoscenza soggiacente la terminologia giuridica, le schede terminografiche in MuLex sono dotate di uno strumento di visualizzazione che consente la rappresentazione grafica delle strutture relazionali concettuali che raffigurano i concetti analizzati registrati nella base di conoscenza stessa. ; The research project aims at studying the English and Italian legal terminology related to the area of law of victims of crime and embedded in the multi-level jurisdiction provided by the supranational legal system of the European Union (EU), on the one hand, and the British and Italian national legal systems, on the other. The main hypothesis is that legal language is inherently characterised by terminological dynamism, which emerges both at the linguistic level – with different terms used to refer to individual legal concepts – and at the conceptual level, where different conceptualisations of the same legal domain are reflected. Since the bilingual legal terminology that has been examined occurs within a judicial space in which several legal systems are interconnected, such dynamism is expected to manifest itself in two different linguistic settings. In the first, the terminology in a national and an EU variety of the same language is taken into consideration, while in the second setting, terminology is studied from a multilingual perspective. In order to verify the main hypothesis, a methodological framework has been set out, on the basis of both the methodological premises for terminological analysis proposed by Cabré (1999a) and the distinction between genotypes and phenotypes introduced by Sacco (1991). Such a methodology required the compilation of a bilingual corpus of EU legal texts and a collection of national legal texts focusing on the figure of the victim of crime. The examination of the terminology extracted has shown that in the first linguistic setting envisaged, intralingual dynamism is reflected in terminological variation, which can affect either the linguistic layer (denominative variation) or the conceptual layer (conceptual variation) of terminology, with denominative variation consisting in the co-existence of several terminological units in which no substantial difference in the phenotypes involved is produced, while in conceptual variation anisomorphism among the phenotypes can be observed. In both cases, all the terms affected by the phenomenon of terminological variation are related to the same genotype. A classification of denominative variation has been proposed based on four variables, i.e. degree of specialisation, time span, legal system, and legal force. Due to the methodology adopted in this research project, in which the EU legal terminology has been taken as the starting point for both the terminological analysis and the preliminary conceptual structuring of the legal area of the study, conceptual variation has emerged to be less frequent than denominative variation. By taking the legal system as a variable in the analysis of conceptual variation, such variation has been subdivided into intra-systemic variation, occurring within a single legal system, and inter-systemic variation, when the supranational and the national legal systems elaborate two conceptually different phenotypes which, in spite of their conceptual anisomorphism, can be linked to the same genotype. In the second linguistic setting, where terminology is studied from a multilingual perspective, legal terminology has turned out to be characterised by different degrees of interlingual equivalence. On account of the embeddedness of the legal terminology examined in three different legal systems, different types and degrees of terminological equivalence have been identified and discussed: the types of terminological equivalence are intra-systemic and inter-systemic equivalence, while the degrees of equivalence are absolute equivalence, relative equivalence and non-equivalence. Another aim of this thesis was to record the collected terminological data in a legal translation-oriented terminological knowledge base (TKB). The terminology under discussion is characterised by a high degree of dependency on the legal system it refers to and the MuLex terminological knowledge base was specifically designed for helping the work of legal translators. This TKB aims at capturing the differences among the legal systems involved in the study and showing the peculiarities in the usage of legal terminology in such legal systems to its end users. For optimising the representation of the domain-specific knowledge implied by legal terminology, in MuLex terminographic entries integrate a tool enabling the graphic representation of the conceptual relational structures among the concepts analysed and recorded in the TKB. ; XXV Ciclo ; 1982

