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This paper explores earnings inequalities within dual-earner couples in East and West Germany drawing on household-level panel data from 1992 to 2016. It has three aims: (1) to analyze how the partner pay gap (the pay gap between partners within one household) has developed over time, given institutional change, and whether the extent of inequality and temporal development vary between East and West Germany; (2) to explore variation in the partner pay gap by male partners' absolute earnings; and (3) to investigate the micro-level determinants of earnings inequalities within couples and determine whether their relevance varies between East and West Germany as well as by male partners' absolute earnings. We find women earn substantially less than their partners, and our regression results find no indication of a declining partner pay gap. Besides substantial variation between East and West Germany, our results also reveal important group-specific variation in the extent of the partner pay gap as well as in its determinants.

Der Beitrag untersucht beruflich bedingte Umzüge ost- und westdeutscher Paare sowie die Effekte der Migration auf das Einkommen der PartnerInnen. Auf der Grundlage eines verhandlungstheoretischen Ansatzes partnerschaftlicher Entscheidungsprozesse, der die internen Merkmale der Partnerschaft explizit mit den äußeren regionalen und sozio-ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen verknüpft, können eine Reihe neuer Hypothesen zu den geschlechtsspezifischen Determinanten und Konsequenzen von Haushaltsumzügen abgeleitet werden. Als empirische Datenbasis dienen die Erhebungswellen 1992 bis 2008 des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP), die anhand von Längsschnittanalysen ausgewertet werden. Die lediglich auf den ersten Blick kontraintuitiven Ergebnisse stehen im Einklang mit den theoretischen Überlegungen und legen nahe, dass insbesondere gut gebildete westdeutsche Frauen in Partnerschaften von Umzügen profitieren können, wohingegen ostdeutsche Frauen mit hohem Bildungsniveau nicht in der Lage sind, Umzüge zu ihren Gunsten zu initiieren.

Intro -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- 1. Annäherung an ein schwer greifbares Thema -- Teil I. Der bundesdeutsche Armutsdiskurs... -- 2. Planung und Vorsorge: Sozialpolitik in der Nach-Nachkriegszeit -- 2.1. Armutsvorstellungen, Armutswahrnehmung und gesellschaftlicher Umgang -- 2.1.1. Massenarmut als gemeinsamer Erfahrungsraum -- 2.1.2. Sozialpolitik und gesellschaftliche Leitbilder -- 2.2. Sozialreform als Dauerthema -- 2.2.1. Die Sozialreform auf der politischen Agenda -- 2.2.2. Der Grundkonflikt: Freiheit versus Sicherheit -- 2.3. Die Rentenreform als vordringlichstes Problem -- 2.3.1. Einfluss von Wissenschaft und Presse -- 2.3.2. Die politische Debatte -- 2.3.3. Auswirkungen und Reaktionen -- 2.4. Armutsvorstellungen vor dem Hintergrund von Erfahrung und Erwartung -- Teil II. ... im Spiegel derWohlfahrtspflege -- 3. Wohlfahrtspflege zwischen Leitbildgebundenheit und Professionalisierung -- 3.1. Zur Geschichte eines dualen Systems -- 3.1.1. Ursprünge der Armenfürsorge -- 3.1.2. Vom Armenwesen zur Wohlfahrtspflege -- 3.1.3. Von der Wohlfahrtspflege zum Wohlfahrtsstaat -- 3.1.4. Niedergang und Neuanfang -- 3.2. Das Spektrum der bundesdeutschen Wohlfahrtspflege -- 3.2.1. Die Caritas: Wohlfahrtspflege als Ausdruck des Glaubens -- 3.2.2. Die Arbeiterwohlfahrt: Wohlfahrtsspflege mit aufklärerischem Anspruch -- 3.2.3. Der Städtetag: Kommunen als Umsetzer und Finanzierer -- 3.3. Soziale Arbeit und Prozesse der Professionalisierung -- 3.4. Armutsvorstellungen und die 'Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen' -- 4. Soziale Arbeit und das Prinzip der Teilhabe -- 4.1. Der Vorrang privater Hilfe als Ausgangspunkt -- 4.1.1. Die Familie als 'Keimzelle' der Gesellschaft -- 4.1.2. Der Streit um das Subsidiaritätsprinzip -- 4.2. Von der sozialen Vormundschaft zur Partnerschaft -- 4.2.1. "Wandel der Not - Wandel der Sozialarbeit".

Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Empirically Informed Mental Health Services for Diverse Populations -- Chapter 2 The Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Hispanic/Latino Clients -- Chapter 3 The Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in African American Clients -- Chapter 4 The Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients -- Chapter 5 The Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Religiously Diverse Clients -- Chapter 6 The Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Families from Diverse Backgrounds -- Chapter 7 The Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Individuals with a Dual Diagnosis: the Co-occurrence of Developmental Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders -- Chapter 8 The Delivery of Mental Health Services for Clients of Diverse Backgrounds: Summary and Future Directions -- Endnotes -- Index

American violence is schizophrenic. On the one hand, many Americans support the creation of a powerful bureaucracy of coercion made up of police and military forces in order to provide public security. At the same time, many of those citizens also demand the private right to protect their own families, home, and property. This book diagnoses this schizophrenia as a product of a distinctive institutional history, in which private forms of violence - vigilantes, private detectives, mercenary gunfighters - emerged in concert with the creation of new public and state forms of violence such as police departments or the National Guard. This dual public and private face of American violence resulted from the upending of a tradition of republican governance, in which public security had been indistinguishable from private effort, by the nineteenth-century social transformations of the Civil War and the Market Revolution

"Until recently most microfinance research focused on whether access to finance is beneficial for economically poor entrepreneurs and families. The industry has now grown big and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) serves hundreds of millions of customers. The business of microfinance is therefore becoming an important research area. While performance and efficiency studies are common in banking research such research on MFI performance is still in its infancy. MFI performance studies are challenging because they are hybrid organizations with dual objectives of serving low-income customers while being financially sustainable. This book contains a collection of new MFI performance research by top scholars from across the globe. A wide range of topics are covered including cash-flow analyses, cultural influence, mission-drift, the influence of public regulation and international actors, group lending, competition, ownership issues, earnings management as well as traditional efficiency studies."--

Despite the growing interest in and efforts for work–family balance, actual improvements in work–family balance have not been that significant in South Korea (e.g., increase in karoshi). This study considers an overly organization-oriented perspective as one of the reasons for this, and focuses on the side effects of excessive organizational commitment (OC) on work–family conflict (WFC), unlike most previous studies focusing on the positive effects of OC. Using the Korean Civil Service Survey, we found that OC has a significant U-shaped relationship with WFC and this U-shaped relationship appeared only in dual-income families. The results showed that when OC is too high, a negative transfer of resources from work to family overwhelms a positive transfer, thereby encroaching upon individuals' personal lives. Therefore, organizational supports for employees to successfully perform their roles in the family while maintaining a high level of OC are needed.

Abstract
Central Asian countries represent an important context for understanding intersections between Islam, patriarchy, and women's well-being. In recent decades, challenges and opportunities resulting from transitions to a market economy exacerbated gender imbalances in labor markets and opportunity structures of the region. Women of the region are highly educated and make significant economic contributions to support their families through employment. However, their views about gender roles remain unclear, and it is also uncertain whether opportunity structures and social mobility have influenced these views. The current study addresses these gaps using probability-based survey data (N = 3,405) from four Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Latent class analysis reveals three latent profiles of women's views on gender roles: traditional views, egalitarian views, and dual views. Religious identity, education, opportunity structure, and social mobility intersect with women's ideas about gender roles.

Intro -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- 1. Annäherung an ein schwer greifbares Thema -- Teil I. Der bundesdeutsche Armutsdiskurs... -- 2. Planung und Vorsorge: Sozialpolitik in der Nach-Nachkriegszeit -- 2.1. Armutsvorstellungen, Armutswahrnehmung und gesellschaftlicher Umgang -- 2.1.1. Massenarmut als gemeinsamer Erfahrungsraum -- 2.1.2. Sozialpolitik und gesellschaftliche Leitbilder -- 2.2. Sozialreform als Dauerthema -- 2.2.1. Die Sozialreform auf der politischen Agenda -- 2.2.2. Der Grundkonflikt: Freiheit versus Sicherheit -- 2.3. Die Rentenreform als vordringlichstes Problem -- 2.3.1. Einfluss von Wissenschaft und Presse -- 2.3.2. Die politische Debatte -- 2.3.3. Auswirkungen und Reaktionen -- 2.4. Armutsvorstellungen vor dem Hintergrund von Erfahrung und Erwartung -- Teil II. ... im Spiegel derWohlfahrtspflege -- 3. Wohlfahrtspflege zwischen Leitbildgebundenheit und Professionalisierung -- 3.1. Zur Geschichte eines dualen Systems -- 3.1.1. Ursprünge der Armenfürsorge -- 3.1.2. Vom Armenwesen zur Wohlfahrtspflege -- 3.1.3. Von der Wohlfahrtspflege zum Wohlfahrtsstaat -- 3.1.4. Niedergang und Neuanfang -- 3.2. Das Spektrum der bundesdeutschen Wohlfahrtspflege -- 3.2.1. Die Caritas: Wohlfahrtspflege als Ausdruck des Glaubens -- 3.2.2. Die Arbeiterwohlfahrt: Wohlfahrtsspflege mit aufklärerischem Anspruch -- 3.2.3. Der Städtetag: Kommunen als Umsetzer und Finanzierer -- 3.3. Soziale Arbeit und Prozesse der Professionalisierung -- 3.4. Armutsvorstellungen und die 'Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen' -- 4. Soziale Arbeit und das Prinzip der Teilhabe -- 4.1. Der Vorrang privater Hilfe als Ausgangspunkt -- 4.1.1. Die Familie als 'Keimzelle' der Gesellschaft -- 4.1.2. Der Streit um das Subsidiaritätsprinzip -- 4.2. Von der sozialen Vormundschaft zur Partnerschaft -- 4.2.1. "Wandel der Not - Wandel der Sozialarbeit

