Suchergebnisse

Commonly treated as a mere byproduct of incessant tribal warfare, it is generally held that slavery was not a significant phenomenon in temperate Europe before the Roman era. If slaving and enslavement can be shown to have been a significant transformative phenomena in Iron Age Europe, how would this affect the interpretation of (old and new) archaeological evidence, and how would this change ideas about broader socio-cultural developments that have long been considered known by those who have looked at these things through the lens of 'acculturation' or 'complexification'? Comparative research shows how slavery is a multifaceted phenomenon with complex interrelated material, behavioral, and ideological dimensions. This exploratory study of the dynamics of Iron Age slaving and enslaving in Northwest Europe contributes to a complex but neglected topic

The aim of this article is to evaluation of the burial tradition of pre-Urartians in the basin of Lake Van. After the Middle Bronze Age, which had a strong pastoral character, and towards the end of the Late Bronze Age, new pottery, architectural and metallurgical traditions, new settlement pattern and new burial customs emerged in the highland of eastern Anatolia in the Early Iron Age. One of the most remarkable changes is the settlement system, great numbers of fortresses and their cemeteries in the highlands and foothills have been recorded in eastern Anatolia which is also the case southern Caucasia and northwestern Iran. A ruling elite together with a hierarchical social structure and the steps towards the sedentary life started to form around the socio-economic centers, a lifeway between pastoralism and sedentary had taken place in the whole region. Lake Van Basin is the most investigated area, excavations at cemeteries of Ernis (Ünseli) Karagündüz, Yoncatepe, Dilkaya, and a great number of cemeteries which is mainly connected with the highland fortresses found in the survey represent the Early Iron Age burial tradition in the basin. The graves and stelae from Hakkari are quite remarkable finds of the pre-Urartian elite, or the rulers of Uruatri and Nairi lands. This paper also emphasizes the role of Early Iron Age investigations in the basin which is important for the foundation period of the Urartian Kingdom as well as understanding the local polities of pre-Urartians.

Trabajo presentado en la 26th EAA Virtual Annual Meeting (European Association of Archaeologists), celebrada online del 24 al 30 de agosto de 2020. ; Asturias is a mountainous region of NW Spain where communities inhabited 'castros' or hillforts during the Iron Age. Societies in this region predominantly relied on a diversified agrarian economy combining agricultural and herding activities. These groups have recently been characterised as 'deep-rural' societies – broadly self-sufficient communities with domestically produced and monotonous material assemblages, resilient to the hierarchical social and political organisation models we can observe in other areas within NW Iberia (Gonzalez Ruibal 2012). However, an archaeometric study of Late Iron Age ceramics from the hillfort of El Castru in Vigaña (Asturias, Spain) has shown that ceramics used by the inhabitants of this site were probably transported across significant distances through the mountainous surroundings. This evidence may imply that pre-Roman communities were less isolated than previously assumed, which is all the more surprising considering that zooarchaeological, carpological and archaeometallurgical evidence collected at the site reveals a local and self-sufficient small community of highlanders. This presentation will consider the mobility of Iron Age communities in the study area by tracing the circulation of raw materials for ceramic production. It will compare this to patterns of mobility deriving from tentative evidence for short-distance transhumance and agriculture, as well as interregional interactions more broadly. It will also consider shifts in labour economies brought about by the introduction of the fast potter's wheel and workshop production during the Roman period, assessing the impact of technological change on the day-to-day lives of the inhabitants of this region. By addressing the complexity of components, relating to craft production, subsistence and mobility that characterise the rural economy of this region, this presentation contributes to revising monolithic views on the organisation of rural societies of Iron Age communities in NW Iberia.

This paper explores the complex nature of narrative authority in J.M. Coetzee's Age of Iron, set in an apartheid South Africa at a moment of extreme political crisis. At first glance, it seems as though Mrs. Curren's ability to comment on and judge the events of the Emergency is constantly undermined, as Coetzee appears to deliberately place her in a marginalized position that cannot claim any real authority over the events she witnesses. However, reading the novel through the critical lens of Coetzee's 1996 essay on Erasmus' In Praise of Folly, it appears that in this novel Coetzee is in fact in search of a position from which one may tell the truth from the outside, without inserting oneself into the rivalrous binary of political oppression and resistance that implies an unavoidable taking of sides (i.e. that of Folly itself). In the end, however, Coetzee is forced to admit that this privileged position of objective truth-telling may not in fact exist, that it is only through the subjective discourse of storytelling – a discourse, however, that is no less authoritative for its being a wholly personal act of witnessing – that one can speak the truth.

This paper focuses on the study of a group of metal artefacts recently recovered during the archaeological excavations in Vila do Touro (Central Portugal), i.e., 19 artefacts and a small metallic inclusion embedded in a pottery sherd. The objects have been analysed by an X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer to characterise the elemental composition of metal artefacts. A Scanning Electron Microscope with X-ray Microanalysis System and an optical microscope were used to observe and chemically characterise the metal inclusion in the pottery. The fragment of an ingot was also analysed by a multicollector Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to address issues bound to the provenance of raw material. The results revealed different compositional patterns (pure copper, binary bronze, i.e., Cu+Sn, leaded bronzes, i.e., Cu+Sn+Pb, and gold), while pointing out the Ossa Morena region (Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula) as likely source of copper used to produce the ingot.