The paper compares the political economic systems under German (1915–1918) and Soviet (1940–1941, 1944–1990 m.) occupations in Lithuania. During the World War I, Lithuania was part of the German occupation zone Ober Ost, ruled by the higher commando of the German Eastern front (Oberbefehlshaber Ost). The German military command of Eastern front under Paul Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff used Lithuania as a laboratory for large scale social experiment, creating the first planned command administrative economy in the world. After they were promoted to the higher commando of all German armed forced and established in 1917–1918 de facto military dictatorship over Germany, they made the attempt to establish the Ober Ost system in the metropole. Although the realization of the complete "Hindenburg programme" did fail, by 1917 Germany lived under military socialism (Kriegssozialismus) and coercive economy, which became the example and source of inspiration for Bolsheviks constructing Soviet model of state socialism. In 1940, this model came back to Lithuania, history making the full circle. This means that the market transition in 1990–1992 was second restoration of capitalism in Lithuania, because in 1918–1922 the capitalist economic system also was restored here jointly with the establishment of national state. Contemporary Lithuania demands from Russia to pay for damage inflicted on Lithuanian economy by Soviet occupation, and interwar Lithuania did demand the same form Weimar Germany in 1922–1923. However, while interwar Lithuania did ask to pay only direct occupation damage, contemporary Lithuania demands to compensate also the indirect damage. The main part of this damage is the loss of the national income which Lithuania did not receive in 1940–1990 because the efficient capitalist economic system was replaced by the less productive state socialist system during this time. However, the calculations of the indirect damage incorrectly assume that all varieties of capitalism are more efficient in the developing countries in comparison with command administrative system. The assumption that the variety of capitalism which existed in Lithuania by 1940 (state cooperative capitalism) was not less efficient than Stalinist Soviet socialism is politically correct one, as much as the expectation that under this system independent Lithuania would become advanced technological frontier country ("second Finland") by 1990. Nevertheless, the counterfactual development path of the independent capitalist Lithuania in 1940–1990 would include critical conjunctures and crossroads, which could end with Lithuania entering "low road" development path. Tellingly, Latin American capitalist country Uruguay (similar to Lithuania and other Baltic culture by its size and economc structure) had higher GDP per capita level than Lithuania in 1940, but by 1990 this level was lower than in Soviet Lithuania. Importantly, Uruguay never was under Soviet Russian occupation, did not construct socialism or suffered war damage. ; Santrauka. Straipsnyje lyginamos kaizerinės (1915–1918 m.) ir sovietinės (1940–1941, 1944–1990 m.) okupacijų laikais Lietuvoje susikūrusios politinės ekonominės Oberosto (Vokietijos Rytų fronto vadui pavaldžios okupacinės zonos, kurios didžiąją dalį sudarė Lietuvos teritorija) ir LTSR politinės ekonominės sistemos. Oberoste Vokietijos Rytų fronto kariuomenės vadai Paulius Hindenburgas ir Erichas Ludendorffas sukūrė pirmąją moderniausiais laikais planuojamo komandinio administracinio ūkio siste­mą, kurios pirmąja laboratorija tapo okupuota Lietuva. 