AbstractConflict between the demands of paid work and motherhood has been studied primarily from the experience of middle‐class and professional mothers in dual‐earner families. Recently, with the reform of welfare, a number of studies have focused on the problems of poor mothers in meeting the demands of paid employment and caring for children. This article explores the moral discourse of judgments about paid work and motherhood and how this differs for low‐income and married middle‐class women. It reviews research that considers why poor single mothers are seen as irresponsible when they leave work due to family demands when professional and middle‐class married mothers are seen as acting selflessly. It examines how gendered schema differentially influences the work and family choices of married middle‐class and professional mothers compared to poor and low‐income mothers.

AbstractUsing data from the 1967–2009 years of the March Current Population Surveys (CPS), we examine two important resources for children's well-being: time and money. We document trends in parental employment, from the perspective of children, and show what underlies these trends. We find that increases in family work hours mainly reflect movements into jobs by parents—particularly mothers, who in prior decades would have remained at home. This increase in market work has raised incomes for children in the typical two-parent family but not for those in lone-parent households. Time use data from 1975 and 2003–2008 reveal that working parents spend less time engaged in primary childcare than their counterparts without jobs but more than employed peers in previous cohorts. Analysis of 2004 work schedule data suggests that non-daytime work provides an alternative method of coordinating employment schedules for some dual-earner families.

Recent high‐profile corporate failures in the US and elsewhere in the world, many of which were caused by, or at least exacerbated by, weak governance practices, have convinced an increasing number of once sceptical investors that governance is a separate risk class that certainly requires attention and, in many cases, expert analysis. In this paper we examine corporate governance in Tunisia, North Africa, by analysing the board, the ownership structures and the financial market. By using a panel data set of 24 firms listed on the Tunisian Stock Exchange for the period 2000 to 2005, we provide evidence that governance in Tunisian firms is characterised by strong blockholders (often including families). Moreover, firms can choose between a dual board and a monist board. Our estimates show that Tunisian governance is weak. Finally we provide evidence for a strong relationship between governance and corporate performance.

What are the relationships between time use and the feeling of time pressure? This research question goes into the relationship between objective and subjective definitions of time pressure. The workload, which is often used as an objective indicator of time pressure, correlates - as expected - positively with the feeling of time pressure. Nevertheless, apart form the workload; indicators for time allocation and co-ordination problems are also important in explaining the feeling of time pressure. Time use patterns characterised by activities in different life spheres, irregular working hours and a high level of time sovereignty cause severe feelings of time pressure. For dual earner families and those in the busy age the workload en the co-ordination between life spheres are the main mechanisms explaining feelings of time pressure. Among the higher educated, time pressure is a consequence of high levels of time sovereignty at the workplace.

Drawing on neo-liberal economic norms, India and the US are increasingly marking and constituting women in poverty as new economic agents. Though based in vastly different socio-economic polities, poor women in both countries are subject to state- led agendas that seek to alter their economic conditions and their subjectivities. Discourse in the US seeks to shift women from welfare to that of workfare and thereby integrate them into the normative structures of dual-parent families. In India the state draws cn the rhetoric of enabling economic empowerment and yet fails to provide the required structural support. Details from the various programmes in the two countries and their impact indicate the extent to which there is a 'serial collectivity' between women in the two countries who share similar shifts in their identities, cul tures and life conditions despite being located in vastly different structural conditions.

Careful perusal of the family literature in India dispels the belief that the Indian family was basically joint, and that following industrialisation and urbanisation, the nuclear family replaced it. On the contrary, the literature demonstrates that family plurality has been an essential feature of Indian society and that joint, nuclear, single parent, dual earner and adoptive families have always coexisted. The evolution of family research, characterised by distinct phases, each with specific questions, resulted in biases in the research process that hindered the early cognisance of this reality. This paper discusses the multiplicity of family forms simultaneously present in the country. The authors have adopted the chronological phases of family research in India as the mode of presentation in order that an appreciation of the development of family studies in the country, the biases of family researchers and the process of according recognition to family plurality in India emerges.