The purpose of the article is to reveal to which extent the Iron Age Celtic art visualized the metanarrative of the Celtic religion. The methodology is based on the applying of structural and semiotic approaches to the symbols and representations of the Celtic art, which are viewed as components of much more complicated system: the religious and mythological beliefs of the Iron Age Celts. Scientific novelty. The author puts forward an idea that the Early La Tиne, Waldalgesheim and Plastic art styles were closely connected to the Celtic beliefs in the afterlife and supranatural powers. Conclusions. The La Tиne decorated weapons, drinking vessels and personal ornaments were produced by the artisans who were closely connected to the priesthood. Such artifacts were used as apothropei in the highly ritualized spheres of social life such as war, banquet and burial rite. The author notes that the decline of the Plastic art style was simultaneous with the transformations of the Celtic burial rite which caused the disappearance of the burials during the late La Tиne period.

In July 2009, part of a stable farm from the end of the 3rd century BC at Spijkenisse was excavated. This farm was at the time situated in wet grassland with rough vegetation used as pasture. The excavated house plan consists of a living area, a hall and a stable part. After the occupation phase (around 210-200 BC) the site was used as a craft zone for beer or glue production (beginning of the 2nd century BC). In the archaeological research, attention was paid to the finding level (whether or not consecutively), the phasing in the tracks, the raw material supply and the food economy. The data concerning the pottery is entered in a Microsoft Access database. The hand-formed pottery found can be roughly dated as late Middle Iron Age and Late Iron Age. The majority of the animal component of the diet consisted of meat from domestic animals (especially beef, and also meat of sheep and/or goat). Emmer wheat and barley are the most important ingredients in the grain macro residues from the hearths. The habitation of the residential stable farm will have lasted about 10 to a maximum of 20 years. The next generation may have built a new farm in the vicinity.

This volume presents the results of archaeological work carried out by MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) at Highflyer Farm in 2018. Remains dating from the Neolithic to the post-medieval period were recorded, with most of the activity occurring between the early Iron Age and late Roman periods

"Exploring the origins of urbanism--the emergence and development of the first cities, has long constituted one of the main challenges of archaeological and ancient historical research. Studying cities in a long-term and cross-cultural perspective links the past with the present, allowing a better understanding of one of the most important developments in human history. The 21 papers in this volume aim to bring together the latest continental and English-speaking research with contributions by well-established researchers and younger colleagues providing innovative perspectives. Contributions cover an area stretching from central Spain to Moravia and from southern France to Britain. The aim has been to produce a work of reference for readers interested in Iron Age archaeology in particular, and in urbanisation processes in general"--Provided by publisher

The paper is written as a part of project 'The Trojan Catalogue (Hom. Il. 2.816-877) and the Peoples of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. A Study of the Homeric Text in the Light of Hittite Sources and Classical Geographical Tradition' (2015/19/P/HS3/04161), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665778 with the National Science Centre, Poland. This paper deals with both, archaeological evidence for cultural links between the Mycenaean world and western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age, and the Ahhiyawa problem that is based on nearly thirty Hittite texts (among the thousands that had been found in the archives of the Hittite capital Hattusa, modern Boğazkale about 150 km as the crow flies east of Ankara), in which the term "Ahhiya(wa)" appears.² Both issues are indeed connected and must not be treated separately, although there are still many scholars to do so. What is more, concerning the former "there is an unfortunate tendency in much. ; Narodowe Centrum Nauki/National Science Centre

Clachtoll broch is one of the most spectacular Iron Age settlements on the northern mainland of Scotland. When it became clear that the structure was threatened by coastal erosion, community heritage group Historic Assynt launched a major program of conservation and excavation works designed to secure the vulnerable structure and recover the archaeological evidence of its occupation and use. The resulting excavation provided evidence of a long and complex history of construction and rebuilding, with the final, middle Iron Age occupation phase ending in a catastrophic fire and collapse of the tower by the early years of the first century AD. The internal deposits span perhaps 50 years of the brochsquo;s final occupation and were remarkably well preserved, with no evidence for secondary re-use or disturbance after the fire. As a result, the excavation provides a remarkable snapshot of life in Iron Age Scotland, with an artifact assemblage attesting to daily agricultural life as well as long-range contacts that sets the broch within a wider Atlantic community. Specialist analysis of the artifactual and palaeoenvironmental evidence coupled with detailed analysis of the structure in its local geographical context combine to provide a major new contribution to the archaeology of north-west Scotland, with wider implications for our understanding of late prehistoric society in northern Britain.This report comprises the results of the archaeological investigations at Clachtoll, compiled by a team of archaeologists and specialists from AOC Archaeology Group, and brings together evidence from a range of specialist analyses as well as environmental and landscape investigations.