1917–1918 m. tapę faktiniais Vokietijos diktato­riais, Oberosto įkūrėjai Lietuvoje išbandytą ūkio sistemą mėgino įdiegti metropolijoje. Nors šis mėginimas iki galo nepavyko, karinio socializmo kūrimas Vokietijoje jau 1917 m. pažengė pakankamai toli, kad taptų inspiracijos šaltiniu bolševikams, kuriant sovietinį valstybinio socializmo modelį, kuris 1940 m. "sugrįžo" į Lietuvą. Kai 1990–1992 m. Lietuvoje buvo atkuriama kapitalistinė ūkio santvarka, tai mūsų šalies istorijoje įvyko jau antrą kartą, nes taip pat ir 1918–1922 m. kartu su nepriklausomos valstybės kūrimu buvo atkuriama kapitalistinė ūkio santvarka. Šiuolaikinė Lietuva yra pateikusi okupacijos žalos atlygi­nimo sąskaitą SSRS teisių perėmėjai Rusijai, o tarpukario Lietuva okupacijos žalos atlyginimo reikalavo iš Weimaro Vokietijos. Tačiau jeigu tarpukario Lietuva reikalavo atlyginti tik tiesioginę žalą, šiuolaikinė Lietuva siekia taip pat ir netiesioginės žalos atlyginimo. Pagrindinę šios žalos dalį sudaro 1940–1990 m. Lietuvos negautos nacionalinės pajamos, kurių dydžio įvertinimas priklauso nuo prielaidų, kokie būtų kontrafaktinės nepriklausomos kapitalistinės Lietuvos ūkio raidos rezultatai 1990 m. Straipsnyje patei­kiami du – optimistinis (1990 m. "dausų Lietuvos" kaip "antrosios Suomijos") ir pesimistinis (1990 m. kontrafaktinė Lietuva kaip "Baltijos Urugvajus") modeliai. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kapitalizmo restauracija, komandinė administracinė sistema, Hindenburgo programa, okupacijos žalos atlyginimas, kapitalizmo įvairovė. Key words: command administrative system, Hindenburg programme, restoration of capitalism, com­pensation of occupation damage, varieties of capitalism. SUMMARY HOW MANY TIMES CAPITALISM WAS RESTORED IN LITHUANIA? ON TWO OCCUPATIONS OF LITHUANIA AND THEIR DAMAGE CALCULATIONS The paper compares the political economic systems under German (1915–1918) and Soviet (1940–1941, 1944–1990 m.) occupations in Lithuania. During the World War I, Lithuania was part of the Ger­man occupation zone Ober Ost, ruled by the higher commando of the German Eastern front (Oberbefe­hlshaber Ost). The German military command of Eastern front under Paul Hindenburg and Erich Luden­dorff used Lithuania as a laboratory for large scale social experiment, creating the first planned command administrative economy in the world. After they were promoted to the higher commando of all German armed forced and established in 1917–1918 de facto military dictatorship over Germany, they made the attempt to establish the Ober Ost system in the metropole. Although the realization of the complete "Hin­denburg programme" did fail, by 1917 Germany lived under military socialism (Kriegssozialismus) and coercive economy, which became the example and source of inspiration for Bolsheviks constructing Soviet model of state socialism. In 1940, this model came back to Lithuania, history making the full circle. This means that the market transition in 1990–1992 was second restoration of capitalism in Lithuania, because in 1918–1922 the capitalist economic system also was restored here jointly with the establishment of na­tional state. Contemporary Lithuania demands from Russia to pay for damage inflicted on Lithuanian economy by Soviet occupation, and interwar Lithuania did demand the same form Weimar Germany in 1922–1923. However, while interwar Lithuania did ask to pay only direct occupation damage, contem­porary Lithuania demands to compensate also the indirect damage. The main part of this damage is the loss of the national income which Lithuania did not receive in 1940–1990 because the efficient capitalist economic system was replaced by the less productive state socialist system during this time. However, the calculations of the indirect damage incorrectly assume that all varieties of capitalism are more efficient in the developing countries in comparison with command administrative system. The assumption that the variety of capitalism which existed in Lithuania by 1940 (state cooperative capitalism) was not less efficient than Stalinist Soviet socialism is politically correct one, as much as the expectation that under this system independent Lithuania would become advanced technological frontier country ("second Finland") by 1990. Nevertheless, the counterfactual development path of the independent capitalist Lithuania in 1940–1990 would include critical conjunctures and crossroads, which could end with Lithuania entering "low road" development path. Tellingly, Latin American capitalist country Uruguay (similar to Lithuania and other Baltic culture by its size and economc structure) had higher GDP per capita level than Lithuania in 1940, but by 1990 this level was lower than in Soviet Lithuania. Importantly, Uruguay never was under Soviet Russian occupation, did not construct socialism or suffered war damage. Pastaba: Tyrimas finansuotas Europos socialinio fondo lėšomis pagal visuotinės dotacijos priemonę (Nr. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-010). The research for this paper was funded by European Social Fund under the Global Grant measure (Nr. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-010).

Dottorao di ricerca in Ecologia forestale ; Le criticità di carattere ambientale e produttivo, che attualmente affliggono il settore agricolo, spingono l'attenzione della ricerca e l'interesse delle Istituzioni verso lo sviluppo dei sistemi agroforestali, in modo da abbinare produzioni erbacee e legnose, contribuendo alla salvaguardia ambientale. Il predominio della monocoltura e l'impatto di pratiche agricole intensive hanno contribuito ad una progressiva e pericolosa semplificazione degli agroecosistemi, con serie ripercussioni ambientali e produttive e con un notevole impoverimento di numerosi scenari rurali tradizionali. In tale contesto, il presente lavoro di dottorato si pone l'obiettivo di analizzare il ruolo dei sistemi agroforestali, moderni (sistemi silvoarabili) e tradizionali, nell'ambito della moderna agricoltura, verificandone l'applicabilità in termini di sostenibilità economica. Lo studio è stato condotto alla luce delle nuove direttive a sostegno dell'Agroselvicoltura (Misura 2.2.2 dei Piani di Sviluppo Rurale 2007/13: Primo impianto di sistemi agroforestali su terreni agricoli) e delle modalità di applicazione del Premio Unico Aziendale (PUA) sulle superfici agricole interessate dalla presenza di piante arboree forestali. La tesi ha interessato tre diversi campi d'indagine, strettamente connessi tra di loro e legati alle strategie incentivanti della Politica Agricola Comunitaria (PAC). La prima parte della ricerca ha riguardato l'analisi del modello silvoarabile del noce da legno. Tali sistemi, in base a precedenti ricerche europee di carattere modellistico, sono stati individuati tra i più remunerativi, abbinando la pregiata produzione del legno di noce alla consociazione con diverse colture agrarie. L'obbiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di completare gli studi sull'uso dell'area basimetrica (G) del noce, indice di modellizzazione e di previsione delle performance produttive delle due componenti, erbacea ed arborea, del sistema. Sono state condotte ricerche in una piantagione sperimentale di noce comune ed ibrido del CNR IBAF di Porano, che dal 1992 studia le interazioni tra noce da legno e diverse colture erbacee (grano, trifoglio e prato naturale). Lo studio ha confermato i benefici produttivi di tale sistema colturale, in grado cioè, di assicurare alti ritmi di accrescimento del noce e garantire una buona resa della coltura erbacea consociata. Riassunto Sulla base dei dati raccolti, sono stati elaborati dei modelli colturali di consociazione, per i quali, attraverso l'uso di G del noce, è possibile stimare, sino alla fine del ciclo di produzione legnosa, le interazioni competitive per la luce tra gli alberi e le colture erbacee consociate. La seconda parte della ricerca, realizzata mediante indagini territoriali GIS e rilievi aerofotogrammetrici, analizza la relazione tra sistemi agroforestali e PAC incentivante, con l'obiettivo di quantificare il decremento del PUA per le piante arboree presenti nei sistemi agroforestali tradizionali. Lo studio, condotto in Veneto, Umbria e Lazio, si è concretizzato nell'analisi sia di seminativi arborati tradizionali sia di sistemi lineari arborei lungo i perimetri parcellari. Nei casi esaminati è stata individuata una consistente riduzione del contributo percepito dall'agricoltore per particella catastale, in relazione alla tara generata dalle piante arboree presenti. Inoltre, la ricerca ha anche rivelato una errata fotointerpretazione degli spazi non eleggibili e occupati dalle piante sparse, in contrasto con quanto indicato dalle direttive AGEA per il calcolo del premio. Gli attuali meccanismi di calcolo del PUA per i sistemi agroforestali possono dunque disincentivare gli agricoltori al mantenimento degli alberi fuori foresta. Le informazioni ottenute sono state, infine, validate attraverso interviste strutturate a dottori agronomi, forestali e periti agrari, alla luce della recente introduzione, in alcune Regioni d'Italia, della misura 2.2.2, finanziamenti per l'impianto di nuovi sistemi agroforestali. Il campione studiato ha confrontato due diversi contesti socio-economici ed agronomici del Nord (Veneto) e del Centro (Umbria), per capire il ruolo svolto dalle associazioni di categoria e dai tecnici professionisti nella promozione e propaganda dell'agroselvicoltura e percepire, attraverso il loro rapporto con le aziende agricole, l'effettivo interesse verso tali sistemi. L'indagine ha messo in evidenza il totale insuccesso della misura 2.2.2, legato ad una sua scarsa divulgazione, alla mancanza di un'adeguata attività di ricerca di supporto e alla bassa attrattività economica dei sistemi agroforestali, fortemente legata ad incertezze e lacune del regolamento sulla modulazione del PUA. In generale emerge l'impellente necessità di una PAC più in grado di valorizzare le potenzialità dell'agroselvicoltura per un nuovo modello di sviluppo rurale, in cui gli alberi fuori foresta possano esplicare le proprie valenze produttive ed ambientali. ; Global environmental and productive emergencies, which are currently affecting the agricultural sector, have focused the research attention and the Institutions interest on the preservation and implementation of Agroforestry systems, for their intrinsic capacity of combing food and wood production with environmental preservation. Intensive agricultural practices, combined with predominant monocropping farming systems, have contributed to the progressive and dangerous simplification of agroecosystems, with serious environmental and productive consequences and with a dramatic impoverishment of many traditional rural scenarios. In this context, the PhD work aims to analyze the role of Agroforestry systems in modern agriculture, verifying their economic sustainability. The study, organized into three research papers, was developed in relation to the two main current regulations of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union linked with agroforestry: Measure 2.2.2 of the Rural Development Plans 2007/13: first establishment of Agroforestry systems on agricultural land; the Single Farm Payment (SFP), supporting farmers according to their Eligible Agricultural Area (EAA), that might be reduced by scattered trees across farmland. The first part of the study is related to Silvoarable models of walnut for timber production and intercropped with arable crops. According to recent modeling research, walnut Silvoarable models are amongst the most profitable farming systems under temperate conditions of western Europe. The PhD research was conducted in an experimental plantation of CNR-IBAF of Porano, where since 1992 there has been a continuous monitoring of the interaction between trees of common and hybrid walnut with the following crops: wheat, clover and meadow. The objective was to bring to the conclusion the observations on the use of tree basimetric area (G), as an index for estimation of the relative yield of intercrops according to the trees growth. This research has confirmed the benefits of walnut Silvoarable systems, combining high tree growth rates and good intercrops yield. According to the collected data, various Silvoarable models are presented according to the tree growth rates and whose G, up to the harvesting age of the plantation, can be Abstract used for minimizing the competitive interactions for the solar radiation towards the intercrops. The second research part analyzed the relationship between the trees outside forest (TOF) and CAP, quantifying the SFP decrement in traditional agroforestry systems. This study was conducted combing GIS with aerial surveys of rural parcels. It was carried out in the regions of Veneto, Umbria and Lazio, and analyzed traditional agroforestry systems, with TOF in the parcels lined up along the borders, as well scattered across. In the study cases it was found a considerable reduction of the SFP, because TOF canopy reduces the eligible agricultural area; additionally, incorrect photointerpretation, in contrast with the official rules regulating the payment of farmers' grants, further reduces the SFP in agroforestry systems. Therefore, the current relationship between SFP and TOF strongly discourage farmers to the maintenance of these trees in their farmland. In the third part, the above results were validated through structured interviews to agronomists and foresters, the professionals in charge to promote innovative farming systems to agricultural stakeholders. The study sample compared two different socio-economic and agronomic realities of the northern (Veneto) and central (Umbria) Italy. The survey showed the total failure of 2.2.2 measure (First Establishment of novel agroforestry systems), depending on: i) inappropriate extension and research activities; and ii) lack of economic attractiveness of agroforestry systems, strongly linked to uncertainties and gaps in the regulation on the SFP modulation. Overall, the research work have showed that the current CAP is not able to promote the high potentialities of agroforestry systems for sustainable rural development, that would be strongly implemented throughout a judicious management of the environmental and productive benefits of trees outside forest.

Dottorato di ricerca in Biotecnologia degli alimenti ; This PhD research project was focused on innovative biotechnological production and recovery of vanillin and vanillin precursors. Nowadays, flavours cover over a quarter of the world market for food additives. Flavouring compounds are mainly produced via chemical synthesis or by extraction from natural materials. Flavours obtained by chemical synthesis of starting natural substances cannot legally be labelled as natural and the environmentally unfriendly production processes are subject to various problems such as lacks substrate selectivity, which may cause the formation of unwanted compounds thus reducing process efficiency and increasing downstream costs. On the other hand, the extraction processes from plants is often expensive because of the low concentrations of the molecule of interest in the raw material. Moreover the cost depends on uncontrollable factors such as plant diseases and weather conditions. The drawbacks of both methods and the increasing interest of consumers in natural product, reported in recent market survays, have led to the search for other strategies to produce natural flavours. Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the most widely used flavoring in food and pharmaceutical industries. Chemically synthesized vanillin accounts nowadays for more than 99 % of the total market share. Extraction from vanilla beans is expensive and limited by plant supply, curing time and labour cost. Those factors make vanillin a promising target for biotechnological flavour production. As the Regulation (EC) no 1334/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 specify, vanillin produced in biotechnological processes starting from natural substrates can be classified as natural flavouring on condition that the natural starting material is specified. In recent years a large number of studies have been made on natural vanillin biosynthesis using microorganisms or isolated enzymes. However, these bioconversions are not yet economically feasible. The high chemical activity and toxicity of vanillin cause low yield from ferulic acid. Moreover little vanillin was accumulated due to the higher degrading rate of this molecule than that of ferulic acid. Biovanillin can be synthesized using cells or enzymes starting from different natural compounds, such as ferulic acid, eugenol or capsaicin. The latter, ((6E)-N-(4-hydroxi-3-metoxibenzil)-8-metil-6-nonenamide) is the pungent compound in chili pepper related plants of the Capsicum family. It can be hydrolyzed to vanillylamine, (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine), a natural precursor of vanillin, by cleavage of its amine bond using specific microbial acylases. The aims of the thesis were: to enhance vanillin production 2 from resting cells of E. coli engineering strains, starting from ferulic acid and by using XAD-4® resin and a new two/phase system of agarose gels and ferulic acid for the controlled release of the substrate in the bioconversion medium (1), to evaluate different strategies for enhancing the production of the capsaicin acylase from Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM40847 strain (2), to identify optimal conditions for capsaicin hydrolysis by using the acylase from Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM40847 strain (3), to develop efficient procedures for the recovery of vanillin from diluted aqueous solutions (4). Experiments carried out using whole cells or crude enzyme preparations demonstrated that: (a) the two phase system of agarose gel and ferulic acid developed in this work was compatible with the bioconversion and it permitted to reduce the toxic effect of the ferulic acid; (b) selective recovery of the product, using macroporous resins in an off-line process, enhances the biological conversion of ferulic acid to vanillin using resting cells of Escherichia coli engineering strains; (c) thermal pre-treatment at 55°C of crude PVA acylase from Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM40847 improves the conversion of capsaicin to vanillylamine; (d) liquid/liquid extraction with n-butyl acetate allowed high recovery and high selectivity and supplied the best result in the recovery of vanillin from aqueous solutions. ; Questo progetto di tesi ha riguardato lo studio e l'ottimizzazione di un processo biotecnologico innovativo per la produzione di vanillina e di suoi precursori naturali. La ricerca include lo sviluppo di un'efficiente procedura di recupero della vanillina prodotta. Oggi, il mercato degli aromi ricopre circa un quarto di quello mondiale degli additivi alimentari. I composti aromatici vengono generalmente prodotti per via chimica e sintetica o per via estrattiva da matrici naturali. Gli aromi ottenuti per via sintetica da materia prima naturale non sono classificabili come "naturali" e i processi produttivi dannosi per l'ambiente, sono soggetti a molti problemi come la perdita di selettività di substrato, che può causare la formazione di composti non voluti, con riduzione nell'efficienza di processo e aumenti nei costi di recupero. D'altra parte i processi di estrazione dalle piante sono spesso costosi a causa delle basse concentrazioni delle molecole di interesse nelle matrici naturali. Inoltre i costi dipendono da fattori non controllabili come le condizioni climatiche e le malattie. Gli svantaggi di entrambe i metodi descritti e il crescente interesse dei consumatori per i prodotti naturali, riportato in recenti indagini di mercato, ha portato alla ricerca di nuove strategie per la produzione di aromi naturali. La vanillina è il composto carattere dell'aroma di vaniglia che viene largamente utilizzato in campo farmaceutico ed alimentare. La vanillina ottenuta per via sintetica ricopre circa il 99% del mercato mondiale. L'estrazione dai baccelli curati della vaniglia è molto costosa e limitata dalle produzione delle piantagioni, dai tempi del processo di cura e dai costi della manodopera. Questi fattori rendono la vanillina un target commerciale importante per le industrie biotecnologiche. In accordo con la direttiva europea (EC) numero 1334/2008 del parlamento e del consiglio europeo del 16 dicembre 2008, la vanillina prodotta per via biotecnologica a partire da materie prime naturali è classificabile come aroma naturale a condizione che la matrice di partenza venga sempre specificata. Negli anni passati sono stati condotti molti studi sulla produzione biotecnologica di vanillina per via microbica ed enzimatica a partire da materie prime naturali. Questi processi di bioconversione non sono ancora competitivi dal punto di vita economico. Infatti, l'elevata attività chimica e la tossicità della vanillina determinano base rese nel processo di bioconversione. La biovanillina può essere sintetizzata utilizzando cellule microbiche o enzimi a partire da diverse matrici naturali come l'acido ferulico, l'eugenolo e la capsaicina. Quest'ultima, ((6E)-N-(4-hydroxi-3-metoxibenzil)-8-metil-6-nonenamide), è il composto che conferisce la nota pungente al peperoncino della specie Capsicum. 4 La capsaicina può essere idrolizzata da un'acilasi di origine microbica che rompe il legame amminico e determina la formazione di vanillil ammina (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine) un precursore naturale della vanillina. Gli obiettivi della tesi di dottorato sono stati i seguenti: ottimizzare la produzione di vanillina a partire da acido ferulico utilizzando cellule resting di ceppi ingegnerizzati di E.coli, effettuando un recupero in situ del prodotto con la resina XAD-4® e impiegando un nuovo sistema bifasico di gel di agarosio e acido ferulico per il rilascio controllato del substrato nel mezzo di bioconversione (1); ottimizzare la produzione di acilasi attiva su capsaicina dal ceppo DSM40847 di Streptomyces mobaraensis (2), stabilire le condizioni ottimali per la reazione di idrolisi della capsaicina utilizzando l'acilasi prodotta dal ceppo DSM40847 di Streptomyces mobaraensis (3), sviluppare efficienti metodi di recupero della vanillina da soluzioni acquose (4). Gli esperimenti condotti utilizzando cellule microbiche o preparati enzimatici grezzi hanno dimostrato che: (a) il sistema bi-fasico di agarosio ed acido ferulico sviluppato in questo studio, è compatibile con la bioconversione e permette di ridurre l'effetto tossico dell'acido ferulico sulle cellule resting di ceppi ingegnerizzati di E.coli; (b) l'impiego di una resina macroporosa in un processo off-line di recupero del prodotto permette di aumentare la conversione biologica di acido ferulico usando cellule resting di ceppi ingegnerizzati di E.coli; (c) un pre-trattamento termico a 55°C del preparato enzimatico grezzo di acilasi attiva su capsaicina ottenuto dal ceppo DSM40847 di Streptomyces mobaraensis aumenta la resa di conversione della capsaicina in vanillil ammina; (d) l'utilizzo della tecnica di estrazione con n-butil acetato ha fornito alte percentuali di recupero in vanillina e alta selettività tra acido ferulico e vanillina in soluzione acquose dei due composti.

本論文旨在通過以合一運動視角詮釋香港基督教史,輔以八十年代香港教會使命諮詢會議之個案,分析香港基督教在建構香港身份認同過程的參與與貢獻,以說明香港基督教為香港社會的重要成員,香港基督教史研究亦為幫助我們了解香港歷史不可忽視的重要領域。 ; 本研究說明基督教與香港社會、政治、經濟及地理等因素的互相摩擦與接觸,使基督教在香港歷史發展上,進入一個既交錯又融匯的混雜局面,並期望通過歷史研究,發掘普世教會合一運動的基督教傳統與本土香港基督教相遇的過程,從而綜述其中的變化與香港基督教教會本土化的獨特經驗。 ; 本文以八十年代香港教會使命諮詢會議為個案進行研究。該個案承繼了香港社會及教會在六、七十年代的種種發展,又延伸了香港社會及教會在九十年代甚至二十一世紀的各項討論,實有承先啟後的重要作用。並且,該個案其中的歷史變化及特點,均深刻地反映了香港對國際社會與中國的回應,饒有研究價值。二十世紀八十年代,香港社會急劇轉變。1984年中英聯合聲明草簽,九七主權轉移問題隨即成為香港人的核心討論。香港人心主權誰屬還是一個不確定的疑問。 八十年代的香港,無論在政治、經濟以及社會等方面,都進入空前特殊的時代。本研究即以香港基督教協進會所主辦的八十年代香港教會使命諮詢會議作為一個瞭解八十年代初香港教會的窗口。 ; 在1980年11月17-20日,約有120位教會代表參加「八十年代香港教會使命諮詢會議」,除了會員教會和機構派員參加外,還有天主教及福音派教會和團體的代表參與,顯示該會議促進合一的努力和特性。各工作小組就每一項宣教議程進行商討及思考,然後提出建議,以供各教會參考之用。五項議程為向低薪市民傳福音、向學生傳福音、對國內基督徒關懷、對公共政策釐訂的參予及對市民心態的影響。由於1984年中英聯合聲明簽署,九七問題的迫近,協進會突破十年一次舉行香港教會諮詢會議的常規,提前在該會三十二週年的紀念日,即1986年1月19至22日舉行「八十年代中期香港教會使命諮詢會議」,不單視為八十年代諮詢會議的延續和檢討,更是對九七問題的急切回應,可見諮詢會議為香港教會和香港社會、政治、經濟合一的媒介之一。通過以上的會議,我們從香港教會普世合一運動的高峰、福音派和主流派的合作和了解、與殖民政府和中國關係的改變,以及教會對公共事務的實際參與等方面,來刻畫八十年代初香港教會與社會的面貌,從而說明教會普世運動在香港發展的獨特性,以及香港在回應國際與中國之際的本土社會變化。 ; 最後,本研究從殖民、中國人、基督徒以及香港人等四個身份,說明香港基督教在建構香港身份認同過程中的角色與意義,以論證香港基督教在香港社會為不可或缺的部份,而香港基督教歷史研究亦是香港研究中不容忽視的部份。 ; The thesis of my research is to articulate the crucial role of Christianity in the development of Hong Kong society through the reinterpretation of the history of Hong Kong Christianity in the ecumenical perspective. ; Hong Kong church is an impetus for the sustainable development of Hong Kong society. The guiding principles of the ecumenical theology are one of the facilitators for the church to react with the political, economic and social development of Hong Kong. In my research, I will scrutinize the special ecumenical way of thinking. From that knowledge and sense of right and wrong, the church accelerated a lot of critical and significant decisions all the way through the history of Hong Kong. Prominently, it is a brand new perspective to study the role of church in Hong Kong history. There is no other work had been done on the history of Hong Kong Christianity in the ecumenical perspective. I ...